From the Commission - JRC Annual Report 2001
Date: 2002-09-02
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: EU research policy, Joint Research Centre, action programme, activity report, research programme

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES

Brussels, 2.9.2002
COM(2002) 306 final/2

CORRIGENDUM
Annule et remplace la version
COM(2002) 306 final du
26.6.2002.
(Concerne toutes les versions linguistiques).

REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION

JRC ANNUAL REPORT 2001

CONTENTS

Foreword from the Commissioner for Research

Comments from the Chairman of the Board of Governors

Message from the Director-General

Observations from the Board of Governors

4

5

6

8

1.

2.

2.1.

2.2.

2.3.

2.4.

2.5.

2.6.

2.7.

2.8.

2.9.

NEW STRUCTURE, NEW FOCUS .......................................................................10

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS ........................................................................................11

Water is Essential....................................................................................................11

Climate Change.......................................................................................................11

Fire: A threat to European Forests...........................................................................12

BSE ........................................................................................................................13

Animal Traceability ................................................................................................13

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)...............................................................14

Safety of Chemicals ................................................................................................14

Alpha-immunotherapy ............................................................................................15

Nuclear Forensics....................................................................................................16

2.10.

Cybersecurity..........................................................................................................16

2.11.

The electronic-Payment Systems Observatory.........................................................17

3.

3.1.

3.2.

3.3.

3.4.

3.5.

3.6.

3.7.

4.

4.1.

4.2.

4.3.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE JRC INSTITUTES ...........................................................18

Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM) .................................18

Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU) .............................................................18

Institute for Energy (IE) ..........................................................................................18

Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen (IPSC) .................................19

Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES) ..................................................19

Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP)..............................................19

Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS)............................................20

SUPPORTING EU POLICY...................................................................................21

Thematic priorities ..................................................................................................21

The Work Programme 2001 ....................................................................................22

Contributing to European standardisation................................................................22

2

4.4.

The quest for excellence..........................................................................................22

4.4.1. A benchmarked organisation...................................................................................22

4.4.2. Research benchmarking in Europe ..........................................................................23

4.5.

4.6.

5.

5.1.

5.2.

6.

Total Quality Management......................................................................................23

Women and Science................................................................................................23

CONTRIBUTING TO THE EUROPEAN RESEARCH AREA ..............................24

Networking .............................................................................................................24

Research training and mobility................................................................................24

PROGRESSING SUPPORT TO EU ENLARGEMENT .........................................25

6.1.

Progressive opening up of the JRC programme .......................................................25

6.1.1. Hosting and training staff from applicant countries .................................................25

6.1.2. Research collaboration ............................................................................................25

6.1.3.

Enhancing communication ......................................................................................25

7.

7.1.

7.2.

8.

8.1.

8.2.

9.

9.1.

9.2.

9.3.

9.4.

9.5.

9.6.

10.

STRENGTHENING INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS.........................................26

Global dimension....................................................................................................26

Nuclear issues .........................................................................................................26

MANAGING TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ..........................................................28

Spin-offs .................................................................................................................28

Descartes finalist.....................................................................................................28

THE JRC IN FIGURES (I) .....................................................................................29

Statutory Staff.........................................................................................................29

Collaborative Staff with Member States and Third Countries ..................................30

Equal Opportunities ................................................................................................30

Budget (budget and expenses - institutional activities) ............................................30

Competitive Activities ............................................................................................31

Publications ............................................................................................................32

THE JRC IN FIGURES (II) ....................................................................................33

Appendices

35

3

Foreword from the Commissioner for Research

I have been pleased with the efforts the JRC has made over the last year to concentrate resources
more on its core tasks and ensure that its work is driven by customer demand, with a clear-cut
service orientation. A significant proportion of Community legislation is science-based. We must
make all possible efforts to ensure that the science supporting it is of the highest quality. In this
regard, the JRC, supported by an extensive networking structure, can help to play an important role
in ensuring that effective and reliable scientific support is given to Community policy-making.

The JRC will support a European system of reference for science and technology, by targeting its
resources on:

–

–

developing reference materials and methods, common databases and information exchange
systems;

validating methods in key policy areas such as the environment and food safety.

As a European research organisation, the JRC will need to play its part in creating a European
Research Area in so far as it can provide a platform generating real added Community value from
networking and scientific collaboration. The proposals for the Sixth Framework Programme
recognise the contribution the JRC can make to integrated research training – its facilities should be
used to provide access to young researchers and ensure regular exchange of researchers with
Member States and applicant countries in a multidisciplinary scientific setting. I am keen to ensure
including for reference
that
measurement and fundamental research.

the large JRC facilities are more intensively and widely used,

I am confident that, under its new Director-General, the JRC will make a valuable contribution to
the creation of the European Research Area.

Philippe Busquin

Research Commissioner

4

Comments from the Chairman of the Board of Governors

The year 2001 marked the onset of a period of profound change for the JRC involving the
restructuring of institutes and concentration of activities. The changes were achieved with the active
support and collaboration of the staff and their representatives. I am also pleased to recognise the
strong effort being made to develop a service culture in the organisation. This, in my view, has
significantly contributed to the improved attitude of the Council and Parliament towards the JRC
and indeed of those Directorates-General of the Commission that receive scientific support from the
JRC.

The new Director-General, Barry McSweeney, took up his post last April. Since his first day on the
job, Barry brought along his characteristic energy and enthusiasm to work with all the members of
staff in order to shape the JRC of the years to come. He distinguished himself by the drive and
confidence he showed in the ability of the organisation to adapt to the needs of its key customers
and to provide the best possible scientific and technical support to Community policymaking and, in
particular, to the creation of the European Research Area.

The structure of the Board of Governors itself changed; a number of working groups were created
aiming at linking the Board more closely to the strategy and operation of the JRC Institutes. This
process of change proved particularly fruitful as the advice of the Board to the Director-General on
strategic decisions was consistently taken up by the JRC management. This enhanced the effective
support of the Board for management decisions and to the strategic direction of the JRC. I welcome
the emphasis the JRC is putting on supporting the enlargement process. Support for the European
Research Area and for enlargement are indeed vital activities very appropriate to the function of the
JRC.

The Board looks forward to the development and consolidation of all these changes in 2002.

Fernando Aldana

5

Message from the Director-General

The year 2001 was a year of change and focusing for the JRC, change brought about through a
process of aligning our Institute activities to Community policies in order to give the best added
value to our main customers. As a result, we replaced the Institute for Advanced Materials with the
Institute for Energy, and fused activities of the Space Applications Institute into the Institute for
Environment and Sustainability and the Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen. It
was also a tough year as we had to accommodate a 175-post
reduction following the
recommendation of the Commission Expert Group. These changes have been successfully
implemented with the support of all staff including the staff representatives.

Developing a service culture and attending to customer demands have become the main drivers of
JRC activity. All JRC projects now have the endorsement of its customers. A High-Level Users
Group consisting of the Directors-General of all Commission services using JRC work has been
established and meets regularly to steer and monitor the orientation of our activities. We will ensure
the
that research institutes in the Member States are included in our projects. In this way,
knowledge base enabling the JRC to support Community policy effectively will be as
comprehensive and well-grounded as possible.

Ensuring that the science produced by the JRC and used in the service of EU policy is of the highest
quality is a key objective. Seeking high scientific quality certified by rigorous peer review and
benchmarking of the JRC scientific output and the management processes that lead to it against the
output of comparable organisations in the EU were two of the initiatives undertaken in the course of
2001.

Defining the customer need for everything we do is at the heart of project prioritisation. In our drive
towards higher cost-effectiveness, all our activities are being reviewed with a critical eye on the
actual need for JRC action. A process of project integration has already commenced aiming at
providing better scientific value for money in key Community policy areas. All our future projects
will meet strict criteria of EU, added value and non-duplication of Member State effort.

involving 2000 external research groups, and our commitment

The JRC strongly supports the development of the European Research Area. Our extensive network
base,
to research training are
essential in this respect. We will continue to invest in exploratory research projects in selected
areas, as this is vital for our scientific credibility as well as being an instrument enhancing our
capability to provide scientific support to future policy needs. A key facet of our activities will be to
provide research training for young scientists and scientific staff of competent authorities from the
EU and applicant countries through a mix of short-term visits, research cooperation and hosting
PhD and post-doctoral level research. In addition, the JRC’s own staff is strongly encouraged to
spend limited periods of time in the service of other Commission Directorates-General or relevant
organisations in the Member States.

Special emphasis has been put on supporting the enlargement process. Several of our projects were
extended to include applicant countries and we have modified our approaches to tackle the specific
problems these countries face in our domain of work. We have foreseen specific instruments aimed
at efficient exchange of knowledge and provision of specialised training in scientific methods and
techniques to facilitate the enforcement of the "acquis communautaire" in key Community policy
areas.

6

the Board of Governors and
In closing, I would like to thank the JRC Directors and staff,
Commissioner Busquin for their encouragement and support in the work of the JRC during this
period of change.

Barry McSweeney

7

Observations from the Board of Governors

The year 2001 marked the onset of a period of profound change for the JRC involving a stronger
orientation towards its customers and users, the concentration and focusing of activities, enhanced
collaboration with the Member States, the opening up and networking with other organisations, and
the monitoring and benchmarking of scientific quality.

These changes are in line with the combined conclusions of the various external and internal
evaluation exercises carried out
the Five Year
Assessment, Peer Group report, Davignon report, Activities Prioritisation Audit, the benchmarking
initiative and the Total Quality Management exercise), as well as the objectives given by
Commission Communications COM (2001) 714 final, COM (2001) 594 final and COM (2000) 612
final.

in 2000 and 2001 (i.e.

the Scientific Audit,

In this context, the Board wishes to make the following observations on the 2001 Annual Report of
the JRC:

–

–

–

–

–

The JRC 2001 Annual Report shows in its new format a consolidated corporate image
which serves as an improved communication tool with its customers and users.

Nuclear safety and other energy-related activities have been concentrated at the JRC site in
the Institute for
Petten, within the new Institute for Energy. Two new institutes,
Environment and Sustainability (IES) and the Institute for the Protection and Security of
the Citizen (IPSC), were created in order to integrate and focus the activities of the former
Space Applications Institute (SAI), the Environment Institute (EI) and the Institute for
Systems, Informatics and Safety (ISIS). The Board recognises the efforts made by the JRC
to increase the coherence of its activities in line with its mission. It acknowledges that
changes were achieved with the active support and collaboration of the staff and their
representatives. However, a job satisfaction survey of the staff carried out
in the
framework of Total Quality Management has also revealed challenges, which the Board
encourages the management to address.

The Board was involved in the selection and appointment of the new Director-General,
Barry McSweeney, and three new Directors heading the Science Strategy Directorate,
Resources Directorate, and the Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP). The
Board looks forward to continuing the good collaborative relationships already developed
with the new JRC management team.

The operational procedures of the Board of Governors have also been adapted to enhance
its contribution to the JRC corporate strategy and main lines of activities. Four working
groups of the Board have thus been created: Strategy and Finance; Food, Chemicals and
Health; Environment and Sustainability; and Energy. The aim is to improve interaction of
Member States and applicant countries with the JRC management and the Institute
directors. The experience has proven successful and should continue to be further
developed.

Strong efforts are being made to develop a service culture in the organisation. In this
respect, the contribution of the new High-Level Users Group and its importance for JRC
governance is acknowledged.

8

–

–

–

–

The Board of Governors appreciates the efforts of the JRC to achieve the highest scientific
quality through internal and external reviews and through benchmarking with other
organisations.

The JRC has undertaken preparatory work in 2001 with the aim of contributing to the
creation of the European Research Area. The Board will continue to support this process
and will collaborate with the JRC management to define strategic objectives and actions in
this regard, including mechanisms for networking, the implementation of a Common
the contribution to the EU Enlargement process, and
Scientific Reference System,
enhancing the role of the JRC in research training through its facilities.

The Board of Governors encourages the JRC management to continue to improve gender
balance and to make the JRC a family friendly and equal opportunity organisation. It
supports the efforts of the ‘JRC Women and Science network’ in this respect.

The Board will use its endeavours to enhance the progression and consolidation of these
changes in 2002 and beyond.

9

1.

NEW STRUCTURE, NEW FOCUS

The Joint Research Centre is one of the two Directorates-General of the European
Commission under the responsibility of Research Commissioner, Philippe Busquin. Its
mission is to provide scientific and technical support to Community policy-making through
its own research and through bringing together the research capabilities of its extensive
scientific networks.

The period 2001-2002 is a time of change for the JRC. Within the last year the number of
JRC Institutes was reduced from eight to seven. The remaining Institutes were restructured
resulting in the creation of three new ones, the Institute for the Protection and Security of
the Citizen, the Institute for Environment and Sustainability and the Institute for Energy. A
consequent reduction in the overall number of units followed.

Our main objective for the year 2002 will be the consolidation of these changes in order to
render the JRC operation more efficient and to further focus its customer-driven activities.
In this context, a High-Level Users Group comprising the Directors-General of all
Commission services supported by the JRC scientific work and chaired by the JRC
Director-General was set up in July 2001. The Group regularly reviews the top priorities
for scientific support to EU policy-making so that the work programme of the JRC can
properly reflect those priorities.

In addition to the High-Level Users Group, the JRC Board of Governors provides an
increasingly effective link between the JRC research strategy and the priorities of EU
Member States. The Board of Governors consists of one representative of each EU
Member State, as in the appendix.

The JRC management includes Director-General Barry McSweeney, Deputy Director-
General Hugh Richardson, and a team of Directors (appendix).

Several new key elements are being introduced in the JRC operation in order to reinforce
its role as provider of scientific and technological support to Community policy-making
and as a catalyst for scientific and research networking and integration in Europe. They
include:

–

–

–

–

building up a significant number of mobile young scientific staff who work at the
JRC for limited periods of time.

enhancing the training capacity of the JRC and integrating research training into its
research work programme. Special emphasis is put on the needs of Candidate
Countries in designing and implementing the research training programme.

promoting greater transparency and simplification of administrative procedures.

promoting staff exchange with other Commission services.
extended to research organisations in the Member States.

Τ

his will also be

10

2.

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS

2.1.

Water is Essential

Fresh water is crucial for human and ecosystem health, a threatened commodity in Europe,
and a major consideration for economic growth. Recognising the need to protect fresh
water in Europe, the EU adopted the Water Framework Directive in late 2000. The
directive is now being implemented in the Member States, with significant technical and
scientific support from the JRC. It introduces the watershed approach, which aims at
evaluating all activities in the river basin with the impact on inland and coastal waters with
respect to ecological and human health.

In 2001, the JRC assisted DG Environment in setting up the scientific and technical
working groups required by Community legislation. It also contributes to the analysis and
monitoring activities on priority chemicals as part of the Water Framework Directive, and
coordinates pilot testing of river basins for compliance purposes. In addition, the JRC
provides expertise in ecological quality assessment of surface waters and development of
inter-calibration of water analyses for regulatory purposes in the Member States. In these
endeavours, the JRC works in close collaboration with the national and regional competent
authorities in Member States, and with other services of the Commission. The aim is to
harmonise efforts towards sustainable management, use and protection of EU’s common
fresh water resources. The JRC research contributes to reducing uncertainty, providing
reference measurements and protocols, and linking space, land and water observation
strategies.

2.2.

Climate Change

On the international scene, 2001 has been a year of paramount importance for climate
change. In the research arena, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
published its Third Assessment Report (TAR), stating that “most of the observed warming
over the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas
concentrations”. In the policy arena, the IPCC meetings in Bonn and Marrakesh succeeded
in translating the Kyoto Protocol into legal text that is now ready for ratification. This year
the JRC has been actively involved in the process. JRC scientists acted as Lead Author and
Contributing Author in the IPCC TAR. They contributed to chapters dealing with the role
of atmospheric chemistry and aerosols in climate change, areas where they have strong
competencies. IPCC TAR identifies major uncertainties related to aerosol climate effects,
which prevent accurate predictions of future climate change. It also points to the role of
aerosols in air pollution, acid deposition, and health and hence to the relationship between
climate change issues and conventional air pollution.

The importance of atmospheric chemistry and aerosols in climate studies was highlighted
at the Symposium “A Changing Atmosphere” organised by IES and DG Research, which
took place in Turin during September 2001. This attracted 250 scientists from Europe and
beyond. During the symposium an evening session was organised, open to the general
public, in which Commissioner Philippe Busquin debated with key representatives from
research and industry what is effectively being done about climate change.

During 2001,
the European
the JRC set up collaboration with DG Environment,
Environment Agency (EEA) and the Member States to study and improve the quality of
CO2 sequestration estimates in the biosphere (the “sink”). This is currently of key

11

importance, since the Bonn and Marrakesh Accords allow Parties to use CO2 sequestration
in the biosphere as a way to comply with the Kyoto Protocol greenhouse gas reduction
targets. It is believed that most of the 5.2% reduction required by the Protocol will be
achieved by appropriately managing the biosphere sink. However, huge methodological
in approaches
problems plague sink measurements, and many inconsistencies exist
between the Member States. Parallel to its work with DG Environment, EEA and the
Member States, the IES continues its strong collaboration with the CarboEurope initiative
of DG Research which aims at a scientifically sound verification system for greenhouse
gas emissions and sinks that would have EU-wide applicability.

2.3.

Fire: A threat to European Forests

Every year, on average, 50,000 forest fires occur in the EU Mediterranean region burning
more than half a million hectares of forested areas. Often fire damage is irreversible due to
the fragile condition of some Mediterranean ecosystems. The European Commission and
the EU Member States spend millions of euro trying to mitigate forest fire damage.

The JRC is working with the Member States and the Directorates-General for Environment
and Agriculture to improve fire prevention and fire damage evaluation. The Permanent
Network of National Correspondents (PNNC) of the Member States recognises the need
for the evaluation of forest fire impacts at the European scale. In response to this need,
since 1999, the JRC has had a strong liaison with the fire prevention and firefighting
services at the EU and national levels. The JRC is also part of a scientific network that
deals with the development and implementation of methods to compute fire risk and
evaluate fire damage. It is through the further expansion of these networks that the JRC
aims to contribute to the development of the European Research Area in this field.

Fire prevention is based on the use of forest fire risk maps which are used for determining
areas at high risk of fire, and consequently for planning strategies to minimise fire damage.
These strategies include the allocation of aerial means, ground machinery, and human
resources. The knowledge of fire risk is important not only at the national, but also at
international level, because forest fires often cross national boundaries.

During 2001, periodic meetings were held with networks of national experts on fires from
the Member States to evaluate the requirements of the users in terms of products, formats,
frequency of deliverables, etc. Based on the needs of the Member States, the JRC initiated
the development of a system to provide information on the fire risk forecast, evaluate the
extent of burnt areas and assess the fire damage to European forests. The first component
of this system, which integrates the use of satellite-derived and geo-information for forest
fire prevention is called the European Forest Fire Risk Forecasting System (EFFRFS).
The EFFRFS constitutes a pre-operational service in which the JRC, in coordination with
the Commission’s Environment DG, provides one- and three-day forest fire risk forecast
maps to civil protection and forest fire services in the EU. Fire risk forecast maps arrive at
all the services every morning through the Internet. The EFFRFS, which started in 2000
covering only the Mediterranean region, operates during the peak of the forest fire season,
i.e. from June to September. It has been expanded in 2001 to cover other EU countries that
requested the provision of fire risk maps, such as Austria, Finland, Germany, and Ireland,
and some EU pre-accession countries such as Bulgaria.

The EU Member States have appreciated the operation of the system and have asked for
the continuation and the improvement of EFFRFS towards a European Forest Fire
Information System. This is a clear example of establishing a structured dialogue with

12

users and other stakeholders that can lead to an operational service for civil protection and
forest fire services across the EU. This JRC contribution is in line with the EU's role to
provide environmental information and services that can be aggregated to other existing
global environmental
information products in support of the Global Monitoring for
Environment and Security (GMES) initiative.

2.4.

BSE

The safety and quality of food are of increasing concern to every citizen in the European
Union, and protecting the health of consumers is high on the EU policy agenda. The JRC
assists European and national authorities in addressing this concern by supplying
independent and authoritative scientific reference and support. Its principal contribution in
the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) crisis has been the
the wake of
development and validation of detection methods to ensure the absence of central nervous
tissue in food products and animal meat and bone meal (MBM) in feeding stuff, and
identification of BSE- infected animals.

During 2001, the JRC validated two commercially available test methods for the detection
of tissue from the central nervous system (CNS) such as brain in food products. The results
showed that both methods are able to detect CNS tissue in processed meat products such as
sausages. The JRC likewise improved an analytical method for the determination of a
specific marker (nervonic acid) from CNS in food products.

The JRC continued the development and validation of methods able to detect MBM in
feeding stuff, including the refinement and validation of an alternative method for the
determination of heat treatment of MBM according to European legislation. At the request
of DG Health and Consumer Protection the JRC started to look for appropriate markers to
be added to MBM and fat from rendering plants. A specific marker (trienantine) was
evaluated for its suitability, and was eventually proposed as an appropriate marker.

In 2001, the JRC continued to evaluate tests to detect the infection of cattle with BSE. Five
newly developed post-mortem BSE tests were evaluated awaiting approval in the European
Union.

When post mortem testing for BSE became compulsory in the EU on 1 January 2001, the
JRC organised a proficiency-testing programme of
the EU National Reference
Laboratories (NRL) in collaboration with the Central Veterinary Agency in the UK, which
is the Community Reference Laboratory for BSE. Non-infected and infected samples were
prepared and sets were sent out to 14 of the 15 EU Member States. The results revealed a
generally high standard of performance of the NRLs.

The JRC will continue to reinforce its capacity to integrate its know-how into this key area
of Community interest and assist the EU in re-establishing the confidence of public and
consumers in the way that food is produced, regulated and controlled, by streamlining its
research to respond to the needs of both the Commission and the Member States.

2.5.

Animal Traceability

As part of its ongoing effort to make the payment of agricultural subsidies easier to
the Agriculture DG launched the four-year IDEA
monitor and less prone to fraud,
(Identification Electronique des Animaux – Electronic Identification of Animals) project,
at the beginning of 1998. Its main objectives were: firstly, to assess the feasibility of

13

electronic identification as a system to trace individual farm ruminants from birth to the
abattoir; secondly, to validate under field conditions the performance of different passive
identification devices, as well as the readers, to automatically read the information on
them; and thirdly, to pave the way for a possible full-scale implementation in the European
Union. Approximately one million animals from three species (440,000 cattle, 490,000
sheep and 30,000 goats)
the
Netherlands, Portugal and Spain) were fitted with three different types of electronic tags:
(1) injectable transponder, (2) ruminal bolus and (3) electronic ear tag.

in six EU Member States (France, Germany,

Italy,

The JRC was responsible for providing the technical and scientific support to the IDEA
participants, performance testing and certification of the electronic identification devices,
quality control of the equipment, definition and establishment of a central database
(operational since 1999), data transmission and recording during the duration of the
project, and global evaluation of the results. A preliminary analysis of the results indicates
that, on average, the retention rate for the three types of electronic tags used in the IDEA
project is higher than commonly observed retention rates for plastic ear tags, currently used
for animal identification. In-field testing included tagging, reading and recovery of the
electronic identifiers. Examination of
the organisational structure, data recording,
information transfer and database management systems demonstrated the feasibility of an
electronic identification system to trace animals from birth to the abattoir. Improvement in
livestock monitoring is expected not only to reduce financial fraud, but also to reduce the
spread of animal-borne diseases. Such a system - tracing-back of animal origin - would
have allowed for improved management of the recent BSE and Foot and Mouth disease
crises.

The results of these electronic animal-tagging trials will feed into new legislation proposals
regarding livestock identification. The experience gained during the four-year project
showed not only that clear legislation needs to be put in place, but also that further
accompanying measures are needed - on testing and certification laboratories to check
conformity of tagging and reading equipment, on training of operators, on in-field
procedural guides and on data recording. A sound management system is fundamental to
success.

2.6.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

In 2001, the European Commission proposed the JRC as the Community Reference
Laboratory (CRL) for GMOs. This proposition was based on the recognition of the
activities of the European Network of GMO Laboratories (ENGL), comprising national
enforcement laboratories from EU Member States and applicant countries. ENGL together
with the JRC will form the basis for the Community Reference Laboratory. Within ENGL,
advances have been made particularly on method validation and on sampling of seeds,
grains and food. Also, a cooperation agreement has been reached between the JRC and the
GMO industry to validate methods for GMO detection and to supply materials for the
production of GMO certified reference material (CRM) for which the JRC is still the main
producer worldwide. In 2001, JRC produced a new stock of CRMs for soya beans
(Roundup ready) and a third generation of GMO CRM (T25 maize) is currently certified.

2.7.

Safety of Chemicals

The year 2001 was marked by the adoption by the Commission of the White Paper on a
future strategy for the safety of chemicals. In addition to supporting the implementation of
the current legislation on dangerous substances, the JRC has actively contributed to the

14

drafting of the follow-up legislation by participating in a number of the working groups
In
created by the Commission's Environment and Enterprise Directorates-General.
addition, it produced a report highlighting how alternative (non-animal) tests and testing
strategies could be developed and used in support of the future policy on chemicals in the
EU. During the year, three in vitro tests for embryotoxicity were endorsed by the Scientific
Advisory Committee of the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods
(ECVAM) as scientifically valid and ready for consideration for use in regulation.

2.8.

Alpha-immunotherapy

financing from the European Commission,

Alpha-immunotherapy is a new approach to treating certain types of cancer. It relies on
very short length, short-lived radiation given off by an emitter attached to cancer-cell-
the JRC in
seeking antibodies. Under
collaboration with the German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ) in Heidelberg began a
Phase I clinical trial for Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and other B-cell malignancies in March
in a network of European hospitals in
2001. The pre-clinical work was carried out
Heidelberg, Düsseldorf, Ghent and Hasselt. The JRC contributed to the development and
testing of the chelates used for binding bismuth (213Bi) to antibodies specific to cancer
cells, and established the efficacy of the 213Bi-labelled construct on relevant cell lines. In
DKFZ, the in-vivo stability of the radioimmunoconjugate was proven and its toxicity in
mice evaluated. The data indicated that radioimmunoconjugates were safe and effective,
due to the high cell-killing potency of the alpha-emitter.

Since April 2001, nine patients with B-cell malignancies, coming from three different
German hospitals, have been treated in DKFZ at three dose-levels (15, 30 and 45 mCi of
213Bi). Major toxicity has not been observed in the treated patients. A continuation of these
trials with a higher dose level is planned and the trial will be extended to other centres,
including the University Hospital in Düsseldorf.

of

the

The results obtained in a recent collaboration between the JRC and the Nuclear Medicine
213Bi-
Hospital
radioimmunoconjugates could be effective against diffuse-type gastric carcinomas. The
first application in clinical therapeutic trials involving patients with solid gastro-intestinal
tumours is expected in the near future.

Technical University

of Munich

suggested

that

Actinium-225 (225Ac), the parent nuclide of 213Bi, may be even more efficient in the
treatment of certain cancer types. Up to now, the major limitation in evaluating its potency
has been the lack of a suitable chelate. During 2001, a JRC team developed a new chelate
for 225Ac, and preliminary tests indicate efficient binding. Pre-clinical experiments will
commence in the near future in order to prove the suitability of the new chelate for clinical
use.

Another major issue in radioimmunotherapy is the quality of the radionuclide used. The
separation of 225Ac from Radium-225 (225Ra) or 226Ra using cation exchange is a lengthy
process. The longer the Ra/Ac product remains on the resin, the greater the risk of radium
contamination in the final product. To overcome these problems and to reduce the
separation time and elution volume, the JRC has studied new forms of resin. The newly
developed separation process has small elution volumes, short separation time and
extremely high purity of the product.

15

2.9.

Nuclear Forensics

Illicit trafficking in nuclear materials and associated environmental issues have led to the
forensic science. The JRC Institute for
development of a new discipline: nuclear
in nuclear
Transuranium Elements (ITU) is a key contributor to the European effort
forensics and is recognised as a centre of excellence in this area by Europol. ITU
collaborates closely with the German Federal Police Office (BKA) and Federal
Environment Ministry (BMU) – it
is the laboratory designated by the BMU for
investigation of seized nuclear materials. In the affair concerning the theft of nuclear
material from the reprocessing plant WAK (Wiederaufarbeitungsanlage Karlsruhe), which
is being decommissioned, the ITU was asked by the German authorities during summer
2001 to analyse the material found in the environment and the private apartments and in
cars of the suspects in order to establish information about the origin, age, type and
composition of the material and to find out whether further, not yet detected, highly
radioactive material was brought out of WAK. A combination of techniques was required,
from non-destructive analyses (e.g. low-level gamma measurements), through chemical,
elemental and isotopic analysis, up to investigations of the remaining parts of the samples
and particles by electron microscopy. ITU participated in all the associated meetings with
the German authorities and compiled a final report for use by law enforcement authorities.

JRC staff serve on the International Technical Working Group (ITWG) on Nuclear
Smuggling, and participated in two successful exercises involving ‘seized’ plutonium and
highly enriched uranium. In collaboration with the International Atomic Energy Authority
(IAEA), the JRC has developed a model action plan for dealing with seized nuclear
material that can be used as a framework for developing national response plans. A fully
developed version was approved for use recently in the Ukraine and is now being
implemented in most of the enlargement countries with dedicated JRC support.

In this area, JRC also fosters close contacts with law enforcement agencies – Europol,
Interpol, the World Customs Organisation and national police forces – and develops
techniques to optimise collaboration between standard forensic techniques and the special
requirements of the nuclear scientist: in February 2001, the JRC made the first ever
identification of a fingerprint on an alpha-contaminated object. The JRC maintains a team
on standby at ITU at all times to respond immediately to a seizure of illicit nuclear
material, so that an analysis can be delivered to the appropriate authorities within 24 hours
of arrival at the Institute.

2.10.

Cybersecurity

With the rapid advancement and globalisation of the Information Society, the right to
privacy is becoming an increasingly difficult concept to sustain. The nature of 'on-line'
business and e-commerce - where personal information can be readily transferred in digital
form - has led to a situation where fundamental privacy issues are systematically
threatened on a global scale. The EU has responded to the problems of on-line privacy
protection by drawing up privacy legislation that places stringent controls on the
management and processing of personal data by third parties. However, legislation can
only offer partial protection; technology has a vital role to play in ensuring appropriate
levels of privacy within on-line information management systems.

16

The JRC provides scientific support to the European Parliament and Commission services,
including the Information Society, Justice and Home Affairs, Internal Market, and Health
and Consumer Protection Directorates-General, in areas that are crucial for protecting the
security of citizens and consumers in cyberspace. These JRC activities focus on privacy-
and fraud-related risks to citizens arising from information infrastructure vulnerabilities,
and include related prospective and socio-economic impact assessment studies.

During 2001, a benchmark platform for Internet content filtering tools, designed to protect
against harmful Internet content, was completed. The 'EU implementation' model of the
World Wide Web Consortium's (W3C) P3P (platform for privacy preferences) standard
was developed and was adopted as the definitive model for the current P3P specification.

In support of DG Information Society, and in line with the requirements of the
Commission's eEurope 2002 action plan,
the JRC is investigating the technological
requirements for privacy management, and has provided scientific and technical advice on
the appropriate steps to be taken to keep the EU at the forefront of e-commerce growth.
The JRC has also given scientific advice to the European Parliament on future policy
issues relating to privacy and identity in cyberspace.

2.11.

The electronic-Payment Systems Observatory

the DG Enterprise-led ISIS-Programme (Information Society Initiatives

The electronic-Payment Systems Observatory (ePSO), a 24-month project, co-financed
under
in
Standardisation) reached full maturity in 2001. Electronic payment systems will play a
pivotal role in the development of e-commerce in Europe. The primary objective of the
Observatory was to enhance information exchange in this field with a view to promoting
commonality of approach, interoperability and eventually standardisation of e-payment
systems. The ePSO has set up an electronic Forum of relevant actors and experts and
facilitates a systematic exchange of strategic opinions – across borders and sectors – in
order to assist standardisation and help regulatory bodies keep pace with the progress of
underlying technologies. A high-level Steering Group guides the Observatory. Christa
Randzio-Plath, MEP, President of the Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee of the
European Parliament chairs the Steering Group, while experts from the industry and
related Commission services take part in it. The final ePSO conference will take place in
February 2002. Further
information on the project can be found on the website:
http://epso.jrc.es/

17

3.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE JRC INSTITUTES

3.1.

Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM)

IRMM is the JRC’s specialised Institute for production, certification and marketing of
reference materials and development of measurement methodologies. Its multi-faceted
work scope ranges from food quality and safety, in-vitro diagnostics and biometrology to
nuclear safety and safeguards. During 2001, the Institute has provided the basis for the
JRC’s rapid response to the BSE crisis and has produced soya bean and maize certified
reference materials and genomic DNA reference materials for food borne pathogens.
IRMM has brought together the key players in in-vitro diagnostics and biometrology to
create global networks aiming at providing reliable and internationally equivalent results in
forensic testing, genetics identification, biotechnology product analysis and clinical
diagnostic markers. As part of its nuclear safety and safeguards activity, it has certified ten
uranium isotopic standards on behalf of the South American Safeguards Organisation.
Finally,
it has extended its International Measurement Evaluation and Training in
Metrology in Chemistry Programmes to over 340 laboratories from applicant countries and
awarded more than 300 certificates.

3.2.

Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU)

ITU is the JRC Institute dedicated to nuclear science and its many applications on nuclear
safety and safeguards, radioactive waste management and health. In 2001, it made an
important effort towards promoting nuclear research training. It organised the first Actinide
Science Summer School and started an Actinide User Laboratory to allow young
researchers and students to obtain hands-on experience in working with transuranium
elements. ITU has participated in drawing up the European Roadmap for developing
Accelerator Driven Systems (ADS) for nuclear waste incineration, and has contributed
experimentally to the study of the behaviour of irradiated fuel in long-term storage.
Finally, the Institute has progressed towards the clinical testing of alpha-immunotherapy
for cancer treatment.

3.3.

Institute for Energy (IE)

In the course of 2001, the Institute for Advanced Materials (IAM) was transformed into the
Institute for Energy (IE), in order to focus on supporting EU energy policy development.
All of its projects were critically reviewed and adjusted to increase their bearing on
Community policy-making. The three main scientific priorities of the new Institute are:
nuclear safety, non-nuclear energy and, as a spin-off, nuclear medicine.

IE focuses on operating and providing its services as the reference laboratory to major
European networks in the energy sector (four on nuclear and two on non-nuclear energy).
In trying to consolidate the energy-related activities of the JRC and to provide validated
and harmonised information to Community policy-makers, IE set up the Sustainable
Energy Technologies Reference and Information System, along with the Institute for
Environment and Sustainability, the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies and the
Institute for Transuranium Elements. In addition, support
to enlargement progressed
further, in particular, in improving the safety of eastern European-type nuclear reactors.
The support of the JRC to the TACIS-Phare programmes increased by 40% this year
compared with 2000.

18

3.4.

Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen (IPSC)

IPSC came into being in September 2001, as a result of a fusion between the Institute for
Systems, Informatics and Safety (ISIS) and part of the Space Applications Institute (SAI).
The new Institute aims to provide research-based, systems-oriented support to EU policies
so as to protect the citizen against economic and technological risk. In preparation for the
Sixth Framework Programme its expertise in information, communication, space and
engineering technologies has been consolidated and focused in order to provide direct
support to Commission Directorates-General and Services through actions in three broad
areas. These include the development and assessment of systems to enhance compliance
with EU regulations and the application of technologies in fraud identification and
prevention;
risk
management; and the provision of support in verifying compliance with the Euratom
Treaty and other international treaties aimed at preventing the proliferation of weapons of
mass destruction.

the provision of decision support

in economic and technological

3.5.

Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES)

The Institute for Environment and Sustainability was created by merging the former
Environment Institute and parts of the former Space Applications Institute (SAI). The goal
was to create a multidisciplinary team capable of dealing with the multiple facets of
science supporting protection of the environment and the EU sustainable development
strategy. The expertise currently available combined experimental sciences, modelling,
geomatics and remote sensing. Thematically, IES has taken up an integrated approach to
environmental problem-solving. In this context, it has played a major role in supporting
EU air- and water-related policies such as the Clean Air for Europe programme and the
Water Framework Directive. It also helped set the basis for a new "Reference System for
EU greenhouse gas emissions and sinks" - a key issue for the implementation of the Kyoto
Protocol after the Agreement in Bonn and Marrakesh. In 2001, IES continued to support
the Commission's Directorate General for Environment (DG ENV) on radioactivity
monitoring in the environment and the transfer of policy-relevant soil information from the
Member States to the relevant Commission DGs (Agriculture, Environment, and
Development). Finally,
the work of IES on renewable energies will be proactively
integrated in the Sustainable Energy Technologies Reference and Information System.

3.6.

Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP)

In 2001, the IHCP validated and developed several analytical methods in the food safety
and quality area (for example, the detection of central nervous tissue in meat products); it
also concluded a cooperation agreement with industry in order to validate methods for
detection of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and to supply materials for the
the European Commission
production of certified reference material. This year
recommended the JRC,
together with the European Network of GMO laboratories
(ENGL), as the Community Reference Laboratory for GMO detection and identification.
In the area of chemical substances,
the IHCP European Chemicals Bureau (ECB)
continued its work within the context of the White Paper on a strategy for the future EU
Chemicals Policy, and the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods
(ECVAM) endorsed three in-vitro tests for embryotoxicity as scientifically valid and ready
to use for regulatory purposes in 2001. The Institute continued to provide
support to the
European Medicine Evaluation Agency (EMEA) for the exchange of authorisation dossiers
on medicinal products among Member States under the mutual recognition system through
EudraNet (EU Drug Regulatory Authorities’ Network), while in the biomedical materials

ΙΤ

19

area, the IHCP signed an agreement with Amersham Health concerning the setting-up of a
plant for production of the radiopharmaceutical flurodeoxyglycose (FDG). Moreover, in a
move that will enhance training and technology transfer within the European Research
Area, in 2001 the Commission designated the bio-cyclotron, located at IHCP, as an official
Marie Curie Training Site for biomedical testing using radiotracers.

3.7.

Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS)

It was based on five thematic reports

IPTS' foresight activities in 2001 have been largely focused on applicant countries, and the
impact of
"Enlargement Futures" project on the techno-economic and societal
enlargement was completed.
("Economic
Transformation", "Technology, Knowledge and Learning", "Employment and Societal
change", "Sustainability, Environment and Natural Resources", and “Information and
Communication Technologies”), the results of which were presented to the Slovenian
government's "Bled Forum" on 2-4 December 2001. Furthermore, IPTS, in collaboration
with its Enlargement Foresight Network, has provided support to the Czech, Hungarian
and Slovenian foresight exercises.

IPTS carried out three prospective studies at the request of the European Parliament on: the
mobility of academic researchers, future bottlenecks in the information society (for the
Industry, External Trade, Research and Energy (ITRE) Committee) and the impact of
technological and structural change on employment-horizon 2020 (for the Employment
Committee).

The European Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Bureau (EIPPCB), hosted by
IPTS, finalised the preparation of Best Available Techniques Reference Documents
(BREFS) for tanning, large volume organic chemicals, refineries and waste water and gas
in the chemical industry. These BREFS are indispensable if Member States are to meet the
requirements of Directive 96/61/EC.

In 2001, the European Science and Technology Observatory (ESTO) network started
operating under a new framework contract which will cover the period 2001-2006. ESTO
is a network of 26 research organisations from 15 countries operating as a pool under IPTS
leadership. ESTO aims at detecting, at an early stage, scientific or
technological
breakthroughs, trends and events of potential socio-economic importance which may
require action at a European Union decision-making level.

Moreover, IPTS formally established a joint work programme, covering the period 2001-
2002, with the newly established Directorate for technology foresight and socio-economic
research of DG Research, and launched preparatory work for the development of joint
activities with other JRC Institutes – including IE, IES and ITU, for the definition of a
proposal for a Sustainable Energy Technologies Reference and Information System; with
IPSC on cybersecurity; and with IRMM on genetic testing.

20

4.

SUPPORTING EU POLICY

A key element of the JRC mission is employing JRC scientific and technical competencies
directly in support of European policy-making. In this way, the JRC serves the common
interest of EU Member States and European citizens, while remaining completely
independent of individual, commercial and national influences.

JRC contributed scientific support to both ongoing and new EU legislation in addition to
providing deliverables
to Member State organisations. The JRC also provided
representation on international technical committees and working groups, including 11 ISO
committees, 14 CEN committees, and 4 OECD working groups.

4.1.

Thematic priorities

JRC activities focused on the three key areas: food, chemical products and health;
safety and safeguards, which were
environment and sustainability; and nuclear
underpinned by JRC competencies in:
reference materials and
measurements; and public security and anti-fraud.

foresight;

technical

Specific activities addressed a series of major themes, including:

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

climate change – keeping the EU at the forefront of efforts to fight a global threat;

combating fraud – from cybersecurity to agriculture;

emissions and air quality – avoiding impacts on health and the environment;

genetically modified organisms – improving GMO detection and risk assessment;

future EU strategy on safety of chemical substances – providing scientific and
technical support to both the implementation of the existing Community legislation
on chemicals and the drafting of the follow-up legislation to the White Paper on the
future chemicals policy of the EU;

nuclear safeguards – detecting proliferation of nuclear material, equipment or
technology from peaceful applications to military use, and combating illicit
trafficking;

nuclear safety – reducing risks from nuclear operations;

nuclear waste – improving management and storage;

safety and quality of the food chain – re-establishing confidence in food production;

sustainable energy – security and safety of energy supply and renewable energies;
and

water quality – preventing pollution.

21

4.2.

The Work Programme 2001

The scientific themes highlighted above were addressed through the projects outlined in
the table in the appendix.

4.3.

Contributing to European standardisation

Research contributing to the European standardisation process is an important function
associated with the JRC mission. Many JRC activities – including harmonising methods,
benchmarking and identification of best practices – contribute to the development of the
necessary consensus for
the establishment of European standards. A cooperation
agreement signed in 1998 between the JRC and the Comité Européen de Normalisation
(CEN) has strengthened the collaboration between the two organisations in the context of
pre-normative
research (CEN-STAR committee dedicated to
Standardisation and Research).

and co-normative

Several activities emerged in 2001, as a result of this collaboration:

–

–

–

61 new or renewed certified reference materials have been produced for use within
the framework of European standardisation;

the JRC chairs the CEN working group for test and evaluation of metal detectors in
the context of civilian demining, and is also evaluating with CEN and ISO the
feasibility of harmonisation in accidental risk management; and

it contributes to the ‘bio-express’ study identifying measurement-related barriers
(e.g. lack of measurement capability) to the exploitation of emerging technology in
key areas of biotechnology, such as medical and agri-food applications. Options will
be proposed to overcome these barriers through pre-normative research.

Moreover, the JRC actively participates in several CEN technical committees for the
development of standards in the fields of food (TC275, 174 and 194), air quality (TC 264),
pressure vessels, materials (TC 121, 138, 184), electronic commerce (ISSS/WS-EC), etc.

4.4.

The quest for excellence

Over the past few years,
the JRC has taken very structured steps to enhance its
effectiveness and efficiency. The quest for excellence and accountability continued in
2001.

4.4.1.

A benchmarked organisation

In 2001, a taskforce on benchmarking was formed to undertake a thorough analysis of how
the JRC had performed in 2000. Data on 11 key performance indicators,
together
measuring 25 outputs, were drawn up according to three themes:

–

–

–

support to EU policy and improvement in the everyday life of the European citizen
(i.e. achieving the JRC mission);

demonstration of scientific competence in mission-related areas; and

value as a place to invest
resources).

in research (management of financial and human

22

The indicators will gauge internal progress. They reflect the specialised nature of the JRC
mission and are not readily comparable with those used for other research organisations.

4.4.2.

Research benchmarking in Europe

A parallel exercise of benchmarking with 17 of Europe’s top and most comparable
research organisations was also undertaken. Here, indicators were focused on ‘scientific
productivity’ and ‘the management of financial and human resources’. Although this was a
voluntary and highly time-consuming exercise, the response rate was 100%.

The volume of JRC publications in peer-reviewed journals was, as expected, lower than
that of pure research organisations, with an average of 12 per 100 staff against a mean of
28. On the other hand, publications in conference proceedings (normally refereed) were
comparatively high, at 33 per 100 staff against a mean of 39.

In a comparison of gender across the organisations, 26% of JRC staff is female – which,
although low, compares favourably with the average for the sample, which stands at 23%.

4.5.

Total Quality Management

Total Quality Management activities have also been fostering this process of organisational
improvement using ISO9001 and EN45001, as well as the EFQM excellence model. In
2001, customer and staff surveys were also performed. The TQM assessments have
identified areas of weaknesses on which action was taken in 2001; the progress made in
2001 will be assessed during 2002. The results are also being used to set challenging
targets in the JRC's Management Plan and to benchmark with centres of excellence in the
Member States.

4.6.

Women and Science

The gender perspective in research and gender equality at
the JRC are both being
addressed by the “JRC Women and Science Network” which was established in early 2000
and includes representatives from all JRC Institutes and Directorates.

Some of the actions which where carried out in 2001 and which will have a follow-up in
2002 include the production of the “2001 JRC Gender Perspective report”, a report on a
maternity leave survey at the JRC and the drafting of a code of good practice on maternity
leave replacement, the launching of the “JRC Women and Science Network” Intranet
website as an information and communication tool, and the integration of the gender issue
in the preparation of the JRC specific programmes under the Sixth Framework Programme
2002-2006. Moreover, the gender issue will continue to be monitored via the appropriate
JRC mechanisms such as in the Total Quality Management self-assessment guidelines and
the JRC Task Force on Benchmarking, created in 2001.

The JRC gender mainstreaming activity is performed in close collaboration with other
Commission services, mainly DG Research and in particular the Women and Science Unit
in charge of the gender mainstreaming in the research policy, DG Employment and Social
Welfare, and DG Personnel and Administration, for their respective areas of competence.
During 2001, contacts with the European Institute of Florence took place in order to
organise joint activities on gender matters.

23

5.

CONTRIBUTING TO THE EUROPEAN RESEARCH AREA

The development of a real European Research Area, i.e. the coordination and integration of
research activities at a European level, is the most important policy objective of the
Commission in the field of research. The JRC aims to contribute to its establishment within
its mission and in its areas of competence. Its strategy encompasses networking, research
training and mobility and support to the enlargement process.

5.1.

Networking

The JRC has sought to network with Member State, associate state and applicant country
organisations with a view to catalysing and coordinating research activities through
knowledge sharing and dissemination, particularly where integrated action is needed at EU
level.

Through its networking activities in 2001, when it co-ordinated and participated in over
150 scientific networks involving 2000 research groups, the JRC has striven to:

–

–

–

–

establish or strengthen scientific and technical reference networks for policy making
(e.g. GMO detection, emissions, air quality and the sustainable energy technologies
reference and information system),

support the coordination of research activities in selected areas (for example, nuclear
safeguards, nuclear medicine and technology foresight),

contribute to the integration of research efforts in Europe (e.g. in actinide research
and in metrology),

explore and build up competence in new areas (e.g. authenticity of organic food).

5.2.

Research training and mobility

One of the key strategies of the JRC is to stimulate the strongest possible mobility of
researchers, as the collaboration of mobile researchers plays a key role in the networking
of European research.

During 2001, full use was made of the different mobility instruments that the Commission
has at its disposal (visiting scientists, grant holders, detached national experts, Marie Curie
instruments) in order to integrate the exchange of staff as a key support measure for
networking. Ambitious quantitative targets have already been set in that respect for 2002.

in particular

the large research
Training through research,
infrastructure and special research tools of the JRC, has been a key component of research
integration, coordination and reference. These include, for example, the High Flux Reactor
in Petten, the linear accelerator in Geel, and the bio-cyclotron and the reaction wall in
Ispra. In 2001, the bio-cyclotron also received the status of an official Marie Curie training
site for research training in biomaterials testing using radiotracers.

taking advantage of

24

6.

PROGRESSING SUPPORT TO EU ENLARGEMENT

Enlargement is one of the main dimensions of the European Research Area. Since mid-
1999, 12 applicant countries have joined the Fifth Framework Programme (FP5) as
associate members and benefit from full participation in all EU research programmes
(seven countries have also subscribed to its nuclear part).

In 2001, the JRC implemented a specific action – which had already started in 1999 – to
strengthen collaboration with applicant country research organisations. The aims are to
achieve full integration of applicant countries by the end of FP6, and support the adoption
and implementation of the body of EU law (acquis communautaire”).

to applicant countries comprises an integrated package of measures and
Support
instruments, ranging from individual projects to hosting applicant country scientists at the
JRC, as follows:

6.1.

Progressive opening up of the JRC programme

In 2001, 18 JRC enlargement projects were initiated. Several applicant country workshops
were organised in Ispra and other JRC sites, addressing concerns about environment,
nuclear safety and safeguards, harmonisation of measurements, agriculture, food safety and
quality, prospective analysis and modelling.

6.1.1. Hosting and training staff from applicant countries

Between August 2000 and September 2001, JRC Institutes hosted 33 non-statutory staff
from applicant countries as either detached national experts, visiting scientists or grant
holders. It also devised a scheme of short-term stays, tailored to the needs of applicant
country research managers or administrators, for example, one to three month visits in
combination with ad-hoc training schemes. Integrated training activities in partnership
with policy Directorates-General have also been explored and will be extended in 2002.

6.1.2.

Research collaboration

In its fields of core competence, the JRC played a catalysing role in drawing research
organisations from applicant countries into European project networks. Since 1999, 41
shared-cost projects have involved over 60 organisations from these partner countries.

6.1.3.

Enhancing communication

Information days featuring senior
representatives of the research community were
organised in Bratislava, Prague Riga and Warsaw to raise awareness of the opportunities
section
offered
(http://www.jrc.cec.eu.int/enlargement) has been developed within the JRC corporate
website.

collaboration with

JRC. A specific

enlargement

the

by

25

7.

STRENGTHENING INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

In fulfilling its mission as a science and technology reference centre, the JRC needs to
work with a large network of partner organisations in the European Union, applicant
countries and beyond. Consequently, various terms of
reference – memoranda of
understanding, collaboration agreements and implementing arrangements – are mutually
agreed with the international partners. Because the work of the JRC and its partners
the attribution of
involves both original research and applied knowledge generation,
intellectual property rights also has to be regulated to mutual satisfaction.

7.1.

Global dimension

In 2001, the Energy and Transport, Research and JRC Directorates-General signed an
implementing arrangement with the American Department of Energy in the field of non-
nuclear energy in the framework of the 1998 science and technology agreement between
the EU and the USA. The JRC focus is on finding socio-economic solutions for
greenhouse gas mitigation, improved waste and biomass combustion processes, the safe
use of alternative fuels such as hydrogen in the context of fuel cells, and optimisation of
the integration of decentralised energy generators such as photo-voltaic cells into power
grids.

Globalisation therefore encompasses the progressive development of
recognised terms of reference, including:

internationally

–

–

regulations
interconnected; and

relating to environment,

trade,

risk,

etc., which are mutually

codes for construction and design, as in earthquake engineering, power generation,
car manufacturing and many other areas.

The JRC is also involved in developing air emission standards, for example, regarding
particles from car exhaust gases and other mobile sources using internal combustion
engines. At Commission level, this is done in close cooperation with the Energy and
Transport and the Environment DGs. The activity is linked to a world-wide testing cycle
which involves the US Environmental Protection Agency and a number of Japanese
institutions. The JRC recently signed a memorandum of understanding with the Japanese
Petroleum Energy Centre to structure this joint work better.

7.2.

Nuclear issues

In the nuclear field, scientific cooperation with foreign partners in Argentina, Brazil,
China, Japan, Korea, Australia, the USA and the applicant countries is complemented by
direct assistance to Community programmes – either through implementation of a part of
such programmes, or support to the DGs in charge of their overall implementation.

The JRC is also directly supporting the Russian authorities in the establishment of a
reliable safeguards system in Russia. In the area of nuclear safety, it is acting as the
technical expert ensuring the follow-up of the TACIS programme and projects starting
from the definition phase.

26

Finally,
the US Administration’s intention to launch a world-wide exercise called
Generation IV, concerning future development of nuclear energy, has initiated interest and
expectation in several Member States that the JRC could play a key role.

27

8.

MANAGING TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

The year 2001 saw the creation of two spin-off companies, in-depth negotiations on
another two, the opening of an incubator facility and participation in the second Descartes
competition for innovation. Filed patent applications ranged from improved materials for
biomedical
the
Commission formally agreed that, as of 2002, the JRC would assume responsibility for
managing its own intellectual property portfolio.

implants to sensing systems based on optical

In addition,

fibres.

8.1.

Spin-offs

Two young brothers, one a former JRC staff member, created the 3D-Veritas enterprise in
Italy early in 2001. This already has four employees, and plans to create ten jobs within the
next two years. Its innovative technology permits the rapid creation of realistic three-
dimensional models of large buildings and structures, with unprecedented visual quality.
Potential applications range from safeguarding architectural heritage,
through civil
engineering, to the production of films and games.

DYNALAB, another recent JRC spin-off, is an engineering consultancy providing services
for construction and use of measurement devices in testing and improving the impact
properties of materials, primarily steels. Principal clients will include university research
and testing laboratories, steel producers and the automotive industry. Several contracts
with major industrial companies are currently under negotiation.

8.2.

Descartes finalist

The JRC adaptive brain interface (ABI), a finalist in the prestigious René Descartes EU
science competition, was developed to improve the autonomy and quality of life for
severely physically handicapped people. Features of the device include:

–

–

–

its non-invasive character – the user wears a cap with electrodes for the detection of
EEG signals from the brain;

the exclusive reliance on brain signals; and

the ability of the system to adapt to individual users' specific brain patterns.

Two participants in the JRC entrepreneurship training programme in 2000 are well
advanced in the creation of a spin-off that will license technology from the Commission.

28

9.

THE JRC IN FIGURES (I)

9.1.

Statutory Staff

The statutory staff of the JRC (M-male, F-female) is composed of the following categories:

Statutory staff (December 2001)

2000

2000

2000

2001

2001

2001

(including auxiliaries)

M

F

Total

M

F

Total

Officials

600

159

759

589

161

750

Temporary agents on 5-year renewable contracts

612

187

799

588

205

793

Temporary agents on 3-year non-renewable contracts

78

44

122

Auxiliary staff (1-year contracts)

110

106

216

77

96

38

115

115

211

TOTAL

1400

496

1896

1350

519

1869

Numbers reflect the situation at the end of the year. During the course of the year, the total
number of staff (excluding auxiliary agents) fell by around 22, the number of departures
exceeding the number of new recruits. The implementation of the Commission policy for
staff financed on the research budget (NPPR) was continued. The objective of this policy
was to reach 40% of the total statutory staff as officials, 35% of the statutory staff as
temporary agents under indefinite or five-year contracts, and 25% of the flexible portion on
short-term non-statutory and statutory contracts, such as grant holders, visiting scientists,
national detached experts, auxiliary agents and temporary agents on three-year contracts.

Staff Distribution (including auxiliaries)

2001

DG and Scientific Strategy Directorates

Institute
Measurements

for Reference Materials

and

Institute for Transuranium Elements

Institute for Energy

Institute for the Protection and Security of the
Citizen

Ispra services attached to the Director of
IPSC

Institute for Environment and Sustainability

Institute for Health and Consumer Protection

Institute
Studies

for

Prospective

Technological

M

38

131

171

128

224

42

221

95

44

F

41

44

46

25

68

5

74

76

18

Directorate for Resources

Total

256

1350

122

519

TOTAL

79

175

217

153

292

47

295

171

62

378

1869

29

9.2.

Collaborative Staff with Member States and Third Countries

Trainees, grant holders, visiting scientists and seconded national experts.

Trainees

Post-graduate grant holders

Post-doc grant holders

Visiting scientists

Seconded national experts

2000

2000

2000

2001

2001

2001

M

42

69

55

19

23

F

52

34

23

2

5

Total

94

103

78

21

28

M

23

50

66

16

23

F

34

35

22

8

6

Total

57

85

88

24

29

TOTAL

208

116

324

178

105

283

9.3.

Equal Opportunities

Since 2000, the JRC has taken a markedly proactive stance with regard to promoting equal
opportunities and, in particular, gender equality in its working environment. It has been
operating a JRC-wide network on Women and Science, which includes representatives
from all JRC Institutes and Directorates.

During 2001, the JRC launched a call for applications for JRC training through research
grants and, within the selected young researchers, the 40% target for JRC female grant
holders (post-graduate and post-doctoral) was exceeded.

Moreover, for the first time in 2001, targets for the recruitment and appointment of women
were set for the research budget as it had been done for the operating budget. Recruitment
of women at the JRC in grades A8/A7/A6 in 2001 was increased to 31%. The most
the pool of women is being increased not only by
important achievement
recruitment but also by promotion; hence, more women will be eligible for access to
middle management positions in the near future.

is that

9.4.

Budget (budget and expenses - institutional activities)

The available credits to the JRC are subdivided into staff expenses, means of execution
(maintenance of buildings and equipment, electricity,
insurance, consumables, etc.),
operational credits (direct scientific activities) and nuclear decommissioning credits.

The credits come from the institutional budget, made available directly from the European
budget to the JRC for the Fifth Framework Programme. In the institutional budget, the
following sums were made available:

30

€
(inM

-rounded)

Staff expenses

Means of execution

Operational appropriations

Total

Decommissioning
management

and waste

Total JRC

1999

157

59

46

262

4

266

2000

160

49

50

259

4

263

2001

160.4

48.9

40.4

249.7

7.1

256.8

Additional sources of appropriations are made available through contributions from PECO
countries, the European Economic Area (EEA), and competitive activities.

9.5.

Competitive Activities

The JRC concluded 87 new shared-cost activity contracts in 2001. Competitive activities
outside the Framework Programme were defined through the conclusion of 9 new
contracts. Third Party work originates from a range of 57 major clients.

(inscribed in 2001 accounts)

Shared-cost activities

Competitive activities outside the FWP

Third Party work

TOTAL

2000

13.3

9.5

8.9

31.7

2001

14.1

9.3

11.4

34.8

31

9.6.

Publications

INSTITUTE

Reference Materials and Measurements

Transuranium Elements

Advanced Materials (to 31/8/2001)
Institute for Energy (from 1/9/2001)

Systems, Informatics and Safety (to 31/8/2001)
Institute for the Protection and Security of the
Citizen (from 1/9/ 2001)

Environment Institute (to 31/8/2001)
Institute for Environment and Sustainability
(from 1/9/2001)

Space Applications (to 31/8/2001)

Health and Consumer Protection

Prospective Technological Studies

General Management

EUR
reports

Conference
papers

Articles

Special
publications

TOTAL

16

2

8
4

23

15

18
15

10

19

28

1

95

100

50
20

76

73

90
121

100

125

26

-

67

90

28
1

24

10

34
24

48

75

14

4

24

-

6
6

19

10

9
13

16

27

12

26

202

192

92
31

142

108

151
173

174

246

80

31

TOTAL

159

876

419

168

1622

32

10.

THE JRC IN FIGURES (II)

In the context of the administrative and financial reform and the measures adopted by the
(COM (2000) 200 final), each
Commission in the March 2000 White Paper
Director-General is required to present an annual report. The first annual report covers the
2001 financial year. To guarantee the uniform presentation of information, the JRC thought
it appropriate to give in its annual report identical information to that summarised in the
annual activity report of the Director-General of the JRC. This information relates to the
implementation of the appropriations allocated by the budgetary authority with respect to
its institutional activities and information relating to its competitive activities (work for
third parties).

Institutional

Initial
Appropriations

(EC + EAEC)

2001

1

I

€

Appropriations

Modifications +
other
appropriations
AELE, PECO

Appropriations
reported from
2000

Total

Current
Appropriations
2001

Appropriations
reported from
2000

€

Execution of Appropriations

Total

Rate

Carry over to
2002
(art. 96 FR)

Appropriations
cancelled

2

3

4=1+2+3

5

6

7=5+6

8=7/(4-9)

9

10=4-7-9

Commitment

256.800.000,00

22.668.383,10

1.522.384,86

280.990.767,96

268.208.715,62

1.518.579,17

269.727.294,79

99,91%

11.018.183,12

245.290,05

Payment

265.700.000,00

30.007.041,35

1.603.151,03

297.310.192,38

257.423.874,06

1.535.908,91

258.959.782,97

93,99%

21.786.398,36

16.564.011,05

Competitive

N/A

Contracts signed
in 2001

Contracts signed
before 2001

Total

Competitive
activities

N/A

Total

N/A

Carry over to
2002
(art.96 FR)

Carry over to
2002 (SCA)

II

1

2

3

4=1+2+3

5

6

7=5+6

8

9=4-7

10

Commitment

0,00

34.815.247,87

134.964.431,87

169.779.679,74

49.225.035,65

N/A

49.225.035,65

N/A

118.184.726,43

2.369.917,66

Payment

0,00

8.211.573,71

115.479.318,27 123.690.891,98

48.978.620,06

N/A

48.978.620,06

N/A

74.712.271,92

N/A

Global financial
resources

Initial
Appropriations

2001

Modifications +
other
appropriations +
contracts signed
in 2001

Carry over

Total

Current
Appropriations +
contracts 2001

Carry over

Total

%

Carry over to
2002
(art.96 FR)

Appropriations
cancelled

III=I+II

1

2

3

4=1+2+3

5

6

7=5+6

8

9

10=4-7-9

Commitment

256.800.000,00

57.483.630,97

136.486.816,73

450.770.447,70

317.433.751,27

1.518.579,17

318.952.330,44

N/A

129.202.909,55

2.615.207,71

Payment

265.700.000,00

38.218.615,06

117.082.469,30

421.001.084,36

306.402.494,12

1.535.908,91

307.938.403,03

N/A

96.498.670,28

16.564.011,05

33

Human resources

authorised establishment plan staff

allocated equivalent man/year

2077

2088

Notes:

–

–

–

–

The allocated staff includes visiting scientists, fellows and seconded staff. All staff is
allocated to operational tasks.

The support to the Decommissioning activity belongs to the EAEC programme.

The allocated staff repartition is:

1665 officials + 208 auxiliaries + 215 visiting scientists, grant holders and seconded
staff = 2088.

34

Appendices

35

BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE OF THE
COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES

Appendix 1

Prof. Fernando ALDANA

Oficina de Innovación y Tecnología Empresarial
E. Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales
E - 28006 Madrid

MEMBERS

Dr. Jacques WAUTREQUIN

Secrétaire Général Honoraire
Services Fédéraux des Affaires Scientifiques,Techniques et Culturelles
B - 1170 Bruxelles

Dr. Hans Peter JENSEN

Vice Director
DK – 2820 Gentofte

CHAIRMAN

BELGIQUE/BELGIË

DANMARK

Replaced Dr. H.B. Møller on 1 September 2001

Ministerialdirektor Dr. Karsten BRENNER

DEUTSCHLAND

Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
D - 53175 Bonn

Prof. Michalis S. SKOURTOS

Director of Postgraduate Studies
University of the Aegean, Department of Environmental Studies
GR - 81 100 Mytilini

Prof. Félix YNDURÁIN

Director-General of CIEMAT
E - 28040 Madrid

Mr. Philippe GARDERET

ELLAS

ESPAÑA

FRANCE

Directeur de l’Innovation et des Technologies Emergentes
AREVA
F – 75433 Paris Cédex 09

Dr. Killian HALPIN

IRELAND

Director Office of Science & Technology - Policy Division
Forfás, Wilton Park House
IRL - Dublin 2

Ing. Paolo VENDITTI

Direttore Generale, Consorzio SICN
I – 00196 Roma

ITALIA

36

Mr. Pierre DECKER

LUXEMBOURG

Conseiller de Gouvernement 1ère classe
Ministère de la Culture, de l’ Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche
L – 2273 Luxembourg

Mr. Jan W. WEEHUIZEN

NEDERLAND

Director of Energy Production - Ministry of Economic Affairs
NL - 2500 EC Den Haag

Ministerialrat Dr. Kurt PERSY

ÖSTERREICH

Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft und Verkehr, Gruppe III/A
A - 1014 Wien

Prof. José CARVALHO SOARES
President

PORTUGAL

Ministério da Ciência e da Tecnologia, Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear
P – 2686-953 Sacavém

Prof. Jarl FORSTÉN

SUOMI-FINLAND

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland
FIN - 02044 VTT

Prof. Kerstin FREDGA

S – 131 50 Saltsjö-Duvnäs

Replaced Prof. J. Carlsson on 20 March 2001

Dr. James McQUAID

International Directorate,
Office of Science and Technology
1 Victoria Street, London SW1H 0EH
GB

Replaced Dr. M. Earwicker on 15 June 2001
PARTICIPANTS

Mrs. Albena VUTSOVA

Director
Ministry of Education and Science
BG - Sofia 1000

Dr. Karel AIM
ICPF Scientific Board Chair

Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,
Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals
CZ - 165 02 Praha 6

Dr. Antonis IOULIANOS
Research Promotion Foundation
CY – 1683 Nicosia (As from 4 October 2001)

37

SVERIGE

UNITED KINGDOM

BULGARIA

Č

ESKÁ

REPUBLIKA

CYPRUS

Dr. Toivo RÄIM
Ministry of Education of Estonia
Department of Research and High Education
EE – Tartu 50088

Dr. Axel BJÖRNSSON

Professor in Environmental Sciences, University of Akureyri
IS - 600 Akureyri

Prof. Arnon BENTUR

Samuel Neaman Institute for Advanced Studies in Science and
Technology
IL - 32000 Haifa

Ņ

Prof. Andrejs SILI

Š

Secretary-General, Latvian Academy of Sciences
LV - 1050 Riga

Ms. Karin ZECH

Amt für Volkswirtschaft
FL - 9490 Vaduz

Č

Dr. Habil. Antanas

ENYS

Chairman of Senate (Board), Semiconductor Physics Institute
LT - 2600 Vilnius

Dr. Frank PORTELLI

Malta Council for Science and Technology
M – Valletta (As from 6 November 2001)

ESTONIA

ISLAND

ISRAËL

LATVIA

FÜRSTENTUM
LIECHTENSTEIN

LITHUANIA

MALTA

Prof. László KEVICZKY

MAGYARORSZAG

Member of the Academy
Vice-President, Hungarian Academy of Sciences
H - 1051 Budapest

Mr. Andreas MORTENSEN

Ministry of Trade and Industry
N - 0030 Oslo

Prof. Michal KLEIBER

Director
Institute of Fundamental Technological Research
Polish Academy of Sciences
PL – 00-049 Warszawa

38

NORGE

POLSKA

Mr. Petru FILIP

ROMANIA

National Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation
Office for European Integration in R&D Programmes
RO – 70168 #1 Bucharest

Dr. Vladimír ŠUCHA
Associated Professor at Faculty of Sciences
Department of Geology of Mineral Deposits, Comenius University
SK – 842 15 Bratislava

SLOVAKIA

Dr. Miloš KOMAC

SLOVENIJA

State Undersecretary - Ministry of Science and Technology
SL – 1000 Ljubljana

39

Appendix 2

JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE – DIRECTORS

Director-General

Deputy Director-General
(Acting Director-General 01.01.2001 – 31.03.2001)

Barry McSweeney

Hugh Richardson

Science Strategy Directorate

Alejandro Herrero Molina

Resources Directorate

Jean-Pierre Vandersteen

Institute for Health and Consumer Protection

Kees van Leeuwen

Institute for Environment and Sustainability

Jean-Marie Martin

Institute for
Citizen

the Protection and Security of

the

David R. Wilkinson

Institute for Energy

Kari Törrönen

Institute for Transuranium Elements

Roland Schenkel

Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements Manfred Grasserbauer

Institute for Prospective Technological Studies

Jean-Marie Cadiou

40

INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

1. Safety of food and chemicals, and health related issues

JRC WORK PROGRAMME LINES

IRMM

ITU

IE

IPSC IES

IHCP

IPTS

Appendix 3

Control of quality and safety of food and
related items (development, validation and
harmonisation of analytical methods)

Reference materials for agricultural, food
and consumer products

Reference measurements for agricultural,
food and consumer products and databases

policy

to the

implementation of

Support
Community
including
modified
environmental and in food samples

on
detection

the
biotechnology,
genetically
of
in
(GMOs)

organisms

the

Environmental integrity and human health

The validation of alternative methods -
ECVAM

Chemical products, risk assessment

International
measurements

comparability of

chemical

Chemical
measurements
certification

reference
for

methods
normalisation

and
and

Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT)

Alpha-immunotherapy

Minimally
(MIMES)

REliability
(REMED)

invasive Medical

Systems

of

bioMEdical

Devices

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Biomedical certified reference materials for
clinical diagnostics

X

Life science and impact on society

X

41

2. Environment

JRC WORK PROGRAMME LINES

IRMM ITU

IE

IPSC

IES

IHCP

IPTS

Structural safety under fast transients

in

to

support

the
Research
the
implementation and validation of
research for structural
EUROCODES;
assessment,
vulnerability
strengthening/repair techniques for civil
and cultural heritage structure under
earthquakes (SEISPROTEC)

Natural hazards

Environment and society (Part 1: EAS)

Euro-landscape:
development
monitoring

geo-information
and

for
environmental

European Integrated Pollution Prevention
and Control Bureau (EIPPC)

Water quality - European Laboratory for
Water Protection

Impact of Waste Emissions on Soils
(IWES)

Coastal monitoring and management
(COAST)

Integrated air quality assessment (IAQA)

Reference materials for pollution control

X

Energy and climate change

Global Environment Information System
(GEIS)

Atmospheric
regional and global changes

processes

related

to

Photovoltaic
(SOLAREC)

and

solar

electricity

Advanced Electricity Storage (ADELS)

Clean and efficient waste incineration,
waste to energy and biomass combustion
(CLEANWEB)

Sustainability in transport and mobility

CORSE

European Soil Bureau

Population
(PD+S)

Safety
of
component
(SPEECH)

dynamics

and

Security

pressure

equipment

containing

and
hydrogen

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

42

3. Dependability of information systems and services

JRC WORK PROGRAMME LINES

IRMM ITU

IE

IPSC

IES

IHCP

IPTS

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Telematic
pharmaceutical
(ETOMEP)

systems

for

regulatory

the

EU
activity

Electronic business

Dependability of information technology
systems

Networks, multimedia and education

and

Medical
-
health
Validation and accreditation of methods
and procedures on medical and health
activities

telematics

Statistics support: European statistical
laboratory (ESL)

S&T Support
monitoring of anti-fraud policy

to implementation and

Safety
systems
hazards

and

emergency management
and natural

for man-made

Civilian de-mining

European Co-ordination Centre
Aircraft
(ECCAIRS)

for
Incident Reporting Systems

Scientific knowledge assessment and
information technology

Monitoring Agriculture with Remote
Sensing (MARS)

Advanced statistics
accounts (ASCA)

for clearance of

Animal Tagging (the IDEA project)

Building the information society

and GIS: Harmonisation

GI
interoperability

and

New technologies for monitoring fishing
vessels

Galileo Support

43

4. Nuclear safety and safeguards

JRC WORK PROGRAMME LINES

IRMM ITU

IE

IPSC

IES

IHCP

IPTS

X

X

X

Reference measurement
materials interaction

for neutron-

Neutron reference measurements
environmental protection

for

Reference measurements
data standards

for neutron

European Network
Qualification (ENIQ)

for

Inspection

Ageing Materials Evaluation and Studies
(AMES)

Network for Evaluation of Structural
Components (NESC)

Safety of Nuclear Fuel

Basic Actinide Research

Partitioning and Transmutation

Exploitation of Neutron Data

X

Spent Fuel Characterisation in View of
Long-Term Storage

Critical issues in nuclear reactor safety

Safeguards Research and Development
at Ispra

Safeguards Research and Development
at Karlsruhe

Metrology and Quality Assurance for
Nuclear Safeguards

X

Support to Euratom Safeguards office

Support
Energy Agency (IAEA)

to the International Atomic

Radioactivity Environmental Monitoring
(REM)

Measurement of Radioactivity in the
Environment

High
Technological network (HTR-TN)

Temperature

Reactor

Network
Standardisation (NET)

on Neutron

Techniques

European Network for Medical radio-
isotope and beam Research (EMIR)

Safety
Nuclear Facilities (SENUF)

for Eastern European

type

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

44

5. Horizontal activities

JRC WORK PROGRAMME LINES

IRMM ITU

IE

IPSC

IES

IHCP

IPTS

The "Futures" project

BCR and industrial certified reference
materials

Metrology in chemistry and traceability

Radionuclide metrology

X

X

X

Knowledge and skills: Perspectives for
Europe

Technology assessment and validation,
demonstration,
and
partner,
transfer

search

Enlargement:
prospective activities

building

linkages

on

Mediterranean and regional perspectives

Network and knowledge management

European
Observatory (ESTO)

Science & Technology

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

45