2003/507/EC: Council Decision of 13 June 2003 on the accession of the European Community, to the Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-Level Ozone
Date: 2003-07-17
Institutions: Council of the European Union
Subjects: accession to an agreement, acidification, air quality, eutrophication, international convention, ozone, pollution control measures, stratospheric pollution, transfrontier pollution

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II

(Acts whose publication is not obligatory)

COUNCIL

COUNCIL DECISION

of 13 June 2003

on the accession of the European Community, to the Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-
Range Transboundary Air Pollution to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-Level
Ozone

(2003/507/EC)

THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,

Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Com-
munity, and in particular Article 175 paragraph 1, in conjunc-
tion with Article 300 paragraph 2, first sentence of the first
subparagraph and paragraph 3, first subparagraph thereof,

Having regard to the proposal from the Commission (1),

Having regard to the opinion of the European Parliament (2),

(4)

(5)

Whereas:

Directive 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and
of the Council of 23 October 2001 on national emission
ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants (3) sets bind-
ing national emission ceilings, to be met by 2010 at the
latest,which are equal to or more ambitious than those
required by the Gothenburg Protocol for each Member
State.

Directive 2001/80/EC of the European Parliament and
of the Council of 23 October 2001 on the limitation of
emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large
combustion plants (4) sets new limit values for emissions
from this sector, which are consistent with those set
under the Gothenburg Protocol.

(1)

(2)

Acidification, eutrophication and ground-level ozone
cause unacceptable damage to the environment and
human health within the Community.

On 30 November 1999 the Executive Body to the
Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution
adopted the Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophica-
tion and Ground-level Ozone (Gothenburg Protocol);
the Gothenburg Protocol sets maximum permitted levels
of emissions (emission ceilings) for each national Party
for the four main precursor pollutants responsible for
acidification, eutrophication and ground-level ozone:
sulphur dioxyde, oxides of nitrogen, volatile organic
compounds and ammonia; these ceilings are to be met
by 2010.

(3)

Implementation of the Gothenburg Protocol will con-
tribute to achieving Community goals for protection of
the environment and human health.

(6)

The Community, in consequence, should accede to the
Gothenburg Protocol,

HAS DECIDED AS FOLLOWS:

Article 1

The accession of the Community to the Protocol to the 1979
Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution to
Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone
is hereby approved on behalf of the Community.

The text of the Protocol is contained in the Annex to this
Decision.

( 1) OJ C 151 E, 25.6.2002, p. 74.
( 2) Opinion of 4 July 2002 (not yet published in the Official Journal).

(3) OJ L 309, 27.11.2001, p. 22.
(4) OJ L 309, 27.11.2001, p. 1.

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Article 2

The President of the Council is hereby authorised to designate
the instrument of
the person(s) empowered to deposit

Done at Luxembourg, 13 June 2003.

accession with the Secretary General of the United Nations, in
accordance with Article 16 of the Protocol.

Article 3
This Decision shall be published in the Official Journal of the
European Union.

For the Council

G. PAPANDREOU

The President

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ANNEX

PROTOCOL TO THE 1979 CONVENTION ON LONG-RANGE TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION
TO ABATE ACIDIFICATION, EUTROPHICATION AND GROUND-LEVEL OZONE

THE PARTIES,

DETERMINED to implement the Conve ntion on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution,

AWARE that nitrogen oxides, sulphur, volatile organic compounds and reduced nitrogen compounds have been
associated with adverse effects on human health and the environment,

CONCERNED that critical loads of acidification, critical loads of nutrient nitrogen and critical levels of ozone for
human health and vegetation are still exceeded in many areas of the United Nations Economic Commission for
Europe’s region,

CONCERNED ALSO that emitted nitrogen oxides, sulphur and volatile organic compounds, as well as secondary
pollutants such as ozone and the reaction products of ammonia, are transported in the atmosphere over long
distances and may have adverse transboundary effects,

RECOGNISING that emissions from Parties within the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe’s region
contribute to air pollution on the hemispheric and global scales, and recognising the potential for transport between
continents and the need for further study with regard to that potential,

RECOGNISING ALSO that Canada and the United States of America are bilaterally negotiating reductions of
emissions of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds to address the transboundary ozone effect,

RECOGNISING FURTHERMORE that Canada will undertake further reductions of emissions of sulphur by 2010
through the implementation of the Canada-wide Acid Rain Strategy for Post-2000, and that the United States is
committed to the implementation of a nitrogen oxides reduction programme in the eastern United States and to the
reduction in emissions necessary to meet its national ambient air quality standards for particulate matter,

RESOLVED to apply a multi-effect, multi-pollutant approach to preventing or minimising the excess of critical loads
and levels,

TAKING INTO ACCOUNT the emissions from certain existing activities and installations responsible for present air
pollution levels and the development of future activities and installations,

AWARE that techniques and management practices are available to reduce emissions of these substances,

RESOLVED to take measures to anticipate, prevent or minimise emissions of these substances, taking into account
the application of the precautionary approach as set forth in principle 15 of the Rio Declaration on Environment
and Development,

REAFFIRMING that States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of
international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental and
developmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not
cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction,

CONSCIOUS of the need for a cost-effective regional approach to combating air pollution that takes account of the
variations in effects and abatement costs between countries,

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NOTING the important contribution of the private and non-governmental sectors to knowledge of the effects
associated with these substances and available abatement techniques, and their role in assisting in the reduction of

emissions to the atmosphere,

BEARING IN MIND that measures taken to reduce emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile
organic compounds should not constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised

restriction on international competition and trade,

TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION the best available scientific and technical knowledge and data on emissions,
atmospheric processes and effects on human health and the environment of these substances, as well as on abatement
costs, and acknowledging the need to improve this knowledge and to continue scientific and technical cooperation

to further understanding of these issues,

NOTING that pursuant to the Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or their
Transboundary Fluxes, adopted at Sofia on 31 October 1988, and the Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions
of Volatile Organic Compounds or their Transboundary Fluxes, adopted at Geneva on 18 November 1991, there is
already provision to control emissions of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds, and that the technical

Annexes to both those Protocols already contain technical guidance for reducing these emissions,

NOTING ALSO that pursuant to the Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions, adopted at Oslo on
14 June 1994, there is already provision to reduce sulphur emissions in order to contribute to the abatement of acid
deposition by diminishing the exceedances of critical sulphur depositions, which has been derived from critical loads

of acidity according to the contribution of oxidised sulphur compounds to the total acid deposition in 1990,

NOTING FURTHERMORE that this Protocol is the first agreement under the Convention to deal specifically with

reduced nitrogen compounds,

BEARING IN MIND that reducing the emissions of these substances may provide additional benefits for the control
of other pollutants, including in particular transboundary secondary particulate aerosols, which contribute to human

health effects associated with exposure to airborne particulates,

BEARING IN MIND ALSO the need to avoid, in so far as possible, taking measures for the achievement of the

objectives of this Protocol that aggravate other health and environment-related problems,

NOTING that measures taken to reduce the emissions of nitrogen oxides and ammonia should involve consideration
of the full biogeochemical nitrogen cycle and, so far as possible, not increase emissions of reactive nitrogen including

nitrous oxide which could aggravate other nitrogen-related problems,

AWARE that methane and carbon monoxide emitted by human activities contribute, in the presence of nitrogen

oxides and volatile organic compounds, to the formation of tropospheric ozone, and

AWARE ALSO of the commitments that Parties have assumed under the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change,

HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS:

Article 1

Definitions

For the purposes of the present Protocol,

2.

3.

‘EMEP’ means the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring
and Evaluation of Long-range Transmission of Air Pol-
lutants in Europe;

‘Executive Body’ means the Executive Body for the
Convention constituted under Article 10 (1) of
the
Convention;

1.

‘Convention’ means the Convention on Long-range
Transboundary Air Pollution, adopted at Geneva on
13 November 1979;

4.

‘Commission’ means the United Nations Economic Com-
mission for Europe;

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‘Parties’ means, unless the context otherwise requires, the
Parties to the present Protocol;

16.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

‘Geographical scope of EMEP’ means the area defined in
Article 1 (4) of the Protocol to the 1979 Convention on
Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution on Long-term
Financing of the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring
and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air
Pollutants in Europe (EMEP), adopted at Geneva on
28 September 1984;

‘Emission’ means the release of a substance from a point
or diffuse source into the atmosphere;

‘Nitrogen oxides’ means nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide,
expressed as nitrogen dioxide (NO2);

‘Reduced nitrogen compounds’ means ammonia and its
reaction products;

10.

‘Sulphur’ means all sulphur compounds, expressed as
sulphur dioxide (SO2);

11.

12.

‘Volatile organic compounds’, or ‘VOCs’, means, unless
otherwise specified, all organic compounds of an anthro-
pogenic nature, other than methane, that are capable of
producing photochemical oxidants by reaction with
nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight;

‘Critical
load’ means a quantitative estimate of an
exposure to one or more pollutants below which signifi-
cant harmful effects on specified sensitive elements of
the environment do not occur, according to present
knowledge;

13.

‘Critical
levels’ means concentrations of pollutants in
the atmosphere above which direct adverse effects on
receptors, such as human beings, plants, ecosystems or
materials, may occur, according to present knowledge;

14.

‘Pollutant emissions management area’, or ‘PEMA’, means
an area designated in Annex III under the conditions laid
down in Article 3 (9);

‘New stationary source’ means any stationary source of
which the construction or substantial modification is
commenced after the expiry of one year from the date of
entry into force of the present Protocol. It shall be a
matter for the competent national authorities to decide
whether a modification is substantial or not, taking into
account such factors as the environmental benefits of the
modification.

Article 2

Objective

The objective of the present Protocol is to control and reduce
emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile
organic compounds that are caused by anthropogenic activities
and are likely to cause adverse effects on human health,
natural ecosystems, materials and crops, due to acidification,
eutrophication or ground-level ozone as a result of long-range
transboundary atmospheric transport, and to ensure, as far as
possible, that in the long term and in a step-by-step approach,
taking into account advances in scientific knowledge, atmos-
pheric depositions or concentrations do not exceed:

(a)

for Parties within the geographical scope of EMEP and
Canada, the critical
loads of acidity, as described in
Annex I;

(b)

for Parties within the geographical scope of EMEP, the
critical loads of nutrient nitrogen, as described in Annex I;

(c)

for ozone:

(i)

for Parties within the geographical scope of EMEP,
the critical levels of ozone, as given in Annex I;

(ii)

for Canada, the Canada-wide Standard for ozone;

(iii)

for the United States of America, the National
Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone.

Article 3

Basic obligations

15.

‘Stationary source’ means any fixed building, structure,
facility, installation or equipment that emits or may emit
sulphur, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds or
ammonia directly or indirectly into the atmosphere;

1.
Each Party having an emission ceiling in any table in
Annex II shall reduce and maintain the reduction in its annual
emissions in accordance with that ceiling and the timescales
specified in that Annex. Each Party shall, as a minimum,
control
its annual emissions of polluting compounds in
accordance with the obligations in Annex II.

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2.
Each Party shall apply the limit values specified in
Annexes IV, V and VI to each new stationary source within a
stationary source category as identified in those Annexes, no
later than the timescales specified in Annex VII. As an
alternative, a Party may apply different emission reduction
strategies that achieve equivalent overall emission levels for all
source categories together.

in so far as it

Each Party shall,

is technically and
3.
economically feasible and taking into consideration the costs
and advantages, apply the limit values specified in Annexes IV,
V and VI to each existing stationary source within a stationary
source category as identified in those Annexes, no later than
the timescales specified in Annex VII. As an alternative, a Party
may apply different emission reduction strategies that achieve
equivalent overall emission levels for all source categories
together or, for Parties outside the geographical scope of
EMEP, that are necessary to achieve national or regional goals
for acidification abatement and to meet national air quality
standards.

4.
Limit values for new and existing boilers and process
heaters with a rated thermal input exceeding 50 MWth and
new heavy-duty vehicles shall be evaluated by the Parties at a
session of the Executive Body with a view to amending
Annexes IV, V and VIII no later than two years after the date
of entry into force of the present Protocol.

5.
Each Party shall apply the limit values for the fuels and
new mobile sources identified in Annex VIII, no later than the
timescales specified in Annex VII.

6.
Each Party should apply the best available techniques to
mobile sources and to each new or existing stationary source,
taking into account guidance documents I to V adopted by the
Executive Body at its seventeenth session (Decision 1999/1)
and any amendments thereto.

7.
Each Party shall take appropriate measures based, inter
alia, on scientific and economic criteria to reduce emissions of
volatile organic compounds associated with the use of products
not included in Annexes VI or VIII. The Parties shall, no later
than at the second session of the Executive Body after the entry
into force of the present Protocol, consider with a view to
adopting an annex on products,
including criteria for the
selection of such products, limit values for the volatile organic
compound content of products not included in Annex VI or
VIII, as well as timescales for the application of the limit values.

8.

Each Party shall, subject to paragraph (10):

(a)

apply, as a minimum, the ammonia control measures
specified in Annex IX;

(b)

apply, where it considers it appropriate, the best available
techniques for preventing and reducing ammonia emis-
sions, as listed in guidance document V adopted by the
Executive Body at its seventeenth session (Decision 1999/
1) and any amendments thereto.

9.

Paragraph (10) shall apply to any Party:

(a) whose total
kilometres;

land area is greater than 2 million square

(b) whose annual emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides,
ammonia and/or volatile organic compounds contribu-
ting to acidification, eutrophication or ozone formation
in areas under the jurisdiction of one or more other
Parties originate predominantly from within an area
under its jurisdiction that is listed as a PEMA in Annex III,
and which has presented documentation in accordance
with subparagraph (c) to this effect;

(c) which has submitted upon signature, ratification, accept-
ance or approval of, or accession to, the present Protocol
a description of the geographical scope of one or more
PEMAs for one or more pollutants, with supporting
documentation, for inclusion in Annex III;

(d) which has specified upon signature, ratification, accept-
ance or approval of, or accession to, the present Protocol
its intention to act in accordance with this paragraph.

10.

A Party to which this paragraph applies shall:

(a)

(b)

if within the geographical scope of EMEP, be required to
comply with the provisions of this Article and Annex II
only within the relevant PEMA for each pollutant for
which a PEMA within its jurisdiction is included in
Annex III; or

if not within the geographical scope of EMEP, be required
to comply with the provisions of paragraphs (1), (2), (3),
(5), (6) and (7) and Annex II, only within the relevant
PEMA for each pollutant (nitrogen oxides, sulphur and/
or volatile organic compounds) for which a PEMA within
its jurisdiction is included in Annex III, and shall not be
required to comply with paragraph (8) anywhere within
its jurisdiction.

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11.
Canada and the United States of America shall, upon
their ratification, acceptance or approval of, or accession to,
to the Executive Body their
the present Protocol, submit
respective emission reduction commitments with respect to
sulphur, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds for
automatic incorporation into Annex II.

(a)

(b)

national annual emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides,
ammonia and volatile organic compounds and progress
towards compliance with the national emission ceilings
or other obligations referred to in Article 3;

depositions and concentrations of the relevant pollutants
and, where applicable, these depositions and concen-
trations in relation to critical loads and levels referred to
in Article 2;

12.
The Parties shall, subject to the outcome of the first
review provided for under Article 10 (2), and no later than one
year after completion of that review, commence negotiations
on further obligations to reduce emissions.

(c)

levels of tropospheric ozone;

Article 4

(d)

strategies and measures applied or to be applied to reduce
air pollution problems dealt with in the present Protocol
and set out in Article 6.

1.

2.

3.

Exchange of information and technology

1.
Each Party shall, in a manner consistent with its laws,
regulations and practices and in accordance with its obligations
in the present Protocol, create favourable conditions to
facilitate the exchange of information, technologies and tech-
niques, with the aim of reducing emissions of sulphur,
nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic compounds by
promoting inter alia:

the development and updating of databases on best
available techniques, including those that increase energy
efficiency, low-emission burners and good environmental
practice in agriculture;

Furthermore, each Party may make information widely
2.
available to the public with a view to minimising emissions,
including information on:

(a)

(b)

less polluting fuels,
efficiency, including their use in transport;

renewable energy and energy

volatile organic compounds in products, including label-
ling;

(c) management options

for wastes containing volatile

organic compounds that are generated by the public;

the exchange of
development of less polluting transport systems;

information and experience in the

(d)

good agricultural practices
ammonia;

to reduce emissions of

direct industrial contacts and cooperation, including joint
ventures;

4.

the provision of technical assistance.

2.
In promoting the activities specified in paragraph (1),
each Party shall create favourable conditions for the facilitation
of contacts and cooperation among appropriate organisations
and individuals in the private and public sectors that are
capable of providing technology, design and engineering
services, equipment or finance.

Article 5

Public awareness

(e)

(f)

health and environmental effects associated with the
pollutants covered by the present Protocol;

steps which individuals and industries may take to help
reduce emissions of the pollutants covered by the present
Protocol.

Article 6

Strategies, policies, programmes, measures and infor-
mation

Each Party shall, as necessary and on the basis of sound
in order to facilitate the

1.
scientific and economic criteria,
implementation of its obligations under Article 3:

Each Party shall, in a manner consistent with its laws,
1.
regulations and practices, promote the provision of infor-
mation to the general public, including information on:

(a)

adopt supporting strategies, policies and programmes
without undue delay after the present Protocol enters
into force for it;

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(b)

apply measures to control and reduce its emissions of
sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic
compounds;

(b)

the effects of ambient concentrations and of the depo-
sition of sulphur, nitrogen compounds, volatile organic
compounds and ozone on human health, terrestrial and
aquatic ecosystems and materials.

(c)

apply measures to encourage the increase of energy
efficiency and the use of renewable energy;

(d)

apply measures to decrease the use of polluting fuels;

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

develop and introduce less polluting transport systems
and promote traffic management systems to reduce
overall emissions from road traffic;

apply measures to encourage the development and
introduction of low-polluting processes and products,
taking into account guidance documents I to V adopted
by the Executive Body at its seventeenth session (Decision
1999/1) and any amendments thereto;

encourage the implementation of management pro-
grammes to reduce emissions, including voluntary pro-
grammes, and the use of economic instruments, taking
into account guidance document VI adopted by the
Executive Body at its seventeenth session (Decision 1999/
1) and any amendments thereto;

implement and further elaborate policies and measures
in accordance with its national circumstances, such as
the progressive reduction or phasing-out of market
imperfections, fiscal incentives, tax and duty exemptions
and subsidies in all sectors that emit sulphur, nitrogen
oxides, ammonia and volatile organic compounds which
run counter to the objective of the Protocol, and apply
market instruments;

(i)

apply measures, where cost-effective, to reduce emissions
from waste products containing volatile organic com-
pounds.

2.

Each Party shall collect and maintain information on:

(a)

actual levels of emissions of sulphur, nitrogen compounds
and volatile organic compounds, and of ambient concen-
trations and depositions of these compounds and ozone,
taking into account, for those Parties within the geo-
graphical scope of EMEP, the work plan of EMEP;

Any Party may take more stringent measures than those

3.
required by the present Protocol.

Article 7

Reporting

Subject to its laws and regulations and in accordance

1.
with its obligations under the present Protocol:

(a)

each Party shall report, through the Executive Secretary
of the Commission, to the Executive Body, on a periodic
basis as determined by the Parties at a session of the
Executive Body, information on the measures that it has
taken to implement the present Protocol. Moreover:

(i) where a Party applies different emission-reduction
it shall
strategies under Article 3 (2) and (3),
document the strategies applied and its compliance
with the requirements of those paragraphs;

(ii) where a Party judges certain limit values, as specified
in accordance with Article 3 (3), not to be technically
and economically feasible, taking into consideration
the costs and advantages, it shall report and justify
this;

(b)

each Party within the geographical scope of EMEP
through the Executive Secretary of the
shall report,
Commission, to EMEP, on a periodic basis to be deter-
mined by the Steering Body of EMEP and approved by
the Parties at a session of the Executive Body, the
following information:

(i)

levels of emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides,
ammonia and volatile organic compounds using, as
a minimum, the methodologies and the temporal
and spatial resolution specified by the Steering Body
of EMEP;

(ii)

levels of emissions of each substance in the reference
year (1990) using the same methodologies and
temporal and spatial resolution;

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(iii) data on projected emissions and current reduction

plans;

(iv) where it deems it appropriate, any exceptional
circumstances justifying emissions that are tempor-
arily higher than the ceilings established for it for
one or more pollutants;

(c)

parties in areas outside the geographical scope of EMEP
shall make available information similar to that specified
in subparagraph (b), if requested to do so by the Executive
Body.

2.
The information to be reported in accordance with
paragraph (1)(a) shall be in conformity with a decision
regarding format and content to be adopted by the Parties at a
session of the Executive Body. The terms of this decision shall
be reviewed as necessary to identify any additional elements
regarding the format or the content of the information that is
to be included in the reports.

In good time before each annual session of the Executive

3.
Body, EMEP shall provide information on:

(a)

(b)

ambient concentrations and depositions of sulphur and
nitrogen compounds as well as, where available, ambient
concentrations of volatile organic compounds and ozone;

calculations of sulphur and oxidised and reduced-nitrogen
budgets and relevant
information on the long-range
transport of ozone and its precursors.

Parties in areas outside the geographical scope of EMEP shall
make available similar information if requested to do so by the
Executive Body.

4.
The Executive Body shall, in accordance with Article 10
(2)(b), of the Convention, arrange for the preparation of
information on the effects of depositions of sulphur and
nitrogen compounds and concentrations of ozone.

5.
The Parties shall, at sessions of the Executive Body,
arrange for the preparation, at regular intervals, of revised
information on calculated and internationally optimised allo-
cations of emission reductions for the States within the
geographical scope of EMEP, using integrated assessment
models, including atmospheric transport models, with a view
to reducing further, for the purposes of Article 3 (1), the
difference between actual depositions of sulphur and nitrogen
compounds and critical load values as well as the difference

between actual ozone concentrations and the critical levels of
ozone specified in Annex I, or such alternative assessment
methods as approved by the Parties at a session of the
Executive Body.

Article 8

Research, development and monitoring

The Parties shall encourage research, development, monitoring
and cooperation related to:

(a)

the international harmonisation of methods for the
calculation and assessment of the adverse effects associ-
ated with the substances addressed by the present Proto-
col for use in establishing critical loads and critical levels
and, as appropriate, the elaboration of procedures for
such harmonisation;

(b)

the improvement of emission databases,
those on ammonia and volatile organic compounds;

in particular

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

the improvement of monitoring techniques and systems
and of the modelling of transport, concentrations and
depositions of sulphur, nitrogen compounds and volatile
organic compounds, as well as of the formation of ozone
and secondary particulate matter;

the improvement of the scientific understanding of the
long-term fate of emissions and their impact on the
hemispheric background concentrations of
sulphur,
nitrogen, volatile organic compounds, ozone and particu-
late matter, focusing, in particular, on the chemistry of
the free troposphere and the potential for intercontinental
flow of pollutants;

the further elaboration of an overall strategy to reduce
the adverse effects of acidification, eutrophication and
photochemical pollution, including synergisms and com-
bined effects;

strategies for the further
reduction of emissions of
sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic
compounds based on critical loads and critical levels as
well as on technical developments, and the improvement
of integrated assessment modelling to calculate inter-
nationally optimised allocations of emission reductions
taking into account the need to avoid excessive costs for
any Party. Special emphasis should be given to emissions
from agriculture and transport;

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the identification of trends over time and the scientific
understanding of the wider effects of sulphur, nitrogen
and volatile organic compounds and photochemical
pollution on human health, including their contribution
to concentrations of particulate matter, the environment,
in particular acidification and eutrophication,
and
materials, especially historic and cultural monuments,
taking into account the relationship between sulphur
oxides, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, volatile organic com-
pounds and tropospheric ozone;

emission abatement technologies, and technologies and
techniques to improve energy efficiency, energy conser-
vation and the use of renewable energy;

the efficacy of ammonia control techniques for farms and
their impact on local and regional deposition;

information supplied by the Parties, EMEP and subsidiary
bodies of the Executive Body, the data on the effects of
concentrations and depositions of sulphur and nitrogen com-
pounds and of photochemical pollution as well as the reports
of the Implementation Committee referred to in Article 9.

2.

(a)

The Parties shall, at sessions of the Executive Body,
keep under review the obligations set out in the
present Protocol, including:

(i)

their obligations in relation to their calculated
and internationally optimised allocations of
emission reductions referred to in Article 7
(5);

the management of transport demand and the develop-
ment and promotion of less polluting modes of transport;

(ii)

the obligations and the
the adequacy of
progress made towards the achievement of
the objective of the present Protocol;

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

(k)

the quantification and, where possible, economic evalu-
ation of benefits for the environment and human health
resulting from the reduction of emissions of sulphur,
nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic com-
pounds;

(l)

the development of tools for making the methods and
results of this work widely applicable and available.

Article 9

Compliance

Compliance by each Party with its obligations under the
present Protocol shall be reviewed regularly. The Implemen-
tation Committee established by Decision 1997/2 of
the
Executive Body at its fifteenth session shall carry out such
reviews and report to the Parties at a session of the Executive
Body in accordance with the terms of the Annex to that
Decision, including any amendments thereto.

Article 10

(b) Reviews shall take into account the best available
scientific information on the effects of acidifi-
cation, eutrophication and photochemical pol-
lution, including assessments of all relevant health
effects, critical levels and loads, the development
and refinement of integrated assessment models,
technological developments, changing economic
conditions, progress made on the databases on
techniques, especially
emissions and abatement
related to ammonia and volatile organic com-
pounds, and the fulfilment of the obligations on
emission levels;

(c)

The procedures, methods and timing for such
reviews shall be specified by the Parties at a session
of the Executive Body. The first such review shall
commence no later than one year after the present
Protocol enters into force.

Article 11

Settlement of disputes

Reviews by the Parties at sessions of the Executive Body

1.
The Parties shall, at sessions of the Executive Body,
pursuant to Article 10 (2)(a), of the Convention, review the

1.
In the event of a dispute between any two or more
Parties concerning the interpretation or application of the
present Protocol, the parties concerned shall seek a settlement
of the dispute through negotiation or any other peaceful
means of their own choice. The parties to the dispute shall
inform the Executive Body of their dispute.

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2. When ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to the
present Protocol, or at any time thereafter, a Party which is not
a regional economic integration organisation may declare in a
written instrument submitted to the Depositary that, in respect
of any dispute concerning the interpretation or application of
the Protocol, it recognises one or both of the following means
of dispute settlement as compulsory ipso facto and without
special agreement, in relation to any Party accepting the same
obligation:

(a)

submission of the dispute to the International Court of
Justice;

(b)

arbitration in accordance with procedures to be adopted
by the Parties at a session of the Executive Body, as soon
as practicable, in an annex on arbitration.

A Party which is a regional economic integration organisation
may make a declaration with like effect in relation to arbitration
in accordance with the procedures referred to in subparagraph
(b).

A declaration made under paragraph (2) shall remain in
3.
force until it expires in accordance with its terms or until
three months after written notice of its revocation has been
deposited with the Depositary.

4.
A new declaration, a notice of revocation or the expiry
of a declaration shall not in any way affect proceedings
pending before the International Court of Justice or the arbitral
tribunal, unless the parties to the dispute agree otherwise.

5.
Except in a case where the parties to a dispute have
accepted the same means of dispute settlement under para-
graph (2), if after 12 months following notification by one
party to another that a dispute exists between them, the parties
concerned have not been able to settle their dispute through
the means mentioned in paragraph (1), the dispute shall be
submitted, at the request of any of the parties to the dispute,
to conciliation.

Article 12

Annexes

The Annexes to the present Protocol shall form an integral
part of the Protocol.

Article 13

Amendments and adjustments

1.
Any Party may propose amendments to the present
Protocol. Any Party to the Convention may propose an
adjustment to Annex II to the present Protocol to add to it its
name, together with emission levels, emission ceilings and
percentage emission reductions.

2.
Proposed amendments and adjustments shall be submit-
ted in writing to the Executive Secretary of the Commission,
who shall communicate them to all Parties. The Parties shall
discuss the proposed amendments and adjustments at the next
session of the Executive Body, provided that those proposals
have been circulated by the Executive Secretary to the Parties
at least 90 days in advance.

3.
Amendments to the present Protocol, including amend-
ments to Annexes II to IX, shall be adopted by consensus of
the Parties present at a session of the Executive Body, and shall
enter into force for the Parties which have accepted them on
the 90th day after the date on which two thirds of the Parties
have deposited with the Depositary their instruments of
acceptance thereof. Amendments shall enter into force for any
other Party on the 90th day after the date on which that Party
has deposited its instrument of acceptance thereof.

For the purpose of paragraph (5), a conciliation com-
6.
mission shall be created. The commission shall be composed
of an equal number of members appointed by each party
concerned or, where parties in conciliation share the same
interest, by the group sharing that interest, and a chairperson
chosen jointly by the members so appointed. The commission
shall render a recommendatory award, which the parties to
the dispute shall consider in good faith.

4.
Amendments to the Annexes to the present Protocol,
other than to the Annexes referred to in paragraph 3, shall be
adopted by consensus of the Parties present at a session of the
Executive Body. On the expiry of 90 days from the date of its
communication to all Parties by the Executive Secretary of the
Commission, an amendment to any such Annex shall become
effective for those Parties which have not submitted to the
Depositary a notification in accordance with the provisions of
paragraph (5), provided that at least 16 Parties have not
submitted such a notification.

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5.
Any Party that is unable to approve an amendment to
an Annex, other than to an Annex referred to in paragraph (3),
shall so notify the Depositary in writing within 90 days from
the date of the communication of its adoption. The Depositary
shall without delay notify all Parties of any such notification
received. A Party may at any time substitute an acceptance for
its previous notification and, upon deposit of an instrument of
acceptance with the Depositary, the amendment to such an
Annex shall become effective for that Party.

6.
Adjustments to Annex II shall be adopted by consensus
of the Parties present at a session of the Executive Body and
shall become effective for all Parties to the present Protocol on
the 90th day following the date on which the Executive
Secretary of the Commission notifies those Parties in writing
of the adoption of the adjustment.

Article 14

Signature

1.
The present Protocol shall be open for signature at
Gothenburg (Sweden) on 30 November and 1 December
1999, then at United Nations Headquarters in New York until
30 May 2000, by States members of the Commission as well
as States having consultative status with the Commission,
pursuant to paragraph 8 of Economic and Social Council
Resolution 36 (IV) of 28 March 1947, and by regional
economic integration organisations, constituted by sovereign
States members of the Commission, which have competence
in respect of the negotiation, conclusion and application of
international agreements in matters covered by the Protocol,
provided that the States and organisations concerned are
Parties to the Convention and are listed in Annex II.

2.
In matters within their competence, such regional econ-
omic integration organisations shall, on their own behalf,
exercise the rights and fulfil the responsibilities which the
present Protocol attributes to their Member States. In such
cases, the Member States of these organisations shall not be
entitled to exercise such rights individually.

Article 15

Ratification, acceptance, approval and accession

The instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or

3.
accession shall be deposited with the Depositary.

Article 16

Depositary

The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be the
Depositary.

Article 17

Entry into force

The present Protocol shall enter into force on the
1.
90th day following the date on which the 16th instrument
of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession has been
deposited with the Depositary.

2.
For each State and organisation that meets the require-
ments of Article 14 (1), which ratifies, accepts or approves the
present Protocol or accedes thereto after the deposit of
the 16th instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or
accession, the Protocol shall enter into force on the 90th day
following the date of deposit by such Party of its instrument
of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.

Article 18

Withdrawal

At any time after five years from the date on which the present
Protocol has come into force with respect to a Party, that Party
may withdraw from it by giving written notification to the
Depositary. Any such withdrawal shall take effect on the 90th
day following the date of its receipt by the Depositary, or on
such later date as may be specified in the notification of the
withdrawal.

Article 19

Authentic texts

The original of the present Protocol, of which the English,
French and Russian texts are equally authentic, shall be
deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

The present Protocol shall be subject to ratification,

1.
acceptance or approval by Signatories.

2.
The present Protocol shall be open for accession as from
31 May 2000 by the States and organisations that meet the
requirements of Article 14 (1).

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorised
thereto, have signed the present Protocol.

Done at Gothenburg (Sweden), this thirtieth day of November
one thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine.

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ANNEX I

CRITICAL LOADS AND LEVELS

I. CRITICAL LOADS OF ACIDITY

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

A.

For Parties within the geographical scope of EMEP

Critical loads (as defined in Article 1) of acidity for ecosystems are determined in accordance with the
Convention’s Manual on methodologies and criteria for mapping critical levels/loads and geographical areas
where they are exceeded. They are the maximum amount of acidifying deposition an ecosystem can tolerate in
the long term without being damaged. Critical loads of acidity in terms of nitrogen take account of nitrogen
removal processes within an ecosystem (e.g. uptake by plants). Critical loads of acidity in terms of sulphur do
not. A combined sulphur and nitrogen critical load of acidity considers nitrogen only when the nitrogen
deposition is greater than the ecosystem nitrogen-removal processes. All critical loads reported by Parties are
summarised for use in the integrated assessment modelling employed to provide guidance for setting the
emission ceilings in Annex II.

B.

For Parties in North America

For eastern Canada, critical sulphur plus nitrogen loads for forested ecosystems have been determined with
scientific methodologies and criteria (1997 Canadian Acid Rain Assessment) similar to those in the Convention’s
Manual on methodologies and criteria for mapping critical levels/loads and geographical areas where they are
exceeded. Eastern Canada critical-load values (as defined in Article 1) of acidity are for sulphate in precipitation
expressed in kg/ha/year. Alberta in western Canada, where deposition levels are currently below the
environmental limits, has adopted the generic critical-load classification systems used for soils in Europe for
potential acidity. Potential acidity is defined by subtracting the total (both wet and dry) deposition of base
cations from that of sulphur and nitrogen. In addition to critical loads for potential acidity, Alberta has
established target and monitoring loads for managing acidifying emissions.

For the United States of America, the effects of acidification are evaluated through an assessment of the
sensitivity of ecosystems, the total loading within ecosystems of acidifying compounds and the uncertainty
associated with nitrogen-removal processes within ecosystems.

These loads and effects are used in integrated assessment modelling and provide guidance for setting the
emission ceilings and/or reductions for Canada and the United States of America in Annex II.

II. CRITICAL LOADS OF NUTRIENT NITROGEN

For Parties within the geographical scope of EMEP

Critical loads (as defined in Article 1) of nutrient nitrogen (eutrophication) for ecosystems are determined in
accordance with the Convention’s Manual on methodologies and criteria for mapping critical levels/loads and
geographical areas where they are exceeded. They are the maximum amount of eutrophying nitrogen deposition
an ecosystem can tolerate in the long term without being damaged. All critical loads reported by Parties are
summarised for use in the integrated assessment modelling employed to provide guidance for setting the
emission ceilings in Annex II.

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III. CRITICAL LEVELS OF OZONE

A.

For Parties within the geographical scope of EMEP

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Critical levels (as defined in Article 1) of ozone are determined to protect plants in accordance with the
Convention’s Manual on methodologies and criteria for mapping critical levels/loads and geographical areas
where they are exceeded. They are expressed as a cumulative exposure over a threshold ozone concentration of
40 ppb (parts per billion by volume). This exposure index is referred to as AOT40 (accumulated exposure over
a threshold of 40 ppb). The AOT40 is calculated as the sum of the differences between the hourly concentration
(in ppb) and 40 ppb for each hour when the concentration exceeds 40 ppb.

The long-term critical level of ozone for crops of an AOT40 of 3 000 ppb.hours for May to July (used as a
typical growing season) and for daylight hours was used to define areas at risk where the critical level is
exceeded. A specific reduction of exceedances was targeted in the integrated assessment modelling undertaken
for the present Protocol to provide guidance for setting the emission ceilings in Annex II. The long-term critical
level of ozone for crops is considered also to protect other plants such as trees and natural vegetation. Further
scientific work is under way to develop a more differentiated interpretation of exceedances of critical levels of
ozone for vegetation.

A critical level of ozone for human health is represented by the WHO Air Quality Guideline level for ozone of
120 µg/m3 as an eight-hour average. In collaboration with the World Health Organisation’s Regional Office for
Europe (WHO/EURO), a critical level expressed as an AOT60 (accumulated exposure over a threshold of
60 ppb), i.e. 120 µg/m3, calculated over one year, was adopted as a surrogate for the WHO Air Quality
Guideline for the purpose of integrated assessment modelling. This was used to define areas at risk where the
critical level is exceeded. A specific reduction of these exceedances was targeted in the integrated assessment
modelling undertaken for the present Protocol to provide guidance for setting the emission ceilings in Annex II.

B.

For Parties in North America

For Canada, critical levels of ozone are determined to protect human health and the environment and are used
to establish a Canada-wide Standard for ozone. The emission ceilings in Annex II are defined according to the
ambition level required to achieve the Canada-wide Standard for ozone.

For the United States of America, critical levels of ozone are determined to protect public health with an
adequate margin of safety, to protect public welfare from any known or expected adverse effects, and are used
to establish a National Ambient Air Quality Standard. Integrated assessment modelling and the Air Quality
Standard are used in providing guidance for setting the emission ceilings and/or reductions for the United
States of America in Annex II.

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ANNEX II

EMISSION CEILINGS

The emission ceilings listed in the tables below relate to the provisions of Article 3 (1) and (10), of the present
Protocol. The 1980 and 1990 emission levels and the percentage emission reductions listed are given for information
purposes only.

Table 1.

Emission ceilings for sulphur (thousands of tonnes of SO2 per year)

Party

Emission levels

Emission ceilings

Percentage emission
reductions for 2010

Armenia

Austria

Belarus

Belgium

Bulgaria

1980

141

400

740

828

1990

73

91

637

372

2 050

2 008

Canada national (a)

4 643

3 236

PEMA (SOMA)

3 135

1 873

Croatia

150

180

Czech Republic

2 257

1 876

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Italy

Latvia

450

584

182

260

3 208

1 269

7 514

5 313

400

509

1 633

1 010

222

178

3 757

1 651

—

119

2010

(base year 1990)

73

39

480

106

856

70

283

55

116

400

550

546

550

42

500

107

0 %

– 57 %

– 25 %

– 72 %

– 57 %

– 61 %

– 85 %

– 70 %

– 55 %

– 68 %

– 90 %

7 %

– 46 %

– 76 %

– 70 %

– 10 %

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Party

Emission levels

Emission ceilings

Liechtenstein

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Netherlands

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Republic of Moldova

1980

0,39

311

24

490

137

1990

0,15

222

15

202

53

2010

0,11

145

4

50

22

4 100

3 210

1 397

266

308

362

265

Romania

1 055

1 311

Russian Federation (b)

7 161

4 460

PEMA

Slovakia

Slovenia

Spain (b)

Sweden

Switzerland

Ukraine

1 062

1 133

780

235

543

194

2 959

2 182

491

116

119

43

3 849

2 782

United Kingdom

4 863

3 731

United States of America (c)

170

135

918

635

110

27

774

67

26

1 457

625

Percentage emission
reductions for 2010

(base year 1990)

– 27 %

– 35 %

– 73 %

– 75 %

– 58 %

– 56 %

– 53 %

– 49 %

– 30 %

– 44 %

– 80 %

– 86 %

– 65 %

– 44 %

– 40 %

– 48 %

– 83 %

European Community

26 456

16 436

4 059

– 75 %

(a) Upon ratification, acceptance or approval of, or accession to, the present Protocol, Canada shall submit an emission ceiling for
sulphur, either at a national level or for its PEMA, and will endeavour to provide a ceiling for 2010. The PEMA for sulphur will
be the sulphur oxides management area (SOMA) that was designated pursuant to Annex III to the Protocol on Further Reduction
of Sulphur Emissions adopted at Oslo on 14 June 1994 as the south-east Canada SOMA. This is an area of 1 million km2 which
includes all the territory of the provinces of Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, all the territory of the
province of Quebec south of a straight line between Havre-St. Pierre on the north coast of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the
point where the Quebec-Ontario boundary intersects the James Bay coastline, and all the territory of the province of Ontario
south of a straight line between the point where the Ontario-Quebec boundary intersects the James Bay coastline and Nipigon
River near the north shore of Lake Superior.

(b) Figures apply to the European part within the EMEP area.
(c) Upon ratification, acceptance or approval of, or accession to, the present Protocol, the United States of America shall provide
for inclusion in this Annex: (a) specific emission reduction measures applicable to mobile and stationary sources of sulphur to
be applied either nationally or within a PEMA if it has submitted a PEMA for sulphur for inclusion in Annex III; (b) a value for
total estimated sulphur emission levels for 1990, either national or for the PEMA; (c) an indicative value for total sulphur
emission levels for 2010, either national or for the PEMA; and (d) associated estimates of the percentage reduction in sulphur
emissions. Item (b) will be included in the table and items (a), (c) and (d) will be included in a footnote to the table.

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Table 2.

Emission ceilings for nitrogen oxides (thousands of tonnes of NO2 per year)

Party

Emission levels

Emission ceilings

Percentage emission
reductions for 2010

Armenia

Austria

Belarus

Belgium

Bulgaria

Canada (a)

Croatia

Czech Republic

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Italy

Latvia

Liechtenstein

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Netherlands

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Republic of Moldova

Romania

Russian Federation (b)

PEMA

1990

46

194

285

339

361

2 104

87

742

282

300

1 882

2 693

343

238

115

1 938

93

0,63

158

23

580

218

1 280

348

100

546

3 600

360

2010

(base year 1990)

46

107

255

181

266

87

286

127

170

860

1 081

344

198

65

1 000

84

0,37

110

11

266

156

879

260

90

437

265

0 %

– 45 %

– 11 %

– 47 %

– 26 %

0 %

– 61 %

– 55 %

– 43 %

– 54 %

– 60 %

0 %

– 17 %

– 43 %

– 48 %

– 10 %

– 41 %

– 30 %

– 52 %

– 54 %

– 28 %

– 31 %

– 25 %

– 10 %

– 20 %

– 26 %

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Party

Emission levels

Emission ceilings

Slovakia

Slovenia

Spain (b)

Sweden

Switzerland

Ukraine

United Kingdom

United States of America (c)

1990

225

62

1 113

338

166

1 888

2 673

2010

130

45

847

148

79

1 222

1 181

Percentage emission
reductions for 2010

(base year 1990)

– 42 %

– 27 %

– 24 %

– 56 %

– 52 %

– 35 %

– 56 %

European Community

13 161

6 671

– 49 %

(a) Upon ratification, acceptance or approval of, or accession to, the present Protocol, Canada shall submit 1990 emission levels
and 2010 emission ceilings for nitrogen oxides, either at a national level or for its PEMA for nitrogen oxides, if it has submitted
one.

(b) Figures apply to the European part within the EMEP area.
(c) Upon ratification, acceptance or approval of, or accession to, the present Protocol, the United States of America shall provide
for inclusion in this Annex: (a) specific emission reduction measures applicable to mobile and stationary sources of nitrogen
oxides to be applied either nationally or within a PEMA if it has submitted a PEMA for nitrogen oxides for inclusion in Annex III;
(b) a value for total estimated nitrogen oxide emission levels for 1990, either national or for the PEMA; (c) an indicative value
for total nitrogen oxide emission levels for 2010, either national or for the PEMA; and (d) associated estimates of the percentage
reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions. Item (b) will be included in the table and items (a), (c) and (d) will be included in a
footnote to the table.

Table 3.

Emission ceilings for ammonia (thousands of tonnes of NH3 per year)

Party

Emission levels

Emission ceilings

Percentage emission
reductions for 2010

1990

2010

(base year 1990)

Armenia

Austria

Belarus

Belgium

Bulgaria

Croatia

Czech Republic

25

81

219

107

144

37

156

25

66

158

74

108

30

101

0 %

– 19 %

– 28 %

– 31 %

– 25 %

– 19 %

– 35 %

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Party

Emission levels

Emission ceilings

Percentage emission
reductions for 2010

2010

(base year 1990)

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Italy

Latvia

Liechtenstein

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Netherlands

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Republic of Moldova

Romania

1990

122

35

814

764

80

124

126

466

44

0,15

84

7

226

23

508

98

49

300

Russian Federation (a)

1 191

PEMA

Slovakia

Slovenia

Spain (a)

Sweden

Switzerland

Ukraine

United Kingdom

61

62

24

351

61

72

729

333

69

31

780

550

73

90

116

419

44

0,15

84

7

128

23

468

108

42

210

49

39

20

353

57

63

592

297

European Community

3 671

3 129

(a) Figures apply to the European part within the EMEP area.

– 43 %

– 11 %

– 4 %

– 28 %

– 9 %

– 27 %

– 8 %

– 10 %

0 %

0 %

0 %

0 %

– 43 %

0 %

– 8 %

10 %

– 14 %

– 30 %

– 20 %

– 37 %

– 17 %

1 %

– 7 %

– 13 %

– 19 %

– 11 %

– 15 %

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Table 4.

Emission ceilings for volatile organic compounds (thousands of tonnes of VOC per year)

Party

Emission levels

Emission ceilings

Armenia

Austria

Belarus

Belgium

Bulgaria

Canada (a)

Croatia

Czech Republic

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Italy

Latvia

Liechtenstein

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Netherlands

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Republic of Moldova

Romania

Russian Federation (b)

PEMA

Slovakia

Slovenia

Spain (b)

1990

81

351

533

324

217

2 880

105

435

178

209

2 957

3 195

373

205

197

2 213

152

1,56

103

20

502

310

831

640

157

616

3 566

203

149

42

1 094

2010

81

159

309

144

185

90

220

85

130

1 100

995

261

137

55

1 159

136

0,86

92

9

191

195

800

202

100

523

165

140

40

669

Percentage emission
reductions for 2010

(base year 1990)

0 %

– 55 %

– 42 %

– 56 %

– 15 %

– 14 %

– 49 %

– 52 %

– 38 %

– 63 %

– 69 %

– 30 %

– 33 %

– 72 %

– 48 %

– 11 %

– 45 %

– 11 %

– 55 %

– 62 %

– 37 %

– 4 %

– 68 %

– 36 %

– 15 %

– 19 %

– 6 %

– 5 %

– 39 %

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Party

Emission levels

Emission ceilings

Sweden

Switzerland

Ukraine

United Kingdom

United States of America (c)

1990

526

292

1 369

2 555

2010

241

144

797

1 200

Percentage emission
reductions for 2010

(base year 1990)

– 54 %

– 51 %

– 42 %

– 53 %

European Community

15 353

6 600

– 57 %

(a) Upon ratification, acceptance or approval of, or accession to, the present Protocol, Canada shall submit 1990 emission levels
and 2010 emission ceilings for volatile organic compounds, either at a national level or for its PEMA for volatile organic
compounds, if it has submitted one.

(b) Figures apply to the European part within the EMEP area.

(c) Upon ratification, acceptance or approval of, or accession to, the present Protocol, the United States of America shall provide
for inclusion in this Annex: (a) specific emission reduction measures applicable to mobile and stationary sources of volatile
organic compounds to be applied either nationally or within a PEMA if it has submitted a PEMA for volatile organic compounds
for inclusion in Annex III; (b) a value for total estimated volatile organic compound emission levels for 1990, either national or
for the PEMA; (c) an indicative value for total volatile organic compound emission levels for 2010, either national or for the
PEMA; and (d) associated estimates of the percentage reduction in volatile organic compound emissions. Item (b) will be included
in the table and items (a), (c) and (d) will be included in a footnote to the table.

ANNEX III

DESIGNATED POLLUTANT EMISSIONS MANAGEMENT AREA (PEMA)

The following PEMA is listed for the purpose of the present Protocol:

Russian Federation PEMA

This is the area of Murmansk oblast, the Republic of Karelia, Leningrad oblast (including St. Petersburg), Pskov oblast,
Novgorod oblast and Kaliningrad oblast. The boundary of the PEMA coincides with the State and administrative
boundaries of these constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

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ANNEX IV

LIMIT VALUES FOR EMISSIONS OF SULPHUR FROM STATIONARY SOURCES

1.

Section A applies to Parties other than Canada and the United States of America, section B applies to Canada
and section C applies to the United States of America.

A. Parties other than Canada and the United States of America

2.

3.

4.

For the purpose of section A, except Table 2 and paragraphs (11) and (12), limit value means the quantity of a
gaseous substance contained in the waste gases from an installation that is not to be exceeded. Unless otherwise
specified, it shall be calculated in terms of mass of pollutant per volume of the waste gases (expressed as mg/
m3), assuming standard conditions for temperature and pressure for dry gas (volume at 273,15 K, 101,3 kPa).
With regard to the oxygen content of the exhaust gas, the values given in the tables below for each source
category shall apply. Dilution for the purpose of lowering concentrations of pollutants in waste gases is not
permitted. Start-up, shutdown and maintenance of equipment are excluded.

Emissions shall be monitored in all cases (1). Compliance with limit values shall be verified. The methods of
verification can include continuous or discontinuous measurements, type approval, or any other technically
sound method.

Sampling and analysis of pollutants, as well as reference measurement methods to calibrate any measurement
system, shall be carried out in accordance with the standards laid down by the European Committee for
Standardisation (CEN) or by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO). While awaiting the
development of CEN or ISO standards, national standards shall apply.

5. Measurements of emissions should be carried out continuously when emissions of SO2 exceed 75 kg/h.

6.

7.

8.

In the case of continuous measurement for new plants, compliance with the emission standards is achieved if
the calculated daily mean values do not exceed the limit value and if no hourly value exceeds the limit value by
100 %.

In the case of continuous measurements for existing plants, compliance with the emission standards is achieved
if (a) none of the monthly mean values exceeds the limit values; and (b) 97 % of all the 48-hour mean values
do not exceed 110 % of the limit values.

In the case of discontinuous measurements, as a minimum requirement, compliance with the emission
standards is achieved if the mean value based on an appropriate number of measurements under representative
conditions does not exceed the value of the emission standard.

9.

Boilers and process heaters with a rated thermal input exceeding 50 Mwth:

Table 1. Limit values for SOx emissions released from boilers (a)

Thermal input
(MWth)

Limit value (b)
(mg SO2/Nm3)

Alternative for domestic solid
fuels removal efficiency

Solid and liquid fuels, new
installations

50-100

100-300

850

850 - 200 (c)
(linear decrease)

> 300

200 (c)

90 % (d)

92 % (d)

95 % (d)

(1) Monitoring is to be understood as an overall activity, comprising measuring of emissions, mass balancing, etc. It can be carried

out continuously or discontinuously.

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Thermal input
(MWth)

Limit value (b)
(mg SO2/Nm3)

Alternative for domestic solid
fuels removal efficiency

Solid fuels,
lations

existing instal-

50-100

2 000

100-500

> 500

50-150

150-500

> 500

50-300

300-500

> 500

Liquid fuels, existing instal-
lations

Gaseous fuels in general, new
and existing installations

Liquefied gas, new and existing
installations

Low-calorific-value gases (e.g.
gasification of refinery residues
or combustion of coke oven
gas)

Blast-furnace gas

New combustion plant
refineries (average of all new (total refinery capacity)
combustion installations)

> 50

in

Existing combustion plant in
refineries (average of all exist-
ing combustion installations)

40 %

40-90 %
(linear increase)

90 %

2 000-400
(linear decrease)

400

1 700

1 700-400
(linear decrease)

400

35

5

new 400
existing 800

new 200
existing 800

600

1 000

(a)

In particular, the limit values shall not apply to:
— plants in which the products of combustion are used for direct heating, drying, or any other treatment of objects or

materials, e.g. reheating furnaces, furnaces for heat treatment,

— post-combustion plants, i.e. any technical apparatus designed to purify the waste gases by combustion that is not

operated as an independent combustion plant,

— facilities for the regeneration of catalytic cracking catalysts;,
— facilities for the conversion of hydrogen sulphide into sulphur,
— reactors used in the chemical industry,
— coke battery furnaces,
— cowpers,
— waste incinerators,
— plants powered by diesel, petrol or gas engines or by combustion turbines, irrespective of the fuel used.

(b) The O2 reference content is 6 % for solid fuels and 3 % for others.
(c) 400 with heavy fuel oil S < 0,25 %.
(d) If an installation reaches 300 mg/Nm3 SO2, it may be exempted from applying the removal efficiency.

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10. Gas oil:

Gas oil

Table 2. Limit values for the sulphur content of gas oil (a)

Sulphur content (per cent by weight)

< 0,2 after 1 July 2000

< 0,1 after 1 January 2008

(a)

‘Gas oil’ means any petroleum product within HS 2710, or any petroleum product which, by reason of its distillation
limits, falls within the category of middle distillates intended for use as fuel and of which at least 85 % by volume,
including distillation losses, distils at 350 °C. Fuels used in on-road and non-road vehicles and agricultural tractors are
excluded from this definition. Gas oil intended for marine use is included in the definition if it meets the description above
or it has a viscosity or density falling within the ranges of viscosity or density defined for marine distillates in Table I of
ISO 8217 (1996).

11. Claus plant: for a plant that produces more than 50 Mg of sulphur a day:

(a)

sulphur recovery 99,5 % for new plant;

(b)

sulphur recovery 97 % for existing plant.

12. Titanium dioxide production: in new and existing installations, discharges arising from digestion and calcination
steps in the manufacture of titanium dioxide shall be reduced to a value of not more than 10 kg of SO2-
equivalent per Mg of titanium dioxide produced.

B. Canada

13.

Limit values for controlling emissions of sulphur dioxide from new stationary sources in the following
stationary source category will be determined on the basis of available information on control technology and
levels including limit values applied in other countries and the following document: Canada Gazette, Part I.
Department of the Environment. Thermal Power Generation Emissions — National Guidelines for New
Stationary Sources. May 15, 1993, pp. 1633-1638.

C. United States of America

14.

Limit values for controlling emissions of sulphur dioxide from new stationary sources in the following
stationarysource categories are specified in the following documents:

(1)

(2)

Electric Utility Steam Generating Units — 40 Code of Federal Regulations (C.F.R.) Part 60, Subpart D, and
Subpart Da;

Industrial-Commercial-Institutional Steam Generating Units — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart Db, and
Subpart Dc;

(3)

Sulphuric Acid Plants — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart H;

(4)

Petroleum Refineries — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart J;

(5)

Primary Copper Smelters — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart P;

(6)

Primary Zinc Smelters — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart Q;

(7)

Primary Lead Smelters — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart R;

(8)

Stationary Gas Turbines — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart GG;

(9) Onshore Natural Gas Processing — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart LLL;

(10) Municipal Waste Combustors — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart Ea, and Subpart Eb;

(11) Hospital/Medical/Infectious Waste Incinerators — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart Ec.

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ANNEX V

LIMIT VALUES FOR EMISSIONS OF NITROGEN OXIDES FROM STATIONARY SOURCES

1.

Section A applies to Parties other than Canada and the United States of America, section B applies to Canada
and section C applies to the United States of America.

A. Parties other than Canada and the United States of America

2.

3.

4.

For the purpose of section A, limit value means the quantity of a gaseous substance contained in the waste
gases from an installation that is not to be exceeded. Unless otherwise specified, it shall be calculated in terms
of mass of pollutant per volume of the waste gases (expressed as mg/m3), assuming standard conditions for
temperature and pressure for dry gas (volume at 273,15 K, 101,3 kPa). With regard to the oxygen content of
exhaust gas, the values given in the tables below for each source category shall apply. Dilution for the purpose
of lowering concentrations of pollutants in waste gases is not permitted. Limit values generally address NO
together with NO2, commonly named NOx, expressed as NO2. Start-up, shutdown and maintenance of
equipment are excluded.

Emissions shall be monitored in all cases (1). Compliance with limit values shall be verified. The methods of
verification can include continuous or discontinuous measurements, type approval, or any other technically
sound method.

Sampling and analysis of pollutants, as well as reference measurement methods to calibrate any measurement
system, shall be carried out in accordance with the standards laid down by the European Committee for
Standardisation (CEN) or by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO). While awaiting the
development of CEN or ISO standards, national standards shall apply.

5. Measurements of emissions should be carried out continuously when emissions of NOx exceed 75 kg/h.

6.

7.

8.

In the case of continuous measurements, except for existing combustion plant covered in Table 1, compliance
with the emission standards is achieved if the calculated daily mean values do not exceed the limit value and if
no hourly value exceeds the limit value by 100 %.

In the case of continuous measurements for existing combustion plants covered in Table 1, compliance with
the emission standards is achieved if (a) none of the monthly mean values exceeds the emission limit values;
and (b) 95 % of all the 48-hour mean values do not exceed 110 % of the emission limit values.

In the case of discontinuous measurements, as a minimum requirement, compliance with the emission
standards is achieved if the mean value based on an appropriate number of measurements under representative
conditions does not exceed the value of the emission standard.

9.

Boilers and process heaters with a rated thermal input exceeding 50 MWth:

Table 1. Limit values for NOx emissions released from boilers (a)

Limit value (mg/Nm3) (b)

Solid fuels, new installations:

— Boilers 50-100 MWth

— Boilers 100-300 MWth

— Boilers >300 MWth

Solid fuels, existing installations:

— Solid in general

— Solid with less than 10 % volatile compounds

400

300

200

650

1 300

(1) Monitoring is to be understood as an overall activity, comprising measuring of emissions, mass balancing, etc. It can be carried

out continuously or discontinuously.

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Liquid fuels, new installations:

— Boilers 50-100 MWth

— Boilers 100-300 MWth

— Boilers >300 MWth

Liquid fuels, existing installations

Gaseous fuels, new installations:

Fuel: natural gas

— Boilers 50-300 MWth

— Boilers > 300 MWth

Fuel: all other gases

Gaseous fuels, existing installations

Limit value (mg/Nm3) (b)

400

300

200

450

150

100

200

350

(a)

In particular, the limit values shall not apply to:
— plants in which the products of combustion are used for direct heating, drying, or any other treatment of objects or

materials, e.g. reheating furnaces, furnaces for heat treatment,

— post-combustion plants, i.e. any technical apparatus designed to purify the waste gases by combustion that is not

operated as an independent combustion plant,

— facilities for the regeneration of catalytic cracking catalysts,
— facilities for the conversion of hydrogen sulphide into sulphur,
— reactors used in the chemical industry,
— coke battery furnaces,
— cowpers,
— waste incinerators,
— plants powered by diesel, petrol or gas engines or by combustion turbines, irrespective of the fuel used.

(b) These values do not apply to boilers running less than 500 hours a year. The O2 reference content is 6 % for solid fuels

and 3 % for others.

10. Onshore combustion turbines with a rated thermal input exceeding 50 MWth: the NOx limit values expressed
in mg/Nm3 (with an O2 content of 15 %) are to be applied to a single turbine. The limit values in Table 2 apply
only above 70 % load.

Table 2. Limit values for NOx emissions released from onshore combustion turbines

> 50 MWth (Thermal input at ISO conditions)

Limit value (mg/Nm3)

New installations, natural gas (a)

New installations, liquid fuels (c)

Existing installations, all fuels (d)

— Natural gas

— Liquid

50 (b)

120

150

200

(a) Natural gas is naturally occurring methane with not more than 20 % (by volume) of inerts and other constituents.
(b) 75 mg/Nm3 if:

— combustion turbine used in a combined heat and power system, or
— combustion turbine driving compressor for public gas grid supply.
For combustion turbines not falling into either of the above categories, but having an efficiency greater than 35 %,
determined at ISO base load conditions, the limit value shall be 50* n/35 where n is the combustion turbine efficiency
expressed as a percentage (and determined at ISO base load conditions).

(c) This limit value applies only to combustion turbines firing light and medium distillates.
(d) The limit values do not apply to combustion turbines running less than 150 hours a year.

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11. Cement production:

Table 3. Limit values for NOx emissions released from cement production (a)

New installations (10 % O2)

— Dry kilns

— Other kilns

Existing installations (10 % O2)

Limit value (mg/Nm3)

500

800

1 200

(a)

Installations for the production of cement clinker in rotary kilns with a capacity > 500 mg/day or in other furnaces with
a capacity > 50 Mg/day.

12.

Stationary engines:

Table 4. Limit values for NOx emissions released from new stationary engines

Capacity, technique, fuel specification

Limit value (a) (mg/Nm3)

Spark ignition (= Otto) engines, 4-stroke, > 1 MWth

— Lean-burn engines

— All other engines

Compression ignition (= Diesel) engines, > 5 MWth

— Fuel: natural gas (jet ignition engines)

— Fuel: heavy fuel oil

— Fuel: diesel oil or gas oil

250

500

500

600

500

(a) These values do not apply to engines running less than 500 hours a year. The O2 reference content is 5 %.

13.

Production and processing of metals:

Table 5. Limit values for NOx emissions released from primary iron and steel production (a)

Capacity, technique, fuel specification

Limit value (mg/Nm3)

New and existing sinter plants

400

(a) Production and processing of metals: metal ore roasting or sintering installations, installations for the production of pig
(primary or secondary fusion) including continuous casting with a capacity exceeding 2,5 Mg/hour,

iron or steel
installations for the processing of ferrous metals (hot rolling mills > 20 Mg/hour of crude steel).

14. Nitric acid production:

Table 6. Limit values for NOx emissions released from nitric acid production excluding acid concentration units

Capacity, technique, fuel specification

Limit value (mg/Nm3)

— New installations

— Existing installations

350

450

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B. Canada

15.

Limit values for controlling emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from new stationary sources in the following
stationary source categories will be determined on the basis of available information on control technology and
levels including limit values applied in other countries and the following documents:

(a)

Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). National Emission Guidelines for Stationary
Combustion Turbines. December 1992. PN1072;

(b) Canada Gazette, Part I. Department of the Environment. Thermal Power Generation Emissions — National

Guidelines for New Stationary Sources. May 15, 1993, pp. 1633-1638;

(c)

CCME. National Emission Guidelines for Cement Kilns. March 1998. PN1284.

C. United States of America

16.

Limit values for controlling emissions of NOx from new stationary sources in the followingstationary source
categories are specified in the following documents:

(a)

Coal-fired Utility Units — 40 Code of Federal Regulations (C.F.R.) Part 76;

(b)

Electric Utility Steam Generating Units — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart D, and Subpart Da;

(c)

Industrial-Commercial-Institutional Steam Generating Units — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart Db;

(d) Nitric Acid Plants — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart G;

(e)

Stationary Gas Turbines — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart GG;

(f) Municipal Waste Combustors — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart Ea, and Subpart Eb;

(g) Hospital/Medical/Infectious Waste Incinerators — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart Ec.

ANNEX VI

LIMIT VALUES FOR EMISSIONS OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM STATIONARY SOURCES

1.

Section A applies to Parties other than Canada and the United States of America, section B applies to Canada
and section C applies to the United States of America.

A. Parties other than Canada and the United States of America

2.

This section of the present Annex covers the stationary sources of non-methane volatile organic compound
(NMVOC) emissions listed in paragraphs (8) to (21) below. Installations or parts of installations for research,
development and testing of new products and processes are not covered. Threshold values are given in the
sector-specific tables below. They generally refer to solvent consumption or emission mass flow. Where one
operator carries out several activities falling under the same subheading at the same installation on the same
site, the solvent consumption or emission mass flow of such activities are added together. If no threshold value
is indicated, the given limit value applies to all the installations concerned.

3.

For the purpose of section A of the present Annex:

(a)

‘storage and distribution of petrol’ means the loading of trucks, railway wagons, barges and seagoing
ships at depots and mineral oil refinery dispatch stations, excluding vehicle refuelling at service stations
covered by relevant documents on mobile sources;

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(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

‘adhesive coating’ means any process in which an adhesive is applied to a surface, with the exception of
adhesive coating and laminating associated with printing processes and wood and plastic lamination;

‘wood and plastic lamination’ means any process to adhere together wood and/or plastic to produce
laminated products;

‘coating processes’ means the application of metal and plastic surfaces to: passenger cars, truck cabins,
trucks, buses or wooden surfaces and covers any process in which a single or multiple application of a
continuous film of coating is laid onto:

(i)

(ii)

new vehicles (see below) defined as vehicles of category M1 and of category N1 insofar as they are
coated at the same installation as M1 vehicles;

truck cabins, defined as the housing for the driver, and all integrated housing for the technical
equipment of category N2 and N3 vehicles;

(iii)

vans and trucks defined as category N1, N2 and N3 vehicles, but excluding truck cabins;

(iv)

buses defined as category M2 and M3 vehicles;

(v)

other metallic and plastic surfaces including those of aeroplanes, ships, trains, etc., wooden surfaces,
textile, fabric, film and paper surfaces.

This source category does not include the coating of substrates with metals by electrophoretic or chemical
spraying techniques. If the coating process includes a step in which the same article is printed, that
printing step is considered part of the coating process. However, printing processes operated as a separate
activity are not included. In this definition:

— M1 vehicles are those used for the carriage of passengers and comprising not more than eight seats

in addition to the driver’s seat,

— M2 vehicles are those used for the carriage of passengers and comprising more than eight seats in

addition to the driver’s seat, and having a maximum mass not exceeding 5 Mg,

— M3 vehicles are those used for the carriage of passengers and comprising more than eight seats in

addition to the driver’s seat, and having a maximum mass exceeding 5 Mg,

— N1 vehicles are those used for the carriage of goods and having a maximum mass not exceeding

3,5 Mg,

— N2 vehicles are those used for the carriage of goods and having a maximum mass exceeding 3,5 Mg

but not exceeding 12 Mg,

— N3 vehicles are those used for the carriage of goods and having a maximum mass exceeding 12 Mg.

‘coil coating’ means any processes where coiled steel, stainless steel, coated steel, copper alloys or
aluminium strip is coated with either a film-forming or laminate coating in a continuous process;

‘dry cleaning’ means any industrial or commercial process using VOCs in an installation to clean garments,
furnishings and similar consumer goods with the exception of the manual removal of stains and spots in
the textile and clothing industry;

‘manufacturing of coatings, varnishes, inks and adhesives’ means the manufacture of coating preparations,
varnishes, inks and adhesives, and of intermediates as far as they are produced in the same installation by
mixing pigments, resins and adhesive materials with organic solvents or other carriers. This category also
includes dispersion, predispersion, realization of a certain viscosity or colour and packing the final
products in containers;

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(h)

‘printing’ means any process of reproduction of text and/or images in which, with the use of an image
carrier, ink is transferred onto a surface and applies to the following subprocesses:

(i)

(ii)

flexography: a printing process using an image carrier of rubber or elastic photopolymers on which
the printing inks are above the non-printing areas, using liquid inks that dry through evaporation;

heat set web offset: a web-fed printing process using an image carrier in which the printing and
non-printing areas are in the same plane, where web-fed means that the material to be printed is fed
to the machine from a reel as distinct from separate sheets. The non-printing area is treated to
attract water and thus reject ink. The printing area is treated to receive and transmit ink to the
surface to be printed. Evaporation takes place in an oven where hot air is used to heat the printed
material;

(iii) publication rotogravure: rotogravure used for printing paper for magazines, brochures, catalogues

or similar products, using toluene-based inks;

(iv)

(v)

rotogravure: a printing process using a cylindrical image carrier in which the printing area is below
the non-printing area, using liquid inks that dry through evaporation. The recesses are filled with
ink and the surplus is cleaned off the non-printing area before the surface to be printed contacts the
cylinder and lifts the ink from the recesses;

rotary screen printing: a web-fed printing process in which the ink is passed onto the surface to be
printed by forcing it through a porous image carrier, in which the printing area is open and the
non-printing area is sealed off, using liquid inks that dry only through evaporation. Web-fed means
that the material to be printed is fed to the machine from a reel as distinct from separate sheets;

(vi)

laminating associated to a printing process: the adhering of two or more flexible materials to
produce laminates;

(vii) varnishing: a process by which a varnish or an adhesive coating is applied to a flexible material for

the purpose of later sealing the packaging material;

‘manufacturing of pharmaceutical products’ means chemical synthesis, fermentation, extraction, formu-
lation and finishing of pharmaceutical products and, where carried out at the same site, the manufacture
of intermediate products;

‘conversion of natural or synthetic rubber’ means any process of mixing, crushing, blending, calendering,
extruding and vulcanisation of natural or synthetic rubber and additionally processes for the processing
of natural or synthetic rubber to derive an end product;

‘surface cleaning’ means any process except dry cleaning using organic solvents to remove contamination
from the surface of material, including degreasing; a cleaning process consisting of more than one step
before or after any other processing step is considered as one surface-cleaning process. The process refers
to the cleaning of the surface of products and not to the cleaning of process equipment;

‘extraction of vegetable oil and animal fat and refining of vegetable oil’ means the extraction of vegetable
oil from seeds and other vegetable matter, the processing of dry residues to produce animal feed, and the
purification of fats and vegetable oils derived from seeds, vegetable matter and/or animal matter;

(i)

(j)

(k)

(l)

(m)

‘vehicle refinishing’ means any industrial or commercial coating activity and associated degreasing
activities performing:

(i)

the coating of road vehicles, or part of them, carried out as part of vehicle repair, conservation or
decoration outside manufacturing installations, or

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(ii)

the original coating of road vehicles, or part of them, with refinishing-type materials, where this is
carried out away from the original manufacturing line, or

(iii)

the coating of trailers (including semi-trailers);

(n)

‘impregnation of wooden surfaces’ means any process impregnating timber with preservative;

(o)

‘standard conditions’ means a temperature of 273,15 K and a pressure of 101,3 kPa;

(p)

(q)

(r)

(s)

(t)

(u)

‘NMVOCs’ comprise all organic compounds except methane which at 273,15 K show a vapour pressure
of at least 0,01 kPa or which show a comparable volatility under the given application conditions;

‘waste gas’ means the final gaseous discharge containing NMVOCs or other pollutants from a stack or
from emission abatement equipment into air. The volumetric flow rates shall be expressed in m3/h at
standard conditions;

‘fugitive emission of NMVOCs’ means any emission, not in waste gases, of NMVOC into air, soil and
water as well as, unless otherwise stated, solvents contained in any product, and includes uncaptured
emissions of NMVOCs released to the outside environment via windows, doors, vents and similar
openings. Fugitive limit values are calculated on the basis of a solvent management plan (see Appendix I
to the present Annex);

‘total emission of NMVOCs’ means the sum of fugitive emission of NMVOCs and emission of NMVOCs
in waste gases;

‘input’ means the quantity of organic solvents and their quantity in preparations used when carrying out
a process, including the solvents recycled inside and outside the installation, and which are counted every
time they are used to carry out the activity;

‘limit value’ means the maximum quantity of a gaseous substance contained in the waste gases from an
installation which is not to be exceeded during normal operation. Unless otherwise specified, it shall be
calculated in terms of mass of pollutant per volume of the waste gases (expressed as mg C/Nm3 unless
specified otherwise), assuming standard conditions for temperature and pressure for dry gas. For solvent-
using installations, limit values are given as mass unit per characteristic unit of the respective activity. Gas
volumes that are added to the waste gas for cooling or dilution purposes shall not be considered when
determining the mass concentration of the pollutant in the waste gas. Limit values generally address all
volatile organic compounds except methane (no further distinction is made, e.g. in terms of reactivity or
toxicity);

(v)

‘normal operation’ means all periods of operation except start-up and shutdown operations and
maintenance of equipment;

(w)

‘substances harmful to human health’ are subdivided into two categories:

(i)

halogenated VOCs that have the possible risk of irreversible effects; or

(ii)

hazardous substances that are carcinogens, mutagens or toxic to reproduction or that may cause
cancer, may cause heritable genetic damage, may cause cancer by inhalation, may impair fertility or
may cause harm to the unborn child.

4.

The following requirements shall be satisfied:

(a)

emissions of NMVOCs shall be monitored (1) and compliance with limit values shall be verified. The
methods of verification may include continuous or discontinuous measurements, type approval or any
other technically sound method; furthermore, they shall be economically viable;

(1) Monitoring is to be understood as an overall activity, comprising measuring of emissions, mass balancing, etc. It can be carried

out continuously or discontinuously.

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(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

the concentrations of air pollutants in gas-carrying ducts shall be measured in a representative way.
Sampling and analysis of all pollutants, as well as reference measurement methods to calibrate any
measurement system, shall be carried out according to the standards laid down by the European
Committee for Standardisation (CEN) or by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO).
While awaiting the development of CEN or ISO standards, national standards shall apply;

if measurements of emissions of NMVOCs are required, they should be carried out continuously if
emissions of NMVOCs exceed 10 kg of total organic carbon (TOC)/h in the exhaust duct downstream
from an emission reduction installation and the hours of operation exceed 200 hours a year. For all other
installations, discontinuous measurement is required as a minimum. For the approval of compliance, own
approaches may be used provided that they result in equal stringency;

in the case of continuous measurements, as a minimum requirement, compliance with the emission
standards is achieved if the daily mean does not exceed the limit value during normal operation and no
hourly average exceeds the limit values by 150 %. For the approval of compliance, own approaches may
be used provided that they result in equal stringency;

in the case of discontinuous measurements, as a minimum requirement, compliance with the emission
standards is achieved if the mean value of all readings does not exceed the limit value and no hourly mean
exceeds the limit value by 150 %. For the approval of compliance, own approaches may be used provided
that they result in equal stringency;

(f)

all appropriate precautions shall be taken to minimize emissions of NMVOCs during start-up and
shutdown, and in case of deviations from normal operation;

(g) measurements are not required if end-of-pipe abatement equipment is not needed to comply with the

limit values below and it can be shown that limit values are not exceeded.

5.

The following limit values should be applied for waste gases, unless stated otherwise below:

(a)

(b)

20 mg substance/m3 for discharges of halogenated volatile organic compounds (which are assigned the
risk phrase ‘possible risk of irreversible effects’), where the mass flow of the sum of the considered
compounds is greater than or equal to 100 g/h;

2 mg/m3 (expressed as the mass sum of individual compounds) for discharges of volatile organic
compounds (which are assigned the following risk phrases: may cause cancer, heritable genetic damage,
cancer by inhalation or harm to the unborn child; may impair fertility), where the mass flow of the sum
of the considered compounds is greater than or equal to 10 g/h.

6.

For the source categories listed in paragraphs (9) to (21) below, the following revisions are relevant:

(a)

(b)

instead of applying the limit values for installations set out below, the operators of the respective
installations may be allowed to use a reduction scheme (see Appendix II to the present Annex). The
purpose of a reduction scheme is to give the operator the possibility to achieve by other means emission
reductions equivalent to those achieved if given limit values were to be applied;

for fugitive emissions of NMVOCs, the fugitive emission values set out below shall be applied as a limit
value. However, where it is demonstrated to the satisfaction of the competent authority that for an
individual installation this value is not technically and economically feasible, the competent authority
may exempt that installation provided that significant risks to human health or the environment are not
expected. For each derogation, the operator must demonstrate to the satisfaction of the competent
authority that the best available technique is used.

7.

The limit values for VOC emissions for the source categories defined in paragraph (3) shall be as specified in
paragraphs (8) to (21) below.

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8.

Storage and distribution of petrol:

Table 1. Limit values for VOC emissions released from the storage and distribution of petrol, excluding the loading of
seagoing ships

Capacity, technique, further specification

Threshold values

Limit value

Vapour recovery unit serving storage and
distribution facilities at refinery tank farms
or terminals

5 000 m3 petrol throughput
annually

10 g VOC/Nm3 including
methane

Note: The vapour displaced by the filling of petrol storage tanks shall be displaced either into other storage tanks or into

abatement equipment meeting the limit values in the table above.

9.

Adhesive coating:

Table 2. Limit values for NMVOC emissions released from adhesive coating

Capacity, technique, further
specification

Threshold value for
solvent consumption
(Mg/year)

Limit value

Limit value for fugitive
emissions
of NMVOCs
(% of solvent input)

Footwear manufacture; new
and existing installations

> 5

25 g solvent per pair

Other adhesive coating, except
footwear; new and existing
installations

5-15

50 (a) mg C/Nm3

(a)

If techniques are used which allow reuse of recovered solvent, the limit value shall be 150 mg C/Nm3.

> 15

50 (a) mg C/Nm3

25

20

10. Wood and plastic lamination:

Table 3. Limit values for NMVOC emissions released from wood and plastic lamination

Capacity, technique, further specification

Threshold value for solvent
consumption
(Mg/year)

Limit value for total emissions
of NMVOCs

Wood and plastic laminating; new and
existing installations

> 5

30 g NMVOC/m2

11. Coating processes (metal and plastic surfaces in passenger cars, truck cabins, trucks, buses, wooden surfaces):

Table 4. Limit values for NMVOC emissions released from coating processes in the car industry

Capacity, technique, further specification

Threshold value for solvent
consumption
(Mg/year) (a)

Limit value for total emissions
of NMVOCs (b)

New installations, car coating (M1, M2)

> 15
(and > 5 000 coated items
a year)

45 g NMVOC/m2 or 1,3 kg/
item and 33 g NMVOC/m 2

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Capacity, technique, further specification

Threshold value for solvent
consumption
(Mg/year) (a)

Limit value for total emissions
of NMVOCs (b)

Existing installations, car coating (M1, M2)

> 15
(and > 5 000 coated items
a year)

60 g NMVOC /m2 or 1,9 kg/
item and 41 g NMVOC/m 2

New and existing installations, car coating
(M1, M2)

> 15
(≤ 5 000 coated monocoques
or > 3 500 coated chassis
a year)

90 g NMVOC/m2 or 1,5 kg/
item and 70 g NMVOC/m 2

New installations, coating of new truck
cabins (N1, N2, N3)

> 15
(≤ 5 000 coated items a year)

65 g NMVOC/m2

New installations, coating of new truck
cabins (N1, N2, N3)

> 15
(> 5 000 coated items a year)

55 g NMVOC/m2

Existing installations, coating of new truck
cabins (N1, N2, N3)

> 15
(≤ 5 000 coated items a year)

85 g NMVOC/m2

Existing installations, coating of new truck
cabins (N1, N2, N3)

> 15
(> 5 000 coated items a year)

75 g NMVOC/m2

New installations, coating of new trucks
and vans (without cabin) (N1, N2, N3)

> 15
(≤ 2 500 coated items a year)

90 g NMVOC/m2

New installations, coating of new trucks
and vans (without cabin) (N1, N2, N3)

> 15
(> 2 500 coated items a year)

70 g NMVOC/m2

Existing installations, coating of new trucks
and vans (without cabin) (N1, N2, N3)

> 15
(≤ 2 500 coated items a year)

120 g NMVOC/m 2

Existing installations, coating of new trucks
and vans (without cabin) (N1, N2, N3)

> 15
(> 2 500 coated items a year)

90 g NMVOC/m2

New installations, coating of new buses
(M3)

> 15
(≤ 2 000 coated items a year)

210 g NMVOC/m 2

New installations, coating of new buses
(M3)

> 15
(> 2 000 coated items a year)

150 g NMVOC/m 2

Existing installations, coating of new buses
(M3)

> 15
(≤ 2 000 coated items a year)

290 g NMVOC/m 2

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Capacity, technique, further specification

Threshold value for solvent
consumption
(Mg/year) (a)

Limit value for total emissions
of NMVOCs (b)

Existing installations, coating of new buses
(M3)

> 15
(> 2 000 coated items a year)

225 g NMVOC/m 2

(a) For a solvent consumption ≤ 15 Mg a year (coating of cars), Table 14 on car refinishing applies.
(b) The total limit values are expressed in terms of mass of solvent (g) emitted in relation to the surface area of product (m 2).
The surface area of the product is defined as the surface area calculated from the total electrophoretic coating area and
the surface area of any parts that might be added in successive phases of the coating process which are coated with the
same coatings. The surface of the electrophoretic coating area is calculated using the formula: (2 × total weight of product
shell): (average thickness of metal sheet × density of metal sheet).

Table 5. Limit values for NMVOC emissions released from coating processes in various industrial sectors

Capacity, technique, further
specification

Threshold value for
solvent consumption
(Mg/year)

Limit value
(mg C/Nm3)

Limit value for fugitive emission
of NMVOCs
(% of solvent input)

New and existing installations:
other coating, incl. metal, plas-
tics, textile, fabric, foil and pa-
per (excl. web screen printing
for textiles, see printing)

5-15

100 (a) (b)

25 (b)

> 15

50/75 (b) (c) (d)

20 (b)

New and existing installations:
wood coating

15-25

100 ( a)

> 25

50/75( c)

25

20

(a) Limit value applies to coating applications and drying processes operated under contained conditions.
(b) If contained coating conditions are not possible (boat construction, aircraft coating, etc.), installations may be granted
exemption from these values. The reduction scheme of paragraph (6)(a) is then to be used, unless it is demonstrated to
the satisfaction of the competent authority that this option is not technically and economically feasible. In this case, the
operator must demonstrate to the satisfaction of the competent authority that the best available technique is used.

(c) The first value applies to drying processes, the second to coating application processes.
(d) If, for textile coating, techniques are used which allow reuse of recovered solvents, the limit value shall be 150 mg C/Nm3

for drying and coating together.

12. Coil coating:

Table 6. Limit values for NMVOC emissions released from coil coating

Capacity, technique, further
specification

Threshold value for
solvent consumption
(Mg/year)

Limit value
(mg C/Nm3)

Limit value for fugitive emissions
of NMVOCs
(% of solvent input)

New installations

Existing installations

> 25

> 25

50 (a)

50 (a)

5

10

(a)

If techniques are used which allow reuse of recovered solvent, the limit value shall be 150 mg C/Nm3.

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13. Dry cleaning:

Table 7. Limit values for NMVOC emissions released from dry cleaning

Capacity, technique, further specification

Threshold value for solvent
consumption
(Mg/year)

Limit value
(NMVOC/kg)

New and existing installations

0

20 g (a)

(a) Limit value for total emissions of NMVOCs calculated as mass of emitted solvent per mass of cleaned and dried product.

14. Manufacturing of coatings, varnishes, inks and adhesives:

Table 8. Limit values for NMVOC emissions released from manufacturing of coatings, varnishes, inks and adhesives

Capacity, technique, further
specification

Threshold value for
solvent consumption
(Mg/year)

Limit value
(mg C/Nm3)

Limit value for fugitive emissions
of NMVOCs
(% of solvent input)

New and existing installations

100-1 000

150 ( a)

> 1 000

150 (b)

5 (a) ( c)

3 (b) (c)

(a) A total limit value of 5 % of solvent input may be applied instead of using the waste gas concentration limit and the limit

value for fugitive emissions of NMVOCs.

(b) A total limit value of 3 % of solvent input may be applied instead of using the waste gas concentration limit and the limit

value for fugitive emissions of NMVOCs.

(c) The fugitive limit value does not include solvents sold as part of a preparation in a sealed container.

15.

Printing (flexography, heat set web offset, publication rotogravure etc.):

Table 9. Limit values for NMVOC emissions released from printing processes

Capacity, technique, further
specification

Threshold value for
solvent consumption
(Mg/year)

Limit value
(mg C/Nm3)

Limit value for fugitive emissions
of NMVOCs
(% of solvent input)

New and existing installations:
heat set web offset

15-25

100

> 25

> 25

> 25

20

75

75

New installations: publication
rotogravure

Existing installations: publi-
cation rotogravure

30 (a)

30 (a)

10

15

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Capacity, technique, further
specification

Threshold value for
solvent consumption
(Mg/year)

Limit value
(mg C/Nm3)

Limit value for fugitive emissions
of NMVOCs
(% of solvent input)

rotogravure,

New and existing installations:
other
flexogra-
phy, rotary screen printing,
varnishing
lamination and
units

15-25

100

> 25

> 30

100

100

New and existing installations:
rotary screen printing on tex-
tiles, paperboard

25

20

20

(a) Solvent residue in finished products is not to be considered as part of the fugitive emissions of NMVOCs.

16. Manufacturing of pharmaceutical products:

Table 10. Limit values for NMVOC emissions released from manufacturing of pharmaceutical products

Capacity, technique, further
specification

Threshold value for
solvent consumption
(Mg/year)

Limit value
(mg C/Nm3)

Limit value for fugitive emissions
of NMVOCs
(% of solvent input)

New installations

> 50

20 (a) (b)

5 (b) ( d)

Existing installations

> 50

20 (a) (c)

15 (c) (d)

If techniques are used which allow reuse of recovered solvents, the limit value shall be 150 mg C/Nm3.

(a)
(b) A total limit value of 5 % of solvent input may be applied instead of using the waste gas concentration limit and the limit

value for fugitive emissions of NMVOCs.

(c) A total limit value of 15 % of solvent input may be applied instead of using the waste gas concentration limit and the

limit value for fugitive emissions of NMVOCs.

(d) The fugitive limit value does not include solvents sold as part of a coatings preparation in a sealed container.

17. Conversion of natural or synthetic rubber:

Table 11. Limit values for NMVOC emission released from conversion of natural or synthetic rubber

Capacity, technique, further
specification

Threshold value for
solvent consumption
(Mg/year)

Limit value
(mg C/Nm3)

Limit value for fugitive emissions
of NMVOCs
(% of solvent input)

New and existing installations:
conversion of natural or syn-
thetic rubber

> 15

20 (a) (b)

25 (a) (c)

(a) A total limit value of 25 % of solvent input may be applied instead of using the waste gas concentration limit and the

limit value for fugitive emissions of NMVOCs.

(b) If techniques are used which allow reuse of recovered solvent, the limit value shall be 150 mg C/Nm3.
(c) The fugitive limit does not include solvents sold as part of a preparation in a sealed container.

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18.

Surface cleaning:

Table 12. Limit values for NMVOC emissions released from surface cleaning

Capacity, technique, further
specification

Threshold value for
solvent consumption
(Mg/year)

Limit value
(mg C/Nm3)

Limit value for fugitive emissions
of NMVOCs
(% of solvent input)

New and existing installations:
surface cleaning using sub-
stances mentioned in para-
graph (3)(w)

New and existing installations:
other surface cleaning

1-5

> 5

2-10

> 10

20

20

75 (a)

75 (a)

15

10

20 (a)

15 (a)

(a)

Installations which demonstrate to the competent authority that the average organic solvent content of all cleaning
material used does not exceed 30 % w/w are exempt from applying these values.

19. Vegetable oil and animal fat extraction and vegetable oil refining processes:

Table 13. Limit values for NMVOC emissions released from extraction of vegetable and animal fat
and refining of vegetable oil

Capacity, technique, further
specification

Threshold value for solvent
consumption
(Mg/year)

Total limit value
(kg/Mg)

New and existing installations

> 10

Animal fat:

Castor:

Rape seed:

Sunflower seed:

beans

(normal

Soya
crush):

1,5

3,0

1,0

1,0

0,8

Soya beans (white flak-
es):

1,2

Other seeds and veg-
etable material:

3,0 (a)

fractionation pro-
degum-

excl.

All
cesses,
ming (b):

Degumming:

1,5

4,0

(a) Limit values for total emissions of NMVOCs from installations treating single batches of seeds or other vegetable material

shall be set case by case by the competent authorities on the basis of the best available technologies.

(b) The removal of gum from the oil.

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20.

Vehicle refinishing:

Table 14. Limit values for NMVOC emissions released from vehicle refinishing

Capacity, technique, further
specification

Threshold value for
solvent consumption
(Mg/year)

Limit value
(mg C/Nm3)

Limit value for fugitive emissions
of NMVOCs
(% of solvent input)

New and existing installations

> 0,5

50 (a)

25

(a) Compliance with limit values to be proven by 15-minute average measurements.

21.

Impregnation of wooden surfaces:

Table 15. Limit values for NMVOC emissions released from impregnation of wooden surfaces

Capacity, technique, further
specification

Threshold value for
solvent consumption
(Mg/year)

Limit value
(mg C/Nm3)

Limit value for fugitive emission
of NMVOCs
(% of solvent input)

New and existing installations

> 25

100 (a) (b)

45 (b)

(a) Does not apply to impregnation with creosote.
(b) A total limit value of 11 kg solvent/m3 of wood treated may be applied instead of using the waste gas concentration limit

and the limit value for fugitive emissions of NMVOCs.

B. Canada

22.

Limit values for controlling emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from new stationary sources in
the following stationary source categories will be determined on the basis of available information on control
technology and levels, including limit values applied in other countries, and the following documents:

(a)

Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). Environmental Code of Practice for the
Reduction of Solvent Emissions from Dry Cleaning Facilities. December 1992. PN1053;

(b) CCME. Environmental Guideline for the Control of Volatile Organic Compounds Process Emissions from

New Organic Chemical Operations. September 1993. PN1108;

(c)

CCME. Environmental Code of Practice for the Measurement and Control of Fugitive VOC Emissions
from Equipment Leaks. October 1993. PN1106;

(d) CCME. A Program to Reduce Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by 40 Percent from Adhesives and

Sealants. March 1994. PN1116;

(e)

(f)

(g)

CCME. A Plan to Reduce Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by 20 Percent from Consumer Surface
Coatings. March 1994. PN1114;

CCME. Environmental Guidelines for Controlling Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from
Aboveground Storage Tanks. June 1995. PN1180;

CCME. Environmental Code of Practice for Vapour Recovery during Vehicle Refueling at Service Stations
and Other Gasoline Dispersing Facilities. (Stage II) April 1995. PN1184;

(h) CCME. Environmental Code of Practice for the Reduction of Solvent Emissions from Commercial and

Industrial Degreasing Facilities. June 1995. PN1182;

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(i)

(j)

CCME. New Source Performance Standards and Guidelines for the Reduction of Volatile Organic
Compound Emissions from Canadian Automotive Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) Coating
Facilities. August 1995. PN1234;

CCME. Environmental Guideline for the Reduction of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from the
Plastics Processing Industry. July 1997. PN1276; and

(k) CCME. National Standards for the Volatile Organic Compound Content of Canadian Commercial/

Industrial Surface Coating Products — Automotive Refinishing. August 1997. PN1288.

C. United States of America

23.

Limit values for controlling emissions of VOCs from new stationary sources in the following stationary source
categories are specified in the following documents:

(a)

Storage Vessels for Petroleum Liquids — 40 Code of Federal Regulations (C.F.R.) Part 60, Subpart K, and
Subpart Ka;

(b)

Storage Vessels for Volatile Organic Liquids — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart Kb;

(c)

Petroleum Refineries — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart J;

(d)

Surface Coating of Metal Furniture — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart EE;

(e)

(f)

Surface Coating for Automobile and Light Duty Trucks — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart MM;

Publication Rotogravure Printing — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart QQ;

(g)

Pressure Sensitive Tape and Label Surface Coating Operations — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart RR;

(h)

(i)

(j)

Large Appliance, Metal Coil and Beverage Can Surface Coating — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart SS, Subpart
TT and Subpart WW;

Bulk Gasoline Terminals — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart XX;

Rubber Tire Manufacturing — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart BBB;

(k)

Polymer Manufacturing — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart DDD;

(l)

Flexible Vinyl and Urethane Coating and Printing — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart FFF;

(m) Petroleum Refinery Equipment Leaks and Wastewater Systems — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart GGG and

Subpart QQQ;

(n)

Synthetic Fiber Production — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart HHH;

(o)

Petroleum Dry Cleaners — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart JJJ;

(p) Onshore Natural Gas Processing Plants — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart KKK;

(q)

SOCMI Equipment Leaks, Air Oxidation Units, Distillation Operations and Reactor Processes — 40 C.F.R.
Part 60, Subpart VV, Subpart III, Subpart NNN and Subpart RRR;

(r) Magnetic Tape Coating — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart SSS;

(s)

(t)

Industrial Surface Coatings — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart TTT; and

Polymeric Coatings of Supporting Substrates Facilities — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart VVV.

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Appendix I

SOLVENT MANAGEMENT PLAN

Introduction

1.

This Appendix to the Annex on limit values for emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds
(NMVOCs) from stationary sources provides guidance on carrying out a solvent management plan. It identifies
the principles to be applied (paragraph (2)), provides a framework for the mass balance (paragraph (3)) and
provides an indication of the requirements for verification of compliance (paragraph (4)).

Principles

2.

The solvent management plan serves the following purposes:

(a)

verification of compliance, as specified in the Annex;

(b)

identification of future reduction options.

Definitions

3.

The following definitions provide a framework for the mass balance exercise:

(a)

Inputs of organic solvents:

I1.

I2.

The quantity of organic solvents or their quantity in preparations purchased that are used as input
into the process in the time-frame over which the mass balance is being calculated.

The quantity of organic solvents or their quantity in preparations recovered and reused as solvent
input into the process. (The recycled solvent is counted every time it is used to carry out the activity.)

(b) Outputs of organic solvents:

O1. Emission of NMVOCs in waste gases.

O2. Organic solvents lost in water, if appropriate taking into account waste-water treatment when

calculating O5.

O3. The quantity of organic solvents that remains as contamination or residue in output of products

from the process.

O4. Uncaptured emissions of organic solvents to air. This includes the general ventilation of rooms,

where air is released to the outside environment via windows, doors, vents and similar openings.

O5. Organic solvents and/or organic compounds lost due to chemical or physical reactions (including,
for example, those that are destroyed, e.g. by incineration or other waste-gas or waste-water
treatments, or captured, e.g. by adsorption, as long as they are not counted under O6, O7 or O8).

O6. Organic solvents contained in collected waste.

O7. Organic solvents, or organic solvents contained in preparations, that are sold or are intended to be

sold as a commercially valuable product.

O8. Organic solvents contained in preparations recovered for reuse but not as input into the process, as

long as they are not counted under O7.

O9. Organic solvents released in other ways.

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Guidance on use of the solvent management plan for verification of compliance

4.

The use of the solvent management plan will be determined by the particular requirement which is to be
verified, as follows:

(a)

Verification of compliance with the reduction option mentioned in paragraph (6)(a) of the Annex, with a
total limit value expressed in solvent emissions per unit product, or as otherwise stated in the Annex.

(i)

For all activities using the reduction option mentioned in paragraph (6)(a) of the Annex, the solvent
management plan should be put into effect annually to determine consumption. Consumption can
be calculated by means of the following equation:

C = I1 - O8

A parallel exercise should also be undertaken to determine solids used in coating in order to derive
the annual reference emission and the target emission each year;

(ii)

for assessing compliance with a total limit value expressed in solvent emissions per unit product or
as otherwise stated in the Annex, the solvent management plan should be put into effect annually
to determine emission of NMVOCs. Emission of NMVOCs can be calculated by means of the
following equation:

E = F + O1

Where F is the fugitive emission of NMVOC as defined in subparagraph (b)(i) below. The emission
figure should be divided by the relevant product parameter;

(b) Determination of fugitive emission of NMVOCs for comparison with fugitive emission values in the

Annex:

(i) Methodology: The fugitive emission of NMVOC can be calculated by means of the following equation:

F = I1 - O1 - O5 - O6 - O7 - O8

or

F = O2 + O3 + O4 + O9

This quantity can be determined by direct measurement of the quantities. Alternatively, an equivalent
calculation can be made by other means, for instance by using the capture efficiency of the process.

The fugitive emission value is expressed as a proportion of the input, which can be calculated by
means of the following equation:

I = I1 + I2

(ii)

Frequency: Fugitive emission of NMVOCs can be determined by a short but comprehensive set of
measurements. This need not to be done again until the equipment is modified.

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Appendix II

REDUCTION SCHEME

Principles

1.

The purpose of the reduction scheme is to allow the operator the possibility to achieve by other means
emission reductions equivalent to those achieved if the limit values were to be applied. To that end the operator
may use any reduction scheme specially designed for his installation, provided that in the end an equivalent
emission reduction is achieved. Parties shall report on progress in achieving the same emission reduction,
including experience with the application of the reduction scheme.

Practice

2.

If applying coatings, varnishes, adhesives or inks, the following scheme can be used. Where it is inappropriate,
the competent authority may allow an operator to apply any alternative exemption scheme which it is satisfied
fulfils the principles outlined here. The design of the scheme takes into account the following facts:

(a) where substitutes containing little or no solvent are still under development, a time extension must be

given to the operator to implement his emission reduction plans;

(b)

the reference point for emission reductions should correspond as closely as possible to the emissions that
would have resulted had no reduction action been taken.

3.

The following scheme shall operate for installations for which a constant solid content of product can be
assumed and used to define the reference point for emission reductions.

(a)

The operator shall forward an emission reduction plan which includes in particular decreases in the
average solvent content of the total input and/or increased efficiency in the use of solids to achieve a
reduction of the total emissions from the installation to a given percentage of annual reference emissions,
termed the target emission. This must be done in the following time frame:

Time period

Maximum allowed total annual
emissions

New installations

Existing installations

By 31.10.2001

By 31.10.2004

By 31.10.2005

Target emission × 1,5

By 31.10.2007

Target emission

(b)

The annual reference emission is calculated as follows:

(i)

(ii)

the total mass of solids in the quantity of coating and/or ink, varnish or adhesive consumed in a
year is determined. Solids are all materials in coatings, inks, varnishes and adhesives that become
solid once the water or the volatile organic compounds are evaporated;

the annual reference emissions are calculated by multiplying the mass determined as in subpara-
graph (i) by the appropriate factor listed in the table below. The competent authorities may adjust
these factors for individual installations to reflect documented increased efficiency in the use of
solids;

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Activity

Multiplication factor for use
in subparagraph (b)(ii)

Rotogravure printing; flexography printing; laminating as part of
a printing activity; printing; varnishing as part of a printing
activity; wood coating; coating of textiles, fabric, film or paper;
adhesive coating

Coil coating; vehicle refinishing

Food contact coating; aerospace coating

Other coatings and rotary screen printing

4

3

2,33

1,5

(iii)

the target emission is equal to the annual reference emission multiplied by a percentage equal to:

— (The fugitive emission value + 15), for installations in the following sectors:

— vehicle coating (solvent consumption < 15 Mg/year) and vehicle refinishing,

— metal, plastic, textile, fabric, film and paper coating (solvent consumption between 5

and 15 Mg/year),

— coating of wooden surfaces (solvent consumption between 15 and 25 Mg/year),

— (The fugitive emission value + 5) for all other installations;

(iv)

compliance is achieved if the actual solvent emission determined from the solvent management
plan is less than or equal to the target emission.

ANNEX VII

TIMESCALES UNDER ARTICLE 3

1.

The timescales for the application of the limit values referred to in Article 3(2) and (3), shall be:

(a)

for new stationary sources, one year after the date of entry into force of the present Protocol for the Party
in question;

(b)

for existing stationary sources:

(i)

(ii)

in the case of a Party that is not a country with an economy in transition, one year after the date of
entry into force of the present Protocol or 31 December 2007, whichever is the later;

in the case of a Party that is a country with an economy in transition, eight years after the entry into
force of the present Protocol.

2.

The timescales for the application of the limit values for fuels and new mobile sources referred to in Article 3(5),
and the limit values for gas oil referred to in Annex IV, Table 2, shall be:

(i)

in the case of a Party that is not a country with an economy in transition, the date of entry into force of
the present Protocol or the dates associated with the measures specified in Annex VIII and with the limit
values specified in Annex IV, Table 2, whichever is the later; and

17.7.2003

EN

Official Journal of the European Union

L 179/45

(ii)

in the case of a Party that is a country with an economy in transition, five years after the date of entry
into force of the present Protocol or five years after the dates associated with the measures specified in
Annex VIII and with the limit values in Annex IV, Table 2, whichever is the later.

This timescale shall not apply to a Party to the present Protocol to the extent that that Party is subject to a
shorter timescale with regard to gas oil under the Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions.

3.

For the purpose of the present Annex, ‘a country with an economy in transition’ means a Party that has made
with its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession a declaration that it wishes to be treated
as a country with an economy in transition for the purposes of paragraphs (1) and/or (2) of this Annex.

ANNEX VIII

LIMIT VALUES FOR FUELS AND NEW MOBILE SOURCES

INTRODUCTION

1.

2.

Section A applies to Parties other than Canada and the United States of America, section B applies to Canada
and section C applies to the United States of America.

The Annex contains limit values for NOx, expressed as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) equivalents, and for hydrocarbons,
most of which are volatile organic compounds, as well as environmental specifications for marketed fuels for
vehicles.

3.

The timescales for applying the limit values in this Annex are laid down in Annex VII.

A. Parties other than Canada and the United States of America

P a s s e n g e r c a r s a n d l i g h t - d u t y v e h i c l e s

4.

Limit values for power-driven vehicles with at least four wheels and used for the carriage of passengers
(category M) and goods (category N) are given in Table 1.

H e a v y - d u t y v e h i c l e s

5.

Limit values for engines for heavy-duty vehicles are given in Tables 2 and 3 depending on the applicable test
procedures.

M o t o r c y c l e s a n d m o p e d s

6.

Limit values for motorcycles and mopeds are given in Table 6 and Table 7.

N o n - r o a d v e h i c l e s a n d m a c h i n e s

7.

Limit values for agricultural and forestry tractors and other non-road vehicle/machine engines are listed in
Tables 4 and 5. Stage I (Table 4) is based on ECE Regulation 96, ‘Uniform provisions concerning the approval
of compression-ignition (CI) engines to be installed in agricultural and forestry tractors with regard to the
emissions of pollutants by the engine’.

L 179/46

EN

Official Journal of the European Union

17.7.2003

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17.7.2003

EN

Official Journal of the European Union

L 179/47

Table 2. Limit values for heavy-duty vehicles — European steady-state cycle (ESC) and
European load-response (ELR) tests

To be applied
from (a)

Carbon monoxide Hydrocarbons

(g/kWh)

(g/kWh)

Nitrogen oxides
(g/kWh)

Particulates
(g/kWh)

Smoke
(m-1)

A

B1

B2

1.10.2001

1.10.2006

1.10.2009

2,1

1,5

1,5

0,66

0,46

0,46

5,0

3,5

2,0

0,10/0,13 (b)

0,02

0,02

0,8

0,5

0,5

(a) With effect from the given dates and except for vehicles and engines intended for export to countries that are not parties
to the present Protocol and for replacement engines for vehicles in use, Parties shall prohibit the registration, sale, entry
into service or use of new vehicles propelled by a compression-ignition or gas engine and the sale and use of new
compression-ignition or gas engines if their emissions do not comply with the respective limit values. With effect from
12 months prior to these dates, type approval may be refused if the limit values are not complied with.

(b) For engines with a swept volume below 0,75 dm3 per cylinder and a rated power speed above 3 000 revolutions per

minute.

Table 3. Limit values for heavy-duty vehicles — European transient cycle (ETC) test (a)

To be applied
from (b)

Carbon
monoxide
(g/kWh)

Non-methane
hydrocarbons
(g/kWh)

Methane (c)
(g/kWh)

Nitrogen oxides Particulates (d)

(g/kWh)

(g/kWh)

A (2000)

1.10.2001

5,45

B1 (2005)

1.10.2006

B2 (2008)

1.10.2009

4,0

4,0

0,78

0,55

0,55

1,6

1,1

1,1

5,0

3,5

2,0

0,16/0,21 ( e)

0,03

0,03

(a) The conditions for verifying the acceptability of the ETC tests when measuring the emissions of gas-fuelled engines against
the limit values applicable in row A shall be re-examined and, where necessary, modified in accordance with the procedure
laid down in Article 13 of Directive 70/156/EEC.

(b) With effect from the given dates and except for vehicles and engines intended for export to countries that are not parties
to the present Protocol and for replacement engines for vehicles in use, Parties shall prohibit the registration, sale, entry
into service or use of new vehicles propelled by a compression-ignition or gas engine and the sale and use of new
compression-ignition or gas engines if their emissions do not comply with the respective limit values. With effect from
12 months prior to these dates, type approval may be refused if the limit values are not complied with.

(c) For natural gas engines only.
(d) Not applicable to gas-fuelled engines at stage A and stages B1 and B2.
(e) For engines with a swept volume below 0,75 dm3 per cylinder and a rated power speed above 3 000 revolutions per

minute.

Table 4. Limit values (stage I) for diesel engines for non-road mobile machines
(measurement procedure ISO 8178)

Net power (P)
(kW)

To be applied
from (a)

Carbon monoxide
(g/kWh)

Hydrocarbons
(g/kWh)

Nitrogen oxides
(g/kWh)

Particulate matter
(g/kWh)

130 ≤ P < 560

31.12.1998

75 ≤ P < 130

31.12.1998

37 ≤ P < 75

31.3.1998

5,0

5,0

6,5

1,3

1,3

1,3

9,2

9,2

9,2

0,54

0,70

0,85

(a) With effect from the given date and with the exception of machinery and engines intended for export to countries that
are not parties to the present Protocol, Parties shall permit the registration, where applicable, and placing on the market
of new engines, whether or not installed in machinery, only if they meet the limit values set out in the table. Type approval
for an engine type or family shall be refused with effect from 30 June 1998 if it fails to meet the limit values.

Note: These limits are engine-out limits and shall be achieved before any exhaust after-treatment service.

L 179/48

EN

Official Journal of the European Union

17.7.2003

Table 5. Limit values (stage II) for diesel engines for non-road mobile machines
(measurement procedure ISO 8178)

Net power (P)
(kW)

To be applied
from (a)

Carbon monoxide
(g/kWh)

Hydrocarbons
(g/kWh)

Nitrogen oxides
(g/kWh)

Particulate matter
(g/kWh)

130 ≤ P < 560

31.12.2001

75 ≤ P < 130

31.12.2002

37 ≤ P < 75

31.12.2003

18 ≤ P < 37

31.12.2000

3,5

5,0

5,0

5,5

1,0

1,0

1,3

1,5

6,0

6,0

7,0

8,0

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,8

(a) With effect from the given dates and with the exception of machinery and engines intended for export to countries that
are not parties to the present Protocol, Parties shall permit the registration, where applicable, and placing on the market
of new engines, whether or not installed in machinery, only if they meet the limit values set out in the table. Type approval
for an engine type or family shall be refused with effect from 12 months prior to these dates if it fails to meet the limit
values.

Table 6. Limit values for motorcycles and three- and four-wheelers
(> 50 cm3; > 45 km/h) to be applied from 17 June 1999 (a)

Engine type

Two-stroke

Four-stroke

Limit values

CO = 8 g/km

HC = 4 g/km

NOx = 0,1 g/km

CO = 13 g/km

HC = 3 g/km

NOx = 0,3 g/km

(a) Type approval shall be refused as from the given date if the vehicle’s emissions do not meet the limit values.

Note:

For three- and four-wheelers, the limit values have to be multiplied by 1,5.

Table 7. Limit values for mopeds (≤ 50 cm3; < 45 km/h)

Stage

To be applied from (a)

Limit values

CO (g/km)

HC + NOx (g/km)

I

II

17.6.1999

17.6.2002

6,0 (b)

1,0 (c)

3,0 (b)

1,2

(a) Type approval shall be refused as from the given dates if the vehicle’s emissions do not meet the limit values.
(b) For three- and four-wheelers, multiply by two.
(c) For three- and four-wheelers, 3,5 g/km.

17.7.2003

EN

Official Journal of the European Union

L 179/49

Table 8. Environmental specifications for marketed fuels to be used for vehicles equipped
with positive-ignition engines

Type: Petrol

Parameter

Unit

Limits (a)

Test

Minimum Maximum

Method (b)

Research octane number

Motor octane number

Reid vapour pressure, summer period

kPa

Distillation:

— evaporated at 100 °C

— evaporated at 150 °C

Hydrocarbon analysis:

— olefins

— aromatics

— benzene

Oxygen content

Oxygenates:

% v/v

% v/v

% v/v

% m/m

95

85

—

46

75

—

—

—

—

— Methanol, stabilising agents must be

% v/v

—

added

— Ethanol,
necessary

stabilising

agents may be

% v/v

—

— Iso-propyl alcohol

— Tert-butyl alcohol

— Iso-butyl alcohol

% v/v

% v/v

% v/v

— Ethers containing five or more carbon

% v/v

atoms per molecule

— Other oxygenates (e)

Sulphur content

% v/v

mg/kg

—

—

—

—

—

—

Date of
publication

1993

1993

1993

EN 25164

EN 25163

EN 12

EN-ISO 3405

1988

—

—

60

—

—

18,0 ( d) ASTM D1319

1995

42

ASTM D1319

1995

1

2,7

PrEN 12177

EN 1601

1995

1996

3

5

10

7

10

15

EN 1601

1996

EN 1601

1996

EN 1601

1996

EN 1601

1996

EN 1601

1996

EN 1601

1996

10

150

EN 1601

PrEN-ISO/DIS
14596

1996

1996

(a) The values quoted in the specification are ‘true values’. In the establishment of their limit values, the terms of ISO 4259,
‘Petroleum products — Determination and application of precision data in relation to methods of test’, have been applied
and, in fixing a minimum value, a minimum difference of 2R above zero has been taken into account (R = reproducibility).
The results of individual measurements shall be interpreted on the basis of the criteria described in ISO 4259 (published
in 1995).

(b) EN — European standard; ASTM — American Society for Testing and Materials; DIS — Draft international standard.
(c) The summer period shall begin no later than 1 May and shall not end before 30 September. For Member States with arctic
conditions the summer period shall begin no later than 1 June and not end before 31 August and the RVP is limited to
70 kPa.

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(d) Except for regular unleaded petrol (minimum motor octane number (MON) of 81 and minimum research octane number
(RON) of 91), for which the maximum olefin content shall be 21 % v/v. These limits shall not preclude the introduction
on the market of a Member State of another unleaded petrol with lower octane numbers than set out here.

(e) Other mono-alcohols with a final distillation point no higher than the final distillation point laid down in national

specifications or, where these do not exist, in industrial specifications for motor fuels.

Note:

Parties shall ensure that, no later than 1 January 2000, petrol can be marketed within their territory only if it complies
with the environmental specifications set out in Table 8. Where a Party determines that banning petrol with a sulphur
content which does not comply with the specifications for sulphur content in Table 8, but does not exceed the
current content, would raise severe difficulties for its industries in making the necessary changes in their
manufacturing facilities by 1 January 2000, it may extend the time period of marketing within its territory until
1 January 2003 at the latest. In such a case the Party shall specify, in a declaration to be deposited together with its
instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, that it intends to extend the time period and present
written information on the reason for this to the Executive Body.

Table 9. Environmental specifications for marketed fuels to be used for vehicles equipped
with compression-ignition engines

Type: Diesel fuel

Parameter

Unit

Limits (a)

Test

Minimum Maximum

Method (b)

Date of
publication

Cetane number

Density at 15 °C

Distillation point: 95 %

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Sulphur content

51

—

—

—

—

kg/m3

°C

% m/m

mg/kg

—

EN-ISO 5165

845

360

11

350

EN-ISO 3675

EN-ISO 3405

IP 391

PrEN-ISO/DIS
14596

1992

1995

1988

1995

1996

(a) The values quoted in the specification are ‘true values’. In the establishment of their limit values, the terms of ISO 4259,
‘Petroleum products — Determination and application of precision data in relation to methods of test’, have been applied
and, in fixing a minimum value, a minimum difference of 2R above zero has been taken into account (R = reproducibility).
The results of individual measurements shall be interpreted on the basis of the criteria described in ISO 4259 (published
in 1995).

(b) EN — European standard; IP — The Institute of Petroleum; DIS — Draft international standard.

Note:

Parties shall ensure that, no later than 1 January 2000, diesel fuel can be marketed within their territory only if it
complies with the environmental specifications set out in Table 9. Where a Party determines that banning diesel fuel
with a sulphur content which does not comply with the specifications for sulphur content in Table 9, but does not
exceed the current content, would raise severe difficulties for its industries in making the necessary changes in their
manufacturing facilities by 1 January 2000, it may extend the time period of marketing within its territory until
1 January 2003 at the latest. In such a case the Party shall specify, in a declaration to be deposited together with its
instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, that it intends to extend the time period and present
written information on the reason for this to the Executive Body.

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Table 10. Environmental specifications for marketed fuels to be used for vehicles equipped
with positive-ignition engines

Type: Petrol

Parameter

Unit

Minimum Maximum

Method (b)

Limits (a)

Test

Research octane number

Motor octane number

Reid vapour pressure, summer period

kPa

Distillation:

— evaporated at 100 °C

— evaporated at 150 °C

Hydrocarbon analysis:

— olefins

— aromatics

— benzene

Oxygen content

Sulphur content

% v/v

% v/v

% v/v

% v/v

% v/v

% m/m

mg/kg

95

85

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

Date of
publication

1993

1993

EN 25164

EN 25163

—

—

35

ASTM D1319

1995

50

PrEN-ISO/DIS
14596

1996

(a) The values quoted in the specification are ‘true values’. In the establishment of their limit values, the terms of ISO 4259,
‘Petroleum products — Determination and application of precision data in relation to methods of test’, have been applied
and, in fixing a minimum value, a minimum difference of 2R above zero has been taken into account (R = reproducibility).
The results of individual measurements shall be interpreted on the basis of the criteria described in ISO 4259 (published
in 1995).

(b) EN — European standard; ASTM — American Society for Testing and Materials; DIS — Draft international standard.

Note:

Parties shall ensure that, no later than 1 January 2005, petrol can be marketed within their territory only if it complies
with the environmental specifications set out in Table 10. Where a Party determines that banning petrol with a
sulphur content which does not comply with the specifications for sulphur content in Table 10, but does comply
with Table 8, would raise severe difficulties for its industries in making the necessary changes in their manufacturing
facilities by 1 January 2005, it may extend the time period of marketing within its territory until 1 January 2007 at
the latest. In such a case the Party shall specify, in a declaration to be deposited together with its instrument of
ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, that it intends to extend the time period and present written
information on the reason for this to the Executive Body.

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Table 11. Environmental specifications for marketed fuels to be used for vehicles equipped
with compression-ignition engines

Type: Diesel fuel

Parameter

Unit

Limits (a)

Test

Minimum Maximum

Method (b)

Date of
publication

Cetane number

Density at 15 °C

Distillation point: 95 %

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Sulphur content

kg/m3

°C

% m/m

mg/kg

—

—

—

—

—

50

PrEN-ISO/DIS
14596

1996

(a) The values quoted in the specification are ‘true values’. In the establishment of their limit values, the terms of ISO 4259,
‘Petroleum products — Determination and application of precision data in relation to methods of test’, have been applied
and, in fixing a minimum value, a minimum difference of 2R above zero has been taken into account (R = reproducibility).
The results of individual measurements shall be interpreted on the basis of the criteria described in ISO 4259.

(b) EN — European standard; DIS — Draft international standard.

Note:

Parties shall ensure that, no later than 1 January 2005, diesel fuel can be marketed within their territory only if it
complies with the environmental specifications set out in Table 11. Where a Party determines that banning diesel
fuel with a sulphur content which does not comply with the specifications for sulphur content in Table 11, but does
comply with Table 9, would raise severe difficulties for its industries in making the necessary changes in their
manufacturing facilities by 1 January 2005, it may extend the time period of marketing within its territory until
1 January 2007 at the latest. In such a case the Party shall specify, in a declaration to be deposited together with its
instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, that it intends to extend the time period and present
written information on the reason for this to the Executive Body.

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B. Canada

9.

10.

11.

12.

New vehicle emission standards for light-duty vehicles, light-duty trucks, heavy-duty vehicles, heavy-duty
engines and motorcycles: Motor Vehicle Safety Act (and successor legislation), Schedule V of the Motor Vehicle
Safety Regulations: Vehicle Emissions (Standard 1100), SOR/97-376, (28 July, 1997), as amended from time
to time.

Canadian Environmental Protection Act, Diesel Fuel Regulations, SOR/97-110 (4 February 1997, sulphur in
diesel fuel), as amended from time to time.

Canadian Environmental Protection Act, Benzene in Gasoline Regulations, SOR/97-493 (6 November 1997),
as amended from time to time.

Canadian Environmental Protection Act, Sulphur in Gasoline Regulations, Canada Gazette, Part II, June 4
1999, as amended from time to time.

C. United States of America

13.

Implementation of a mobile source emission control programme for light-duty vehicles, light-duty trucks,
heavy-duty trucks and fuels to the extent required by sections 202(a), 202(g) and 202(h) of the Clean Air Act,
as implemented through:

(a)

40 Code of Federal Regulations (C.F.R.) Part 80, Subpart D — Reformulated Gasoline;

(b)

40 C.F.R. Part 86, Subpart A — General Provisions for Emission Regulations;

(c)

40 C.F.R. Part 80, section 80.29 — Controls and Prohibitions on Diesel Fuel Quality.

ANNEX IX

MEASURES FOR THE CONTROL OF EMISSIONS OF AMMONIA FROM AGRICULTURAL SOURCES

1.

The Parties that are subject to obligations in Article 3(8)(a), shall take the measures set out in this Annex.

2.

Each Party shall take due account of the need to reduce losses from the whole nitrogen cycle.

A. Advisory code of good agricultural practice

3. Within one year from the date of entry into force of the present Protocol for it, a Party shall establish, publish
and disseminate an advisory code of good agricultural practice to control ammonia emissions. The code shall
take into account the specific conditions within the territory of the Party and shall include provisions on:

— nitrogen management, taking account of the whole nitrogen cycle,

— livestock feeding strategies,

— low-emission manure-spreading techniques,

— low-emission manure-storage systems,

— low-emission animal housing systems,

— possibilities for limiting ammonia emissions from the use of mineral fertilisers.

Parties should give a title to the code with a view to avoiding confusion with other codes of guidance.

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B. Urea and ammonium carbonate fertilisers

4. Within one year from the date of entry into force of the present Protocol for it, a Party shall take such steps as

are feasible to limit ammonia emissions from the use of solid fertilisers based on urea.

5. Within one year from the date of entry into force of the present Protocol for it, a Party shall prohibit the use of

ammonium carbonate fertilisers.

C. Manure application

6.

Each Party shall ensure that low-emission slurry application techniques (as listed in guidance document V
adopted by the Executive Body at its seventeenth session (Decision 1999/1) and any amendments thereto) that
have been shown to reduce emissions by at least 30 % compared to the reference specified in that guidance
document are used as far as the Party in question considers them applicable, taking account of local soil and
geomorphological conditions, slurry type and farm structure. The timescales for the application of these
measures shall be: 31 December 2009 for Parties with economies in transition and 31 December 2007 for
other Parties (1).

7. Within one year from the date of entry into force of the present Protocol for it, a Party shall ensure that solid
manure applied to land to be ploughed shall be incorporated within at least 24 hours of spreading as far as it
considers this measure applicable, taking account of local soil and geomorphological conditions and farm
structure.

D. Manure storage

8. Within one year from the date of entry into force of the present Protocol for it, a Party shall use for new slurry
stores on large pig and poultry farms of 2 000 fattening pigs or 750 sows or 40 000 poultry, low-emission
storage systems or techniques that have been shown to reduce emissions by 40 % or more compared to the
reference (as listed in the guidance document referred to in paragraph (6)), or other systems or techniques with
a demonstrably equivalent efficiency (2).

9.

For existing slurry stores on large pig and poultry farms of 2 000 fattening pigs or 750 sows or 40 000 poultry,
a Party shall achieve emission reductions of 40 % in s ofar as the Party considers the necessary techniques to be
technically and economically feasible (2). The timescales for the application of these measures shall be:
31 December 2009 for Parties with economies in transition and 31 December 2007 for all other Parties (1).

E. Animal housing

10. Within one year from the date of entry into force of the present Protocol for it, a Party shall use, for new animal
housing on large pig and poultry farms of 2 000 fattening pigs or 750 sows or 40 000 poultry, housing
systems which have been shown to reduce emissions by 20 % or more compared to the reference (as listed in
the guidance document referred to in paragraph (6)), or other systems or techniques with a demonstrably
equivalent efficiency (2). Applicability may be limited for animal welfare reasons, for instance in straw-based
systems for pigs and aviary and free-range systems for poultry.

(1) For the purpose of the present Annex, ‘a country with an economy in transition’ means a Party that has made with its instrument
of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession a declaration that it wishes to be treated as a country with an economy in
transition for the purposes of paragraphs (6) and/or (9) of this Annex.

(2) Where a Party judges that other systems or techniques with a demonstrably equivalent efficiency can be used for manure storage
and animal housing in order to comply with paragraphs (8) and (10), or where a Party judges the reduction of emissions from
manure storage required under paragraph (9) not to be technically or economically feasible, documentation to this effect shall
be reported in accordance with Article (7)(1)(a).