DG JRC : Directorate-General : Joint Research Centre : European Commission : Annual report 2001.
Date: 2002-09-10
Institutions: Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, Joint Research Centre
Subjects: European Commission, Joint Research Centre, activity report, research policy

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Directorate­General 
JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE 
European Commission 

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ANNUAL  REPORT 

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EUROPEAN COMMISSION 

JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE 

Report EUR 20245 EN 

European Commission 
Joint Research Centre (DG JRC) 

Contact: 

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Fax:  +32  2 299  63  22 

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E-mail: jrc-info@cec.eu.int 
http://www.jrc.cec.eu.int/ 

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Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2002 

ISBN  92-894-3565-8 

©  European Communities, 2002 

Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. 

Graphic design and layout:  R.Sánchez  ·  Information and  Public Relations  Unit  ·  )RC Ispra 

Printed in Italy 

c¿J U 

Directorate-General 
JOINT  RESEARCH  CENTRE 
European Commission 

A N N U AL 

R E P O RT 
S  O  O  1 

Report EUR 20245  EN 

Contents 

Foreword from the Commissioner for Research 

Comments from the Chairman of the Board of Governors 

Message from the Director-General 

Observations from the Board of Governors 

New structure, new focus 

Key achievements 

■ Water is Essential 
■ Climate Change 
■ Fire: A threat to European Forests 
■ BSE 
■ Animal Traceability 
■ Genetically Modified Organisms [GMOs] 
■ Safety of Chemicals 
■ Alpha-immunotherapy 
■ Nuclear Forensics 
■ Cybersecu rity 
■ The electronic-Payment Systems Observatory 

4 
5 
6 
S 
10 
11 
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11 
12 
13 
14 
14 
15 
15 
16 
17 
17 

Highlights of the JRC Institutes 18 

■ Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements [IRMM] 18 
■ Institute for Transuranium Elements [ITU] 18 
■ Institute for Energy [IE] 19 
■ Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen [IPSC] 1 9 
■ Institute for Environment and Sustainability [IES] 20 
■ Institute for Health and Consumer Protection [IHCP] 20 
■ Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS] 21 

Supporting EU policy 22 

■ Thematic priorities 23 
■ The Work Programme 2 0 01 24 
■ Contributing to European standardisation 24 
■ The quest for excellence 24 

- A benchmarked organisation 25 
- Research benchmarking in Europe ■ 25 

■ Total Quality Management 25 
■ Women and Science 25 

Contributing to the European Research Area 26 

■ Networking 26 
■ Research training and mobility 26 

Progressing support to EU enlargement 27 

■ Progressive opening up of the JRC programme 27 

- Hosting and training staff from applicant countries 27 

^- Research collaboration 27 

- Enhancing communication 27 

Strengthening international relations 28 

- Global dimension 28 
■ Nuclear issues 28 

Managing technology transfer 29 

■ Spin-offs 29 
■ Descartes finalist 29 

The JRC in figures [I] 30 
Statutory Staff 30 
Collaborative Staff with Member States and Third Countries 30 
Equal opportunities 30 
Budget (budget and expenses - institutional activities] 31 
Competitive activities 31 
Publications 31 

The JRC in figures [II] 32 

Appendices 34 

Foreword from 
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I have been pleased with the efforts the JRC has made 
over the last year to concentrate resources more on 
its core tasks and ensure that its work is driven by 
customer demand, with a clear­cut service orientation. 
A significant proportion of Community legislation is 
science­based. We must make all possible efforts to 
ensure that the science supporting it is of the highest 
quality. In this regard, the JRC, supported by an exten­
sive networking structure, can help to play an impor­
tant role in ensuring that effective and reliable scien­
tific support is given to Community policy­making. 

The JRC will support a European system of reference for 
science and technology, by targeting its resources on: 

As a European research organisation, the JRC will need 
to play its part in creating a European Research Area in 
so far as it can providea platform generating real added 
Community value from networking and scientific col­
laboration. The proposals for the Sixth Framework Pro­
gramme recognise the contribution the JRC can make 
to integrated research training­ its facilities should be 
used to provide access for young researchers and ensure 
regular exchange of researchers with Member States 
and applicant countries in a multidisciplinary scientific 
setting. I am keen to ensure that the large J RC facilities 
are more intensively and widely used, including for 
reference measurement and fundamental research. 

■ developing reference materials and methods, common 

databases and information exchange systems; 

I am confident that, under its new Director­General, 
the JRC will make a valuable contribution to the cre­
ation of the European Research Area. 

■ validating methods in key policy areas such as the 

environment and food safety. 

Philippe Busquin 
Research Commissioner 

omments  from  the  Chairman  o 
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The year  2001 marked  the  onset  of  a  period  of  pro 
found change for the JRC involving the restructuring of 
Institutes and concentration of activities. The changes 
were achieved with the  active support  and collabora 
tion  of  the  staff  and  their  representatives.  I am  also 
pleased to  recognise the strong effort  being made to 
develop a service culture  in the organisation. This, in 
my view, has significantly contributed to the improved 
attitude of the Council and Parliament towards the JRC 
and indeed of those  Directorates-General of the Com 
mission that  receive scientific support from the JRC. 

The new Director-General, Barry McSweeney, took up 
his post last April. Since his first day on the job, Barry 
brought  along his  characteristic  energy  and enthusi 
asm to work  with  all the  members of staff  in order to 
shape the JRC of the years to  come. He distinguished 
himself  by the drive and confidence  he showed in the 
ability of the organisation to adapt to the  needs of its 
key customers and to provide the best possible scien 
tific  and technical  support  to  Community  policy  mak 
ing and, in particular, to the creation of the  European 
Research Area. 

The structure of the Board of Governors itself changed; 
a  number  of  working  groups  were  created  aiming  at 
linking the Board more closely to the strategy and op 
eration  of the  JRC Institutes. This  process  of  change 
proved  particularly  fruitful as the advice  of the  Board 
to the Director-General on strategic decisions was con 
sistently  taken  up  by  the  JRC management.  This en 
hanced the  effective support of the  Board for manage 
ment decisions  and the strategic  direction  of the JRC. 
I welcome the emphasis the JRC is putting on support 
ing the enlargement process. Support for the European 
Research Area and for enlargement are indeed vital ac 
tivities very appropriate to the function of the JRC. 

The Board looks forward to the development and con 
solidation of all these changes in 2002. 

Fernando Aidana 

ZhìAsL·). bUu-

f r om  t he  Director-General 

The year  2001 was a year  of change  and focusing for 
the  JRC, change  brought  about  through  a process  of 
aligning our Institute  activities to  Community  policies 
in order to give the best added value to our main cus 
tomers. As a result, we  replaced the  Institute  for Ad 
vanced  Materials  with  the  Institute  for  Energy,  and 
fused activities of the Space Applications Institute into 
the  Institute  for  Environment  and  Sustainability  and 
the Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citi 
zen. It was  also a tough  year as we had to  accommo 
date a 175-post reduction following the  recommenda 
tion  of the  Commission  Expert Group. These  changes 
have been successfully implemented with the support 
of all staff including the staff representatives. 

QQ 

Developing a service culture and attending to customer 
demands have become the main drivers of JRC activity. 
All JRC projects  now have the endorsement  of its cus 
tomers. A High-Level Users Group consistingof the Di 
rectors-General  of all Commission  services  using JRC 
work  has  been  established  and  meets  regularly  to 
steer and monitor the orientation of our activities. We 
will  ensure  that  research  institutes  in  the  Member 
States  are  included  in  our  projects.  In  this  way,  the 
knowledge  base enabling the JRC to support Commu 
nity  policy  effectively  will  be  as  comprehensive  and 
well-grounded as possible. 

Ensuring  that  the  science  produced  by  the  JRC and 
used in the service of ELT policy is of the highest quality 
is a key objective. Seeking high scientific quality certi 
fied  by rigorous peer review and benchmarking of the 
JRC scientific  output  and  the  management  processes 
that lead to it, against the output of comparable organ 
isations in the EU, were two of the initiatives undertaken 
in the course of 2001. 

Defining the customer  need for  everything we do is at 
the heart of project prioritisation. In our drive towards 
higher  cost-effectiveness,  all  our  activities  are  being 
reviewed with a critical eye on the actual need for JRC 
action.  A  process  of  project  integration  has  already 
commenced aiming at providing better scientific value 
for  money  in  key Community  policy  areas. All  our fu 
ture projects will meet strict criteria of EU added value 
and non-duplication of Member State effort. 

Special emphasis  has been put on supporting the en 
largement  process.  Several  of  our  projects  were  ex 
tended  to  include  applicant  countries  and  we  have 
modified  our  approaches  to  tackle  the  specific  prob 
lems these  countries  face  in our  domain  of work. We 
have foreseen  specific  instruments  aimed  at  efficient 
exchange  of  knowledge  and  provision  of  specialised 
training in scientific methods and techniques to facili 
tate the enforcement  of the  "acquis  communautaire" 
in key Community policy areas. 

In closing, I would  like to thank  the JRC Directors and 
staff, the Board of Governors and Commissioner Busquin 
for  their  encouragement  and  support  in  the  work  of 
the JRC duringthis  period of change. 

Barry McSweeney 

The JRC strongly supports the development of the Euro 
pean  Research Area. Our extensive  network  base, in 
volving 200O external  research  groups, and our com 
mitment  to  research  training  are  essential  in  this 
respect. We will  continue  to  invest  in  exploratory  re 
search projects in selected areas, as this is vital for our 
scientific credibility as well as being an instrument en 
hancing our capability to  provide scientific  support to 
future policy needs. A key facet of our activities will be 
to  provide  research  training for  young  scientists  and 
scientific  staff  of  competent  authorities  from  the EU 
and  applicant  countries  through  a mix  of  short-term 
visits,  research  cooperation  and  hosting  PhD  and 
post-doctoral level research. In addition, the JRC's own 
staff is strongly encouraged to spend limited periods of 
time  in the service of other  Commission  Directorates-
General or relevant organisations in the Member States. 

©-

Observations from the Board of Governors 

The year 2001 marked the onset of a period of pro­
found change for the JRC involving a stronger orientation 
towards its customers and users, the concentration 
and focusing of activities, enhanced collaboration with 
the Member States, the opening up and networking 
with other organisations, and the monitoring and 
benchmarking of scientific quality. 

In this context, the Board wishes to make the follow­
ing observations on the 2001 Annual Report of the JRC: 

■ The JRC 2001 Annual Report shows in its new format 
a consolidated corporate ¡mage that serves as an 
improved communication tool with its customers 
and users. 

These changes are in line with the combined conclu­
sions of the various external and internal evaluation 
exercises carried out in 2000 and 2001 (i.e. the Scientific 
Audit, the Five Year Assessment, Peer Group report, 
Davignon report, Activities Prioritisation Audit, the 
benchmarking initiative and the Total Quality Manage­
ment exercise), as well as the objectives given by 
Commission Communications COM (2001) 714 final, 
COM (2001) 594 final and COM (2000) 612 final. 

Nuclear safety and other energy­related activities 
have been concentrated at the JRC site in Petten, 
within the new Institute for Energy. Two new insti­
tutes, the Institute for Environment and Sustainabil­
ity (IES) and the Institute for the Protection and Se­
curity of the Citizen (IPSC), were created in order to 
integrate and focus the activities of the former 
Space Applications Institute (SAI), the Environme 
Institute (El) and the Institute for Systems, Informai 
ics and Safety (ISIS). The Board recognises the effort! 
made by the JRC to increase the coherence of its ael 
tivities in line with its mission. It acknowledges that 
changes were achieved with the active support and 
collaboration of the staff and their representatives. 
However, a job satisfaction survey of the staff carried 
out in the framework of Total Quality Managemen 
has also revealed challenges, which the Board en 
courages the management to address. 

Panoramic view of the High Flux Reactor 
Horizontal Beam Tube Facilities. 

Ρ 

■ The Board was involved in the selection and appoint­
ment of the new Director­General, Barry McSweeney, 
and three new Directors heading the Science Strat­
egy Directorate, Resources Directorate and the Insti­
tute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP). The 
Board looks forward to continuing the good collabo­
rative relationships already developed with the new 
JRC managementteam. 

The operational procedures of the Board of Gover­
nors have also been adapted to enhance its contri­
bution to the JRC corporate strategy and main lines 
of activities. Four working groups of the Board have 
thus been created: Strategy and Finance; Food, 
Chemicals and Health; Environment and Sustain­
ability; and Energy. The aim is to improve interaction 
of Member States and applicant countries with the 
JRC management and the Institute Directors. The ex­
perience has proven successful and should continue 
to be further developed. 

■ The Board of Governors appreciates the efforts of 
the JRC to achieve the highest scientific quality 
through internal and external reviews and through 
benchmarking with other organisations. 

­ The JRC has undertaken preparatory work in 2001 

with the aim of contributing to the creation of the Euro­
pean Research Area. The Board will continue to sup­
port this process and will collaborate with the JRC 
management to define strategic objectives and ac­
tions in this regard, including mechanisms for net­
working, the implementation of a Common Scientific 
Reference System, the contribution to the EU En­
largement process, and enhancing the role of the 
JRC in research training through its facilities. 

■ The Board of Governors encourages the JRC man­

agement to continue to improve gender balance and 
to make the JRC a family friendly and equal opportun­
ity organisation. It supports the efforts of the "JRC 
Women and Science Network" in this respect. 

Strong efforts are being made to develop a service 
culture in the organisation. In this respect, the con­
tribution of the new High Level Users Group and its 
importance for JRC governance is acknowledged. 

The Board will use its endeavours to enhance the pro­
gression and consolidation of these changes in 2002 
and beyond. 

&-

N ew structure, new focus 

The Joint Research Centre is one of the two Directorates­
General of the European Commission underthe respon­
sibility of Research Commissioner, Philippe Busquin. 
Its mission is to provide scientific and technical support 
to Community policy making through its own research 
and through bringing together the research capabili­
ties of its extensive scientific networks. 

In addition to the High­Level Users Group, the JRC 
Board of Governors provides an increasingly effective 
link between the JRC research strategy and the priorit­
ies of EU Member States. The Board of Governors con­
sists of one representative of each EU Member State, as 
listed in the appendices. 

The period 2001­2002 is a time of change for the JRC. 
Within the last year the number of JRC Institutes was 
reduced from eight to seven. The remaining Institutes 
were restructured resulting in the creation of three new 
ones: the Institute for the Protection and Security of 
the Citizen, the Institute for Environment and Sustain­
ability and the Institute for Energy. Consequently, 
there was a reduction in the overall number of units. 

Our main objective for the year 2002 will be the con­
solidation of these changes in order to render the JRC 
operation more efficient and to further focus its cus­
tomer­driven activities. In this context, a High­Level 
Users Group comprising the Directors­General of all 
Commission services supported by the JRC scientific 
work and chaired by the JRC Director­General was set 
up in July 2001. The Group regularly reviews the top 
priorities for scientific support to EU policy­making so 
that the work programme of the JRC can properly reflect 
those priorities. 

The JRC management includes Director­General Ban 
McSweeney, Deputy Director­General Hugh Richards 
and a team of Directors (appendices). 

Several new key elements are being introduci 
JRC operation in order to reinforce its role as provider 
of scientific and technological support t< 
policy making and as a catalyst for scientific and re­
search networking and integration in Europe. They in­
clude: 

■ building up a significant number of mobile young 

scientific staff who work at the J RC for limited periods 
of time, 

■ enhancing the training capacity of the JRC and inte­
grating research training into its research work pro­
gramme. Special emphasis is put on the needs of 
applicant countries in designing and implementing 
the research training programme, 

■ promoting greater transparency and simplification 

of administrative procedures, 

promoting staff exchange with other Commission 
services. This will also be extended to research or­
ganisations in the Member States. 

Control system for the hydrogen 
fuel-tank testing facility. 

■A 

Core of the High Flux Reactor. 

Key  achievements 

Water is Essential 

Fresh water is crucial for human and ecosystem health, 
a threatened commodity  in  Europe, and  a major  con 
sideration for economic growth. Recognising the need 
to  protect  fresh water  in  Europe, the  EU adopted  the 
Water Framework  Directive in late 2000. The directive 
is now being implemented in the  Member States, with 
significant  technical  and  scientific  support  from  the 
JRC. It introduces the watershed approach, which aims 
at evaluating all activities in the river basin and the im 
pact  on inland  and coastal waters with  respect to eco 
logical and human health. 

In 2001, the JRC assisted DG Environment in setting up 
the  scientific  and  technical  working  groups  required 
by  Community  legislation.  It  also  contributes  to  the 
analytical  and  monitoring activities  on  priority chem 
icals as part of the Water Framework Directive, and co 
ordinates  pilot  testing of  river  basins  for  compliance 
purposes.  In  addition,  the  JRC provides  expertise  in 
ecological  quality  assessment  of  surface  waters  and 
development of inter-calibration of water analyses for 
regulatory  purposes  in  the  Member  States.  In these 
endeavours, the JRC works in close collaboration with 
the  national  and  regional  competent  authorities  in 
Member  States, and with  other  services  of  the Com 
mission. The aim is to harmonise  efforts  towards sus 
tainable  management,  use  and  protection  of  EU's 
common fresh-water resources. The JRC research con 
tributes  to  reducing  uncertainty,  providing  referem 
measurements and protocols, and linking space, land 
and water observation strategies. 

Climate Change 

On the  international  scene, 2001 has  been  a year  of 
paramount  importance  for  climate  change.  In the re 
search arena, the Intergovernmental  Panel on Climate 
Change (IPCC) published  its Third Assessment  Report 
(TAR),  stating  that  "most  of  the  observed  warming 
over the last 50 years is likely to  have been due to the 
increase  in  greenhouse  gas  concentrations".  In  the 
policy arena, the meetings in Bonn and Marrakesh suc 
ceeded in translating the Kyoto Protocol into legal text 
that is now ready for ratification. This year the JRC has 
been  actively  involved  in  the  process. JRC scientists 
acted  as Lead Author  and Contributing Author  in  the 
IPCC TAR. They contributed to chapters dealing with the 
role of atmospheric  chemistry and aerosols in climate 
change, areas where they  have strong competencies. 

Preserving water quality. 

IPCC TAR identifies major uncertainties related to aero 
sol climate effects, which prevent accurate  predictions 
je.  It also  points  to  the  role  of 
aerosols  in  air  pollution, acid  deposition,  and  health 
and hence to the relationship between climate change 
issues and conventional air pollution. 

The  importance  of  atmospheric  chemistry  and  aero 
sols in climate studies was highlighted  at the Sympo 
sium  "A Changing Atmosphere" organised  by I ES and 
DG Research, which  took  place  in  Turin  during  Sep 
tember 2001. This attracted 250 scientists from Europe 
and beyond. Duringthe symposium an evening session 
was  organised,  open  to  the  general  public,  in  which 
Commissioner Philippe Busquin debated with key rep 
resentatives from research and industry what is effect 
ively being done about climate change. 

During 2001, the JRC set up collaboration with DG  Envi 
ronment, the European Environment Agency (EEA) and 
the Member States to study and improve the quality of 
CO2  sequestration  estimates  in  the  biosphere  (the 
"sink")· This is currently  of  key importance, since the 
Bonn and Marrakesh Accords allow Parties to use C02 
sequestration  in  the  biosphere  as  a way  to  comply 
with  the  Kyoto  Protocol  greenhouse  gas  reduction 
targets. It is believed that  most of the  5.2% reduction 
required by the  Protocol will be achieved  by appropri 
ately  managing  the  biosphere  sink.  However,  huge 
methodological problems  plague sink measurements, 
and many inconsistencies  exist in approaches between 
the Member States. Parallel to its work with DG Environ 
ment,  EEA and the  Member  States, the  IES continues 
its  strong  collaboration  with  the  CarboEurope  initia 
tive of DG Research which aims at a scientifically sound 
verification system for greenhouse gas emissions and 
sinks that would have EU-wide  applicability. 

11 

Fire: A threat to European Forests 

Every year, on average, 50,000 forest fires occur in the EU 
Mediterranean region, burning more than half a million 
hectares  of forested  areas. Often  fire  damage  is irre 
versible  due to the fragile  condition  of some  Mediter 
ranean  ecosystems.  The  European  Commission  and 
the EU Member States spend millions of euro tryingto 
mitigate forest fire damage. 

The JRC is  working  with  the  Member  States  and  the 
relevant  EC Directorates-General for  Environment  and 
Agriculture to improve fire prevention and fire damage 
evaluation. The Permanent Network of National Corres 
pondents (PNNC) ofthe  MemberStates  recognises the 
need for the evaluation of forest fire impacts at the Euro 
pean  scale. In  response to this  need, since  1999, the 
JRC has  had  a strong  liaison  with  the  fire  prevention 
and firefighting services at the EU and national levels. 
The JRC is  also  part  of a scientific  network  that  deals 
with the development and implementation of methods 
to  compute  fire  risk  and  evaluate  fire  damage.  It  is 
through  the further  expansion of these  networks  that 
the JRC aims to  contribute  to  the  development  of the 
European Research Area in this  field. 

Fire  prevention  is  based on the  use of  forest  fire  risk 
maps, which  are  used  for  determining  areas  at  high 
risk  of  fire, and  consequently  for  planning  strategies 
to  minimise fire  damage. These strategies include the 
allocation of aerial means, ground machinery, and human 
resources. The knowledge of fire risk is important  not 
only at the national, but also at international level, be 
cause forest fires often cross national boundaries. 

During  2001, periodic  meetings  were  held  with  net 
works  of  national  experts  on  fires  from  the  Member 
States  to  evaluate  the  requirements  of  the  users  in 
terms of products, formats, frequency of deliverables, 
etc. Based on the needs ofthe  MemberStates, the JRC 
initiated the development of a system to provide infor 
mation on the fire risk forecast, evaluate the extent of 
burnt  areas and  assess  the  fire  damage  to  European 
forests. The first  component  of this  system, which in 
tegrates the  use of satellite-derived  and geo informa 
tion  for  forest  fire  prevention, is called  the  European 
Forest  Fire  Risk  Forecasting  System  (EFFRFS).  The 
EFFRFS constitutes  a pre-operational  service  in which 
the  JRC, in  coordination  with  the  Commission's  Envi 
ronment  DG, provides  one-  and  three-day  forest  fire 
risk  forecast  maps  to  civil  protection  and  forest  fire 
services  in the  EU. Fire risk forecast  maps arrive at all 
the  services  every  morning through  the  Internet. The 
EFFRFS, which started in 2000 covering only the Medi 
terranean region, operates during the peak ofthe forest 
fire  season, i.e.  from June to  September.  It  has  been 
expanded in 2001 to  cover other  EU countries that re 
quested  the  provision  of fire  risk  maps, such as Aus 
tria, Finland, Germany, and Ireland, and some EU pre-
accession countries such as Bulgaria. 

The  EU Member  States  have  appreciated  the  opera 
tion ofthe system and they have asked for the continu 
ation  and  the  improvement  ofthe  EFFRFS towards a 
European  Forest  Fire  Information  System.  This  is  a 
clear  example  of  establishing  a  structured  dialogue 
with users and other stakeholders that  can lead to an 
operational  service  for  civil  protection  and  forest  fire 
services across the  EU. This JRC contribution  is in line 
with  the  EU's  role to  provide  environmental  informa 
tion  and  services that  can  be aggregated  to  other ex 
isting  global  environmental  information  products  in 
support  of the  Global  Monitoring for  Environment and 
Security (GMES) initiative. 

Assessing the impact of fires on 
vegetation  through  aerial surveys. 

The safety and quality of food are of increasing concern 
to every citizen in the European Union, and  protecting 
the health of consumers is high on the EU policy agenda. 
The JRC assists  European  and  national  authorities  in 
addressing this concern by supplying independent and 
authoritative scientific reference and support. Its prin­
cipal contribution  in  the  wake  ofthe  Bovine  Spongi­
form  Encephalopathy  (BSE) crisis has been the devel­
opment and validation of detection  methods to ensure 
the absence of central nervous tissue in food products 
and of animal  meat and  bone  meal (MBM)  in  feeding 
stuff, and the identification  of BSE-infected animals. 

During 2001, the JRC validated two commercially avail­
able test  methods for the detection of tissue from the 
central  nervous  system  (CNS)  such  as  brain  in  food 
products. The  results  showed  that  both  methods  are 
able to detect CNS tissue in processed meat  products 
such  as  sausages.  The  JRC  likewise  improved  an 
analytical  method  for  the  determination  of  a specific 
marker (nervonic acid) from CNS in food  products. 

The JRC continued the development  and validation  of 
methods able to detect MBM in feedingstuff,  including 
the refinement and validation of an alternative  method 
for  the  determination  of  heat  treatment  of  MBM  ac­
cording to  European  legislation. At the  request  of DG 
Health and Consumer Protection the JRC started to look 
for  appropriate  markers to  be added  to  MBM and  fat 
from  rendering plants. A specific  marker  (trienantine) 
was  evaluated  for  its  suitability,  and  was  eventually 
proposed as an appropriate  marker. 

y 

Preparation of BSE test samples. 

In 2001, the J RC continued to evaluate tests to detect the 
infection of cattle with BSE. Five newly-developed post­
mortem  BSE tests  awaiting approval  in the  European 
Union were evaluated. 

When post-mortem testing for BSE became compulsory 
in the EU on ι  January 2001, the JRC organised a profi­
ciency-testing programme ofthe EU  National Reference 
Laboratories  (NRLs)  in  collaboration  with  the  Central 
Veterinary Agency in the  UK, which is the  Community 
Reference  Laboratory  for  BSE.  Non-infected  and  in­
fected samples were prepared and sets were sent out 
to 14 ofthe 15 EU Member States. The results revealed 
a generally high standard of performance ofthe NRLs. 

The JRC will  continue  to  reinforce  its  capacity  to inte­
grate  its  know-how  into  this  key  area  of  Community 
interest and assist the  EU in re-establishing the confi­
dence of public and consumers in the way that  food is 
produced,  regulated  and  controlled,  by  streamlining 
its  research to respond to the needs of both the Com­
mission and the Member States. 

13 

Animal Traceability 

As part  of  its  ongoing  effort  to  make the  payment  of 
agricultural subsidies easier to monitor and less prone 
to  fraud,  the  Agriculture  DG  launched  the  four-year 
IDEA (Identification  Electronique  des Animaux -  Elec­
tronic  Identification  of Animals)  project, at the begin­
ning of 1998. Its main objectives were: firstly, to assess 
the  feasibility  of electronic  identification  as a system 
to trace individual farm ruminants from birth to the ab­
attoir; secondly, to validate under  field conditions the 
performance of different passive identification devices, 
as well as the readers, to automatically read the infor­
mation on them; and thirdly, to pave the way for a pos­
sible full-scale implementation in the European Union. 
Approximately  one million  animals from three species 
(440,000  cattle, 490,000 sheep  and 30,000  goats)  in 
six  EU  Member  States  (France,  Germany,  Italy,  the 
Netherlands, Portugal and Spain) were fitted with three 
different  types  of electronic  tags:  (1) injectable trans­
ponder, (2) ruminai bolus and (3) electronic ear tag. 

The  JRC was  responsible  for  providing  the  technical 
and  scientific  support  to  the  IDEA  participants,  per­
formance  testing  and  certification  of  the  electronic 
identification devices, quality control ofthe  equipment, 
definition  and  establishment  of  a  central  database 
(operational  since  1999),  data  transmission  and  re­
cording during the duration  ofthe  project, and global 
evaluation of the results. A preliminary analysis of the 
results  indicates  that,  on  average, the  retention  rate 
for the three types  of electronic  tags used in the IDEA 
project  is  higher  than  commonly  observed  retention 
rates  for  plastic  ear  tags,  currently  used  for  animal 
identification. In-field testing included tagging, reading 
and recovery ofthe  electronic identifiers. Examination 
ofthe  organisational  structure,  data  recording,  infor­
mation  transfer  and  database  management  systems 
demonstrated  the  feasibility  of  an electronic  identifi­
cation system to trace animals from birth to the abattoir. 
Improvement  in  livestock  monitoring  is expected  not 
only to  reduce  financial  fraud, but  also  to  reduce the 
spread  of  animal-borne  diseases.  Such  a  system  -
tracing-back of animal origin-would  have allowed for 
improved management ofthe  recent BSE and Foot and 
Mouth disease crises. 

The  results  of  these  electronic  animal-tagging  trials 
will feed into new legislative  proposals regarding live­
stock identification. The experience gained during the 
four-year  project  showed  not  only  that  clear  legisla­
tion  needs to  be put in place, but also that further ac­
companying  measures  are  needed  -  on  testing  and 

certification laboratories to check conformity of tagging 
and reading equipment, on trainingof operators, on in­
field procedural guides and on data recording. A sound 
management system is fundamental to success. 

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) 

In 2001, the European Commission proposed the JRC as 
the Community  Reference Laboratory (CRL) for GMOs. 
This  proposition  was  based  on the  recognition  ofthe 
activities ofthe European Network of GMO Laboratories 
(ENGL), comprising national enforcement  laboratories 
from EU  Member States and applicant countries. ENGL 
together with the JRC will form the  basis for the Com­
munity  Reference  Laboratory. Within  ENGL, advances 
have been made particularly on method validation and 
on sampling of seeds, grains and food. Also, a coopera­
tion agreement has been reached between the JRC and 
the GMO industry to validate  methods for GMO detec­
tion and to supply materials forthe production of GMO 
certified reference material (CRM) for which the JRC  is 
still  the  main  producer  worldwide.  In  2001, the JRC 
produced a new stock of CRMs forsoya beans (Round­
up  ready)  and  a third  generation  of  GMO  CRM  (T25 
maize) is currently certified. 

Improved methods for the detection,  identipcation, 
quantification  and traceability  of GMOs. 

θ 

the radioimmunoconjugate was proven and its toxicity 
in mice evaluated. The data indicated that radioimmuno-
conjugates were safe and effective, due to the high cell-
killing potency of the  alpha-emitter. 

Since April 2001, nine patients with B-cell malignancies, 
coming  from  three  different  German  hospitals,  have 
been treated  in  DKFZ at three  dose-levels  (15, 30 and 
45 mCi of 213Bi). Major toxicity has not been observed in 
the treated patients. A continuation of these trials with 
a higher dose  level is planned and the trial will be ex 
tended to other centres, including the  University Hos 
pital in  Düsseldorf. 

The results obtained in a recent collaboration between 
the JRC and the Nuclear Medicine Hospital ofthe Tech 
nical University of Munich suggested that  213Bi-radio-
immunoconjugates  could be effective  against diffuse-
type gastric carcinomas. The first application in clinical 
therapeutic trials  involving patients with solid gastro 
intestinal tumours is expected in the near future. 

Actinium-225  (225Ac), the parent nuclide of 213Bi, may 
be even more efficient in the treatment of certain cancer 
types. Up to now, the major limitation in evaluating its 
potency has been the lack of a suitable chelate. During 
2001,  a JRC team  developed  a new chelate  for  225Ac, 
and  preliminary  tests  indicate  efficient  binding. Pre 
clinical experiments will  commence  in the  near future 
in order to  prove the suitability  of the  new chelate  for 
clinical use. 

Another  major  issue  in  radioimmunotherapy  is  the 
quality  of  the  radionuclide  used.  The  separation  of 
225Ac  from  Radium-225  (225Ra) or  226Ra  using cation 
exchange  is a  lengthy  process. The  longer  the  Ra/Ac 
product remains on the resin, the greaterthe risk of ra 
dium contamination  in the final product. To overcome 
these problems and to reduce the separation time and 
elution volume, the JRC has studied new forms of resin. 
The  newly  developed  separation  process  has  small 
elution volumes, short separation time and extremely 
high purity ofthe  product. 

15 

Safety of Chemicals 

The  year  2001 was  marked  by  the  adoption  by  the 
Commission ofthe White Paper on a future strategy for 
the safety of chemicals. In addition  to supporting the 
implementation ofthe current legislation on dangerous 
substances,  the  JRC has  actively  contributed  to  the 
drafting ofthe follow-up  legislation by participating in 
a number of the working groups created by the  Envir 
onment  and  Enterprise  Directorates-General  of  the 
Commission.  In  addition,  it  produced  a  report  high 
lighting how alternative (non-animal) tests and testing 
strategies  could be developed and used in support  of 
the  future  policy  on  chemicals  in  the  EU. During the 
year,  three  in  vitro  tests  for  embryotoxicity  were en 
dorsed by the Scientific Advisory Committee ofthe Euro 
pean Centre for the Validation  of Alternative  Methods 
(ECVAM) as scientifically valid and ready for  consider 
ation for use in regulation. 

Alpha-immunotherapy 

Alpha-immunotherapy  is  a new  approach  to  treating 
certain  types of cancer.  It  relies  on very short-length, 
short-lived  radiation  given off  by  an emitter  attached 
to cancer-cell-seeking antibodies. Under financing from 
the European Commission, the JRC in collaboration with 
the German Cancer Research Centre  (DKFZ) in Heidel 
berg  began  a Phase  I clinical  trial  for  Non-Hodgkin's 
lymphoma  and  other  B-cell  malignancies  in  March 
2001. The  pre-clinical  work  was  carried  out  in  a net 
work of European hospitals in Heidelberg, Düsseldorf, 
Ghent and  Hasselt. The JRC contributed  to  the devel 
opment  and  testing  of  the  chelates  used  for  binding 
bismuth (213Bi) to antibodies specific to cancer cells, and 
established the efficacy of the  213Bi-labelled  construct 
on  relevant  cell  lines. In DKFZ, the  in-vivo  stability  of 

Nuclear Forensics 

Illicit  trafficking  in  nuclear  materials  and  associated 
environmental issues have led to the development of a 
new discipline: nuclear forensic science. The JRC Insti 
tute for Transuranium  Elements (ITU) is a key contribu 
tor  to  the  European  effort  in  nuclear  forensics  and  is 
recognised as a centre of excellence by Europol in this 
area.  ITU  collaborates  closely  with  the  German  Bun 
deskriminalamt (BKA) (Federal Police Office) and Federal 
Environment Ministry (BMU) -  it is the laboratory des 
ignated by the BMU for investigation of seized nuclear 
materials.  In the affair  concerning the theft  of  nuclear 
material from the reprocessing plant WAK (Wiederauf-
arbeitungsanlage  Karlsruhe),  which  is  being decom 
missioned, the  ITU was asked by the German authori 
ties duringsummer  2001 to analyse the material found 
in the environment  and in the  private apartments  and 
cars ofthe  suspects  in order  to establish  information 
about the origin, age, type and composition ofthe ma 
terial and to find out whether further, not yet detected, 
highly  radioactive  material  was  brought  out  of WAK. 
A combination  of techniques  was required, from  non 
destructive  analyses  (e.g. low-level gamma  measure 
ments),  through  chemical,  elemental  and  isotopie 
analysis, up to investigations ofthe remaining parts of 
the samples and particles by electron microscopy. ITU 
participated  in  all  the  associated  meetings  with  the 
German authorities and compiled a final report for use 
by law enforcement  authorities. 

JRC staff serve on the  International Technical Working 
Group (ITWG) on Nuclear Smuggling, and participated 
in two  successful  exercises  involving "seized"  pluto 
nium  and  highly  enriched  uranium.  In  collaboration 
with the  International Atomic  Energy Authority  (IAEA), 
the JRC has developed a model action plan for dealing 
with  seized  nuclear  material  that  can  be  used  as a 
framework  for  developing national  response  plans. A 
fully developed version was approved for use recently 
in the Ukraine and is now being implemented in most 
of  the  enlargement  countries  with  dedicated  JRC 
support. 

In this  area, JRC also  fosters  close  contacts  with  law 
enforcement  agencies -  Europol,  Interpol, the  World 
Customs Organisation and national police forces-and 
develops techniques to optimise collaboration  between 
standard forensic techniques  and the special require 
ments  ofthe  nuclear  scientist:  in  February  2001, the 
JRC made  the  first  ever  identification  of  a fingerprint 
on an alpha-contaminated  object. The JRC maintains a 
team on standby at ITU at all timesto respond immedi 
ately to a seizure of illicit  nuclear material, so that an 
analysis  can  be delivered  to  the  appropriate  authori 
ties within  24 hours of arrival at the Institute. 

Cybersecu rity 

With the  rapid  advancement  and globalisation  ofthe 
Information  Society, the  right  to  privacy  is  becoming 
an increasingly difficult  concept to sustain. The nature 
of  "on-line"  business  and  e-commerce  -  where  per 
sonal information  can be readily transferred  in digital 
form -  has led to a situation where fundamental  priv 
acy  issues  are systematically  threatened  on  a global 
scale. The EU has responded to the problems of on-line 
privacy  protection  by  drawing  up  privacy  legislation 
that places stringent controls on the management and 
processing of personal data by third parties. However, 
legislation can only offer partial protection; technology 
has a vital role to play in ensuring appropriate levels of 
privacy within on-line information management systems. 

The  JRC provides  scientific  support  to  the  European 
Parliament and Commission services, includingthe In 
formation  Society, Justice  and  Home Affairs,  Internal 
Market, and Health and Consumer  Protection  Directo 
rates-General, in  areas that  are crucial for  protecting 
the security  of citizens and consumers  in cyberspace. 
These  JRC  activities  focus  on  privacy-  and  fraud-
related risks to citizens arising from information  infra 
structure vulnerabilities, and include related  prospec 
tive and socio-economic  impact assessment studies. 

During 2001, a benchmark platform for Internet content 
filtering tools, designed to protect against  harmful In 
ternet  content, was completed. The "EU  implementa 
tion"  model  of  the  World  Wide  Web  Consortium's 
(W3C) P3P (platform for privacy preferences)  standard 
was  developed  and  was  adopted  as  the  definitive 
model for the current  P3P specification. 

In support  of DG Information  Society, and in line with 
the requirements ofthe  Commission's eEurope action 
plan, the JRC is investigating the technological require 
ments for  privacy management, and has provided sci 
entific  and technical  advice  on the  appropriate  steps 
to be taken to keep the EU at the forefront of e-commerce 
growth. The JRC has also given scientific  advice to the 
European  Parliament  on  future  policy  issues  relating 
to privacy and identity in cyberspace. 

The electronic-Payment Systems Observatory. 

The electronic-Payment  Systems Observatory (ePSO), 
a 24-month  project,  co-financed  under  the  DG Enter 
prise-led  ISIS-Programme  (Information  Society  Initia 
tives in Standardisation)  reached full maturity in 2001. 
Electronic  payment  systems will  play a pivotal  role in 
the development of e-commerce in Europe. The primary 
objective of the Observatory was to enhance informa 
tion  exchange  in  this  field  with  a view  to  promoting 
commonality  of  approach, interoperability  and even 
tually standardisation of e-payment systems. The ePSO 
has set  up an electronic  Forum of relevant  actors and 
experts and facilitates  a systematic  exchange of stra 
tegic opinions -  across borders and sectors -  in order 
to  assist  standardisation  and  help  regulatory  bodies 
keep  pace with  the  progress  of  underlying  technolo 
gies. A high-level Steering Group guides the Observa 
tory. Christa Randzio-Plath, MEP, President ofthe Eco 
nomic and Monetary Affairs Committee ofthe European 
Parliament,  chairs the  Steering Group, while  experts 
from  the  industry  and  related  Commission  services 
take  part  in  it.  The  final  ePSO  conference  will  take 
place  in  February  2002.  Further  information  on  the 
project can be found on the website:  http://epso.jrc.es/ 

@ 

Highlights of t he JRC Institutes 

Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements 
(IRMM) ^:^ 

IRMM is the JRC's specialised Institute for production, 
certification and marketing of reference materials and 
development of measurement methodologies. Its multi­
faceted work scope ranges from food quality and safety, 
in-vitro diagnostics and biometrology to nuclear safety 
and safeguards. During2001, the Institute has provided 
the basis for the JRC's rapid response to the BSE crisis 
and has produced soya bean and maize certified ref­
erence materials and genomic DNA reference materials 
for food­borne pathogens. IRMM has brought together 
the key players in ¡η-vitro diagnostics and biometrol­
ogy to create global networks aiming at providing reli­
able and internationally equivalent results in forensic 
testing, genetics identification, biotechnology product 
analysis and clinical diagnostic markers. As part of its 
nuclear safety and safeguards activity, it has certified 
ten uranium isotopie standards on behalf of the South 
American Safeguards Organisation. Finally, it has ex­
tended its International Measurement Evaluation and 
Training in Metrology in Chemistry Programmes to 
over 340 laboratories from applicant countries and 
awarded more than 300 certificates. 

Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU) 

ITU is the JRC Institute dedicated to nuclear science 
and its many applications to nuclear safety and safe­
guards, radioactive waste management and health. In 
2001, it made an important effort towards promoting 
nuclear research training. It organised the first Acti­
nide Science Summer School and started an Actinide 
User Laboratory to allow young researchers and stu­
dents to obtain hands­on experience in working with 
transuranium elements. ITU has participated in draw­
ing up the European Roadmap for developing Acceler­
ator­Driven Systems (ADS) for nuclear waste incinera­
tion, and has contributed experimentally to the study 
of the behaviour of irradiated fuel in long­term stor­
age. Finally, the Institute has progressed towards the 
clinical testing of alpha­immunotherapy for cancer 
treatment. 

18 

Highly radioactive materials 
handled in hot cells. 

Neutron data measurements 
for Accelerator-Driven Systems. 

Control of farm subsidies using 
Remote-Sensing Techniques. 

Institute for Energy (IE) 

In the course of 2001, the Institute for Advanced Mater 
ials (1AM) was transformed into the Institute for Energy 
(IE), in order to focus on supporting EU energy policy de 
velopment.  All  of  its  projects  were  critically  reviewed 
and adjusted to increase their  bearing on Community 
policy  making. The  three  main  scientific  priorities  of 
the  new Institute  are: nuclear  safety, non-nuclear en 
ergy and, as a spin-off,  nuclear medicine. 

IE focuses  on operating and  providing its services as 
the  reference laboratory  to  major  European  networks 
in the energy sector  (four on nuclear and two on non-
nuclear  energy).  In trying to  consolidate  the  energy-
related  activities  of  the  JRC and  to  provide  validated 
and  harmonised  information  to  Community  policy 
makers, IE set up the Sustainable Energy Technologies 
Reference and Information System, along with the Insti 
tute  for  Environment  and Sustainability,  the  Institute 
for Prospective Technological Studies and the Institute 
for  Transuranium  Elements.  In  addition,  support  to 
enlargement  progressed  further,  in  particular,  in im 
proving the  safety  of  eastern-European-type  nuclear 
reactors.  The  support  of  the  JRC to  the  TACIS-Phare 
programmes  increased  by  40%  this  year  compared 
with  2000. 

Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen 
(IPSC) 

IPSC came into being in September 2001, as a result of 
a fusion between the Institute for Systems, Informatics 
and  Safety  (ISIS)  and  part  ofthe  Space  Applications 
Institute  (SAI). The  new  Institute  aims  to  provide  re 
search-based, systems-oriented support to EU policies 
so as to protect the citizen against economic and tech 
nological risk. In preparation for the  Sixth  Framework 
Programme  its  expertise  in  information, communica 
tion,  space  and  engineering  technologies  has  been 
consolidated  and  focused  in  order  to  provide  direct 
support 
to  Commission  Directorates-General  and 
Services through  actions  in three  broad areas. These 
include  the  development  and assessment  of  systems 
to  enhance  compliance  with  EU regulations  and  the 
application  of technologies  in fraud identification  and 
prevention; the  provision  of  decision  support  in eco 
nomic  and  technological  risk  management;  and  the 
provision  of support  in verifying  compliance  with  the 
Euratom Treaty and other international treaties  aimed 
at  preventing  the  proliferation  of  weapons  of  mass 
destruction. 

Testing facility  for storage of 
alternative  fuels. 

19 

Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP) 

In  2001, the  IHCP  validated  and  developed  several 
analytical methods  in the food safety and quality area 
(for  example, the  detection  of  central  nervous  tissue 
in  meat  products);  it  also  concluded  a  cooperation 
agreement with industry  in order to validate  methods 
for detection of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) 
and to supply materials for the production of certified 
reference  material. This  year  the  European  Commis 
sion recommended the JRC, together with the European 
Network  of GMO laboratories  (ENGL), as the Commu 
nity Reference Laboratory for GMO detection and iden 
tification.  In the area of chemical substances, the IHCP 
European Chemicals  Bureau (ECB) continued  its work 
within the context of the White Paper on a strategy for 
the future EU Chemicals Policy, and the European Centre 
for the Validation of Alternative Methods  (ECVAM) en 
dorsed three in vitro tests for embryotoxicity as scien 
tifically valid and ready to use for regulatory  purposes 
in 2001. The Institute continued to provide support  to 
the  European Medicine  Evaluation Agency  (EMEA) for 
the  exchange  of  authorisation  dossiers  on  medicinal 
products  among Member States under the mutual re 
cognition system through EudraNet (EU Drug Regulatory 
Authorities' Network), while in the biomedical materials 
area,  the  IHCP signed  an  agreement  with  Amersham 
Health concerning the setting-up of a plant for produc 
tion  of  the  radiopharmaceutical  fluorodeoxyglucose 
(FDG). Moreover, in a move that will enhance  training 
and technology transferwithin the European Research 
Area,  the  Commission  in  2001  designated  the  bio-
cyclotron,  located  at  IHCP, as  an  official  Marie  Curie 
Training Site for biomedical testing using radiotracers. 

Supporting  the management of 
air quality and emissions control. 

Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES) 

The  Institute  for  Environment  and  Sustainability  was 
created  by  merging the  former  Environment  Institute 
(El) and  parts  ofthe  former  Space Applications  Insti 
tute (SAI). The goal was to create a multidisciplinary team 
capable  of dealing with the  multiple facets of science 
supporting  protection  ofthe  environment  and the EU 
sustainable  development  strategy.  The  expertise  cur 
rently available combined experimental sciences, mod 
elling,  geomatics  and  remote  sensing.  Thematically, 
IES  has  taken  up  an  integrated  approach  to  environ 
mental problem-solving. In this context, it has played a 
major role in supporting EU  air- and water-related  pol 
icies such as the Clean Air for  Europe programme and 
the Water  Framework  Directive.  It also  helped set the 
basis for  a new "Reference System for EU greenhouse 
gas emissions  and sinks" -  a key issue for the imple 
mentation ofthe  Kyoto Protocol after the Agreement in 
Bonn  and  Marrakesh.  In  2001, IES continued  to  sup 
port  the  Commission's  Directorate-General  for  Envir 
onment  (DG  ENV)  on  radioactivity  monitoring  in  the 
environment and the transfer of policy-relevant soil in 
formation  from  the  Member  States  to  the  relevant 
Commission  DGs (Agriculture, Environment,  Develop 
ment). Finally, the work  of IES on renewable  energies 
will be proactively integrated in the Sustainable Energy 
Technologies Reference and Information System. 

Analytical  methods have been developed 
to increase consumer confidence in food 
safety and quality. 

<g) 

Institute for Prospective Technological  Studies (IPTS) 

IPTS'  foresight  activities  in  2001  have  been  largely 
focused on applicant countries, and the "Enlargement 
Futures" project on the techno-economic  and societal 
impact  of  enlargement  was  completed.  It  was  based 
on five thematic  reports  ("Economic  Transformation", 
"Technology, Knowledge and Learning", "Employment 
and  Societal  Change",  "Sustainability,  Environment 
and  Natural  Resources",  and  "Information  and Com 
munication Technologies"), the results of which were 
presented to the Slovenian government's "Bled  Forum" 
on 2-4 December 2001. Furthermore, IPTS, in collabor 
ation with its Enlargement Foresight Network, has pro 
vided  support  to  the  Czech, Hungarian  and  Slovenian 
foresight exercises. 

IPTS carried  out  three  prospective  studies  at  the  re 
quest  ofthe  European  Parliament  on: the  mobility  of 
academic  researchers, future  bottlenecks in the  infor 
mation  society  (for  the  Industry,  External  Trade, 
Research  and  Energy  Committee)  and  the  impact  of 
technological  and structural  change  on  employment-
horizon 2020 (for the Employment Committee). 

The  European  Integrated  Pollution  Prevention  and 
Control Bureau (EIPPCB), hosted by IPTS, finalised the 
preparation  of  Best  Available  Techniques  Reference 
Documents  (BREFS) for tanning, large volume organic 
chemicals,  refineries  and waste  water  and gas in the 
chemical  industry.  These  BREFS are  indispensable  if 
Member States are to meet the requirements of Direc 
tive 96/61/EC. 

In 2001, the European Science and Technology Observ 
atory  (ESTO)  network  started  operating  under  a new 
framework  contract  which will  cover the  period 2001-
2006. ESTO is a network of 26 research organisations 
from 15 countries operating as a pool under IPTS leader 
ship. ESTO aims at detecting, at an early stage, scien 
tific or technological breakthroughs, trends and events 
of  potential  socio-economic  importance  which  may 
require  action  at  a  European  Union  decision-making 
level. 

Moreover,  IPTS formally established  a joint work pro 
gramme,  covering  the  period  2001-2002,  with  the 
newly  established  Directorate  for  technology  fore 
sight  and  socio-economic  research  of  DG Research, 
and  launched  preparatory  work  for  the  development 
of joint  activities  with other JRC Institutes -  including 
IE, IES and ITU -  for the definition  of a proposal for a 
Sustainable  Energy Technologies Reference and Infor 
mation System; with  IPSC on cybersecurity;  and with 
IRMM on genetic testing. 

€> 

Supporting  EU  policy 

A  key  element  of  the  JRC mission  is  employing JRC 
scientific and technical competencies directly in support 
of European policy  making. In this way, the JRC serves 
the  common  interest  of  EU Member  States  and Euro 
pean citizens, while remaining completely independent 
of individual, commercial and national influences. 

JRC contributed scientific support to both ongoing and 
new EU legislation in addition to providing delive rables 
to Member State organisations. The JRC also provided 
representation  on international  technical  committees 
and working groups,  including 11  ISO committees, 14 
CEN committees, and 4 OECD working groups. 

Barry McSweeney (right), Director-General 
ofthe JRC, in discussion with Romano Prodi (centre), 
President of the European  Commission,  and 
Philippe  Busquin, the Commissioner for Research. 

Thematic priorities 

JRC activities focused on the three key areas: food, 
chemical products and health; environment and sus­
tainability; and nuclear safety and safeguards, which 
were underpinned by JRC competencies in: technical 
foresight; reference materials and measurements; 
and public security and anti­fraud. 

Specific activities addressed a series of major themes, 
including: 

■ climate change ­ keeping the EU at the forefront of 

efforts to fight a global threat; 

■ combatingfraud­fromcybersecurity to agriculture; 

■ emissionsand airquality­avoidingimpactson health 

and the environment; 

genetically modified organisms 
detection and risk assessment; 

improving GMO 

future EU strategy on safety of chemical substances 
­ providing scientific and technical support to both 
the implementation ofthe existing Community legis­
lation on chemicals and the drafting of the follow­up 
legislation to the White Paper on the future chemi­
cals policy of the EU; 

nuclear safeguards ­ detecting proliferation of nuclear 
material, equipment or technology from peaceful 
applications to military use, and combating illicit 
trafficking; 

nuclear safety ­ reducing risks from nuclear opera­
tions; 

nuclear waste­ improving management and storage; 

safety and quality ofthe food chain ­ re­establishing 
confidence in food production; 

sustainable energy ­ security and safety of energy 
supply and renewable energies; and 

water quality­ preventing pollution. 

Reference materials 
for cocoa butter. 

The Work Programme 2001 

The scientific themes highlighted above were ad­
dressed through the projects outlined in the tables in 
the appendices. 

Contributing to European standardisation 

Research contributing to the European standardisation 
process is an important function associated with the 
JRC mission. Many JRC activities­including harmonis­
ing methods, benchmarking and identification of best 
practices­contribute to the development ofthe neces­
sary consensus for the establishment of European 
standards. A cooperation agreement signed in 1998 
between the JRC and the Comité Européen de Normali­
sation (CEN) has strengthened the collaboration be­
tween the two organisations in the context of pre­
normative and co­normative research (CEN­STAR com­
mittee dedicated to Standardisation and Research). 

Several activities emerged in 2001 as a result of this 
collaboration: 

■ 61 new or renewed certified reference materials 

have been produced for use within the framework of 
European standardisation; 

The quest for excellence 

■ the JRC chairs the CEN working group for test and 

evaluation of metal detectors in the context of civilian 
demining, and is also evaluating with CEN and ISO 
the feasibility of harmonisation in accidental risk 
management; and 

Over the past few years, the JRC has taken very struc­
tured steps to enhance its effectiveness and efficiency. 
The quest for excellence and accountability continued 
in 2001. 

■ it contributes to the "bio­express" study identifying 
measurement­related barriers (e.g. lack of measure­
ment capability) to the exploitation of emerging 
technology in key areas of biotechnology, such as 
medical and agro­food applications. Options will be 
proposed to overcome these barriers through pre­
normative research. 

Moreover, the JRC actively participates in several CEN 
technical committees for the development of standards 
in the fields of food (TC 275,174 and 194), air quality 
(TC 264), pressure vessels, materials (TC 121, 138, 
184), electronic commerce (IS5S/WS­EC), etc. 

® 

A benchmarked organisation 

In 2001, a taskforce on benchmarking was formed to 
undertake a thorough analysis of how the JRC had per­
formed in 2000. Data on 11 key performance indica­
tors, together measuring 25 outputs, were drawn up 
according to three themes: 

« support to EU policy and improvement in the every­
day life of the European citizen (i.e. achieving the 
JRC mission); 

■ demonstration of scientific competence in mission­

related areas; and 

■ value as a place to invest in research (management 

of financial and human resources). 

Total Quality Management 

Total Quality Management activities have also been 
fostering this process of organisational improvement 
using I5O9001 and EN45001, as well as the EFQM ex­
cellence model. In 2001, customer and staff surveys 
were also performed. The TQM assessments have 
identified areas of weaknesses on which action was 
taken in 2001; the progress made in 2001 will be as­
sessed during 2002. The results are also being used to 
set challenging targets in the JRC's Management Plan 
and to benchmark with centres of excellence in the 
MemberStates. 

The indicators will gauge internal progress. They reflect 
the specialised nature of the JRC mission and are not 
readily comparable with those used for other research 
organisations. 

Women and Science 

Research benchmarking in Europe 

A parallel exercise of benchmarking with 17 of Europe's 
top and most comparable research organisations was 
also undertaken. Here, indicators were focused on 
"scientific productivity" and "the management of 
financial and human resources". Although this was a 
voluntary and highly time­consuming exercise, the 
response rate was 100%. 

The volume of JRC publications in peer­reviewed jour­
nals was, as expected, lower than that of pure re­
search organisations, with an average of 12 per 100 
staff against a mean of 28%. On the other hand, publi­
cations in conference proceedings (normally refereed) 
were comparatively high, at 33 per 100 staff against a 
mean of 39%. 

In a comparison of gender across the organisations, 
26% of JRC staff is female ­ which, although low, com­
pares favourably with the average for the sample, 
which stands at 23%. 

ese 
»■EV β 

The gender perspective in research and gender equality 
at the JRC are both being addressed by the "JRC Women 
and Science Network" which was established in early 
2000 and includes representatives from all JRC Insti­
tutes and Directorates. 

Some ofthe actions which where carried out in 2001 
and which will have a follow­up in 2002 include the 
production ofthe "2001JRC Gender Perspective report", 
a report on maternity leave survey at the JRC and the 
drafting of a code of good practice on maternity leave 
replacement, the launching ofthe "JRC Women and Sci­
ence Network" Intranet website as an information and 
communication tool, and the integration ofthe gender 
issue in the preparation ofthe JRC specific programmes 
under the Sixth Framework Programme 2002­2006. 
Moreover, the gender issue will continue to be moni­
tored via the appropriate JRC mechanisms such as in 
the Total Quality Management self­assessment guide­
lines and the JRC Task Force on Benchmarking, created 
in 2001. 

The JRC gender mainstreaming activity is performed in 
close collaboration with other Commission services, 
mainly DG Research and in particular the Women and 
Science Unit in charge ofthe gender mainstreaming in 
the research policy, DG Employment and Social Wel­
fare and DG Personnel and Administration, for their re­
spective areas of competence. During 2001, contacts 
with the European Institute of Florence took place in 
order to organise joint activities on gender matters. 

@> 

Contributing to the European 
Research Area 

The development of a real European Research Area, 
i.e. the coordination and integration of research activi­
ties at a European level, is the most important policy 
objective ofthe Commission in the field of research. 
The JRC aims to contribute to its establishment within 
its mission and in its areas of competence. Its strategy 
encompasses networking, research training and mo­
bility and support to the enlargement process. 

Networking 

Research training and mobility 

The JRC has sought to network with Member State, as­
sociate state and applicant country organisations with 
a view to catalysing and coordinating research activi­
ties through knowledge sharing and dissemination, 
particularly where integrated action is needed at EU 
level. 

Through its networking activities in 2001, when it co­
ordinated and participated in over 150 scientific net­
works involving 2000 research groups, the JRC has 
striven to: 

One ofthe key strategies of the JRC is to stimulate 
strongest possible mobility of researchers, as the j 
laboration of mobile researchers plays a key rol 
the networking of European research. 

in 

During 2001, full use was made ofthe different mobility 
instruments that the Commission has at its disposal 
(visiting scientists, grant holders, detached national] 
experts, Marie Curie training) in order to integrate the 
exchange of staff as a key support measure for net­
working. Ambitious quantitative targets have already 
been set in that respect for 2002. 

■ establish or strengthen scientific and technical ref­

erence networks for policy making (e.g. GMO detec­
tion, emissions, air quality and the Sustainable Energy 
Technologies Reference and Information System), 

■ support the coordination of research activities in 
selected areas (e.g. nuclear safeguards, nuclear 
medicine and technology foresight), 

■ contribute to the integration of research efforts in 

Europe (e.g. in actinide research and in metrology), 

■ explore and build up competence in new areas (e.g. 

authenticity of organic food). 

Training through research, in particular taking advan 
tage ofthe large research infrastructure and special 
research tools of theJRC, has been a key component 
research integration, coordination and reference. 
These include, for example, the High Flux Reactor 
Petten, the linear accelerator in Geel, and the I 
cyclotron and the reaction wall in Ispra. In 2001, 
bio­cyclotron also received the status of an offi< 
Marie Curie training site for research training in 
materials testing using radiotracers. 

The bio-cyclotron is an official 
Marie Curie training site. 

r:i 

I  41 IJ il 

Enlargement is one ofthe main dimensions ofthe Euro 
pean  Research  Area.  Since  mid-1999,  12  applicant 
countries  have joined the  Fifth Framework Programme 
(FP5) as associate members and benefit from full parti 
cipation  in all  EU research  programmes  (seven coun 
tries have also subscribed to its nuclear part). 

In 2001, the JRC implemented a specific action -  which 
had already started in 1999 -  to strengthen collabora 
tion  with  applicant  country  research  organisations. 
The  aims  are to  achieve  full  integration  of  applicant 
countries by the end of FP6, and support the adoption 
and  implementation  of  the  body  of  EU law  ("acquis 
communautaire"). 

Hosting and training staff from applicant countries 

Between August 2000 and September  2001, JRC Insti 
tutes  hosted  33  non-statutory  staff  from  applicant 
countries as either detached national experts, visiting 
scientists or grant holders. It also devised a scheme of 
short-term  stays,  tailored  to  the  needs  of  applicant 
country  research  managers  or administrators,  for  ex 
ample, one- to three-month visits in combination  with 
ad-hoc training schemes. Integrated training activities 
in  partnership  with  policy  Directorates-General  have 
also been explored and will be extended in 2002. 

Research collaboration 

Support  to  applicant  countries  comprises  an  inte 
grated package of measures and instruments, ranging 
from  individual  projects to  hosting applicant  country 
scientists at the JRC, as follows: 

In its fields of core competence, the JRC played a cata 
lysing role in drawing research organisations from ap 
plicant  countries  into  European  project  networks. 
Since 1999, 41 shared-cost projects have involved over 
60 organisations from these partner countries. 

Progressive opening up ofthe JRC programme 

Enhancing communication 

In  2001, 18 JRC enlargement  projects  were  initiated. 
Several applicant  country workshops were  organised 
in  Ispra  and  other  JRC  sites,  addressing  concerns 
about  environment,  nuclear  safety  and  safeguards, 
harmonisation of measurements, agriculture, food safety 
and quality, prospective analysis and modelling. 

Information  days  featuring  senior  representatives  of 
the research community were organised in Bratislava, 
Prague,  Riga  and  Warsaw  to  raise  awareness  of  the 
opportunities offered  by collaboration with the JRC. A 
specific enlargement section  (http://www.jrc.ceceu.int 
/enlargement/)  has  been  developed  within  the  JRC 
corporate website. 

Strengthening international relations 

In fulfilling its mission as a science and technology ref­
erence centre, the JRC needs to work with a large net­
work of partner organisations in the European Union, 
applicant countries and beyond. Consequently, various 
terms of reference ­ memoranda of understanding, 
collaboration agreements and implementing arrange­
ments ­ are mutually agreed with the international 
partners. Because the work ofthe JRC and its partners 
involves both original research and applied knowledge 
generation, the attribution of intellectual property 
rights also has to be regulated to mutual satisfaction. 

Global dimension 

Nuclear issues 

In the nuclear field, scientific cooperation with foreign 
partners in Argentina, Brazil, China, Japan, Korea, 
Australia, the USA and the applicant countries is com­
plemented by direct assistance to Community pro­
grammes­either through implementation of a part of 
such programmes, or support to the DGs in charge of 
their overall implementation. 

The JRC is also directly supportingthe Russian author­
ities in the establishment of a reliable safeguards sys­
tem in Russia. In the area of nuclear safety, it is acting 
as the technical expert ensuring the follow­up of the 
TACIS programme and projects starting from the defi­
nition phase. 

Finally, the US Administration's intention to launch a 
world­wide exercise called Generation IV, concerning 
future development of nuclear energy, has initiated 
interest and expectation in several Member States 
that the JRC could play a key role. 

In 2001, the Energy and Transport, Research and JRC 
Directorates­General signed an implementingarrange­
ment with the American Department of Energy in the 
field of non­nuclear energy in the framework of the 
1998 science and technology agreement between the 
EU and the USA. The JRC focus is on finding socio­
economic solutions for greenhouse gas mitigation, im­
proved waste and biomass combustion processes, the 
safe use of alternative fuels such as hydrogen in the 
context of fuel cells, and optimisation ofthe integra­
tion of decentralised energy generators such as photo­
voltaic cells into power grids. 

Globalisation therefore encompasses the progressive 
development of internationally recognised terms of 
reference, including: 

■ regulations relatingto environment, trade, risk, etc., 

which are mutually interconnected; and 

■ codes for construction and design, as in earthquake 
engineering, power generation, car manufacturing 
and many other areas. 

The JRC is also involved in developing air emission 
standards, for example, regarding particles from car 
exhaust gases and other mobile sources using internal 
combustion engines. At Commission level, this is done 
in close cooperation with the Energy and Transport 
and the Environment DGs. The activity is linked to a 
world­wide testing cycle which involves the US Environ­
mental Protection Agency and a number of Japanese 
institutions. The JRC recently signed a memorandum 
of understanding with the Japanese Petroleum Energy 
Centre to structure this joint work better. 

European Reference Laboratory ofthe Network 
for Evaluating Structural Components. 

<§) 

Managing technology t r a n s f er 

The year 2001 saw the creation of two spin­off compa­
nies, in­depth negotiations on another two, the open­
ing of an incubator facility and participation in the second 
Descartes competition for innovation. Filed patent 
applications ranged from improved materials for bio­
medical implants to sensing systems based on optical 
fibres. In addition, the Commission formally agreed 
that, as of 2002, the JRC would assume responsibility 
for managing its own intellectual property portfolio. 

Spin-offs 

Descartes finalist 

Two young brothers, one a former JRC staff member, 
created the 3D­Veritas enterprise in Italy early in 2001. 
This already has four employees, and plans to create 
ten jobs within the next two years. Its innovative tech­
nology permits the rapid creation of realistic three­
dimensional models of large buildings and structures, 
with unprecedented visual quality. Potential applica­
tions range from safeguarding architectural heritage, 
through civil engineering, to the production of films 
and games. 

DYNALAB, another recent JRC spin­off, is an engineer­
ing consultancy providing services for construction 
and use of measurement devices in testing and im­
proving the impact properties of materials, primarily 
steels. Principal clients will include university re­
search and testing laboratories, steel producers and 
the automotive industry. Several contracts with major 
industrial companies are currently under negotiation. 

The JRC adaptive brain interface (ABI), a finalist in the 
prestigious René Descartes EU science competition, 
was developed to improve the autonomy and quality 
of life for severely physically handicapped people. 
Features ofthe device include: 

■ its non­invasive character ­ the user wears a cap 

with electrodes for the detection of EEG signals from 
the brain; 

■ the exclusive reliance on brain signals; and 

■ the ability ofthe system to adapt to individual users' 

specific brain patterns. 

\ 

Two participants in the JRC entrepreneurship training 
programme in 2000 are well advanced in the creation 
of a spin­off that will license technology from the Com­
mission. 

Helping disabled people to interact 
with the world using brain waves. 

The J RC in figures [I) 

Statutory Staff 

■ 

The statutory staff of the JRC (M­male, F­female) is 
composed ofthe following categories: 

Statutory stoff 

2000 2000 2000 2001 20O1 2001 

M F Total M F Totol 

Officials 

Temporary agents on 5­year renewable contracts 

600 
6!2 

Temporary agents on 3­year non­renewable contracts 78 
ts 78 

Auxiliary staff (1­year contracts) 

110 

159 
187 
44 
106 

759 
799 
122 
216 

589 
588 
77 
96 

161 
205 
38 
115 

750 
793 
115 
211 

TOTAL 

,400 496 1,8961,350 519 1,869 

Numbers reflect the situation at the end ofthe year. 
During the course ofthe year, the total number of staff 
(excluding auxiliary agents) fell by around 22, the 
number of departures exceeding the number of new 
recruits. The implementation ofthe Commission policy 
for staff financed on the research budget (NPPR) was 
continued. The objective of this policy was to reach 
40% ofthe total statutory staff as officials, 35% ofthe 
statutory staff as temporary agents under indefinite 
five­year contracts, and 25% ofthe flexible portion on 
short­term non­statutory and statutory contracts, such 
as grant holders, visiting scientists, national detached 
experts, auxiliary agents and temporary agents on 
three­year contracts. 

Staff distribution 

DG and Scientific Strategy Directorates 

Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements 

Institute for Transuranium Elements 

Institute for Energy 

Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen 

Ispra services attached to the Director of IPSC 

Institute for Environment and Sustainability 

Institute for Health ond Consumer Protection 

Institute for Prospective Technological Studies 

Resources Directorate 

TOTAL 

2001 
F 

41 
44 
46 
25 
68 
5 
74 
76 
18 
122 

M 

38 
131 
171 
128 
224 
42 
221 
95 
44 
256 

Totol 

79 
175 
217 
153 
292 
47 
295 
171 
62 
378 

1,350 

519 

1,869 

\ 

/A 

Collaborative Staff with Member States and Third 
Countries 

Trainees, grant holders, visiting scientists and seconded 
national experts. 

Trainees 

Post­graduote grant holders 

Post­doc grant holders 

Visiting scientists 

Seconded national experts 

2000 2000 

2000 

2001 

2001 

2001 

M F 

Total 

M 

F 

Total 

42 

69 

55 

19 

23 

52 

34 

23 

2 

5 

94 

103 

78 

21 

28 

23 

50 

66 

16 

23 

34 
35 

22 

8 

6 

57 
85 

88 

24 

29 

TOTAL 

208 116 324 178 105 283 

Equal opportunities 

Since 2000, the JRC has taken a markedly proactive 
stance with regard to promoting equal opportunities 
and, in particular, gender equality in its working envir­
onment. It has been operating a JRC­wide network on 
Women and Science, which includes representatives 
from all JRC Institutes and Directorates. 

During 2001, the JRC launched a call for applications 
for JRC trainingthrough research grants and, within the 
selected young researchers, the 40% target for JRC fe­
male grant holders (post­graduate and post­doctoral) 
was exceeded. 

Moreover, for the first time in 2001 targets for the re­
cruitment and appointment of women were set for the 
research budget as had been done for the operating 
budget. Recruitment of women at the JRC in grades 
A8/A7/A6 in 2001 was increased to 31%. The most 
important achievement is that the pool of women is 
being increased not only by recruitment but also by 
promotion; hence, more women will be eligible for 
access to middle management positions in the near 
future. 

/ 

30 

/ 

Budget (budget and expenses - institutional activities) 

The available credits to the JRC are subdivided into 
staff expenses, means of execution (maintenance of 
buildings and equipment, electricity, insurance, con­
sumables, etc.), operational appropriations (direct sci­
entific activities) and nuclear decommissioning credits. 

The credits come from the institutional budget, made 
available directly from the European budget to the JRC 
for the fifth Framework Programme. In the institutional 
budget, the following amounts were made available: 

(in M€­

Staff expenses 

Means of execution 

Operational appropriations 

TOTAL (rounded) 

Decommissioning and waste management 

Jl  I 

160 
49 
50 
259 
4 

160.4 

48.9 

40.4 

249.7 
7.1 

1999 

157 
59 
46 
262 
4 

TOTALJRC 

266 

263 

256.8 

Additional sources of appropriations are made avail­
able through contributions from PECO countries, the 
European Economic Area (EEA), and competitive activ­
ities. 

Publications 

INSTITUTE 

Reference Materials and Measurements 

Transuranium Elements 

Advanced Materials (to 31.8.2001) 

Institute for Energy (from 1.9.2001) 

Systems, Informatics ond Safety (to 31.8.2001) 

Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen (from 1.9.2001 ) 
1.9.2001) 

Environment Institute (to 31.8.2001) 

Institute for Environment and Sustainability (from 1.9.2001) 

01) 

Space Applications (to 31.8.2001) 

Health and Consumer Protection 

Prospective Technological Studies 

General Management 

TOTAL 

Competitive activities 

The JRC concluded 87 new shared­cost activity con­
tracts in 2001. Competitive activities outside the 
Framework Programme were defined through the con­
clusion of 9 new contracts. Third Party work originates 
from a range of 57 major clients. 

(registered in 2001 accounts) 

Shared­cost activities 

Competitive activities outside the FWP 

Third Party work 

TOTAL 

Β 

13.3 
9.5 
8.9 

14.1 
9.3 
11.4 

31.7 

34.8 

EUR Conference Articles 
reports papers 

Special 

16 
2 
8 
4 
23 
15 
18 
15 
10 
19 
28 
1 

95 
100 
50 
20 
76 
73 
90 
121 
100 
125 
26 

67 
90 
28 
1 
24 
10 
34 
24 
48 
75 
14 
4 

24 

6 
6 
19 
10 
9 
13 
16 
27 
12 
26 

TOTAL  ■ 

202 
192 
92 
31 
142 
108 
151 
173 
174 
246 
80 
31 

159 

876 

419 

168 

1,622 

© 

The  J RC  in  figures  [II] 

In  the  context  o f t he  administrative  and  financial  re 
form  and the  measures  adopted  by the  Commission  in 
the  March  2000  White  Paper  (COM  (2000)  200  final), 
each  Director-General  is required to  present  an  annual 
report.  The  first  annual  report  covers  the  2001 finan 
cial  year.  To  guarantee  the  uniform  presentation  of 
information,  the  JRC thought  it  appropriate  to  give  in 
its annual report  identical information  to that  summar 
ised  in  the  annual  activity  report  of  the  Director-
General  of  the  JRC. This  information  relates  to  the  im 
plementation  of  the  appropriations  allocated  by  the 
budgetary  authority  with  respect  to  its  institutional 
activities  and  information  relating  to  its  competitive 
activities  (work  for third  parties). 

APPROPRIATIONS ( €) 

Institutional 

(EC +  EAEC) 
1 

Commitment 

Payment 

Competitive 

II 

Commitment 

Payment 

Initial appropriations 

Modifications + other appropriations 

Appropriations carried 

Total 

2001 
1 

256,800,000.00 

265,700,000.00 

N/A 

1 

0.00 

0.00 

AELE,  PECO 
2 

22,668,383.10 

30,007,041.35 

Contracts signed 

in 2001 
2 

34,815,247.87 

8,211,573.71 

over from  2000 
3 

1,522,38486 

1,603,151.03 

Contracts signed 

before 20O1 
3 

134,964,431.87 

115,479,318.27 

4=1+2+3 
280,990,767.96 
297,310,192.38 

Total 

4=1+2+3 
169,779,679.74 
123,690,891.98 

Global  financial  resources 

Initial appropriations 

Modifications + other appropriations 

Carry over 

Total 

111=1-1-11 

Commitment 

Payment 

2001 
1 

256,800,000.00 

265,700,000.00 

+  contracts signed in 2001 
2 

57,483,630.97 

38,218,615.06 

3 
136,486,816.73 

117,082,469.30 

4=1+2+3 
450,770,447.70 
421,001,084.36 

J 

EXECUTION OF APPROPRIATIONS  (€) 

Institutional 
(EC + EAEC) 
I 
Commitment 
Payment 

Current appropriations 

Appropriations carried 

Total 

Rate 

Carry over to  2002 

Appropriations cancelled 

2001 

5 

over from 2000 

6 

268,208,715.62 

1,518,579.17 

257,423,874.06 

1,535,908.91 

7=5+6 

269,727,294.79 

258,959,782.97 

8=7/(4-9) 

99.91% 

93.99. 

(ort. 96  FR) 
9 

11,018,183.12 

21,786,398.36 

10=4-7-9 

245,290.05 

16,564,011.05 

Competitive 

Competitive activities 

N/A 

Commitment 

Payment 

5 

49,225,035.65 

48,978,620.06 

6 
N/A 
N/A 

S+6 
9,225,035.65 
48,978,620.06 

N/A 

N/A 
N/A 

Carry over to 2002 

Carry over to  2002 

(ott.96 FR) 

9=4-7-10 

(SCA) 
10 

118,184,726.43 

74,712,271.92 

2,369,917.66 
N/A 

Global  financial  resources  Current appropriations 

Carry over 

Totol 

Carry over to 2002 

Appropriations cancelled 

111=1+11 

Commitment 

Payment 

+  contracts  2001 

5 

317,433,751.27 

306,402,494.12 

6 

1,518,579.17 

1,535,908.91 

7=5+6 

318,952,330.44 

307,938,403.03 

N/A 
N/A 

(ort.96 FR) 
9 

10=4-7-9 

129,202,909.55 

2,615,207.71 

96,498,670.28 

16,564,011.05 

Human  resources: 

Authorised  establishment  plan  staff-  20/7 

Allocated  equivalent  man/year  -  2088 

Notes: 

The allocated staff  includes visiting scientists, grant holders 
and seconded staff. All staff is allocated to operational tasks. 

The support  to the  Decommissioning activity  belongs to the 
EAEC programme. 

The allocated staff  split is: 
1,665  officials  +  208  auxiliaries  +  215  visiting  scientists, 
fellows and seconded staff = 2,088. 

®-

Appendices 

Board of Governors ofthe Joint Research Centre ofthe Commission ofthe European Communities 

Prof. Fernando AtDANA CHAIRMAN 
Oficina de Innovación y Tecnología Empresarial 
E. Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales 
E­28006 Madrid 

MEMBERS 
Dr. Jacques WAUTREQUIN BELGIQUE/BEIGIÉ' 
Secrétaire Général Honoraire 
Services Fédéraux des Affaires Scientifiquesjechniques et Culturelles 
B ­ 1 1 70 Bruxelles 
Dr. Hans Peter JENSEN DANMARK 
Vice Director 
DK­2820 Gentofte 

Replaced Dr. H.B. Melk on I September 2001 
Ministerialdirektor Dr. Kersten BRENNER DEUTSCHUND 
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung 
D­53175 Bonn 
Prof. Michaiis S.SK0URT0S ELLAS 

Director of Postgraduate Studies 
University of the Aegean, Department of Environmental Studies 

GR­81 l O O M y f ni 
Prof. Félix YNDURÁIN ESPAÑA 
Director­Generol of GEMAT 
E ­ 2 8 0 4 0í 
Mr. Philippe GARDERET FRANCE 
Directeur de l'Innovation et des Technologies Emergentes 
AREVA 
F­75433 Paris Cedex 09 
Dr. Killian HALPIN IRELAND 

Director Office of Science & Technology ­ Policy Division 
Forfás, Wilton Park House 
IRL­Dublin 2 
Ing. Paolo VENDUTI ITALIA 
Direttore Generale, Consorzio SICN 
1­00196 Roma 
Mr. Pierre DECKER LUXEMBOURG 
Conseiller de Gouvernement 1ère classe 
Ministère de la Culture, de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de lo Recherche 
L ­ 2273 Luxembourg 

Mr.JanW.WEEHUIZEN NEDERLAND 
Director of Energy Production ­ Ministry of Economic Affairs 

NL­2500 EC Den Haag 
Ministerialrat Dr. Kurt PERSY ÖSTERREICH 
Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft und Verkehr, Gruppe lll/A 
A ­ 1 0 14 Wien 
Prof. José CARVALHO SOARES PORTUGAL 
President 
Ministério da Ciência e da Tecnologia, Instituto Tecnológico e Nucleai 
Ρ­2686­953 Sacavém 
Prof. Jarl FORSTEN SUOMI­FINLAND 
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland 
FIN­02044 VTT 
Prof. Kerstin FREDGA SVERIGE 
S­131 50 Saltsjö­Duvnüs 
Replaced hof. 1. Carlsson on 20 March 2001 

Dr. Jomes McQUAID UNITED 
International Directorate, 

Office of Science and Technology 
1 Victoria Street 
GB­LondonSWIHOEH 
Replaced Or. M. Earwkkeron 15 lune 2001 

<s 

PARTICIPANTS 
Mrs. Alhena  VUTSOVA 

Director 
Ministry  of  Education ond Science 

BG-Sofia  1000 
Dr.  Karel  AIM 
ICPF Scientific  Board  Choir 

Academy of  Sciences  of  the  Czech  Republic, 
Institute of  Chemical  Process  Fundomentols 

CZ-165  02  Praha  6 
Dr. Antonis  IOULIAN0S 
Research  Promotion  Foundation 
CY-1683  Nicosia  (As from  4  October  2001) 
Dr. Toivo  RÄIM 
Ministry of  Education of  Estonia 
Department of  Research  and High  Education 

EE· Tortii  50088 
Dr. Axel  BJÖRNSSON 

Professor  in  Environmental  Sciences, University  of  Akureyri 
IS - 600  Akureyri 

Prof. Arnon  BENTJR 
Samuel  Neoman  Institute for Advanced  Studies in Science and  Technology 
IL-32000  Haifa 
Prof. Andrejs  SILINS 
Secretary-General,  Latvian Academy  of  Sciences 

LV-1050  Riga 
Ms. Karin  ZECH 
Amt für  Volkswirtschaft 
FL-9490  Vaduz 
Dr.  Hobil. Antonas  «NYS 

Chairman  of Senate  (Board),  Semiconductor  Physics  Institute 
LT· 2600  Vilnius 
Dr. Frank  PORTELLI 
Malto  Council for  Science and  Technology 

M  - Valletta  (As from  6  November  2001 ) 
Prof.  Laszlo  KEVICZKY 

Member  of  the  Academy 
Vice-President,  Hungarian Academy  of  Sciences 
H-1051  Budapest 

Mr. Andreas  MORTENSEN 
Ministry  of Trade and  Industry 

N-0030  Oslo 
Prof.  Michal  KLEIBER 
Director 
Institute of  Fundamental  Technological  Research 
Polish Academy of  Sciences 

PL -00-049  Warszawa 
Mr.  Petru  FILIP 
National Agency  for  Science, Technology  and  Innovation 
Office  for  European  Integration  in  R&D  Programmes 

RO-70168  #1  Bucharest 
Dr. Vladimir  SUCHA 

Associated  Professor at  Faculty of  Sciences 
Deportment  of  Geology  of  Mineral  Deposits,  Comenius  University 
S K - 8 4 2 15  Bratislava 
Dr. Milos  KOMAC 
State  Undersecretary - Ministry  of  Science and Technology 
SL - 1 0 00  Ljubljana 

BULGARIA 

CESKÁ  REPUBLIKA 

CYPRUS 

ESTONIA 

ISLAND 

ISRAEL 

LATVIA 

FÜRSTENTUM  LIECHTENSTEIN 

LITHUANIA 

MAGYARORSZAG 

* 

POLSKA 

SLOVAKIA 

SLOVENIJA 

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Institutional  research  activities 

Safety of food and  chemicals, and  health  related  issues 

JRC WORK  PROGRAMME  LINES 

IE 

IPSC 

IES 

IHCP 

IPTS 

Control of  quality  end safety  of food  and related  items 

(development,  validation  and harmonisation  of  analytical  methods) 

Reference materials  for  agricultural,  food and consumer  products 

Reference measurements  for  agricultural, food  and consumer  products and  databases 

Support  to the  implementation  of  the  Community  policy  on  biotechnology, 

including the  detection  of  genetically  modified  organisms  (GMOs)  in environmental  ond in  food  somples 

Environmental  integrity  and  human  health 

The validation  of  alternative  methods -  ECVAM 

Chemical  products, risk  assessment 

International  comparability  of  chemical  measurements 

Chemical  reference  methods  and measurements  for  normalisation  and  certification 

Boron  Neutron  Capture Therapy  (BNCT) 

Alpho-immunotherapy 

Minimally  invasive  Medical Systems  (MIMES) 

REIiability of  bioMEdical  Devices  (REMED) 

Biomedical  certified  reference  materials  for  clinical  diagnostics 

Life science  and impact on society 

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II 

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Environment 

JRC WORK PROGRAMME  LINES 

Structural safety under  fast  transients 

Research in support to  the implementation  and validation  of  the  EUROCODES; research for  structural  vulnerability  assessment, 

strengthening/repair  techniques  for  civil and cultural  heritage  structure  under  earthquakes  (SEISPROTEC) 

Natural  hazards 

Environment  and society  (Part  1 : EAS) 

Euro-landscape: géo-information  for  development  ond environmental  monitoring 

European  Integrated  Pollution  Prevention and Control  Bureau  (EIPPC) 

Water quality -  European  Laboratory for Water  Protection 

Impact of  Waste Emissions on Soils  (IWES) 

Coastal  monitoring  and  management  (COAST) 

Integrated  air  quality assessment  (IAQA) 

Reference materials for  pollution  control 

Energy and climate  change 

Global  Environment  Information  System  (GEIS) 

Atmospheric  processes  related to  regional and global  changes 

Photovoltaic  and solar  electricity  (SOLAREC) 

Advanced  Electricity Storage  (ADELS) 

Clean and efficient  waste  incineration, waste  to  energy  and biomass  combustion  (CLEANWEB) 

Sustainability  in tronsport  and  mobility 

CORSE 

European  Soil  Bureau 

Population dynamics  and Security  (PD+S) 

Safety  of  pressure  equipment  and component  containing  hydrogen  (SPEECH) 

IRMM 

ITU 

IE 

IPSC 

IES 

IHCP 

IPTS 

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Dependability of information systems and services 

JRC WORK PROGRAMME UNES 

IE 

IPSC 

IES 

IHCP 

I 

Telematic  systems for the  EU pharmaceutical  regulatory activity  (ETOMEP) 

Electronic  business 

Dependability  of  information technology  systems 

Networks, multimedia  and  education 

Medical ond health telematics -  Validation and accreditation of  methoi 

activities 

Statistics support: European statistical laboratory  (ESL) 

SST Support  to implementation and monitoring  of anti-fraud  policy 

Safety and emergency management systems for man-made and natural  hazards 

Civilian  de-mining 

European  Coordination  Centre for  Aircraft Incident  Reporting Systems  (ECLAIRS) 

Scientific  knowledge assessment and information  technology 

Monitoring Agriculture with  Remote Sensing  (MARS) 

Advanced statistics for clearance of  accounts  (ASCA) 

Animal Tagging  (the  IDEA project) 

Building the information  society 

Gl and GIS: Harmonisation  and  interoperability 

New technologies for  monitoring fishing vessels 

Galileo Support 

37 

Nuclear safety and safeguards 

JRC WORK PROGRAMME LINES IRMM ITU IE IPSC IES IHCP IPTS 

Reference measurement for neutron-materials interaction ' 

Neutron reference measurements for environmental protection ' 

Reference measurements for neutron data standards ' 

European Network for Inspection Qualification (ENIQ) 

Ageing Materials Evaluation ond Studies (AMES) 

Network for Evaluation of Structural Components (NESC) 

Safely of Nuclear Fuel 

Basic Actinide Research 

Partitioning and Transmutation 

Exploitation of Neutron Data ' 

Spent Fuel Characterisation in View of Long-Term Storage 

Critical issues in nuclear reactor safety 

Safeguards Research and Development at Ispra 

Safeguards Research and Development at Karlsruhe 

Metrology and Quality Assurance for Nuclear Safeguards ' 

Support to Euratom Safeguards Office 

Support to the Internationa! Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 

Radioactivity Environmental Monitoring (REM) 

Measurement of Radioactivity in the Environment 

High Temperature Reactor Technological network (HTR-TN) 

Network on Neutron Techniques Standardisation (NET) 

European Network for Medical radio-isotope and beam Research (EMIR) 

Safety for Eastern European type Nuclear Facilities (SENJF) 

Horizontal activities 

JRC WORK PROGRAMME LINES 

The "Futures" project 

BCR ond industrial certified reference materials 

Metrology in chemistry and traceability 

Radionuclide metrology 

Knowledge and skills: Perspectives for Europe 

Technology assessment and validation, demonstration, partner, search and transfer 

Enlargement: building linkages on prospective activities 

Mediterranean and regional perspectives 

Network and knowledge management 

European Science X Technology Observatory (ESTO) 

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IE IPSC IES IHCP IPTS  ■ 

Joint Ri 

:h Centre - Directors 

ma 

Deputy Director­General 
(Acting Director-General 01.01.2001-31.03.2001 
Hugh Richardson 

Director­General 
Barry McSweeney 

Institute for Transuranium Elements 

, fl Roland Schenkel 

Science Strategy Directorate 
Alejandro Herrero­Molino 

Resources Directorate 
Jean­Pierre Vondersteen 

Institute for Environment and Susfoinability 
Jean­Marie Martin 

Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen 
David R. Wilkinson 

Institute for Energy 
Kari Törrönen ι 

^ Μ Institute for Health and Consumer Protection 
\ 1 Kees van Leeuwen 

Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements 
Manfred Grasserbauer M 

Institute for Prospective Technological Studies 
Jean­Marie Cadiou 

The mission of the Joint Research Centre is to  provide  customer-driven  scientific and technical support  for the  con 

ception,  development,  implementation  and  monitoring  of  European  Union  policies. As a service  of  the  European 

Commission, the JRC functions  as a reference  centre of science and technology  for the Community. Close to the po 

licy-making process, it serves the common  interest of the  Member  States, while  being independent  of  commercial 

or  national  interests. 

M 
O 
I 
N 
-T> 
I 

m 

EUROPEAN COMMISSION 
JOINT  RESEARCH  CENTRE 

OFFICE  FOR OFFICIAL  PUBLICATIONS 
OFTHE  EUROPEAN  COMMUNITIES 

L-2985 Luxembourg 

ISBN  lE-fliM-aSbS-fi 

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