2003/33/EC: Council Decision of 19 December 2002 establishing criteria and procedures for the acceptance of waste at landfills pursuant to Article 16 of and Annex II to Directive 1999/31/EC
Date: 2002-12-19
Institutions: Council of the European Union
Subjects: environmental protection, evaluation method, storage of waste, technical regulations, testing, waste disposal

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COUNCIL

COUNCIL DECISION

of 19 December 2002

establishing criteria and procedures for the acceptance of waste at landfills pursuant to Article 16
of and Annex II to Directive 1999/31/EC

THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,

(7)

(2003/33/EC)

Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European
Community,

Having regard to Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April
1999 on the landfill of waste (1), and in particular Article 16
thereof and Annex II thereto,

Whereas:

The measures provided for in this Decision are not in
accordance with the opinion of the Committee estab-
lished by Article 18 of Council Directive 75/442/EEC of
15 July 1975 on waste (2). They therefore have to be
adopted by the Council in accordance with Article 18(4)
of that Directive,

HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION:

Article 1

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

Pursuant to Article 16 of Directive 1999/31/EC,
the
Commission is to adopt specific criteria and/or test
methods and associated limit values for each class of
landfill.

This Decision establishes the criteria and procedures for the
acceptance of waste at
in accordance with the
landfills
principles set out in Directive 1999/31/EC and in particular
Annex II thereto.

A procedure should be laid down to determine the
acceptability of waste at landfills.

Article 2

Limit values and other criteria should be set for waste
acceptable at the different classes of landfills.

Member States shall apply the procedure as set out in section 1
of the Annex to this Decision to determine the acceptability of
waste at landfills.

The test methods to be used for determining the accept-
ability of waste at landfills should be determined.

Article 3

It
is appropriate from a technical point of view to
exempt from the criteria and procedures set out in the
Annex to this Decision those wastes generated by the
extractive industry that are deposited on-site.

A suitably short transition period should be granted to
Member States to develop the necessary system to apply
this Decision and a further brief transition period may
be necessary for Member States to ensure the application
of the limit values.

(1) OJ L 182, 16.7.1999, p. 1.

Member States shall ensure that waste is accepted at a landfill
only if it fulfils the acceptance criteria of the relevant landfill
class as set out in section 2 of the Annex to this Decision.

Article 4

The sampling and testing methods listed in section 3 of the
Annex to this Decision shall be used for determining the
acceptability of waste at landfills.

(2) OJ L 194, 25.7.1975, p. 39. Directive as last amended by Commis-

sion Decision 96/350/EC (OJ L 135, 6.6.1996, p. 32).

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Article 5

Article 7

Without prejudice to existing Community legislation,
the
criteria and procedures as set out in the Annex to this Decision
shall not apply to waste resulting from prospecting, extraction,
treatment and storage of mineral resources nor from the
working of quarries, when they are deposited on-site. In the
absence of specific Community legislation, Member States shall
apply national criteria and procedures.

Article 6

Any amendments necessary for future updating of this Decision
to scientific and technical progress shall be adopted by the
Commission, assisted by the Committee established under
Article 18 of Directive 75/442/EEC, for example adjustment of
the parameters in the lists of limit values and/or development
of acceptance criteria and limit values for additional subcate-
gories of landfills for non-hazardous waste.

1.

This Decision shall take effect on 16 July 2004.

2. Member States shall apply the criteria set out in section 2
of the Annex to this Decision by 16 July 2005.

Article 8

This Decision is addressed to the Member States.

Done at Brussels, 19 December 2002.

For the Council

The President

M. FISCHER BOEL

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CRITERIA AND PROCEDURES FOR THE ACCEPTANCE OF WASTE AT LANDFILLS

ANNEX

Introduction

This Annex lays down the uniform waste classification and acceptance procedure according to Annex II to Directive
1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste (the ‘Landfill Directive’).

In accordance with Article 176 of the Treaty, Member States are not prevented from maintaining or introducing more
stringent protective measures than those established in this Annex, provided that such measures are compatible with the
Treaty. Such measures shall be notified to the Commission. This could be of particular relevance with reference to the
limit values for cadmium and mercury in section 2. Member States may also introduce limit values for components not
included in section 2.

Section 1 of this Annex lays down the procedure to determine the acceptability of waste at landfills. This procedure
consists of the basic characterisation, compliance testing and on-site verification as defined in section 3 of Annex II to the
Landfill Directive.

Section 2 of this Annex lays down the acceptance criteria for each landfill class. Waste may be accepted at a landfill only
if it fulfils the acceptance criteria of the relevant landfill class as laid down in section 2 of this Annex.

Section 3 of this Annex lists the methods to be used for the sampling and testing of waste.

Appendix A defines the safety assessment to be carried out for underground storage.

Appendix B is an informative Annex providing an overview of the landfill options available within the Directive and
examples of possible subcategorisation of landfills' non-hazardous waste.

1.

PROCEDURE FOR THE ACCEPTANCE OF WASTE AT LANDFILLS

1.1.

Basic characterisation

Basic characterisation is the first step in the acceptance procedure and constitutes a full characterisation of the
waste by gathering all the necessary information for a safe disposal of the waste in the long term. Basic
characterisation is required for each type of waste.

1.1.1.

Functions of basic characterisation

(a) Basic information on the waste (type and origin, composition, consistency,

leachability and — where

necessary and available — other characteristic properties)

(b) Basic information for understanding the behaviour of waste in landfills and options for treatment as laid out

in Article 6(a) of the Landfill Directive

(c) Assessing waste against limit values

(d) Detection of key variables (critical parameters) for compliance testing and options for simplification of
compliance testing (leading to a significant decrease of constituents to be measured, but only after demon-
stration of relevant information). Characterisation may deliver ratios between basic characterisation and
results of simplified test procedures as well as frequency for compliance testing.

If the basic characterisation of waste shows that the waste fulfils the criteria for a landfill class as laid down in
section 2 of this Annex, the waste is deemed to be acceptable at this landfill class. If this is not the case, the waste
is not acceptable at this landfill class.

The producer of the waste or, in default, the person responsible for its management, is responsible for ensuring
that the characterisation information is correct.

The operator shall keep records of the required information for a period to be defined by the Member State.

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1.1.2.

Fundamental requirements for basic characterisation of the waste

(a) Source and origin of the waste

(b) Information on the process producing the waste (description and characteristics of raw materials and

products)

(c) Description of the waste treatment applied in compliance with Article 6(a) of the Landfill Directive, or a

statement of reasons why such treatment is not considered necessary

(d) Data on the composition of the waste and the leaching behaviour, where relevant

(e) Appearance of the waste (smell, colour, physical form)

(f) Code according to the European waste list (Commission Decision 2001/118/EC) (1)

(g) For hazardous waste in case of mirror entries: the relevant hazard properties according to Annex III to

Council Directive 91/689/EEC of 12 December 1991 on hazardous waste (2)

(h) Information to prove that the waste does not fall under the exclusions of Article 5(3) of the Landfill Directive

(i) The landfill class at which the waste may be accepted

(j) If necessary, additional precautions to be taken at the landfill

(k) Check if the waste can be recycled or recovered.

1.1.3.

Testing

As a general rule waste must be tested to obtain the above information. In addition to the leaching behaviour,
the composition of the waste must be known or determined by testing. The tests used for basic characterisation
must always include those to be used for compliance testing.

The content of the characterisation, the extent of laboratory testing required and the relationship between basic
characterisation and compliance checking depends on the type of waste. A differentiation can be made between:

(a) wastes that are regularly generated in the same process;

(b) wastes that are not regularly generated.

The characterisations outlined in points (a) and (b) will provide information that can be directly compared with
acceptance criteria for the relevant class of landfill and, in addition, descriptive information can be supplied (e.g.
the consequences of depositing with municipal waste).

(a) W a s t e s r e g u l a r l y g e n e r a t e d i n t h e s a m e p r o c e s s

These are individual and consistent wastes regularly generated in the same process, where:

— the installation and the process generating the waste are well known and the input materials to the

process and the process itself are well defined,

— the operator of the installation provides all necessary information and informs the operator of the landfill

of changes to the process (especially changes to the input material).

The process will often be at a single installation. The waste can also be from different installations, if it can be
identified as single stream with common characteristics within known boundaries (e.g. bottom ash from the
incineration of municipal waste).

For these wastes the basic characterisation will comprise the fundamental requirements listed in section 1.1.2
and especially the following:

— compositional range for the individual wastes,

— range and variability of characteristic properties,

— if required, the leachability of the wastes determined by a batch leaching test and/or a percolation test

and/or a pH dependence test,

— key variables to be tested on a regular basis.

(1) OJ L 47, 16.2.2001, p. 1.
(2) OJ L 377, 31.12.1991, p. 20. Directive as last amended by Directive 31/1994/EC (OJ L 168, 2.7.1994, p. 28).

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If the waste is produced in the same process in different installations, information must be given on the scope
of the evaluation. Consequently, a sufficient number of measurements must be taken to show the range and
variability of the characteristic properties of the waste. The waste can then be considered characterised and
shall subsequently be subject to compliance testing only, unless significant change in the generation processes
occur.

For wastes from the same process in the same installation, the results of the measurements may show only
minor variations of the properties of the waste in comparison with the appropriate limit values. The waste
can then be considered characterised, and shall subsequently be subject to compliance testing only, unless
significant changes in the generation process occur.

Waste from facilities for the bulking or mixing of waste, from waste transfer stations or mixed waste streams
from waste collectors, can vary considerably in their properties. This must be taken into consideration in the
basic characterisation. Such wastes may fall under case (b).

(b) W a s t e s t h a t a r e n o t

r e g u l a r l y g e n e r a t e d

These wastes are not regularly generated in the same process in the same installation and are not part of a
well-characterised waste stream. Each batch produced of such waste will need to be characterised. The basic
characterisation shall
include the fundamental requirements for basic characterisation. As each batch
produced has to be characterised, no compliance testing is needed.

1.1.4.

Cases where testing is not required

Testing for basic characterisation can be dispensed with in the following cases:

(a) the waste is on a list of wastes not requiring testing as laid down in section 2 of this Annex;

(b) all the necessary information, for the basic characterisation, is known and duly justified to the full satisfaction

of the competent authority;

(c) certain waste types where testing is impractical or where appropriate testing procedures and acceptance
criteria are unavailable. This must be justified and documented, including the reasons why the waste is
deemed acceptable at this landfill class.

1.2.

Compliance testing

When waste has been deemed acceptable for a landfill class on the basis of a basic characterisation pursuant to
section 1, it shall subsequently be subject to compliance testing to determine if it complies with the results of the
basic characterisation and the relevant acceptance criteria as laid down in section 2.

The function of compliance testing is periodically to check regularly arising waste streams.

The relevant parameters to be tested are determined in the basic characterisation. Parameters should be related to
basic characterisation information; only a check on critical parameters (key variables), as determined in the basic
is necessary. The check has to show that the waste meets the limit values for the critical
characterisation,
parameters.

The tests used for compliance testing shall be one or more of those used in the basic characterisation. The testing
shall consist at least of a batch leaching test. For this purpose the methods listed under section 3 shall be used.

Wastes that are exempted from the testing requirements for basic characterisation in section 1.1.4(a) and section
1.1.4(c) are also exempted from compliance testing. They will, however, need checking for compliance with basic
characterisation information other than testing.

Compliance testing shall be carried out at least once a year and the operator must, in any event, ensure that
compliance testing is carried out in the scope and frequency determined by basic characterisation.

Records of the test results shall be kept for a period that will be determined by the Member State.

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1.3.

On-site verification

Each load of waste delivered to a landfill shall be visually inspected before and after unloading. The required
documentation shall be checked.

For waste deposited by the waste producer at a landfill in his control, this verification may be made at the point
of dispatch.

The waste may be accepted at the landfill,
if it is the same as that which has been subjected to basic
characterisation and compliance testing and which is described in the accompanying documents. If this is not the
case, the waste must not be accepted.

Member States shall determine the testing requirements for on-site verification, including where appropriate rapid
test methods.

Upon delivery, samples shall be taken periodically. The samples taken shall be kept after acceptance of the waste
for a period that will be determined by the Member State (not less than one month; see Article 11(b) of the
Landfill Directive.

2.

WASTE ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

This section sets out the criteria for the acceptance of waste at each landfill class,
underground storage.

including criteria for

In certain circumstances, up to three times higher limit values for specific parameters listed in this section (other
than dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in sections 2.1.2.1, 2.2.2, 2.3.1 and 2.4.1, BTEX, PCBs and mineral oil in
section 2.1.2.2, total organic carbon (TOC) and pH in section 2.3.2 and loss on ignition (LOI) and/or TOC in
section 2.4.2, and restricting the possible increase of the limit value for TOC in section 2.1.2.2 to only two times
the limit value) are acceptable,

if

— the competent authority gives a permit for specified wastes on a case-by-case basis for the recipient landfill,

taking into account the characteristics of the landfill and its surroundings, and

— emissions (including leachate) from the landfill, taking into account the limits for those specific parameters in

this section, will present no additional risk to the environment according to a risk assessment.

Member States shall report to the Commission on the annual number of permits issued under this provision. The
reports shall be sent to the Commission at intervals of three years as part of the reporting on the implementation
of the Landfill Directive in accordance with the specifications laid down in Article 15 thereof.

Member States shall define criteria for compliance with the limit values set out in this section.

2.1.

Criteria for landfills for inert waste

2.1.1.

List of wastes acceptable at landfills for inert waste without testing

Wastes on the following short list are assumed to fulfil the criteria as set out in the definition of inert waste in
Article 2(e) of the Landfill Directive and the criteria listed in section 2.1.2. The wastes can be admitted without
testing at a landfill for inert waste.

The waste must be a single stream (only one source) of a single waste type. Different wastes contained in the list
may be accepted together, provided they are from the same source.

In case of suspicion of contamination (either from visual inspection or from knowledge of the origin of the
waste) testing should be applied or the waste refused. If the listed wastes are contaminated or contain other
material or substances such as metals, asbestos, plastics, chemicals, etc. to an extent which increases the risk
associated with the waste sufficiently to justify their disposal in other classes of landfills, they may not be
accepted in a landfill for inert waste.

If there is a doubt that the waste fulfils the definition of inert waste according to Article 2(e) of the Landfill
Directive and the criteria listed in section 2.1.2 or about the lack of contamination of the waste, testing must be
applied. For this purpose the methods listed under section 3 shall be used.

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EWC code

Description

Restrictions

1011 03

Waste
materials

glass-based

fibrous

Only without organic binders

1501 07

Glass packagingGlas

1701 01

Concrete

Selected C & D waste only (*)

1701 02

Bricks

Selected C & D waste only (*)

1701 03

Tiles and ceramics

Selected C & D waste only (*)

1701 07

Mixtures of concrete, bricks,
tiles and ceramics

Selected C & D waste only (*)

1702 02

Glass

1705 04

Soil and stones

1912 05

Glass

Excluding topsoil, peat; excluding soil and stones
contaminated sites

from

2001 02

Glass

Separately collected glass only

2002 02

Soil and stones

Only from garden and parks waste; Excluding top soil, peat

(*) Selected construction and demolition waste (C & D waste): with low contents of other types of materials (like metals, plastic,

soil, organics, wood, rubber, etc). The origin of the waste must be known.

— No C & D waste from constructions, polluted with inorganic or organic dangerous substances, e.g. because of production
processes in the construction, soil pollution, storage and usage of pesticides or other dangerous substances, etc., unless it is
made clear that the demolished construction was not significantly polluted.

— No C & D waste from constructions, treated, covered or painted with materials, containing dangerous substances in

significant amounts.

Waste not appearing on this list must be subject to testing as laid down under section 1 to determine if it fulfils
the criteria for waste acceptable at landfills for inert waste as set out in section 2.1.2.

2.1.2.

Limit values for waste acceptable at landfills for inert waste

2.1.2.1. L e a c h i n g l i m i t v a l u e s

The following leaching limit values apply for waste acceptable at landfills for inert waste, calculated at liquid to
solid ratios (L/S) of 2 l/kg and 10 l/kg for total release and directly expressed in mg/l for C0 (the first eluate of
percolation test at L/S = 0,1 l/kg). Member States shall determine which of the test methods (see section 3) and
corresponding limit values in the table should be used.

Component

L/S = 2 l/kg

L/S = 10 l/kg

C0
(percolation test)

As

Ba

Cd

Cr total

mg/kg dry substance

mg/kg dry substance

0,1

7

0,03

0,2

0,5

20

0,04

0,5

mg/l

0,06

4

0,02

0,1

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Component

L/S = 2 l/kg

L/S = 10 l/kg

C0
(percolation test)

mg/kg dry substance

mg/kg dry substance

Cu

Hg

Mo

Ni

Pb

Sb

Se

Zn

Chloride

Fluoride

Sulphate

Phenol index

DOC (**)

TDS (***)

0,9

0,003

0,3

0,2

0,2

0,02

0,06

2

550

4

560 (*)

0,5

240

2 500

2

0,01

0,5

0,4

0,5

0,06

0,1

4

800

10

mg/l

0,6

0,002

0,2

0,12

0,15

0,1

0,04

1,2

460

2,5

1 000 (*)

1 500

1

500

4 000

0,3

160

—

(*)

(**)

If the waste does not meet these values for sulphate, it may still be considered as complying with the acceptance criteria if
the leaching does not exceed either of the following values: 1 500 mg/l as C0 at L/S = 0,1 l/kg and 6 000 mg/kg at
L/S = 10 l/kg. It will be necessary to use a percolation test to determine the limit value at L/S = 0,1 l/kg under initial
equilibrium conditions, whereas the value at L/S = 10 l/kg may be determined either by a batch leaching test or by a
percolation test under conditions approaching local equilibrium.
If the waste does not meet these values for DOC at its own pH value, it may alternatively be tested at L/S = 10 l/kg and a pH
between 7,5 and 8,0. The waste may be considered as complying with the acceptance criteria for DOC, if the result of this
determination does not exceed 500 mg/kg. (A draft method based on prEN 14429 is available).

(***) The values for total dissolved solids (TDS) can be used alternatively to the values for sulphate and chloride.

2.1.2.2. L i m i t v a l u e s f o r

t o t a l c o n t e n t o f o r g a n i c p a r a m e t e r s

In addition to the leaching limit values under section 2.1.2.1, inert wastes must meet the following additional
limit values:

Parameter

TOC (total organic carbon)

BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes)

PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls, 7 congeners)

Mineral oil (C10 to C40)

Value
mg/kg

30 000 (*)

6

1

500

PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons)

Member States to set limit value

(*) In the case of soils, a higher limit value may be admitted by the competent authority, provided the DOC value of 500 mg/kg is

achieved at L/S = 10 l/kg, either at the soil's own pH or at a pH value between 7,5 and 8,0.

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2.2.

Criteria for landfills for non-hazardous waste

Member States may create subcategories of landfills for non-hazardous waste.

In this Annex limit values are laid down only for non-hazardous waste, which is landfilled in the same cell with
stable, non-reactive hazardous waste.

2.2.1. Wastes acceptable at landfills for non-hazardous waste without testing

Municipal waste as defined in Article 2(b) of the Landfill Directive that is classified as non-hazardous in Chapter
20 of the European waste list, separately collected non-hazardous fractions of household wastes and the same
non-hazardous materials from other origins can be admitted without testing at landfills for non-hazardous waste.

The wastes may not be admitted if they have not been subjected to prior treatment according to Article 6(a) of
the Landfill Directive, or if they are contaminated to an extent which increases the risk associated with the waste
sufficiently to justify their disposal

in other facilities.

They may not be accepted in cells, where stable, non-reactive hazardous waste is accepted pursuant to Article
6(c)(iii) of the Landfill Directive.

2.2.2.

Limit values for non-hazardous waste

The following limit values apply to granular non-hazardous waste accepted in the same cell as stable, non-reac-
tive hazardous waste, calculated at L/S = 2 and 10 l/kg for total release and directly expressed in mg/l for C0 (in
the first eluate of percolation test at L/S = 0,1 l/kg). Granular wastes include all wastes that are not monolithic.
Member States shall determine which of the test methods (see section 3) and corresponding limit values in the
table should be used.

Components

L/S = 2 l/kg

L/S = 10 l/kg

C0
(percolation test)

As

Ba

Cd

Cr total

Cu

Hg

Mo

Ni

Pb

Sb

Se

Zn

mg/kg dry substance

mg/kg dry substance

0,4

30

0,6

4

25

0,05

5

5

5

0,2

0,3

25

2

100

1

10

50

0,2

10

10

10

0,7

0,5

50

mg/l

0,3

20

0,3

2,5

30

0,03

3,5

3

3

0,15

0,2

15

Chloride

10 000

15 000

8 500

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Components

L/S = 2 l/kg

L/S = 10 l/kg

C0
(percolation test)

Fluoride

Sulphate

DOC (*)

TDS (**)

mg/kg dry substance

mg/kg dry substance

60

10 000

380

150

20 000

800

40 000

60 000

mg/l

40

7 000

250

—

(*)

If the waste does not meet these values for DOC at its own pH, it may alternatively be tested at L/S = 10 l/kg and a pH of
7,5-8,0. The waste may be considered as complying with the acceptance criteria for DOC, if the result of this determination
does not exceed 800 mg/kg (A draft method based on prEN 14429 is available).
(**) The values for TDS can be used alternatively to the values for sulphate and chloride.

Member States shall set criteria for monolithic waste to provide the same level of environmental protection given
by the above limit values.

2.2.3.

Gypsum waste

Non-hazardous gypsum-based materials should be disposed of only in landfills for non-hazardous waste in cells
where no biodegradable waste is accepted. The limit values for TOC and DOC given in sections 2.3.2 and 2.3.1
shall apply to wastes landfilled together with gypsum-based materials.

2.3.

Criteria for hazardous waste acceptable at landfills for non-hazardous waste pursuant to Article 6(c)(iii)

Stable, non-reactive means that the leaching behaviour of the waste will not change adversely in the long-term,
under landfill design conditions or foreseeable accidents:

— in the waste alone (for example, by biodegradation),

— under the impact of

long-term ambient conditions (for example, water, air,

temperature, mechanical

constraints),

— by the impact of other wastes (including waste products such as leachate and gas).

2.3.1.

Leaching limit values

The following leaching limit values apply to granular hazardous waste acceptable at landfills for non-hazardous
waste, calculated at L/S = 2 and 10 l/kg for total release and directly expressed in mg/l for C0 ( the first eluate of
percolation test at L/S = 0,1 l/kg). Granular wastes include all wastes that are not monolithic. Member States
shall determine which of the test methods and corresponding limit values should be used.

Components

L/S = 2 l/kg

L/S = 10 l/kg

C0
(percolation test)

As

Ba

Cd

Cr total

mg/kg dry substance

mg/kg dry substance

0,4

30

0,6

4

2

100

1

10

mg/l

0,3

20

0,3

2,5

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Components

L/S = 2 l/kg

L/S = 10 l/kg

C0
(percolation test)

Cu

Hg

Mo

Ni

Pb

Sb

Se

Zn

Chloride

Fluoride

Sulphate

DOC (*)

TDS (**)

mg/kg dry substance

mg/kg dry substance

25

0,05

5

5

5

0,2

0,3

25

10 000

60

10 000

380

40 000

50

0,2

10

10

10

0,7

0,5

50

15 000

150

20 000

800

60 000

mg/l

30

0,03

3,5

3

3

0,15

0,2

15

8 500

40

7 000

250

—

(*)

If the waste does not meet these values for DOC at its own pH, it may alternatively be tested at L/S = 10 l/kg and a pH of
7,5-8,0. The waste may be considered as complying with the acceptance criteria for DOC, if the result of this determination
does not exceed 800 mg/kg (A draft method based on prEN 14429 is available).
(**) The values for TDS can be used alternatively to the values for sulphate and chloride.

Member States shall set criteria for monolithic waste to provide the same level of environmental protection given
by the above limit values.

2.3.2. Other criteria

In addition to the leaching limit values under section 2.3.1, granular wastes must meet the following additional
criteria:

Parameter

Value

TOC (total organic carbon)

pH

5 % (*)

Minimum 6

ANC (acid neutralisation capacity)

Must be evaluated

(*) If this value is not achieved, a higher limit value may be admitted by the competent authority, provided that the DOC value of

800 mg/kg is achieved at L/S = 10 l/kg, either at the material's own pH or at a pH value between 7,5 and 8,0.

Member States must set criteria to ensure that the waste will have sufficient physical stability and bearing
capacity.

Member States shall set criteria to ensure that hazardous monolithic wastes are stable and non-reactive before
acceptance in landfills for non-hazardous waste.

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2.3.3. Asbestos waste

Construction materials containing asbestos and other suitable asbestos waste may be landfilled at landfills for
non-hazardous waste in accordance with Article 6(c)(iii) of the Landfill Directive without testing.

For landfills receiving construction materials containing asbestos and other suitable asbestos waste the following
requirements must be fulfilled:

— the waste contains no other hazardous substances than bound asbestos, including fibres bound by a binding

agent or packed in plastic,

— the landfill accepts only construction material containing asbestos and other suitable asbestos waste. These
wastes may also be landfilled in a separate cell of a landfill for non-hazardous waste, if the cell is sufficiently
self-contained,

— in order to avoid dispersion of fibres, the zone of deposit is covered daily and before each compacting

operation with appropriate material and,

if the waste is not packed,

it is regularly sprinkled,

— a final top cover is put on the landfill/cell

in order to avoid the dispersion of fibres,

— no works are carried out on the landfill/cell that could lead to a release of fibres (e.g. drilling of holes),

— after closure a plan is kept of the location of the landfill/cell indicating that asbestos wastes have been

deposited,

— appropriate measures are taken to limit the possible uses of the land after closure of the landfill in order to

avoid human contact with the waste.

For landfills receiving only construction material containing asbestos, the requirements set out in Annex I, point
3.2 and 3.3 of the Landfill Directive can be reduced,

if the above requirements are fulfilled.

2.4.

Criteria for waste acceptable at landfills for hazardous waste

2.4.1.

Leaching limit values

The following leaching limit values apply for granular waste acceptable at landfills for hazardous waste,
calculated at L/S = 2 and 10 l/kg for total release and directly expressed in mg/l for C0 (in the first eluate of
percolation test at L/S = 0,1 l/kg). Granular wastes include all wastes that are not monolithic. Member States
shall determine which of the test methods and corresponding limit values in the table should be used.

Components

L/S = 2 l/kg

L/S = 10 l/kg

C0
(percolation test)

mg/kg dry substance

mg/kg dry substance

mg/l

As

Ba

Cd

Cr total

Cu

Hg

Mo

Ni

Pb

6

100

3

25

50

0,5

20

20

25

25

300

5

70

100

2

30

40

50

3

60

1,7

15

60

0,3

10

12

15

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Components

L/S = 2 l/kg

L/S = 10 l/kg

C0
(percolation test)

Sb

Se

Zn

Chloride

Fluoride

Sulphate

DOC (*)

TDS (**)

mg/kg dry substance

mg/kg dry substance

2

4

90

17 000

200

25 000

480

70 000

5

7

200

25 000

500

50 000

1 000

100 000

mg/l

1

3

60

15 000

120

17 000

320

—

(*)

If the waste does not meet these values for DOC at its own pH, it may alternatively be tested at L/S = 10 l/kg and a pH of
7,5-8,0. The waste may be considered as complying with the acceptance criteria for DOC, if the result of this determination
does not exceed 1 000 mg/kg. (A draft method based on prEN 14429 is available.)

(**) The values for TDS can be used alternatively to the values for sulphate and chloride.

Member States shall set criteria for monolithic waste to provide the same level of environmental protection given
by the above limit values.

2.4.2. Other criteria

In addition to the leaching limit values under section 2.4.1, hazardous wastes must meet the following additional
criteria:

Parameter

Value

LOI (*)

TOC (*)

10 %

6 % (**)

ANC (acid neutralisation capacity)

Must be evaluated

(*) Either LOI or TOC must be used.
(**) If this value is not achieved, a higher limit value may be admitted by the competent authority, provided that the DOC value of
1 000 mg/kg is achieved at L/S = 10 l/kg, either at the material's own pH or at a pH value between 7,5 and 8,0.

2.5.

Criteria for underground storage

For the acceptance of waste in underground storage sites, a site-specific safety assessment as defined in Annex A
must be carried out. Waste may be accepted only if it is compatible with the site-specific safety assessment.

At underground storage sites for inert waste, only waste that fulfils the criteria set out in section 2.1 may be
accepted.

At underground storage sites for non-hazardous waste, only waste that fulfils the criteria set out in section 2.2 or
in section 2.3 may be accepted.

At underground storage sites for hazardous waste, waste may be accepted only if it is compatible with the
site-specific safety assessment. In this case, the criteria set out in section 2.4 do not apply. However, the waste
must be subject to the acceptance procedure as set out in section 1.

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3.

SAMPLING AND TEST METHODS

Sampling and testing for basic characterisation and compliance testing shall be carried out by independent and
qualified persons and institutions. Laboratories shall have proven experience in waste testing and analysis and an
efficient quality assurance system.

Member States may decide that:

1. the sampling may be carried out by producers of waste or operators under the condition that sufficient
supervision of independent and qualified persons or institutions ensures that the objectives set out in this
Decision are achieved;

2. the testing of the waste may be carried out by producers of waste or operators if they have set up an

appropriate quality assurance system including periodic independent checking.

As long as a CEN standard is not available as formal EN, Member States will use either national standards or
procedures or the draft CEN standard, when it has reached the prEN stage.

The following methods shall be used.

S a m p l i n g

For the sampling of waste — for basic characterisation, compliance testing and on-site verification testing — a
sampling plan shall be developed according to part 1 of the sampling standard currently developed by CEN.

G e n e r a l w a s t e p r o p e r t i e s

EN 13137

Determination of TOC in waste, sludge and sediments

prEN 14346

Calculation of dry matter by determination of dry residue or water content

L e a c h i n g t e s t s

prEN 14405

Leaching behaviour test - Up-flow percolation test (Up-flow percolation test for inor-
ganic constituents)

EN 12457/1-4

Leaching — Compliance test for leaching of granular waste materials and sludges:

part 1:

part 2:

part 3:

part 4:

L/S = 2 l/kg, particle size < 4 mm
L/S = 10 l/kg, particle size < 4 mm
L/S = 2 and 8 l/kg, particle size < 4 mm
L/S = 10 l/kg, particle size < 10 mm

D i g e s t i o n o f

r a w w a s t e

EN 13657

EN 13656

A n a l y s i s

ENV 12506

ENV 13370

Digestion for subsequent determination of aqua regia soluble portion of elements (partial
digestion of the solid waste prior to elementary analysis, leaving the silicate matrix intact)

Microwave-assisted digestion with hydrofluoric (HF), nitric (HNO3) and hydrochloric (HCl)
acid mixture for subsequent determination of elements (total digestion of the solid waste
prior to elementary analysis)

Analysis of eluates — Determination of pH, As, Ba, Cd, Cl, Co, Cr, CrVI, Cu, Mo, Ni, NO2,
Pb, total S, SO4, V and Zn (analysis of inorganic constituents of solid waste and/or its
eluate; major, minor and trace elements)

Analysis of eluates — Determination of ammonium, AOX, conductivity, Hg, phenol index,
TOC, easily liberatable CN, F (analysis of inorganic constituents of solid waste and/or its
eluate (anions))

prEN 14039

Determination of hydrocarbon content in the range of C10 to C40 by gas chromatog-
raphy

This list will be amended when more CEN standards are available.

For tests and analyses, for which CEN methods are not (yet) available, the methods used must be approved by the
competent authorities.

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SAFETY ASSESSMENT FOR ACCEPTANCE OF WASTE IN UNDERGROUND STORAGE

Appendix A

1.

SAFETY PHILOSOPHY FOR UNDERGROUND STORAGE: ALL TYPES

1.1.

The importance of the geological barrier

Isolation of wastes from the biosphere is the ultimate objective for the final disposal of wastes in underground
storage. The wastes, the geological barrier and the cavities,
including any engineered structures constitute a
system that together with all other technical aspects must fulfil the corresponding requirements.

The requirements of the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) can be fulfilled only by demonstrating the
long-term safety of the installation (see section 1.2.7). Article 11(3)(j) of Directive 2000/60/EC generally prohibits
the direct discharge of pollutants into groundwater. Article 4(1)(b)(i) of Directive 2000/60/EC requires Member
States to take measures to prevent the deterioration of the status of all bodies of groundwater.

1.2.

Site-specific risk assessment

The assessment of risk requires the identification of:

— the hazard (in this case the deposited wastes),

— the receptors (in this case the biosphere and possibly groundwater),

— the pathways by which substances from the wastes may reach the biosphere, and

— the assessment of impact of substances that may reach the biosphere.

Acceptance criteria for underground storage are to be derived from, inter alia, the analysis of the host rock, so it
must be confirmed that no site-related conditions specified in Annex I to the Landfill Directive (with an exemp-
tion of Annex I(2), (3), (4) and (5)) are of relevance.

The acceptance criteria for underground storage can be obtained only by referring to the local conditions. This
requires a demonstration of the suitability of the strata for establishing a storage, i.e. an assessment of the risks to
containment, taking into account the overall system of the waste, engineered structures and cavities and the host
rock body.

The site specific risk assessment of the installation must be carried out for both the operational and post-opera-
tional phases. From these assessments, the required control and safety measures can be derived and the accep-
tance criteria can be developed.

An integrated performance assessment analysis shall be prepared, including the following components:

1. geological assessment;

2. geomechanical assessment;

3. hydrogeological assessment;

4. geochemical assessment;

5. biosphere impact assessment;

6. assessment of the operational phase;

7.

long-term assessment;

8. assessment of the impact of all the surface facilities at the site.

1.2.1. Geological assessment

A thorough investigation or knowledge of the geological setting of a site is required. This includes investigations
and analyses of kind of rocks, soils and the topography. The geological assessment should demonstrate the suit-
ability of the site for underground storage. The location, frequency and structure of any faulting or fracturing in
surrounding geological strata and the potential impact of seismic activity on these structures should be included.
Alternative site locations should be considered.

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1.2.2. Geomechanical assessment

The stability of the cavities must be demonstrated by appropriate investigations and predictions. The deposited
waste must be part of this assessment. The processes should be analysed and documented in a systematic way.

The following should be demonstrated:

1. that during and after the formation of the cavities, no major deformation is to be expected either in the cavity
itself or at the earth surface which could impair the operability of the underground storage or provide a
pathway to the biosphere;

2. that the load-bearing capacity of the cavity is sufficient to prevent its collapse during operation;

3. that the deposited material must have the necessary stability compatible with the geo-mechanical properties of

the host rock.

1.2.3. Hydrogeological assessment

A thorough investigation of the hydraulic properties is required to assess the groundwater flow pattern in the
surrounding strata based on information on the hydraulic conductivity of the rock mass, fractures and the
hydraulic gradients.

1.2.4. Geochemical assessment

A thorough investigation of the rock and the groundwater composition is required to assess the present ground-
water composition and its potential evolution over time, the nature and abundance of fracture filling minerals, as
well as a quantitative mineralogical description of the host rock. The impact of variability on the geochemical
system should be assessed.

1.2.5. Biosphere impact assessment

An investigation of the biosphere that could be impacted by the underground storage is required. Baseline studies
should be performed to define local natural background levels of relevant substances.

1.2.6. Assessment of the operational phase

For the operational phase, the analysis should demonstrate the following:

1. the stability of the cavities as in section 1.2.2;

2. no unacceptable risk of a pathway developing between the wastes and the biosphere;

3. no unacceptable risks affecting the operation of the facility.

When demonstrating operational safety, a systematic analysis of the operation of the facility must be made on
the basis of specific data on the waste inventory, facility management and the scheme of operation. It is to be
shown that the waste will not react with the rock in any chemical or physical way, which could impair the
strength and tightness of the rock and endanger the storage itself. For these reasons, in addition to wastes that are
banned by Article 5(3) of the Landfill Directive, wastes that are liable to spontaneous combustion under the
storage conditions (temperature, humidity), gaseous products, volatile wastes, wastes coming from collections in
the form of unidentified mixtures should not be accepted.

Particular incidents that might lead to the development of a pathway between the wastes and the biosphere in the
operational phase should be identified. The different types of potential operational risks should be summarised in
specific categories. Their possible effects should be evaluated. It should be shown that there is no unacceptable
risk that the containment of the operation will be breached. Contingency measures should be provided.

1.2.7. Long-term assessment

In order to comply with the objectives of sustainable landfilling, risk assessment should cover the long-term. It
must be ascertained that no pathways to the biosphere will be generated during the long-term post-operation of
the underground storage.

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The barriers of the underground storage site (e.g. the waste quality, engineered structures, back filling and sealing
of shafts and drillings), the performance of the host rock, the surrounding strata and the overburden should be
quantitatively assessed over the long-term and evaluated on the basis of site-specific data or sufficiently conserva-
tive assumptions. The geochemical and geohydrological conditions such as groundwater flow (see sections 1.2.3
and 1.2.4), barrier efficiency, natural attenuation as well as leaching of the deposited wastes should be taken into
consideration.

The long-term safety of an underground storage should be demonstrated by a safety assessment comprising a
description of the initial status at a specified time (e.g. time of closure) followed by a scenario outlining important
changes that are expected over geological time. Finally, the consequences of the release of relevant substances
from the underground storage should be assessed for different scenarios reflecting the possible long-term evolu-
tion of the biosphere, geosphere and the underground storage.

Containers and cavity lining should not be taken into account when assessing the long-term risks of waste
deposits because of their limited lifetime.

1.2.8. Impact assessment of the surface reception facilities

Although the wastes taken at the site may be destined for subsurface disposal, wastes will be unloaded, tested and
possibly stored on the surface, before reaching their final destination. The reception facilities must be designed
and operated in a manner that will prevent harm to human health and the local environment. They must fulfil
the same requirements as any other waste reception facility.

1.2.9. Assessment of other risks

For reasons of protection of workers, wastes should be deposited only in an underground storage securely sepa-
rated from mining activities. Waste should not be accepted if it contains, or could generate, hazardous substances
which might harm human health, e.g. pathogenic germs of communicable diseases.

2.

ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR UNDERGROUND STORAGE: ALL TYPES

2.1.

Excluded wastes

In the light of sections 1.2.1 to 1.2.8, wastes that may undergo undesired physical, chemical or biological trans-
formation after they have been deposited must not be disposed of in underground storage. This includes the
following:

(a) wastes listed in Article 5(3) of the Landfill Directive;

(b) wastes and their containers which might react with water or with the host rock under the storage conditions

and lead to:

— a change in the volume,

— generation of auto-flammable or toxic or explosive substances or gases, or

— any other reactions which could endanger the operational safety and/or the integrity of the barrier.

Wastes which might react with each other must be defined and classified in groups of compatibility; the
different groups of compatibility must be physically separated in the storage;

(c) wastes that are biodegradable;

(d) wastes that have a pungent smell;

(e) wastes that can generate a gas-air mixture which is toxic or explosive. This particularly refers to wastes that:

— cause toxic gas concentrations due to the partial pressures of their components,

— form concentrations when saturated within a container, which are higher than 10 % of the concentration

which corresponds to the lower explosive limit;

(f) wastes with insufficient stability to correspond to the geomechanical conditions;

(g) wastes that are auto-flammable or liable to spontaneous combustion under the storage conditions, gaseous

products, volatile wastes, wastes coming from collections in the form of unidentified mixtures;

(h) wastes that contain, or could generate, pathogenic germs of communicable diseases (already provided for by

Article 5(3)(c) of the Landfill Directive).

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2.2.

Lists of waste suitable for underground storage

Inert wastes, hazardous and non-hazardous wastes, not excluded by sections 2.1 and 2.2 may be suitable for
underground storage.

Member States may produce lists of wastes acceptable at underground storage facilities in accordance with the
classes given in Article 4 of the Landfill Directive.

2.3.

Site-specific risk assessment

Acceptance of waste at a specific site must be subject to site-specific risk assessment.

The site-specific assessments outlined in section 1.2 for the wastes to be accepted at an underground storage
should demonstrate that the level of isolation from the biosphere is acceptable. The criteria have to be fulfilled
under storage conditions.

2.4. Acceptance conditions

Wastes can be deposited only in an underground storage securely separated from mining activities.

Wastes that might react with each other must be defined and classified in groups of compatibility; the different
groups of compatibility must be physically separated in the storage.

3.

ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS: SALT MINES

3.1.

Importance of the geological barrier

In the safety philosophy for salt mines, the rock surrounding the waste has a two-fold role:

— it acts as host rock in which the wastes are encapsulated;

— together with the overlying and underlying impermeable rock strata (e.g. anhydrite), it acts as a geological
barrier intended to prevent groundwater entering the landfill and, where necessary, effectively to stop liquids
or gases escaping from the disposal area. Where this geological barrier is pierced by shafts and boreholes,
these must be sealed during operation to secure against ingress of water, and must be hermetically closed after
the underground landfill ceases to operate. If mineral extraction continues longer than the landfill operation,
the disposal area must, after the landfill has ceased operating, be sealed with a hydraulically impermeable dam
which is constructed according to the calculated hydraulically operative pressure corresponding to the depth,
so that water which may seep into the still operating mine cannot penetrate through to the landfill area;

— in salt mines, the salt is considered to provide total containment. The wastes will only make contact with the
biosphere in the case of an accident or an event in geological time such as earth movement or erosion (for
example, associated with sea-level rise). The waste is unlikely to change in storage, and the consequences of
such failure scenarios must be considered.

3.2.

Long-term assessment

The demonstration of long-term safety of underground disposal in a salt rock should be principally undertaken
by designating the salt rock as the barrier rock. Salt rock fulfils the requirement of being impermeable to gases
and liquids, of being able to encase the waste because of its convergent behaviour and of confining it entirely at
the end of the transformation process.

The convergent behaviour of the salt rock thus does not contradict the requirement to have stable cavities in the
operation phase. The stability is important, in order to guarantee the operational safety and in order to maintain
the integrity of the geological barrier over unlimited time, so that there is continued protection of the biosphere.
The wastes should be isolated permanently from the biosphere. Controlled subsidence of the overburden or other
defects over long time are acceptable only if it can be shown, that only rupture-free transformations will occur,
the integrity of the geological barrier is maintained and no pathways are formed by which water would be able
to contact the wastes or the wastes or components of the waste migrate to the biosphere.

4.

ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS: HARD ROCK

Deep storage in hard rock is here defined as an underground storage at several hundred metres depth, where hard
rock includes various igneous rocks, e.g. granite or gneiss, it may also include sedimentary rocks, e.g. limestone
and sandstone.

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4.1.

Safety philosophy

A deep storage in hard rock is a feasible way to avoid burdening future generations with the responsibility of the
wastes since it should be constructed to be passive and with no need for maintenance. Furthermore, the construc-
tion should not obstruct recovery of the wastes or the ability to undertake future corrective measures. It should
also be designed to ensure that negative environmental effects or liabilities resulting from the activities of present
generations do not fall upon future generations.

In the safety philosophy of underground disposal of wastes, the main concept is isolation of the waste from the
biosphere, as well as natural attenuation of any pollutants leaking from the waste. For certain types of hazardous
substances and waste, a need has been identified to protect the society and the environment against sustained
exposure over extended periods of time. An extended period of time implies several thousands of years. Such
levels of protection can be achieved by deep storage in hard rock. A deep storage for waste in hard rock can be
located either in a former mine, where the mining activities have come to an end, or in a new storage facility.

In the case of hard-rock storage, total containment is not possible. In this case, an underground storage needs to
be constructed so that natural attenuation of the surrounding strata mediates the effect of pollutants to the extent
that they have no irreversible negative effects on the environment. This means that the capacity of the near envir-
onment to attenuate and degrade pollutants will determine the acceptability of a release from such a facility.

The requirements of the EU Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) can only be fulfilled by demonstrating the
long-term safety of the installation (see section 1.2.7). The performance of a deep storage system must be assessed
in a holistic way, accounting for the coherent function of different components of the system. In a deep storage
in hard rock, the storage will reside below the groundwater table. Article 11(3)(j) of the Directive generally prohi-
bits the direct discharge of pollutants into groundwater. Article 4(1)(b)(i) of the Directive requires Member States
to take measures to prevent the deterioration of the status of all bodies of groundwater. For a deep storage in the
hard rock, this requirement is respected in that any discharges of hazardous substances from the storage will not
reach the biosphere,
in
amounts or concentrations that will cause adverse effects. Therefore the water flow paths to and in the biosphere
should be evaluated. The impact of variability on the geohydraulic system should assessed.

including the upper parts of the groundwater system accessible for the biosphere,

Gas formation may occur in deep storage in hard rock due to long-term deterioration of waste, packaging and
engineered structures. Therefore, this must be considered in the design of premises for a deep storage in hard
rock.

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OVERVIEW OF LANDFILLING OPTIONS PROVIDED BY THE LANDFILL DIRECTIVE

Appendix B

Introduction

Figure 1 gives an overview of the landfilling possibilities for waste provided by the Landfill Directive together with some
examples of subcategories of the main classes of landfills. The starting point (upper left corner) is a waste which should be
landfilled. In accordance with Article 6(a) of the Landfill Directive, some treatment is required prior to landfilling for most
wastes. The general definition of ‘treatment’ is relatively broad and to a large extent left to the competent authorities in the
Member States. It is assumed that the waste does not belong to any of the categories listed in Article 5(3) of the Landfill
Directive.

Inert-waste landfill

The first question to ask could be whether or not the waste is classified as hazardous. If the waste is not hazardous
(according to the Hazardous Waste Directive (91/689/EC) and the current waste list), the next question could be whether
or not the waste is inert. If it meets the criteria for waste to be landfilled at an inert landfill (class A, see figure 1 and table
1), the waste may be placed at an inert landfill.

Inert waste may alternatively be placed in landfills for non-hazardous waste provided it fulfils the appropriate criteria
(which it generally should).

Non-hazardous waste landfill, including subcategories

If the waste is neither hazardous nor inert, then it must be non-hazardous, and it should go to a landfill
for
non-hazardous waste. Member States may define subcategories of landfills for non-hazardous waste in accordance with
their national waste management strategies as long as the requirements of the Landfill Directive are met. Three major
subcategories of non-hazardous waste landfills are shown in figure 1: landfill for inorganic waste with low organic/biode-
landfill for organic waste (B2), and landfill for mixed non-hazardous waste with substantial
gradable content (B1),
contents of both organic/biodegradable and inorganic materials. Category B1 sites can be subdivided further into sites for
wastes that do not meet the criteria set out in section 2.2.2 for inorganic non-hazardous wastes that may be co-disposed
with stable, non reactive hazardous wastes (B1a) and sites for wastes that do meet those criteria (B1b). Category B2 sites
may, for example, be further subdivided into bioreactor landfills and landfills for less reactive, biologically treated waste.
Further subclassification of non-hazardous landfills may be desired by some Member States, and monofills and landfills
for solidified/monolithic waste may be defined within each subcategory (see the footnote below table 1). National
acceptance criteria may be developed by the Member States to ensure proper allocation of non-hazardous waste to the
various subcategories of non-hazardous waste landfills. If sub-classification of non-hazardous waste landfills is not desired,
all non-hazardous waste (subject of course to the provisions of Articles 3 and 5 of the Landfill Directive) may go to a
landfill for mixed non-hazardous waste (class B3).

Placement of stable, non-reactive hazardous waste in landfill for non-hazardous waste

If the waste is hazardous (according to Directive 91/689/EC and the current waste list), the treatment may have enabled
the waste to meet the criteria for placement of stable, non-reactive hazardous waste in non-hazardous waste landfills
within cells for inorganic waste with low organic/biodegradable content that meet the criteria in section 2.2.2 (class B1b).
The waste may be granular (rendered chemically stable) or solidified/monolithic.

Hazardous waste landfill

If the hazardous waste does not meet the criteria for placement in a class B1b landfill or cell for non-hazardous waste, the
next question could be whether or not it meets the criteria for acceptance at a landfill for hazardous waste (class C). If the
criteria are met, then the waste may be placed at a hazardous waste landfill.

If the criteria for acceptance at a hazardous waste landfill are not met, the waste may be subjected to further treatment
and tested again against the criteria, until they are met.

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Underground storage

Alternatively, the waste may be tested against the criteria for underground storage. If the criteria are met, the waste may
go to an underground storage facility for hazardous waste (landfill class DHAZ). If the underground storage criteria are not
met, the waste may be subjected to further treatment and tested again.

Although underground storage is likely to be reserved for special hazardous wastes, this subcategory may in principle be
used also for inert waste (class DINERT) and non-hazardous waste (class DNON-HAZ).

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Diagram showing the landfilling options provided by the Landfill Directive

Figure 1

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T a b l e 1

Overview of landfill classes and examples of subcategories

Landfill class

subcategories

(underground
Major
storage facilities, monofills and land-
fills for solidified, monolithic (*) waste
possible for all

landfill classes)

ID

Acceptance criteria

Landfill for inert waste

Landfill accepting inert waste

A

Criteria for leaching and for content of organic components
are set at EU level (section 2.1.2). Criteria for content of
inorganic components may be set at Member State level.

Landfill for non-hazardous
waste

Landfill for inorganic non-hazardous
waste with a low content of organic/
biodegradable matter, where
the
wastes do not meet the criteria set out
in section 2.2.2. for those inorganic
non-hazardous wastes that may be
landfilled together with stable, non-
reactive hazardous waste

B1a

Criteria for leaching and total content are not set at EU level

Landfill for inorganic non-hazardous
waste with a low content of organic/
biodegradable matter

B1b

Criteria for leaching and content of organics (TOC) and other
properties are set at EU level, common for granular non-
hazardous waste and for stable, non-reactive hazardous waste
(section 2.2). Additional stability criteria for the latter are to
be set at Member State level. Criteria for monolithic waste
must be set at Member State level

Landfill
waste

for organic non-hazardous

B2

Criteria for leaching and total content are not set at EU level

Landfill
for mixed non-hazardous
waste with substantial contents of
both organic/biodegradable waste and
inorganic waste.

B3

Criteria for leaching and total content are not set at EU level

Landfill
waste

for

hazardous

Surface landfill for hazardous waste

C

Criteria for leaching for granular hazardous waste and total
content of certain components have been laid down at EU
level (section 2.4). Criteria for monolithic waste must be set
at Member State level
Additional criteria on content of contaminants can be set at
MS level

Underground storage site

DHAZ

Special requirements at EU level are listed in Annex A

(*) Monolithic waste subcategories are only relevant for B1, C and DHAZ, and possibly A.