Proposal for a Council Directive amending Directive 77/388/EEC as regards the rules on the place of supply of electricity and gas
Date: 2002-12-05
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: electrical industry, gas industry, intra-EU trade, liberalisation of the market, single market

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES

Brussels, 5.12.2002
COM(2002)688 final

2002/0286 (CNS)

Proposal for a

COUNCIL DIRECTIVE

amending Directive 77/388/EEC as regards the rules on the place of supply of electricity
and gas

(presented by the Commission)

EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM

1.

INTRODUCTION

Following the establishment of the EU internal market, the electricity and gas market in the
Member States has been gradually liberalised in order to increase efficiency in this sector. The
legal
instrument for liberalisation of the electricity market at EU level was Directive
96/92/EC, concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity1. The Directive
98/30/EC2 providing an internal market for natural gas was adopted on 22 June 1998.

The European Council meeting in Lisbon on 23-24 March 2000 called for "rapid work" to
complete the internal market and asked "the Commission, the Council and the Member States,
each in accordance with their respective powers ... to speed up liberalisation in areas such as
gas, electricity ... The aim is to achieve a fully functional operational internal market in these
areas; the European Council will assess progress achieved when it meets next Spring on the
basis of a Commission report and appropriate proposals".

The Energy Council of 30 May 2000 stressed "the importance and urgency of the conclusions
reached at the Lisbon European Council" and invited the Commission "to present timely
proposals for further action". In the Commission Communication "Completing the Internal
Energy Market", the conclusion is reached that proposals aimed at completing the internal gas
and electricity markets can now be made to the Parliament and Council, which would not only
the
achieve this primary objective but also be compatible with, and contribute to,
Community's other relevant policies in this area. The proposal3 to amend Directives 96/92/EC
and 98/30/EC, which introduces a set of new measures to open up the gas and electricity
markets fully by 2005 for the benefit of European consumers, therefore meets the request of
the European Council and the Energy Council.

The liberalisation of these markets entails increasing deregulation as well as an increase in
cross-border trade between Member States. As a result of new EU and national measures a
considerable change in the operation of these markets is taking place.

In the traditional electricity market the major electricity generators, transmission system
operators and national and local distribution companies in most Member States were almost
completely state-owned. Generally speaking, the electricity market was mainly a national
market limited to trade within each country’s borders. The same can be said for the gas
market.

As a result of liberalisation, energy markets have ceased to be purely national and have started
to operate on a European basis. This implied the arrival of new market players such as power
exchanges, independent power producers, brokers and traders. The dominant position of the
state-owned companies, such as the large generators, is changing through privatisation and
mergers. In countries where liberalisation is in full process, changes in methods of doing
business and in the market place itself have been seen.

Increasing liberalisation of the gas and electricity distribution sector has led to an urgent need
for a review of the current VAT rules to ensure that they are compatible with the need for

1

2

3

96/92/EC, OJ L 27 of 30.01-97, p. 20
98/30/EC, OJ L 204 of 21.07.98, p.1
COM(2001) 125 final of 13 March 2001

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correct and simple taxation of such supplies. The new markets also bring new problems, such
as the question of the taxation of transmission costs.

2.

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED UNDER THE CURRENT RULES

2.1.

Place of supply

Under Article 5(2) of the Sixth VAT Directive4 electric current, gas, heat, refrigeration and
the like are considered tangible property. Consequently, as the supply of electricity and the
like is a supply of goods, the place of supply has to be determined in accordance with Article
8 of the Sixth VAT Directive. Until the liberalisation of the electricity and gas markets, the
question as to whether the supply fell under Article 8(1)(a) or 8(1)(b), supply with or without
transport, was not raised, because in almost all EU Member States the generation, distribution
and trade of electricity was a national matter and hence cross-border trade did not occur. The
incidental cross-border transactions were no cause for problems. Where a distributor made an
occasional cross-border supply, he would register in the other Member State.

In a liberalised market, the first question concerns the determination of the place of supply
with respect to cross-border transactions. According to Article 8(1)(a), the place of supply, if
electricity is dispatched or transported, is the place where electricity is at the time when
dispatch or transport to the person to whom it is supplied begins. If Article 8(1)(a) is not
applicable, the place of supply is where the goods are when the supply takes place.

However, the nature of electricity and gas makes it particularly difficult to determine the place
of supply. The physical flows do not coincide with the contractual relationship between the
seller and the buyer. If a generator in northern Europe sells electricity to a consumer in
southern Europe, this does not mean that the electrons produced by the generator will in fact
flow from north to south. In practice it is almost impossible, considering the characteristics of
electricity, to trace physically the flows of the electricity.

It might also be difficult to apply the rules for the place of supply because of differences in
the civil law of the Member States, resulting in different rules for determining the time and
place of supply, which could lead to differences of application.

If one assumes, however, that the supply of electricity and gas is a supply with dispatch, the
rules for intra-Community supply of goods (Article 28c) are applicable when the seller and
buyer are established in different Member States. This gives rise to another problem.

A taxable supply in the Member State of departure qualifies for an exemption when the
following conditions are met:
• The supply is effected for another taxable person acting as such in a Member State other

than the departure of the goods;

• The goods are dispatched or transported by or on behalf of the vendor or the purchaser

outside the territory of the Member State of departure but within the Community.

The supplier has to provide sufficient proof of the transport in order to obtain an exemption.
In general, it will be difficult to submit evidence of the dispatch or transport, from the
traditional point of view (transport documents, supporting records), since electricity is not
transported via traditional transport means (lorry, train, vessel).

4

77/388/EEC, OJ L 145 of 13.6.1977, p. 1

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These problems become even more complex if electricity or gas is sold in triangular
transactions.

2.2.

Transmission costs

According to Article 7 of Directive 96/92/EC Member States must designate a system
operator to be responsible for operating, ensuring the maintenance of, and, if necessary,
developing the transmission system in a given area and its interconnectors with other systems,
in order to guarantee security of supply. The system operator is responsible for managing
energy flows on the system, taking into account exchanges with other interconnected systems.
In case of import of electricity, the system operator allocates the available capacity.

The national system operator carries the cost of the network. This network is used for national
and international transport of electricity. Within the overall costs incurred by a Transmission
Systems Operator, an allocation is made of costs related to national transmission services and
to cross-border exchanges. Market participants who export electricity (established and non-
established traders) pay a fee covering the total network costs. This fee is in VAT terms the
consideration for a service. If the fee is charged to non-established traders, the place of supply
of these services becomes important. If this fee is considered as the payment for an intra-
community transport service, the VAT would be due in the Member State where the trader is
identified for VAT purposes. If, on the other hand, it is considered that the fee is charged to
provide access to the electricity distribution network,
the place of taxation would be
determined according to Article 9(1), namely the country where the systems operator is
established. Uncertainty as to which paragraph of Article 9 is applicable could lead to
differences in interpretation, resulting in double or non-taxation.

3.

GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE PROPOSED SOLUTION

The Commission concludes that applying the provisions of the current VAT system, in
particular the exemption for intra-Community supplies and the taxation of intra-Community
acquisitions to supplies of gas and electricity gives rise to unnecessary problems. The
Commission therefore proposes to amend the rules on the place of taxation in order to
facilitate the functioning of the internal market for energy. These new rules take into account
the specific nature of the goods involved, since this is the main reason why the current
arrangements for the taxation of supplies between traders established in different Member
States can not be applied properly. One basic principle for the VAT treatment of goods,
taxation following the place where the goods are physically located, is abandoned for these
supplies. Derogation from this principle is justified by the simple fact that it is in most cases
impossible to establish a link between the transaction and the physical flow of the goods.

The proposed solution results in the taxation of all supplies, before the final stage, at the place
where the customer has established his business or has a fixed establishment to which the gas
and electricity are supplied. To simplify taxation, this taxation principle will be combined
with a reverse charge mechanism if the supplier and the buyer are not established in the same
territory.

On the other hand, the proposed rules seek to ensure that the supply of gas and electricity at
the final stage, mainly from distributor to final consumers, will be taxed at the place where the
actual consumption takes place. This is necessary, because the consumption of energy does
not always take place where the final consumer is established or has his permanent address,
whereas the objective of the VAT system is to try to ensure that tax accrues to the Member

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State of final consumption. In practice, the place of use and enjoyment will be the place where
the gas and electricity are metered, which coincides often with the place where the final
consumer is established, has his permanent address or where he usually resides.

The result of these changes will be that all supplies of gas and electricity with a view to resale
(from the generator to the distributor) will be taxable in the country where the buyer is
located. The need for suppliers to register in other Member States will be avoided by an
obligatory reverse charge. On the other hand, for supplies directly to final consumers in
another Member State, whether or not they are taxable persons, generators and/or traders will,
in principle, have to register in the country where their customer is established. However, for
supplies to taxable persons, the Member State of consumption can opt, under the current
Article 21(1)(a) second subparagraph for the application of a reverse charge mechanism.

This proposal only seeks to cover the supply of electricity by cable and natural gas, including
liquefied natural gas (LNG), in pipelines. Gas traded in bottles will be subject to the existing
rules for taxation. The other intangible goods mentioned in Article 5(2) of the Sixth VAT
Directive, heat, refrigeration and the like are very unlikely to be traded between Member
States to any significant degree and are certainly not subject to intracommunity supplies.
Therefore they are not included in Article 8(1)(d) and (e).

As a consequence of the change to the rules for the place of supply, an exemption for
importation is introduced. Finally, the place of supply of some services directly connected to
the supply of gas and electricity is changed. The provision of access to and the provision of
transport or transmission by electricity and gas channels is included in Article 9(2)(e).

4.

PROPOSED CHANGES SET OUT IN ARTICLE 1

4.1.

Article 1.1.: changes to Article 5

As mentioned above, this proposal seeks to cover the supply of electricity by cable and
natural gas, including liquefied natural gas (LNG), in pipelines. The rules established by this
Directive for natural gas are also intended to apply to biogas and gas from biomass or other
types of gas in so far as such gases can technically and safely be injected into, and transported
through the natural gas distribution system5. A definition of natural gas is included in Article
5(2).

4.2.

Article 1.2.: changes to Article 8

Article 5(1) provides that the supply of a good shall mean the transfer of a right to dispose of
tangible property as an owner. Article 5(2) provides that electric current and gas are
considered as tangible property. Consequently, any change of the rules on the place of
taxation, requires an amendment of Article 8, the article governing the rules on the place of
taxation of supply of goods.

The proposed amendments of Article 8 make a distinction between those supplies of gas or
electricity which are made with a view to resale, and those which are or not. In the latter case,
the gas and electricity are considered to be purchased for consumption.

5

This definition is in accordance with Article 1 of the amended proposal for a Directive amending
Directive 98/30/EC

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In Article 8(1), a new subparagraph (d) is inserted, according to which the place of supply of
electricity and natural gas is deemed to be the place where the customer (EU or non-EU
business customer) has established his business or has a fixed establishment to which the gas
or electricity is supplied.

The scope of this provision is limited to taxable persons who, in the course of their economic
activity, purchase or import electricity or natural gas with a view to resale. This limits the
application to generators and general traders, who do not sell gas and electricity to final
private consumers. In order to use this provision the supplier has to have some proof of the
intention to resell the goods. As there are only a limited number of players in this field, the
evidence as to the use of the gas and electricity by these businesses is not expected to cause
problems.

When an EU generator sells electricity to a customer outside the EU, the place of supply is
outside the Community. This transaction is not subject to taxation in the EU. However, a
subsequent sale to another trader established in the EU will be subject to VAT in the Member
State where the buyer is registered.

For these transactions, in contrast with an export under Article 15 of the Sixth VAT Directive,
no additional conditions other than the proof that the buyer has established his business
outside the EU can be requested. For these cases, the same elements accepted by the national
administrations to prove that a service mentioned in Article 9(2)(e) takes place outside the
Community, should be sufficient. The same reasoning applies to supplies that are taxable in
another Member State. Because the place of supply will be the place where the customer is
established, those transactions are not to be mentioned in the recapitulative statements,
covered by Article 22(6)(b).

Finally, a new subparagraph (e) is inserted in Article 8(1) to cover the supply of electricity
and natural gas, which does not fall under the scope of Article 8(1)(d).

According to this provision, the supply of natural gas and electricity in the final stage, that is
from distributor to final consumer, will be taxed at the place where the customer has the
effective use and enjoyment of the natural gas and electricity. This provision ensures that the
supply is taxed at the place where the actual consumption takes place.

For distributors that are not established in the country where their customers consume the gas
and electricity, registration could be necessary. Where the customers are solely taxable
persons no registration will be required, if the Member State in which the customer is
established designates the person to whom the taxable supply is made as the person liable to
pay tax.

4.3.

Article 1.3.: changes to Article 9(2)(e)

Formerly, the cost of transport or transmission was included in the price of the electricity
supplied. The amount invoiced to the customer was deemed to correspond in full to the
delivery made and followed the system applicable to purchases and sales. Since the provision
of transport or transmission services in the EU can be and is separated from the delivery of
energy, this service is increasingly being invoiced separately from the supply of the goods.

To date Member States have taken different positions on the tax treatment of such separate
supplies. In some Member States payments for the (cross-border) transmission of electricity
through a cable are considered to be made for the use of the cable and are considered to

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constitute compensation for services connected with immovable property. These services are
consequently taxed at the place where the cable is located. Others defend the position that
these costs are transport costs and should be taxed according to Article 9(2)(b) and Article
28b(C).

In order to harmonise and simplify the taxation of the costs of access and use of the
distribution networks, the Commission proposes to include the provision of access to and the
provision of transport or transmission by electricity and gas channels under the scope of
Article 9(2)(e). When these services are performed for customers outside the Community and
for taxable persons established in the Community, but not in the same country as the supplier,
the place of supply of these services is the place of establishment of the customer.

4.4.

Article 1.4.: changes to Article 14

In meshed networks, such as the interconnected transmission system on the European
continent, a cross-border power exchange between two countries (that originates from
additional power in country A and correspondingly reduced power in country B) does not
only result in power flows between these two countries. According to the physical laws
governing the flow of electricity (the electrical flow prefers the way of ‘least resistance’),
some of the additional power flows through other countries, including countries that are not
part of the European Community. Since the flows of electricity are measured at the borders,
these flows should result in an import under Article 7, even though there is not necessarily a
link between this import and the supply which originated the flow of electricity.

As the rules for the place of supply of electricity and gas are changed, the supply by third
country generators and traders to distributors and final consumers in the EU will under all
circumstances be taxable in the EU. Without changes to Article 14 of the Sixth VAT
Directive in cases of actual import, there is also the risk of double taxation (at import and on
the supply).

To avoid these problems, the import of gas and electricity should be exempted with a right of
deduction. A new Article 14(1)(k) is inserted that exempts the final importation of electricity
and natural gas in pipelines.

4.5.

Article 1.5.: changes to Article 21

The change to the place of supply is of no value if it is not combined with an obligatory
reverse charge. Otherwise every supplier who deals with traders in another Member State
would still be obliged to register in up to 15 Member States.

A new Article 21(1)(f) is therefore inserted which makes the following persons liable to pay
VAT: the persons who are identified for value added tax purposes within the territory of the
country to whom goods covered by (new) Article 8(1)(d) are supplied, if the supplies are
carried out by a taxable person established in another country. This provision covers all
supplies that take place under Article 8(1)(d), both supplied by taxable persons in other
Member States and by taxable persons in third countries. However, this proposed provision
only applies to supplies covered by Article 8(1)(d), namely the supplies of electricity and
natural gas in pipelines with a view to resale.

On the contrary, the current rules of Article 21(1)(a) are applicable to supplies of electricity
and natural gas in pipelines covered by (new) Article 8(1)(e). This concerns supplies made for
consumption and not with a view to resale. Under Article 21(1)(a), the taxable person

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carrying out the supply is the person liable to pay the tax. However, for supplies made by a
taxable person not established within the territory of the country, the Member State where the
supply takes place can designate the person to whom the taxable supply is carried out, as the
person liable to pay the tax.

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2002/0286 (CNS)

Proposal for a

COUNCIL DIRECTIVE

amending Directive 77/388/EEC as regards the rules on the place of supply of electricity
and gas

THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,

Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Article
93 thereof,

Having regard to the proposal from the Commission6,

Having regard to the opinion of the European Parliament7,

Having regard to the opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee8,

Whereas:

(1)

(2)

(3)

6

7

8

9

10

Increasing liberalisation of the gas and electricity sector, aimed at completing the
internal market for electricity and natural gas, has revealed a need to review the
current VAT rules on the place of supply of those goods, set out in Council Directive
77/388/EEC of 17 May 1977 on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member States
relating to turnover taxes - Common system of value added tax: uniform basis of
assessment9, in order to modernise and simplify the operation of the VAT system
within the context of the internal market, a strategy to which the Commission is
committed10.

Electricity and gas are treated as goods for VAT purposes, and, accordingly, the place
of their supply with respect to cross-border transactions has to be determined in
accordance with Article 8 of Directive 77/388/EEC. However, since electricity and gas
are difficult to track physically it is particularly difficult to determine the place of
supply under the current rules.

In order to attain a real internal market for electricity and gas without VAT obstacles,
the place of supply of electricity and of natural gas in pipelines, before the goods reach
the final stage of consumption, should be determined to be the place where the
customer has established his business.

OJ C , , p. .
OJ C , , p. .
OJ C , , p. .
OJ L145,13.6.1977,p.1.Directive as last amended by Directive 2002/38/EC ( OJ L 128, 15.5.2002,p.41)
Com(2000)348 final

9

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

The supply of electricity and gas in the final stage, from traders and distributors to
final consumer, should be taxed at the place where the customer has effective use and
enjoyment of the goods, in order to ensure that taxation takes place in the country
where actual consumption takes place.

Electricity and gas are supplied through distribution networks, to which network
operators provide access. In order to avoid double or non-taxation, it is necessary to
harmonise the rules governing the place of supply of
the transmission and
transportation services. Access to and use of the distribution networks should therefore
be added to the list of specific instances set out in Article 9, paragraph 2 of Directive
77/388/EEC.

The final importation of electricity and of natural gas in pipelines should be exempted
in order to avoid double taxation.

Those changes in the rules governing the place of supply for electricity and for natural
gas in pipelines, where the goods are intended for resale, need to be combined with a
compulsory reverse charge.

(8)

Directive 77/388/EEC should therefore be amended accordingly,

HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:

Article 1

Directive 77/388/EEC is hereby amended as follows:

(1) In Article 5(2), the following subparagraph is added:

"For the purposes of this Directive natural gas shall include liquefied natural gas and
biogas and gas from biomass or other types of gas in so far as such gases can
technically and safely be injected into, and transported through, the natural gas
distribution system."

(2) In Article 8(1), the following points (d) and (e) are added:

“d. in the case of the supply of electricity or of natural gas in pipelines to a taxable
person who, in the course of his economic activity, purchases or imports electricity
or natural gas with a view to resale: the place where the customer has established his
business or has a fixed establishment to which the goods are supplied.

e. in the case of the supply of electricity or of natural gas in pipelines, where such a
supply is not covered by point (d): the place where the customer has effective use
and enjoyment of the goods.”

(3) In Article 9(2)(e), the following indent is inserted after the eighth indent:

“- the provision of access to, and of transport or transmission through, electricity and
gas distribution networks.”

(4) In Article 14(1), the following point (k) is added:

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“k. final importation of electricity and of natural gas in pipelines.”

(5) In Article 21(1), in the version set out in Article 28g, the following point (f) is
added:

“f. persons who are identified for value added tax purposes within the territory of the
country to whom goods covered by Article 8(1)(d) are supplied, if the supplies are
carried out by a taxable person established in another Member State or in a third
country.”

Article 2

Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions
necessary to comply with this Directive by at the latest. They shall forthwith inform the
Commission thereof.

When Member States adopt those provisions, they shall contain a reference to this Directive
or be accompanied by such a reference on the occasion of their official publication. Member
States shall determine how such reference is to be made.

This Directive shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in
the Official Journal of the European Communities.

Article 3

Article 4

This Directive is addressed to the Member States.

Done at Brussels,

For the Council
The President

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IMPACT ASSESSMENT FORM

THE IMPACT OF THE PROPOSAL ON BUSINESS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE
TO SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES( SMEs)

TITLE OF PROPOSAL

Proposal for a Council Directive amending Directive 77/388/EEC as regards the rules on the
place of supply of electricity and gas.

DOCUMENT REFERENCE NUMBER

THE PROPOSAL

1.

Taking account of the principle of subsidiarity, why is Community legislation
necessary in this area and what are its main aims?

To obtain a real internal market for gas and electricity, it is necessary to adjust the
VAT rules on the place of taxation. This legislation simplifies taxation as all supplies
of electricity and natural gas, before the final stage, will be taxable at the place where
the customer has established his business.

THE IMPACT ON BUSINESS

2.

Who will be affected by the proposal?

– which sectors of business

The gas and electricity generators, distributors and traders.

– which sizes of business (what is the concentration of small and medium-sized

firms)

In general, these changes will only affect large enterprises.

–

are there particular geographical areas of the Community where these businesses
are found

No. However, these changes will particularly affect those Member States where the
liberalisation of the gas and electricity markets is further developed.

3.

What will business have to do to comply with the proposal?

Business will have no additional obligations. This legislation will create more
certainty on the place of taxation and therefore simplify the application of the rules.

4.

What economic effects is the proposal likely to have?

–

on employment

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–

–

on investment and the creation of new businesses

on the competitiveness of businesses.

The main effect of the proposal is the simplification of the VAT rules for the gas and
electricity trade. By removing existing obstacles, such as the need to registrer for
VAT purposes in other Member States, the competitiveness of European business
will improve.

5.

Does the proposal contain measures to take account of the specific situation of small
and medium-sized firms (reduced or different requirements etc.)?

No.

CONSULTATION

6.

List the organisations which have been consulted about the proposal and outline their
main views.

Eurelectric.

European Federation of Electricity Traders.

Energy Participants Indirect Tax Forum.

The solution presented by the Commission was welcomed by the gas and electricity
traders.

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