Directive 2004/40/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (electromagnetic fields) (18th individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC)
Date: 2004-04-29
Institutions: Council of the European Union, European Parliament
Subjects: Cenelec, electromagnetic interference, health control, health risk, occupational health, worker information

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I

(Acts whose publication is obligator)y

DIRECTIVE 2004/40/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT

AND OF THE COUNCIL

of 29 April 2004

on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers

to the risks arising from physical agents (electromagnetic fields)

(18th individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of

Directive 89/391/EEC)

THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,

Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Article 137(2)

thereof,

Having regard to the proposal from the Commission 1, presented after consultation with the

Advisory Committee on Safety, Hygiene and Health Protection at Work,

Having regard to the Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee 2,

Following consultation of the Committee of the Regions,

Acting in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 251 of the Treaty 3,

1 
2

3

OJ C 77, 18.3.1993, p. 12 and OJ C 230, 19.8.1994, p. 3.
OJ C 249, 13.9.1993, p. 28.
Opinion of the European Parliament of 20 April 1994 (OJ C 128, 9.5.1994, p. 146) confirmed
on 16 September 1999 (OJ C 54, 25.2.2000, p. 75), Council Common Position of
18 December 2003 (OJ C E 66, 16.3.2004, p. 1), Position of the European Parliament of
30 March 2004 (not yet published in the Official Journal) and Council Decision of 7 April
2004.

                                                
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Whereas:

(1) Under the Treaty the Council may, by means of directives, adopt minimum requirements for

encouraging improvements, especially in the working environment, to guarantee a better level

of protection of the health and safety of workers.  Such directives are to avoid imposing

administrative, financial and legal constraints in a way which would hold back the creation

and development of small and medium-sized undertakings.

(2) The communication from the Commission concerning its action programme relating to the

implementation of the Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers

provides for the introduction of minimum health and safety requirements regarding the

exposure of workers to the risks caused by physical agents.  In September 1990 the
European Parliament adopted a Resolution concerning this action programme 1, inviting the

Commission in particular to draw up a specific directive on the risks caused by noise and

vibration and by any other physical agents at the workplace.

(3) As a first step, the European Parliament and the Council adopted Directive 2002/44/EC of

25 June 2002 on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of

workers to the risks arising from physical agents (vibration) (16th individual Directive within
the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC) 2.  Next, on 6 February 2003, the

European Parliament and the Council adopted Directive 2003/10/EC on the minimum health

and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical

agents (noise) (17th individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of
Directive 89/391/EEC) 3.

1 
2 
3 

OJ C 260, 15.10.1990, p.167.
OJ L 177, 6.7.2002, p. 13.
OJ L 42, 15.2.2003, p. 38.

                                                
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(4)

It is now considered necessary to introduce measures protecting workers from the risks

associated with electromagnetic fields, owing to their effects on the health and safety of

workers.  However, the long-term effects, including possible carcinogenic effects due to

exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields for which there is no

conclusive scientific evidence establishing a causal relationship, are not addressed in this

Directive.  These measures are intended not only to ensure the health and safety of each

worker on an individual basis, but also to create a minimum basis of protection for all

Community workers, in order to avoid possible distortions of competition.

(5) This Directive lays down minimum requirements, thus giving Member States the option of

maintaining or adopting more favourable provisions for the protection of workers, in

particular the fixing of lower values for the action values or the exposure limit values for

electromagnetic fields.  The implementation of this Directive should not serve to justify any

regression in relation to the situation which already prevails in each Member State.

(6) A system of protection against electromagnetic fields should limit itself to a definition, free of

excessive detail, of the objectives to be attained, the principles to be observed and the

fundamental values to be applied, in order to enable Member States to apply the minimum

requirements in an equivalent manner.

(7) The level of exposure to electromagnetic fields can be more effectively reduced by

incorporating preventive measures into the design of workstations and by selecting work

equipment, procedures and methods so as to give priority to reducing the risks at source.

Provisions relating to work equipment and methods thus contribute to the protection of the

workers involved.

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(8) Employers should make adjustments in the light of technical progress and scientific

knowledge regarding risks related to exposure to electromagnetic fields, with a view to

improving the safety and health protection of workers.

(9)

Since this Directive is an individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of

Council Directive 89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989 on the introduction of measures to encourage
improvements in the safety and health of workers at work 1, that Directive therefore applies to

the exposure of workers to electromagnetic fields, without prejudice to more stringent and/or

specific provisions contained in this Directive.

(10) This Directive constitutes a practical step towards creating the social dimension of the internal

market.

(11) The measures necessary for the implementation of this Directive should be adopted in

accordance with Council Decision 1999/468/EC of 28 June 1999 laying down the procedures
for the exercise of implementing powers conferred on the Commission 2.

(12) Adherence to the exposure limit and action values should provide a high level of protection as

regards the established health effects that may result from exposure to electromagnetic fields

but such adherence may not necessarily avoid interference problems with, or effects on the

functioning of, medical devices such as metallic prostheses, cardiac pacemakers and

defibrillators, cochlear implants and other implants; interference problems especially with

pacemakers may occur at levels below the action values and should therefore be the object of

appropriate precautions and protective measures,

HAVE ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:

1 

2 

OJ L 183, 29.6.1989, p. 1.  Directive as amended by Regulation (EC) No 1882/2003 of the
European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 284, 31.10.2003, p. 1).
OJ L 184, 17.7.1999, p. 23.

                                                
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SECTION I

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1

Aim and scope

1.   This Directive, which is the 18th individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of

Directive 89/391/EEC, lays down minimum requirements for the protection of workers from risks

to their health and safety arising or likely to arise from exposure to electromagnetic fields (0 Hz to

300 GHz) during their work.

2.   This Directive refers to the risk to the health and safety of workers due to known short-term

adverse effects in the human body caused by the circulation of induced currents and by energy

absorption as well as by contact currents.

3.   This Directive does not address suggested long-term effects.

4.   This Directive does not address the risks resulting from contact with live conductors.

5.   Directive 89/391/EEC shall apply fully to the whole area referred to in paragraph 1, without

prejudice to more stringent and/or more specific provisions contained in this Directive.

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Article 2

Definitions

For the purposes of this Directive, the following definitions shall apply:

(a)

"electromagnetic fields": static magnetic and time-varying electric, magnetic and

electromagnetic fields with frequencies up to 300 GHz;

(b)

"exposure limit values": limits on exposure to electromagnetic fields which are based directly

on established health effects and biological considerations.  Compliance with these limits will

ensure that workers exposed to electromagnetic fields are protected against all known adverse

health effects;

(c)

"action values": the magnitude of directly measurable parameters, provided in terms of

electric field strength (E), magnetic field strength (H), magnetic flux density (B) and power

density (S), at which one or more of the specified measures in this Directive must be

undertaken.  Compliance with these values will ensure compliance with the relevant exposure

limit values.

Article 3

Exposure limit values and action values

1.   The exposure limit values are as set out in the Annex, Table 1.

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2.   The action values are as set out in the Annex, Table 2.

3.

For the assessment, measurement and/or calculation of workers' exposure to electromagnetic

fields, until harmonised European standards from the European Committee for Electrotechnical

Standardisation (CENELEC) cover all relevant assessment, measurement and calculation situations,

Member States may employ other scientifically-based standards or guidelines.

SECTION II

OBLIGATIONS OF EMPLOYERS

Article 4

Determination of exposure and assessment of risks

1.   In carrying out the obligations laid down in Articles 6(3) and 9(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC, the

employer shall assess and, if necessary, measure and/or calculate the levels of electromagnetic

fields to which workers are exposed.  Assessment, measurement and calculation may, until

harmonised European standards from CENELEC cover all relevant assessment, measurement and

calculation situations, be carried out in accordance with the scientifically-based standards and

guidelines referred to in Article 3 and, when relevant, by taking into account the emission levels

provided by the manufacturers of the equipment when it is covered by the relevant Community

Directives.

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2.   On the basis of the assessment of the levels of electromagnetic fields undertaken in accordance

with paragraph 1, if the action values referred to in Article 3 are exceeded, the employer shall assess

and, if necessary, calculate whether the exposure limit values are exceeded.

3.   The assessment, measurement and/or calculations referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 need not be

carried out in workplaces open to the public provided that an evaluation has already been

undertaken in accordance with the provisions of Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC of

12 July 1999 on the limitation of exposure of the general public to electromagnetic fields (O Hz to
300 GHz) 1, and the restrictions as specified therein are respected for workers and safety risks are

excluded.

4.   The assessment, measurement and/or calculations referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall be

planned and carried out by competent services or persons at suitable intervals, taking particular

account of the provisions of Article 7 and Article 11 of Directive 89/391/EEC concerning the

necessary competent services or persons and the consultation and participation of workers.  The

data obtained from the assessment, measurement and/or calculation of the level of exposure shall be

preserved in a suitable form so as to permit consultation at a later stage.

5.   Pursuant to Article 6(3) of Directive 89/391/EEC, the employer shall give particular attention,

when carrying out the risk assessment, to the following:

(a)

the level, frequency spectrum, duration and type of exposure;

(b)

the exposure limit values and action values referred to in Article 3 of this Directive;

1 

OJ L 199, 30.7.1999, p. 59.

                                                
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(c)

any effects concerning the health and safety of workers at particular risk;

(d)

any indirect effects, such as:

(i)

interference with medical electronic equipment and devices (including cardiac

pacemakers and other implanted devices);

(ii)

the projectile risk from ferromagnetic objects in static magnetic fields with a magnetic

flux density greater than 3 mT;

(iii)

initiation of electro-explosive devices (detonators);

(iv)

fires and explosions resulting from ignition of flammable materials by sparks caused by

induced fields, contact currents or spark discharges;

(e)

the existence of replacement equipment designed to reduce the levels of exposure to

electromagnetic fields;

(f)

appropriate information obtained from health surveillance, including published information,

as far as possible;

(g) multiple sources of exposure;

(h)

simultaneous exposure to multiple frequency fields.

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6.   The employer shall be in possession of an assessment of the risk in accordance with

Article 9(1)(a) of Directive 89/391/EEC and shall identify which measures must be taken in

accordance with Articles 5 and 6 of this Directive.  The risk assessment shall be recorded on a

suitable medium, according to national law and practice; it may include a justification by the

employer that the nature and extent of the risks related to electromagnetic fields make a further

detailed risk assessment unnecessary.  The risk assessment shall be updated on a regular basis,

particularly if there have been significant changes which could render it out of date, or when the

results of health surveillance show it to be necessary.

Article 5

Provisions aimed at avoiding or reducing risks

1.   Taking account of technical progress and of the availability of measures to control the risk at

source, the risks arising from exposure to electromagnetic fields shall be eliminated or reduced to a

minimum.

The reduction of risks arising from exposure to electromagnetic fields shall be based on the general

principles of prevention set out in Directive 89/391/EEC.

2.   On the basis of the risk assessment referred to in Article 4, once the action values referred to in

Article 3 are exceeded, the employer, unless the assessment carried out in accordance with

Article 4(2) demonstrates that the exposure limit values are not exceeded and that safety risks can

be excluded, shall devise and implement an action plan comprising technical and/or organisational

measures intended to prevent exposure exceeding the exposure limit values, taking into account in

particular:

(a)

other working methods that entail less exposure to electromagnetic fields;

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(b)

the choice of equipment emitting less electromagnetic fields, taking account of the work to be

done;

(c)

technical measures to reduce the emission of electromagnetic fields including, where

necessary, the use of interlocks, shielding or similar health protection mechanisms;

(d)

appropriate maintenance programmes for work equipment, workplaces and workstation

systems;

(e)

the design and layout of workplaces and workstations;

(f)

limitation of the duration and intensity of the exposure;

(g)

the availability of adequate personal protection equipment.

3.   On the basis of the risk assessment referred to in Article 4, workplaces where workers could be

exposed to electromagnetic fields exceeding the action values shall be indicated by appropriate

signs in accordance with Council Directive 92/58/EEC of 24 June 1992 on the minimum

requirements for the provision of safety and/or health signs at work (ninth individual Directive
within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC 1, unless the assessment carried out in

accordance with Article 4(2) demonstrates that the exposure limit values are not exceeded and that

safety risks can be excluded.  The areas in question shall be identified, and access to them limited

where this is technically possible and where there is a risk that the exposure limit values could be

exceeded.

4.   In any event, workers shall not be exposed above the exposure limit values.

1 

OJ L 245, 26.8.1992, p. 23.

                                                
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If, despite the measures taken by the employer to comply with this Directive, the exposure limit

values are exceeded, the employer shall take immediate action to reduce exposure below the

exposure limit values.  He shall identify the reasons why the exposure limit values have been

exceeded, and shall amend the protection and prevention measures accordingly in order to prevent

them being exceeded again.

5.   Pursuant to Article 15 of Directive 89/391/EEC, the employer shall adapt the measures referred

to in this Article to the requirements of workers at particular risk.

Article 6

Worker information and training

Without prejudice to Articles 10 and 12 of Directive 89/391/EEC, the employer shall ensure that

workers who are exposed to risks from electromagnetic fields at work and/or their representatives

receive any necessary information and training relating to the outcome of the risk assessment

provided for in Article 4(1) of this Directive, concerning in particular:

(a) measures taken to implement this Directive;

(b)

the values and concepts of the exposure limit values and action values and the associated

potential risks;

(c)

the results of the assessment, measurement and/or calculations of the levels of exposure to

electromagnetic fields carried out in accordance with Article 4 of this Directive;

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(d)

how to detect adverse health effects of exposure and how to

report them;

(e)

the circumstances in which workers are entitled to health surveillance;

(f)

safe working practices to minimise risks from exposure.

Article 7

Consultation and participation of workers

Consultation and participation of workers and/or of their representatives shall take place

in accordance with Article 11 of Directive 89/391/EEC on the matters covered by this Directive.

SECTION III

MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

Article 8

Health surveillance

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1.   With the objective of prevention and early diagnosis of any adverse health effects due to

exposure to electromagnetic fields, appropriate health surveillance shall be carried out

in accordance with Article 14 of Directive 89/391/EEC.

In any event, where exposure above the limit values is detected, a medical examination shall be

made available to the worker(s) concerned in accordance with national law and practice. If

health damage resulting from such exposure is detected, a reassessment of the risks shall be

carried out by the employer in accordance with Article 4.

2.   The employer shall take appropriate measures to ensure that the doctor and/or the medical

authority responsible for the health surveillance has access to the results of the risk assessment

referred to in Article 4.

3.   The results of health surveillance shall be preserved in a suitable form so as to permit

consultation at later date, taking account of confidentiality requirements. Individual workers shall,

at their request, have access to their own personal health records.

Article 9

Sanctions

Member States shall provide for adequate sanctions to be applicable in the event of infringement of

national legislation adopted pursuant to this Directive.  These sanctions must be effective,

proportionate and dissuasive.

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Article 10

Technical amendments

1.   Modifications of the exposure limit values and action values set out in the Annex shall be

adopted by the European Parliament and the Council in accordance with the procedure laid down in

Article 137(2) of the Treaty.

2.   Amendments to the Annex of a strictly technical nature in line with:

(a)

the adoption of Directives in the field of technical harmonisation and standardisation with

regard to the design, building, manufacture or construction of work equipment and/or

workplaces;

(b)

technical progress, changes in the most relevant harmonised European standards or

specifications, and new scientific findings concerning electromagnetic fields

shall be adopted in accordance with the regulatory procedure referred to in Article 11(2).

Article 11

Committee

1.

The Commission shall be assisted by the Committee referred to in Article 17 of

Directive 89/391/EEC.

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2. Where reference is made to this paragraph, Articles 5 and 7 of Decision 1999/468/EC shall

apply, having regard to the provisions of Article 8 thereof.

The period referred to in Article 5(6) of Decision 1999/468/EC shall be set at three months.

3.

The Committee shall adopt its rules of procedure.

SECTION IV

FINAL PROVISIONS

Article 12

Reports

Every five years Member States shall provide a report to the Commission on the practical

implementation of this Directive, indicating the points of view of the social partners.

Every five years the Commission shall inform the European Parliament, the Council, the European

Economic and Social Committee and the Advisory Committee on Safety and Health Protection at

Work of the content of these reports, of its assessment of developments in the field in question and

of any initiative, in particular as regards exposure to static magnetic fields, that may be warranted in

the light of new scientific knowledge.

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Article 13

Transposition

1.   The Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions
necessary to comply with this Directive no later than ...*.  They shall forthwith inform the

Commission thereof.

When Member States adopt these measures, they shall contain a reference to this Directive or shall

be accompanied by such reference on the occasion of their official publication.  The methods of

making such reference shall be laid down by Member States.

2.   Member States shall communicate to the Commission the provisions of national law which they

adopt or have already adopted in the field covered by this Directive.

Article 14

Entry into force

This Directive shall enter into force on the day of its publication in the Official Journal of the

European Union.

* 

4 years after the entry into force of this Directive.

                                                
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Article 15

Addressees

This Directive is addressed to the Member States.

Done at Strasbourg, 29 April 2004.

For the European Parliament

The President

      P. COX

For the Council

The President

 M. McDOWELL

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ANNEX

EXPOSURE LIMIT AND ACTION VALUES

FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

The following physical quantities shall be used to describe the exposure to electromagnetic fields:

Contact current (IC) between a person and an object is expressed in amperes (A).  A conductive

object in an electric field can be charged by the field.

Current density (J) is defined as the current flowing through a unit cross section perpendicular to its

direction in a volume conductor such as the human body or part of it, expressed in amperes per
square metre (A/m2).

Electric field strength is a vector quantity (E) that corresponds to the force exerted on a charged

particle regardless of its motion in space.  It is expressed in volts per metre (V/m).

Magnetic field strength is a vector quantity (H), which, together with the magnetic flux density,

specifies a magnetic field at any point in space.  It is expressed in amperes per metre (A/m).

Magnetic flux density is a vector quantity (B), resulting in a force that acts on moving charges,

expressed in teslas (T).  In free space and in biological materials, magnetic flux density and
magnetic field strength can be interchanged using the equivalence 1 A/m = 4π 10–7 T.

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Power density (S) is the appropriate quantity used for very high frequencies, where the depth of

penetration in the body is low.  It is the radiant power incident perpendicular to a surface, divided
by the area of the surface and is expressed in watts per square metre (W/m2).

Specific energy absorption (SA) is defined as the energy absorbed per unit mass of biological tissue,

expressed in joules per kilogram (J/kg).  In this directive it is used for limiting non-thermal effects

from pulsed microwave radiation.

Specific energy absorption rate (SAR) averaged over the whole body or over parts of the body, is

defined as the rate at which energy is absorbed per unit mass of body tissue and is expressed in

watts per kilogram (W/kg).  Whole body SAR is a widely accepted measure for relating adverse

thermal effects to radio frequency (RF) exposure.  Besides the whole body average SAR, local SAR

values are necessary to evaluate and limit excessive energy deposition in small parts of the body

resulting from special exposure conditions.  Examples of such conditions are: a grounded individual

exposed to RF in the low MHz range and individuals exposed in the near field of an antenna.

Of these quantities, magnetic flux density, contact current, electric and magnetic field strengths and

power density can be measured directly.

A.  EXPOSURE LIMIT VALUES

Depending on frequency, the following physical quantities are used to specify the exposure limit

values of electromagnetic fields:

–

exposure limit values are provided for current density for time-varying fields up to 1 Hz, to

prevent effects on the cardiovascular and central nervous system,

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–

between 1 Hz and 10 MHz exposure limit values are provided on current density to prevent

effects on central nervous system functions,

–

between 100 kHz and 10 GHz exposure limit values on SAR are provided to prevent

whole-body heat stress and excessive localised heating of tissues.  In the range 100 kHz to

10 MHz, exposure limit values on both current density and SAR are provided,

–

between 10 GHz and 300 GHz an exposure limit value on power density is provided to

prevent excessive tissue heating at or near the body surface.

Table 1: Exposure limit values (Article 3(1)).  All conditions to be satisfied

Frequency range

Whole
body
average
SAR
(W/kg)

Localised
SAR
(head and
trunk)
(W/kg)

Localised
SAR
(limbs)
(W/kg)

Power
density
S
(W/m2)

Current
density
for head
and trunk
J
(mA/m2)
(rms)

Up to 1 Hz
1 - 4 Hz
4 - 1000 Hz
1000 Hz – 100 kHz
100 kHz – 10 MHz
10 MHz – 10 GHz
10 – 300 GHz

40
40/f
10
f/100
f/100
–
–

–
–
–
–
0,4
0,4
–

–
–
–
–
10
10
–

–
–
–
–
20
20
–

–
–
–
–
–
–
50

Notes:

1. 

f is the frequency in Hertz.

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2. 

The exposure limit values on the current density are intended to protect against acute

exposure effects on central nervous system tissues in the head and trunk of the body.  The

exposure limit values in the frequency range 1 Hz to 10 MHz are based on established adverse

effects on the central nervous system.  Such acute effects are essentially instantaneous and

there is no scientific justification to modify the exposure limit values for exposure of short

duration.  However, since the exposure limit values refer to adverse effects on the central

nervous system, these exposure limit values may permit higher current densities in body

tissues other than the central nervous system under the same exposure conditions.

3.

4. 

Because of the electrical inhomogeneity of the body, current densities should be calculated as
averages over a cross-section of 1 cm2 perpendicular to the current direction.

For frequencies up to 100 kHz, peak current density values can be obtained by multiplying the
rms value by (2)½.

5. 

For frequencies up to 100 kHz and for pulsed magnetic fields, the maximum current density

associated with the pulses can be calculated from the rise/fall times and the maximum rate of

change of magnetic flux density.  The induced current density can then be compared with the

appropriate exposure limit value.  For pulses of duration tp, the equivalent frequency to apply

for the exposure limit values should be calculated as f=1/(2tp).

6.  All SAR values are to be averaged over any six-minute period.

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7. 

Localised SAR averaging mass is any 10 g of contiguous tissue; the maximum SAR so

obtained should be the value used for estimating exposure.  These 10 g of tissue are intended

to be a mass of contiguous tissue with nearly homogeneous electrical properties.  In

specifying a contiguous mass of tissue, it is recognised that this concept can be used in

computational dosimetry but may present difficulties for direct physical measurements.

A simple geometry such as cubic tissue mass can be used provided that the calculated

dosimetric quantities have conservative values relative to the exposure guidelines.

8. 

For pulsed exposures in the frequency range 0,3 to 10 GHz and for localised exposure of the

head, in order to limit and avoid auditory effects caused by thermoelastic expansion, an

additional exposure limit value is recommended.  This is that the SA should not exceed

10 mJ/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue.

9.

Power densities are to be averaged over any 20 cm2 of exposed area and any 68/f1,05-minute

period (where f is in GHz) to compensate for progressively shorter penetration depth as the
frequency increases.  Spatial maximum power densities averaged over 1 cm2 should not
exceed 20 times the value of 50 W/m2.

10. With regard to pulsed or transient electromagnetic fields, or generally with regard to

simultaneous exposure to multiple frequency fields, appropriate methods of assessment,

measurement and/or calculation capable of analysing the characteristics of the waveforms and

nature of biological interactions have to be applied, taking account of European harmonised

standards developed by CENELEC.

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B.  ACTION VALUES

The action values referred to in Table 2 are obtained from the exposure limit values according to the

rationale used by the International Commission on Non-ionising Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) in

its guidelines on limiting exposure to non-ionising radiation (ICNIRP 7/99).

Table 2: Action values (Article 3(2)) (unperturbed rms values)

Frequency range

Electric
field
strength, E
(V/m)

Magnetic
field
strength, H
(A/m)

Magnetic
flux
density, B
(µT)

Equivalent
plane wave
power
density, Seq
(W/m2)

Contact
current, IC
(mA)

Limb
induced
current, IL
(mA)

0 – 1Hz

1 – 8 Hz

8 – 25 Hz

 –

 20000

 20000

2x105

1,63x105
1,63x105/f2 2x105/f2
2,5x104/f
2x104/f

0,025 – 0,82kHz 500/f

0,82 – 2,5 kHz

2,5 – 65 kHz

65 – 100 kHz

0,1 – 1 MHz

610

610

610

610

1 – 10 MHz

610/f

10 – 110 MHz

110 – 400 MHz

400 – 2000
MHz

61

61
3f½

20/f

24,4

24,4

25/f

30,7

30,7

1600/f

2000/f

1,6/f

1,6/f

0,16

2/f

2/f

0,2

0,16
0,008f½

0,2
0,01f½

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

10

10

f/40

2 – 300 GHz

137

0,36

0,45

50

1,0

1,0

1,0

1,0

1,0

0,4 f

0,4 f

40

40

40

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

100

–

–

–

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Notes:

1.

f is the frequency in the units indicated in the frequency range column.

2.

For frequencies between 100 kHz and 10 GHz, Seq, E2, H2, B2 and IL

2 are to be averaged over

any six-minute period.

3. 

4. 

For frequencies exceeding 10 GHz, Seq, E2, H2 and B2 are to be averaged over any
68/f1.05-minute period (f in GHz).

For frequencies up to 100 kHz, peak action values for the field strengths can be obtained by
multiplying the rms value by (2)½.  For pulses of duration tp, the equivalent frequency to apply

for the action values should be calculated as f=1/(2tp).

For frequencies between 100 kHz and 10 MHz, peak action values for the field strengths are
calculated by multiplying the relevant rms values by 10a , where a = (0,665 log (f/105) +

0,176), f in Hz.

For frequencies between 10 MHz and 300 GHz, peak action values are calculated by

multiplying the corresponding rms values by 32 for the field strengths and by 1000 for the

equivalent plane wave power density.

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5. With regard to pulsed or transient electromagnetic fields, or generally with regard to

simultaneous exposure to multiple frequency fields, appropriate methods of assessment,

measurement and/or calculation capable of analysing the characteristics of the waveforms and

nature of biological interactions have to be applied, taking account of harmonised European

standards developed by CENELEC.

6.

For peak values of pulsed modulated electromagnetic fields, it is also suggested that, for

carrier frequencies exceeding 10 MHz, Seq as averaged over the pulse width should not

exceed 1 000 times the Seq action values or that the field strength should not exceed 32 times

the field strength action values for the carrier frequency.