Commission Directive 2003/78/EC of 11 August 2003 laying down the sampling methods and the methods of analysis for the official control of the levels of patulin in foodstuffs (Text with EEA relevance)
Date: 2003-08-11
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: food inspection, food standard, foodstuff, foodstuffs legislation, toxic substance

L 203/40

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Official Journal of the European Union

12.8.2003

COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 2003/78/EC

of 11 August 2003

laying down the sampling methods and the methods of analysis for the official control of the levels
of patulin in foodstuffs

(Text with EEA relevance)

THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,

HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:

Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European
Community,

Having regard to Council Directive 85/591/EEC of 20
December 1985 concerning the introduction of Community
methods of sampling and analysis for the monitoring of food-
stuffs intended for human consumption (1), and in particular
Article 1 thereof,

Whereas:

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

Commission Regulation (EC) No 466/2001 of 8 March
2001 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants
in foodstuffs (2), as last amended by Commission Regula-
tion (EC) No 1425/2003 (3) fixes maximum limits for
patulin in certain foodstuffs.

Council Directive 93/99/EEC of 29 October 1993 on
the subject of additional measures concerning the official
control of foodstuffs (4) introduces a system of quality
laboratories entrusted by the Member
standards for
States with the official control of foodstuffs.

It seems necessary to fix general criteria, which the
method of analysis has to comply with in order to
in charge of the control, use
ensure that laboratories,
methods of analysis with comparable levels of perfor-
mance. It is also of major importance that analytical
results are reported and interpreted in a uniform way in
order to ensure a harmonised enforcement approach
across the European Union. These interpretation rules
are of application for the analytical result obtained on
the sample for official control. In case of analysis for
defence or referee purposes, the national rules apply.

The provisions for the sampling and methods of analysis
have been drawn up on the basis of present knowledge
and they may be adapted to take account of advances in
scientific and technological knowledge.

The measures provided for in this Directive are in accor-
dance with the opinion of the Standing Committee on
the Food Chain and Animal Health,

Article 1

The Member States shall take all measures necessary to ensure
that the sampling for the official control of the levels of patulin
in foodstuffs is carried out in accordance with the methods
described in Annex I to this Directive.

Article 2

The Member States shall take all measures necessary to ensure
that sample preparation and methods of analysis used for the
official control of the levels of patulin in foodstuffs comply
with the criteria described in Annex II to this Directive.

Article 3

1. Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations
and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this
Directive by 1 September 2004 at the latest. They shall forth-
with inform the Commission thereof.

When Member States adopt those provisions, they shall contain
a reference to this Directive or be accompanied by such a refer-
ence on the occasion of their official publication. Member
States shall determine how such reference is to be made.

2. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the
texts of the provisions of national law which they adopt in the
field governed by this Directive.

Article 4

This Directive shall enter into force on the 20th day following
that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European
Union.

This Directive is addressed to the Member States.

Article 5

Done at Brussels, 11 August 2003.

For the Commission

David BYRNE

Member of the Commission

(1) OJ L 372, 31.12.1985, p. 50.
(2) OJ L 77, 16.3.2001, p. 1.
(3) See page 1 of this Official Journal.
(4) OJ L 290, 24.11.1993, p. 14.

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Official Journal of the European Union

L 203/41

ANNEX I

METHODS OF SAMPLING FOR OFFICIAL CONTROL OF THE LEVELS OF PATULIN IN CERTAIN FOOD-
STUFFS

1. Purpose and scope

Samples intended for official checking of the levels of patulin in foodstuffs shall be taken according to the methods
described below. Aggregate samples thus obtained shall be considered as representative of the lots. Compliance with
maximum levels laid down in Commission Regulation (EC) No 466/2001 shall be established on the basis of the
levels determined in the laboratory samples.

2. Definitions

Lot:

Sublot:

an identifiable quantity of a food commodity delivered at one time and having been deter-
mined by the official to have common characteristics, such as origin, variety, type of packing,
packer, consignor or markings.

designated part of a lot in order to apply the sampling method on that designated part. Each
sublot must be physically separate and identifiable.

Incremental sample:

a quantity of material taken from a single place in the lot or sublot.

Aggregate sample:

the combined total of all the incremental samples taken from the lot or sublot.

3. General provisions

3.1. Personnel

Sampling shall be performed by an authorised person as specified by the Member States.

3.2. Material to be sampled

Each lot which is to be examined must be sampled separately.

3.3. Precautions to be taken

In the course of sampling and preparation of the samples precautions must be taken to avoid any changes,
which would affect the patulin content, adversely affect the analytical determination or make the aggregate
samples unrepresentative.

3.4. Incremental samples

As far as possible incremental samples should be taken at various places distributed throughout the lot or sublot.
Departure from this procedure must be recorded in the record.

3.5. Preparation of the aggregate sample

The aggregate sample is made up by uniting the incremental samples. It shall be at least 1 kg unless not prac-
tical e.g. when a single package has been sampled.

3.6. Replicate samples

Replicate samples for enforcement, trade (defence) and referee purposes shall be taken from the homogenised
aggregate sample unless this conflicts with Member States' rules on sampling.

3.7. Packaging and transmission of samples

Each sample shall be placed in a clean, inert container offering adequate protection from contamination and
against damage in transit. All necessary precautions shall be taken to avoid any change in composition of the
sample, which might arise during transportation or storage.

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3.8. Sealing and labelling of samples

Each sample taken for official use shall be sealed at the place of sampling and identified following the Member
State's regulations.

A record must be kept of each sampling, permitting each lot to be identified unambiguously and giving the date
and place of sampling together with any additional information likely to be of assistance to the analyst.

4. Sampling plans

The sampling method applied shall ensure that the aggregate sample is representative for the lot that is to be
controlled.

N um ber of i n cr e me nta l sa mple s

The aggregate sample shall be at least 1 kg (see point 3.5), except where it is not possible e.g. when sampling a single
package.

The minimum number of incremental samples to be taken from the lot shall be as given in Table 1. In the case of
liquid products the lot shall be thoroughly mixed insofar as possible by either manual or mechanical means immedi-
ately prior to sampling. In this case, a homogeneous distribution of patulin can be assumed within a given lot. It is
therefore sufficient to take three incremental samples from a lot to form the aggregate sample.

The incremental samples shall be of similar weight. The weight of an incremental sample should be at least 100
grams, resulting in an aggregate sample of at least 1 kg. Departure from this procedure must be recorded in the
record provided for under 3.8.

Minimum number of incremental samples to be taken from the lot

Table 1

Weight of lot (in kg)

Minimum number of incremental samples to be taken

< 50

50 to 500

> 500

3

5

10

If the lot consists of individual packages, then the number of packages, which shall be taken to form the aggregate
sample, is given in Table 2.

Number of packages (incremental samples) which shall be taken to form the aggregate sample if the lot
consists of individual packages

Table 2

Number of packages or units in the lot

Number of packages or units to be taken

1 to 25

26 to 100

> 100

1 package or unit

about 5 %, at least 2 packages or units

about 5 %, at maximum 10 packages or units

5. Compliance of the lot or sublot with the specification

The control laboratory shall analyse the laboratory sample for enforcement in duplicate analysis in case the obtained
result of the first analysis is less than 20 % below or above the maximum level, and calculate the mean of the results.

The lot is accepted if the result of the first analysis is more than 20 % below the maximum level or, where duplicate
analysis is necessary, if the mean does not exceed the respective maximum level as laid down in Regulation (EC) No
466/2001 taking into account the measurement uncertainty and correction for recovery.

The lot is non-compliant with the maximum level as laid down in Regulation (EC) No 466/2001, if the mean,
corrected for recovery exceeds the maximum level beyond reasonable doubt taking into account the measurement
uncertainty.

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Official Journal of the European Union

L 203/43

ANNEX II

SAMPLE PREPARATION AND CRITERIA FOR METHODS OF ANALYSIS USED IN OFFICIAL CHECKING OF
THE LEVELS OF PATULIN IN CERTAIN FOODSTUFFS

1. Precautions

As the distribution of patulin in certain foodstuffs could be non-homogeneous, samples should be prepared — and
especially homogenised — with extreme care.

All the material received by the laboratory is to be used for the preparation of test material.

2. Treatment of the sample as received in the laboratory

Finely grind (insofar relevant) and mix thoroughly the complete aggregate sample using a process that has been
demonstrated to achieve complete homogenisation.

3. Subdivision of samples for enforcement and defence purposes

The replicate samples for enforcement, trade (defence) and referee purposes shall be taken from the homogenised
material unless this conflicts with Member States' rules on sampling.

4. Method of analysis to be used by the laboratory and laboratory control requirements

4.1. Definitions

A number of the most commonly used definitions that the laboratory will be required to use are given below.

The most commonly quoted precision parameters are repeatability and reproducibility.

r

sr

= Repeatability, the value below which the absolute difference between two single test results obtained
under repeatability conditions (i.e. same sample, same operator, same apparatus, same laboratory, and
short interval of time) may be expected to lie within a specific probability (typically 95 %) and hence
r = 2,8 x sr.

= Standard deviation, calculated from results generated under repeatability conditions.

RSDr = Relative standard deviation, calculated from results generated under

½

ð

sr=x—

Þ × 100

(cid:1), where x— is the average of results over all laboratories and samples.

repeatability conditions

R

sR

= Reproducibility, the value below which the absolute difference between single test results obtained
under reproducibility conditions (i.e. on identical material obtained by operators in different labora-
tories, using the standardised test method) may be expected to lie within a certain probability (typi-
cally 95 %); R = 2,8 x sR.

= Standard deviation, calculated from results under reproducibility conditions.

RSDR = Relative standard deviation calculated from results generated under

½

ð

sR=x—

(cid:1).
Þ × 100

reproducibility conditions

4.2. General requirements

Methods of analysis used for food control purposes must comply with the provisions of items 1 and 2 of the
Annex to Council Directive 85/591/EEC of 20 December 1985 concerning the introduction of Community
methods of sampling and analysis for the monitoring of foodstuffs intended for human consumption (1).

4.3. Specific requirements

Where no specific methods for the determination of patulin in foodstuffs are prescribed at Community level,
laboratories may select any method provided the selected method meets the following criteria:

(1) OJ L 372, 31.12.1985, p. 50.

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Official Journal of the European Union

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P e r f or ma nc e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r p a t u l i n

Level
µg/kg

< 20

20-50

> 50

RSDr %

≤ 30

≤ 20

≤ 15

Patulin

RSDR %

≤ 40

≤ 30

≤ 25

Recovery %

50 to 120

70 to 105

75 to 105

The detection limits of the methods used are not stated as the precision values are given at the concentrations of
interest.

The precision values are calculated from the Horwitz equation:

RSDR ¼ 2 1(cid:2)0;5logC

ð

Þ

where:

— RSDR is the relative standard deviation calculated from results generated under reproducibility conditions

½

ð

sR=x—

(cid:1).
Þ × 100

— C is the concentration ratio (i.e. 1 = 100g/100g, 0,001 = 1,000 mg/kg)

This is a generalised precision equation, which has been found to be independent of analyte and matrix but
solely dependent on concentration for most routine methods of analysis.

4.4. Recovery calculation and reporting of results

The analytical result is to be reported corrected or uncorrected for recovery. The manner of reporting and the
level of recovery must be reported. The analytical result corrected for recovery is used for checking compliance
(see Annex I, point 5).

The analytical result has to be reported as x+/- U whereby x is the analytical result and U is the measurement
uncertainty.

4.5. Laboratory quality standards

Laboratories must comply with Council Directive 93/99/EEC of 29 October 1993 on the subject of additional
measures concerning the official control of foodstuffs.