Commission Regulation (EC) No 1400/2002 of 31 July 2002 on the application of Article 81(3) of the Treaty to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices in the motor vehicle sector
Date: 2002-07-31
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: competition law, motor vehicle industry, sale, vertical agreement

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COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 1400/2002

of 31 July 2002

on the application of Article 81(3) of the Treaty to categories of vertical agreements and concerted
practices in the motor vehicle sector

THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European
Community,

Having regard to Council Regulation No 19/65/EEC of 2 March
1965 on the application of Article 85(3) of the Treaty to
certain categories of agreements and concerted practices (1), as
last amended by Regulation (EC) No 1215/1999 (2), and in
particular Article 1 thereof,

Having published a draft of this Regulation (3),

Having consulted the Advisory Committee on Restrictive Prac-
tices and Dominant Positions,

Whereas:

(1)

(2)

(3)

acquired in the motor vehicle

Experience
sector
regarding the distribution of new motor vehicles, spare
parts and after sales services makes it possible to define
categories of vertical agreements which can be regarded
as normally satisfying the conditions laid down in
Article 81(3).

This experience leads to the conclusion that rules stricter
than those provided for by Commission Regulation (EC)
No 2790/1999 of 22 December 1999 on the application
of Article 81(3) of the Treaty to categories of vertical
agreements and concerted practices (4) are necessary in
this sector.

These stricter
rules for exemption by category (the
exemption) should apply to vertical agreements for the
purchase or sale of new motor vehicles, vertical agree-
ments for the purchase or sale of spare parts for motor
vehicles and vertical agreements for the purchase or sale
of repair and maintenance services for such vehicles
where these agreements are concluded between non-
competing undertakings, between certain competitors, or
by certain associations of retailers or repairers. This
includes vertical agreements concluded between a distri-
butor acting at the retail level or an authorised repairer
and a (sub)distributor or repairer. This Regulation should
also apply to these vertical agreements when they
contain ancillary provisions on the assignment or use of
intellectual property rights. The term ‘vertical agree-
ments’ should be defined accordingly to include both
such agreements and the corresponding concerted prac-
tices.

(1) OJ 36, 6.3.1965, p. 533/65.
(2) OJ L 148, 15.6.1999, p. 1.
(3) OJ C 67, 16.3.2002, p. 2.
(4) OJ L 336, 29.12.1999, p. 21.

The benefit of
the exemption should be limited to
vertical agreements for which it can be assumed with
sufficient certainty that they satisfy the conditions of
Article 81(3).

Vertical agreements falling within the categories defined
in this Regulation can improve economic efficiency
within a chain of production or distribution by facili-
tating better coordination between the participating
undertakings. In particular, they can lead to a reduction
in the transaction and distribution costs of the parties
and to an optimisation of their sales and investment
levels.

The likelihood that such efficiency-enhancing effects will
outweigh any anti-competitive effects due to restrictions
contained in vertical agreements depends on the degree
of market power held by the undertakings concerned
and therefore on the extent to which those undertakings
face competition from other suppliers of goods or
services regarded by the buyer as interchangeable or
substitutable for one another, by reason of the products’
characteristics, prices or intended use.

Thresholds based on market share should be fixed in
order to reflect suppliers’ market power. Furthermore,
this sector-specific Regulation should contain stricter
rules than those provided for by Regulation (EC) No
2790/1999, in particular for selective distribution. The
thresholds below which it can be presumed that the
advantages secured by vertical agreements outweigh their
restrictive effects should vary with the characteristics of
different types of vertical agreement. It can therefore be
presumed that in general, vertical agreements have such
advantages where the supplier concerned has a market
share of up to 30 % on the markets for the distribution
of new motor vehicles or spare parts, or of up to 40 %
where quantitative selective distribution is used for the
sale of new motor vehicles. As regards after sales services
it can be presumed that, in general, vertical agreements
by which the supplier sets criteria on how its authorised
repairers have to provide repair or maintenance services
for the motor vehicles of the relevant make and provides
them with equipment and training for the provision of
such services have such advantages where the network
of authorised repairers of the supplier concerned has a
market share of up to 30 %. However,
in the case of
vertical agreements containing exclusive supply obliga-
tions, it is the market share of the buyer which is rele-
vant for determining the overall effects of such vertical
agreements on the market.

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(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

Above those market share thresholds, there can be no
presumption that vertical agreements falling within the
scope of Article 81(1) will usually give rise to objective
advantages of such a character and magnitude as to
compensate for the disadvantages which they create for
competition. However, such advantages can be antici-
pated in the case of qualitative selective distribution, irre-
spective of the supplier’s market share.

In order to prevent a supplier from terminating an agree-
ment because a distributor or a repairer engages in pro-
competitive behaviour, such as active or passive sales to
foreign consumers, multi-branding or subcontracting of
repair and maintenance services, every notice of termina-
tion must clearly set out in writing the reasons, which
must be objective and transparent. Furthermore, in order
to strengthen the independence of distributors and
repairers
from their suppliers, minimum periods of
notice should be provided for the non-renewal of agree-
ments concluded for a limited duration and for the
termination of agreements of unlimited duration.

In order to foster market integration and to allow distri-
butors or authorised repairers to seize additional busi-
ness opportunities, distributors or authorised repairers
have to be allowed to purchase other undertakings of the
same type that sell or repair the same brand of motor
vehicles within the distribution system. To this end, any
vertical agreement between a supplier and a distributor
or authorised repairer has to provide for the latter to
have the right to transfer all of its rights and obligations
to any other undertaking of its choice of the same type
that sell or repairs the same brand of motor vehicles
within the distribution system.

In order to favour the quick resolution of disputes which
arise between the parties to a distribution agreement and
which might otherwise hamper effective competition,
agreements should only benefit from exemption if they
provide for each party to have a right of recourse to an
independent expert or arbitrator,
in particular where
notice is given to terminate an agreement.

Irrespective of
the undertakings
the market share of
concerned, this Regulation does not cover vertical agree-
ments containing certain types of severely anti-competi-
tive restraints (hardcore restrictions) which in general
appreciably restrict competition even at
low market
shares and which are not indispensable to the attainment
of the positive effects mentioned above. This concerns in
particular vertical agreements containing restraints such
as minimum or fixed resale prices and, with certain
exceptions, restrictions of the territory into which, or of
the customers to whom, a distributor or repairer may
the contract goods or services. Such agreements
sell
should not benefit from the exemption.

(13)

(14)

(15)

(16)

(17)

It is necessary to ensure that effective competition within
the common market and between distributors located in
different Member States is not restricted if a supplier uses
selective distribution in some markets and other forms
of distribution in others. In particular selective distribu-
tion agreements which restrict passive sales to any end
user or unauthorised distributor
located in markets
where exclusive territories have been allocated should be
excluded from the benefit of the exemption, as should
those selective distribution agreements which restrict
passive sales to customer groups which have been allo-
cated exclusively to other distributors. The benefit of the
exemption should also be withheld from exclusive distri-
bution agreements if active or passive sales to any end
located in markets
user or unauthorised distributor
where selective distribution is used are restricted.

The right of any distributor to sell new motor vehicles
passively or, where relevant, actively to end users should
include the right to sell such vehicles to end users who
have
given authorisation to an intermediary or
purchasing agent to purchase, take delivery of, transport
or store a new motor vehicle on their behalf.

The right of any distributor to sell new motor vehicles or
spare parts or of any authorised repairer to sell repair
and maintenance services to any end user passively or,
where relevant, actively should include the right to use
the Internet or Internet referral sites.

the end users, amount

Limits placed by suppliers on their distributors’ sales to
any end user in other Member States, for instance where
distributor remuneration or the purchase price is made
dependent on the destination of the vehicles or on the
to an
place of residence of
indirect restriction on sales. Other examples of indirect
restrictions on sales include supply quotas based on a
sales territory other than the common market, whether
or not these are combined with sales targets. Bonus
systems based on the destination of the vehicles or any
form of discriminatory product supply to distributors,
whether in the case of product shortage or otherwise,
also amount to an indirect restriction on sales.

Vertical agreements that do not oblige the authorised
repairers within a supplier’s distribution system to
honour warranties, perform free servicing and carry out
recall work in respect of any motor vehicle of the rele-
vant make sold in the common market amount to an
indirect restriction of sales and should not benefit from
the exemption. This obligation is without prejudice to
the right of a motor vehicle supplier to oblige a distri-
butor to make sure as regards the new motor vehicles
that he has sold that the warranties are honoured and
that free servicing and recall work is carried out, either
by the distributor itself or, in case of subcontracting, by
the authorised repairer(s) to whom these services have

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been subcontracted. Therefore consumers should in these
cases be able to turn to the distributor if the above obli-
gations have not been properly
fulfilled by the
authorised repairer to whom the distributor has subcon-
tracted these services. Furthermore,
in order to allow
to end users
sales by motor vehicle distributors
throughout the common market, the exemption should
apply only to distribution agreements which require the
repairers within the supplier’s network to carry out
repair and maintenance services for the contract goods
and corresponding goods irrespective of where these
goods are sold in the common market.

In markets where selective distribution is used,
the
exemption should apply in respect of a prohibition on a
distributor from operating out of an additional place of
establishment where he is a distributor of vehicles other
than passenger
commercial vehicles.
However, this prohibition should not be exempted if it
limits the expansion of the distributor’s business at the
instance,
authorised place of establishment by,
restricting the development or acquisition of the infra-
structure necessary to allow increases in sales volumes,
including increases brought about by Internet sales.

cars or

light

for

regular and irregular intervals. However, it is not indis-
pensable for distributors of new motor vehicles also to
carry out repair and maintenance. The legitimate inter-
ests of suppliers and end users can be fully satisfied if the
distributor subcontracts these services,
including the
honouring of warranties, free servicing and recall work,
to a repairer or to a number of repairers within the
supplier’s distribution system. It is nevertheless appro-
priate to facilitate access to repair and maintenance
services. Therefore, a supplier may require distributors
who have subcontracted repair and maintenance services
to one or more authorised repairers to give end users the
name and address of the repair shop or shops in ques-
tion. If any of these authorised repairers is not estab-
lished in the vicinity of the sales outlet, the supplier may
also require the distributor to tell end users how far the
repair shop or shops in question are from the sales
outlet. However, a supplier can only impose such obliga-
tions if he also imposes similar obligations on distribu-
tors whose own repair shop is not on the same premises
as their sales outlet.

(22)

It would be inappropriate to exempt any vertical agree-
ment that restricts the sale of original spare parts or
spare parts of matching quality by members of the distri-
bution system to independent repairers which use them
for the provision of repair or maintenance services.
Without access to such spare parts, these independent
repairers would not be able to compete effectively with
authorised repairers, since they could not provide consu-
mers with good quality services which contribute to the
safe and reliable functioning of motor vehicles.

for

repair

services,

and maintenance

Furthermore, it is not necessary, in order to adequately
provide
for
authorised repairers to also sell new motor vehicles. The
exemption should therefore not cover vertical agree-
ments containing any direct or indirect obligation or
incentive which leads to the linking of sales and servicing
activities or which makes the performance of one of
these activities dependent on the performance of the
other; this is in particular the case where the remunera-
tion of distributors or authorised repairers relating to the
purchase or sale of goods or services necessary for one
activity is made dependent on the purchase or sale of
goods or services relating to the other activity, or where
all such goods or services are indistinctly aggregated into
a single remuneration or discount system.

(18)

(19)

(20)

In order to give end users the right to purchase new
motor vehicles with specifications identical to those sold
in any other Member State, from any distributor selling
corresponding models and established in the common
the exemption should apply only to vertical
market,
agreements which enable a distributor to order, stock
and sell any such vehicle which corresponds to a model
within its contract range. Discriminatory or objectively
unjustified
those
conditions,
regarding delivery times or prices, applied by the
supplier to corresponding vehicles, are to be considered
a restriction on the ability of the distributor to sell such
vehicles.

in particular

supply

(21) Motor vehicles are expensive and technically complex
mobile goods which require repair and maintenance at

(23)

In order to ensure effective competition on the repair
and maintenance markets and to allow repairers to offer
end users competing spare parts such as original spare
parts and spare parts of matching quality, the exemption
should not cover vertical agreements which restrict the
ability of authorised repairers within the distribution
system of a vehicle manufacturer, independent distribu-
tors of spare parts, independent repairers or end users to
source spare parts from the manufacturer of such spare
parts or from another third party of their choice. This
does not affect spare part manufacturers’ liability under
civil law.

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(24)

(25)

(26)

Furthermore, in order to allow authorised and indepen-
dent repairers and end users to identify the manufacturer
of motor vehicle components or of spare parts and to
choose between competing spare parts, the exemption
should not cover agreements by which a manufacturer
of motor vehicles limits the ability of a manufacturer of
components or original spare parts to place its trade
mark or logo on these parts effectively and in a visible
manner. Moreover, in order to facilitate this choice and
the sale of spare parts, which have been manufactured
according to the specifications and production and
quality standards provided by the vehicle manufacturer
for the production of components or spare parts, it is
presumed that spare parts constitute original spare parts,
if the spare part producer issues a certificate that the
parts are of the same quality as the components used for
the assembly of a motor vehicle and have been manufac-
tured according to these specifications and standards.
Other spare parts for which the spare part producer can
issue a certificate at any moment attesting that they
match the quality of
the components used for the
assembly of a certain motor vehicle, may be sold as spare
parts of matching quality.

The exemption should not cover vertical agreements
which restrict authorised repairers from using spare parts
of matching quality for the repair or maintenance of a
motor vehicle. However, in view of the vehicle manufac-
involvement in repairs under
turers’ direct contractual
warranty,
free servicing, and recall operations, agree-
ments containing obligations on authorised repairers to
use original spare parts supplied by the vehicle manufac-
turer for these repairs should be covered by the exemp-
tion.

In order to protect effective competition on the market
for repair and maintenance services and to prevent fore-
closure of independent repairers, motor vehicle manufac-
turers must allow all interested independent operators to
have full access to all technical information, diagnostic
and other equipment, tools, including all relevant soft-
ware, and training required for the repair and mainte-
Independent operators who
nance of motor vehicles.
must be allowed such access include in particular inde-
pendent repairers, manufacturers of repair equipment or
tools, publishers of technical
information, automobile
clubs, roadside assistance operators, operators offering
inspection and testing services and operators offering
training for repairers.
In particular, the conditions of
access must not discriminate between authorised and
independent operators, access must be given upon
request and without undue delay, and the price charged
for the information should not discourage access to it by
failing to take into account the extent to which the inde-
pendent operator uses it. A supplier of motor vehicles
should be required to give independent operators access
to technical information on new motor vehicles at the
same time as such access is given to its authorised

repairers and must not oblige independent operators to
purchase more than the information necessary to carry
out the work in question. Suppliers should be obliged to
give access to the technical information necessary for re-
programming electronic devices in a motor vehicle. It is,
legitimate and proper for them to withhold
however,
access to technical
information which might allow a
third party to bypass or disarm on-board anti-theft
devices, to recalibrate electronic devices or to tamper
with devices which for instance limit the speed of a
motor vehicle, unless protection against theft, re-calibra-
tion or tampering can be attained by other less restrictive
means. Intellectual property rights and rights regarding
know-how including those which relate to the aforemen-
tioned devices must be exercised in a manner which
avoids any type of abuse.

(27)

In order to ensure access to and to prevent collusion on
the relevant markets and to give distributors opportu-
nities to sell vehicles of brands from two or more manu-
facturers that are not connected undertakings, certain
specific conditions are attached to the exemption. To this
end, the exemption should not be accorded to non-
compete obligations. In particular, without prejudice to
the ability of the supplier to require the distributor to
display the vehicles in brand-specific areas of the show-
room in order to avoid brand confusion, any prohibition
on sales of competing makes should not be exempted.
The same applies to an obligation to display the full
range of motor vehicles if it makes the sale or display of
vehicles manufactured by undertakings which are not
connected impossible or unreasonably difficult. Further-
more,
sales
an obligation to have brand-specific
personnel is considered to be an indirect non-compete
obligation and therefore should not be covered by the
exemption, unless the distributor decides to have brand-
specific sales personnel and the supplier pays all the
additional costs involved.

(28)

In order to ensure that repairers are able to carry out
repairs or maintenance on all motor vehicles, the exemp-
tion should not apply to any obligation limiting the
ability of repairers of motor vehicles to provide repair or
maintenance services for brands of competing suppliers.

(29)

In addition, specific conditions are required to exclude
certain restrictions, sometimes imposed in the context of
a selective distribution system, from the scope of the
exemption. This applies in particular
to obligations
which have the effect of preventing the members of a
selective distribution system from selling the brands of
particular competing suppliers, which could easily lead
to foreclosure of certain brands. Additional conditions
are necessary in order to foster intra-brand competition
and market integration within the common market, to
for distributors and authorised
create opportunities
repairers who wish to seize business opportunities

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outside their place of establishment, and to create condi-
tions which allow the development of multi-brand distri-
butors. In particular a restriction on operating out of an
unauthorised place of establishment for the distribution
of passenger cars and light commercial vehicles or the
provision of repair and maintenance services should not
be exempted. The supplier may require additional sales
or delivery outlets for passenger cars and light commer-
cial vehicles or repair shops to comply with the relevant
qualitative criteria applicable for similar outlets located
in the same geographic area.

(30)

The exemption should not apply to restrictions limiting
the ability of a distributor to sell
leasing services for
motor vehicles.

(31)

(32)

The market share limitations, the fact that certain vertical
agreements are not covered, and the conditions provided
for in this Regulation, should normally ensure that the
agreements to which the exemption applies do not
to eliminate
enable
competition in respect of a substantial part of the goods
or services in question.

the participating undertakings

In particular cases in which agreements which would
otherwise benefit from the exemption nevertheless have
effects incompatible with Article 81(3), the Commission
is empowered to withdraw the benefit of the exemption;
this may occur in particular where the buyer has signifi-
cant market power on the relevant market on which it
resells the goods or provides the services or where
parallel networks of vertical agreements have similar
effects which significantly restrict access to a relevant
market or competition thereon; such cumulative effects
may for example arise in the case of selective distribu-
tion. The Commission may also withdraw the benefit of
the exemption if competition is significantly restricted
on a market due to the presence of a supplier with
market power or if prices and conditions of supply to
motor vehicle distributors differ substantially between
geographic markets. It may also withdraw the benefit of
the exemption if discriminatory prices or sales condi-
tions, or unjustifiably high supplements, such as those
charged for right hand drive vehicles, are applied for the
supply of goods corresponding to the contract range.

(33)

Regulation No 19/65/EEC empowers the national autho-
rities of Member States to withdraw the benefit of the
exemption in respect of vertical agreements having
effects incompatible with the conditions laid down in
Article 81(3), where such effects are felt in their territory,
or in a part thereof, and where such territory has the

characteristics of a distinct geographic market; the exer-
cise of this national power of withdrawal should not
prejudice
the
common market of the Community competition rules or
the full effect of the measures adopted in implementation
of those rules.

the uniform application throughout

(34)

In order to allow for better supervision of parallel
networks of vertical agreements which have similar
restrictive effects and which cover more than 50 % of a
given market, the Commission should be permitted to
declare the exemption inapplicable to vertical agree-
ments containing specific restraints
relating to the
market concerned, thereby restoring the full application
of Article 81(1) to such agreements.

(35)

The exemption should be granted without prejudice to
the application of the provisions of Article 82 of the
Treaty on the abuse by an undertaking of a dominant
position.

(36)

(37)

(38)

Commission Regulation (EC) No 1475/95 of 28 June
1995 on the application of Article 85(3) of the Treaty to
certain categories of motor vehicle distribution and servi-
cing agreements (1)
is applicable until 30 September
In order to allow all operators time to adapt
2002.
vertical agreements which are compatible with that regu-
lation and which are still in force when the exemption
provided for therein expires, it is appropriate for such
agreements to benefit from a transition period until 1
October 2003, during which time they should be
exempted from the prohibition laid down in Article
81(1) under this Regulation.

In order to allow all operators within a quantitative
selective distribution system for new passenger cars and
light commercial vehicles to adapt their business strate-
gies to the non-application of the exemption to location
clauses, it is appropriate to stipulate that the condition
set out in Article 5(2)(b) shall enter into force on 1
October 2005.

The Commission should monitor the operation of this
Regulation on a regular basis, with particular regard to
its effects on competition in motor vehicle retailing and
in after sales servicing in the common market or relevant
parts of it. This should include monitoring the effects of
this Regulation on the structure and level of concentra-
tion of motor vehicle distribution and any resulting
effects on competition. The Commission should also
carry out an evaluation of the operation of this Regula-
tion and draw up a report not later than 31 May 2008.

(1) OJ L 145, 29.6.1995, p. 25.

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HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:

Article 1

Definitions

1.

For the purposes of this Regulation:

(a) ‘competing undertakings’ means

actual or potential
suppliers on the same product market; the product market
includes goods or services which are regarded by the buyer
as interchangeable with or substitutable for the contract
goods or services, by reason of the products’ characteris-
tics, their prices and their intended use;

(b) ‘non-compete obligation’ means any direct or indirect obli-
gation causing the buyer not to manufacture, purchase, sell
resell goods or services which compete with the
or
contract goods or services, or any direct or indirect obliga-
tion on the buyer to purchase from the supplier or from
another undertaking designated by the supplier more than
30 % of the buyer’s total purchases of the contract goods,
corresponding goods or services and their substitutes on
the relevant market, calculated on the basis of the value of
its purchases in the preceding calendar year. An obligation
that the distributor sell motor vehicles from other suppliers
in separate areas of the showroom in order to avoid confu-
sion between the makes does not constitute a non-compete
obligation for the purposes of this Regulation. An obliga-
tion that the distributor have brand-specific sales personnel
for different brands of motor vehicles constitutes a non-
compete obligation for the purposes of this Regulation,
unless the distributor decides to have brand-specific sales
personnel and the supplier pays all the additional costs
involved;

mation, diagnostic equipment, tools and training required
for the repair and maintenance of motor vehicles or for
the implementation of environmental protection measures;

(g) ‘quantitative selective distribution system’ means a selective
distribution system where the supplier uses criteria for the
selection of distributors or repairers which directly limit
their number;

(h) ‘qualitative selective distribution system’ means a selective
distribution system where the supplier uses criteria for the
selection of distributors or repairers which are only qualita-
tive in nature, are required by the nature of the contract
goods or services, are laid down uniformly for all distribu-
tors or repairers applying to join the distribution system,
are not applied in a discriminatory manner, and do not
directly limit the number of distributors or repairers;

(i) ‘intellectual property rights’

includes industrial property

rights, copyright and neighbouring rights;

(j) ‘know-how’ means a package of non-patented practical
information, derived from experience and testing by the
supplier, which is secret, substantial and identified; in this
context, ‘secret’ means that the know-how, as a body or in
the precise configuration and assembly of its components,
is not generally known or easily accessible;
‘substantial’
means that the know-how includes information which is
indispensable to the buyer for the use, sale or resale of the
the
contract goods or services;
know-how must be described in a sufficiently comprehen-
sive manner so as to make it possible to verify that it fulfils
the criteria of secrecy and substantiality;

‘identified’ means that

(k) ‘buyer’, whether distributor or repairer, includes an under-
taking which sells goods or services on behalf of another
undertaking;

(c) ‘vertical agreements’ means agreements or concerted prac-
tices entered into by two or more undertakings, each of
which operates, for the purposes of the agreement, at a
different level of the production or distribution chain;

(l) ‘authorised repairer’ means a provider of repair and main-
tenance services for motor vehicles operating within the
distribution system set up by a supplier of motor vehicles;

(d) ‘vertical restraints’ means restrictions of competition falling
within the scope of Article 81(1), when such restrictions
are contained in a vertical agreement;

(e) ‘exclusive supply obligation’ means any direct or indirect
obligation causing the supplier to sell the contract goods
or services only to one buyer inside the common market
for the purposes of a specific use or for resale;

(f) ‘selective distribution system’ means a distribution system
where the supplier undertakes to sell the contract goods or
services, either directly or indirectly, only to distributors or
repairers selected on the basis of specified criteria and
where these distributors or repairers undertake not to sell
such goods or services to unauthorised distributors or
independent repairers, without prejudice to the ability to
sell spare parts to independent repairers or the obligation
to provide independent operators with all technical infor-

(m) ‘independent repairer’ means a provider of repair and
maintenance services for motor vehicles not operating
within the distribution system set up by the supplier of the
motor vehicles for which it provides repair or mainte-
nance. An authorised repairer within the distribution
system of a given supplier shall be deemed to be an inde-
pendent repairer for the purposes of this Regulation to the
extent that he provides repair or maintenance services for
motor vehicles in respect of which he is not a member of
the respective supplier’s distribution system;

(n) ‘motor vehicle’ means a self propelled vehicle intended for
use on public roads and having three or more road wheels;

(o) ‘passenger car’ means a motor vehicle intended for the
carriage of passengers and comprising no more than eight
seats in addition to the driver’s seat;

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(p) ‘light commercial vehicle’ means a motor vehicle intended
for the transport of goods or passengers with a maximum
mass not exceeding 3,5 tonnes; if a certain light commer-
cial vehicle is also sold in a version with a maximum mass
above 3,5 tonnes, all versions of that vehicle are considered
to be light commercial vehicles;

(q) the ‘contract range’ means all the different models of motor
vehicles available for purchase by the distributor from the
supplier;

(r) a ‘motor vehicle which corresponds to a model within the
contract range’ means a vehicle which is the subject of a
distribution agreement with another undertaking within
the distribution system set up by the manufacturer or with
his consent and which is:

— manufactured or assembled in volume by the manufac-

turer, and

— identical as to body style, drive-line, chassis, and type

of motor to a vehicle within the contract range;

(s) ‘spare parts’ means goods which are to be installed in or
upon a motor vehicle so as to replace components of that
vehicle,
including goods such as lubricants which are
necessary for the use of a motor vehicle, with the excep-
tion of fuel;

(t) ‘original spare parts’ means spare parts which are of the
same quality as the components used for the assembly of a
motor vehicle and which are manufactured according to
the specifications and production standards provided by
the vehicle manufacturer for the production of compo-
nents or spare parts for the motor vehicle in question. This
includes spare parts which are manufactured on the same
is presumed,
production line as these components.
unless the contrary is proven, that parts constitute original
spare parts if the part manufacturer certifies that the parts
match the quality of the components used for the assembly
of the vehicle in question and have been manufactured
according to the specifications and production standards of
the vehicle manufacturer;

It

(u) ‘spare parts of matching quality’ means exclusively spare
parts made by any undertaking which can certify at any
moment that the parts in question match the quality of the
components which are or were used for the assembly of
the motor vehicles in question;

(v) ‘undertakings within the distribution system’ means the
manufacturer and undertakings which are entrusted by the
manufacturer or with the manufacturer’s consent with the
distribution or repair or maintenance of contract goods or
corresponding goods;

(w) ‘end user’

includes leasing companies unless the leasing
contracts used provide for a transfer of ownership or an
option to purchase the vehicle prior to the expiry of the
contract.

The terms ‘undertaking’,

2.
‘distributor’
and ‘repairer’ shall include their respective connected undertak-
ings.

‘supplier’,

‘buyer’,

‘Connected undertakings’ are:

(a) undertakings in which a party to the agreement, directly or

indirectly:

(i) has the power to exercise more than half the voting

rights, or

(ii) has the power to appoint more than half the members
of the supervisory board, board of management or
bodies legally representing the undertaking, or

(iii) has the right to manage the undertaking’s affairs;

(b) undertakings which directly or indirectly have, over a party

to the agreement, the rights or powers listed in (a);

(c) undertakings in which an undertaking referred to in (b) has,
directly or indirectly, the rights or powers listed in (a);

(d) undertakings in which a party to the agreement together
with one or more of the undertakings referred to in (a), (b)
or (c), or in which two or more of the latter undertakings,
jointly have the rights or powers listed in (a);

(e) undertakings in which the rights or the powers listed in (a)

are jointly held by:

(i) parties to the agreement or their respective connected

undertakings referred to in (a) to (d), or

(ii) one or more of the parties to the agreement or one or
more of their connected undertakings referred to in (a)
to (d) and one or more third parties.

Article 2

Scope

Pursuant to Article 81(3) of the Treaty and subject to the
1.
it is hereby declared that the
provisions of this Regulation,
provisions of Article 81(1) shall not apply to vertical agree-
ments where they relate to the conditions under which the
parties may purchase, sell or resell new motor vehicles, spare
parts for motor vehicles or repair and maintenance services for
motor vehicles.

The first subparagraph shall apply to the extent that such
vertical agreements contain vertical restraints.

The exemption declared by this paragraph shall be known for
the purposes of this Regulation as ‘the exemption’.

The exemption shall also apply to the following categories

2.
of vertical agreements:

(a) Vertical agreements entered into between an association of
undertakings and its members, or between such an associa-
tion and its suppliers, only if all its members are distributors
of motor vehicles or spare parts for motor vehicles or
repairers and if no individual member of the association,
together with its connected undertakings, has a total annual
turnover exceeding EUR 50 million; vertical agreements

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entered into by such associations shall be covered by this
Regulation without prejudice to the application of Article
81 to horizontal agreements
concluded between the
members of the association or decisions adopted by the
association;

(b) vertical agreements containing provisions which relate to
the assignment to the buyer or use by the buyer of intellec-
tual property rights, provided that those provisions do not
constitute the primary object of such agreements and are
directly related to the use, sale or resale of goods or services
by the buyer or its customers. The exemption shall apply
on condition that those provisions do not contain restric-
tions of competition relating to the contract goods or
services which have the same object or effect as vertical
restraints which are not exempted under this Regulation.

The exemption shall not apply to vertical agreements

3.
entered into between competing undertakings.

However,
into a non-reciprocal vertical agreement and:

it shall apply where competing undertakings enter

(a) the buyer has a total annual

turnover not exceeding

EUR 100 million, or

(b) the supplier is a manufacturer and a distributor of goods,
while the buyer is a distributor not manufacturing goods
competing with the contract goods, or

(c) the supplier is a provider of services at several

levels of
trade, while the buyer does not provide competing services
trade where it purchases the contract
at
services.

the level of

Article 3

General conditions

1.
Subject to paragraphs 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, the exemption
shall apply on condition that the supplier’s market share on the
relevant market on which it sells the new motor vehicles, spare
parts for motor vehicles or repair and maintenance services
does not exceed 30 %.

However, the market share threshold for the application of the
exemption shall be 40 % for agreements establishing quantita-
tive selective distribution systems for the sale of new motor
vehicles.

Those thresholds shall not apply to agreements establishing
qualitative selective distribution systems.

2.
In the case of vertical agreements containing exclusive
supply obligations, the exemption shall apply on condition that
the market share held by the buyer does not exceed 30 % of the
relevant market on which it purchases the contract goods or
services.

that the supplier agrees to the transfer of the rights and obliga-
tions resulting from the vertical agreement to another distri-
butor or repairer within the distribution system and chosen by
the former distributor or repairer.

4.
The exemption shall apply on condition that the vertical
agreement concluded with a distributor or repairer provides
that a supplier who wishes to give notice of termination of an
agreement must give such notice in writing and must include
detailed, objective and transparent reasons for the termination,
in order to prevent a supplier from ending a vertical agreement
with a distributor or repairer because of practices which may
not be restricted under this Regulation.

5.
The exemption shall apply on condition that the vertical
agreement concluded by the supplier of new motor vehicles
with a distributor or authorised repairer provides

(a) that the agreement is concluded for a period of at least five
years; in this case each party has to undertake to give the
other party at least six months’ prior notice of its intention
not to renew the agreement;

(b) or that the agreement is concluded for an indefinite period;
in this case the period of notice for regular termination of
the agreement has to be at least two years for both parties;
this period is reduced to at least one year where:

(i) the supplier is obliged by law or by special agreement
to pay appropriate compensation on termination of the
agreement, or

(ii) the supplier terminates the agreement where it is neces-
sary to re-organise the whole or a substantial part of
the network.

6.
The exemption shall apply on condition that the vertical
agreement provides for each of the parties the right to refer
disputes concerning the fulfilment of their contractual obliga-
tions to an independent expert or arbitrator. Such disputes may
relate, inter alia, to any of the following:

(a) supply obligations;

(b) the setting or attainment of sales targets;

(c) the implementation of stock requirements;

(d) the implementation of an obligation to provide or use

demonstration vehicles;

(e) the conditions for the sale of different brands;

(f) the issue whether the prohibition to operate out of an
unauthorised place of establishment limits the ability of the
distributor of motor vehicles other than passenger cars or
light commercial vehicles to expand its business, or

(g) the issue whether the termination of an agreement is justi-

fied by the reasons given in the notice.

The exemption shall apply on condition that the vertical
3.
agreement concluded with a distributor or repairer provides

The right referred to in the first sentence is without prejudice
to each party’s right to make an application to a national court.

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For the purposes of this Article, the market share held by
7.
the undertakings referred to in Article 1(2)(e) shall be appor-
tioned equally to each undertaking having the rights or the
powers listed in Article 1(2)(a).

of a selective distribution system from operating out of an
unauthorised place of establishment. However, the applica-
tion of the exemption to such a prohibition is subject to
Article 5(2)(b);

Article 4

Hardcore restrictions

(H a r dc or e r e st r i c ti on s conce r ni ng th e sa le of ne w
motor v e h i cle s, r e p ai r a nd ma i nte nanc e se r v i c e s or
sp are p arts)

The exemption shall not apply to vertical agreements
1.
which, directly or indirectly, in isolation or in combination with
other factors under the control of the parties, have as their
object:

(a) the restriction of the distributor’s or repairer’s ability to
determine its sale price, without prejudice to the supplier’s
ability to impose a maximum sale price or to recommend a
sale price, provided that this does not amount to a fixed or
minimum sale price as a result of pressure from, or incen-
tives offered by, any of the parties;

(b) the restriction of the territory into which, or of the custo-
mers to whom, the distributor or repairer may sell the
contract goods or services; however, the exemption shall
apply to:

(i) the restriction of active sales into the exclusive territory
or to an exclusive customer group reserved to the
supplier or allocated by the supplier to another distri-
butor or repairer, where such a restriction does not
limit sales by the customers of
the distributor or
repairer;

(ii) the restriction of sales to end users by a distributor

operating at the wholesale level of trade;

(iii) the restriction of sales of new motor vehicles and spare
parts to unauthorised distributors by the members of a
selective distribution system in markets where selective
to the provisions of
distribution is applied, subject
point (i);

(iv) the restriction of the buyer’s ability to sell components,
supplied for the purposes of incorporation, to custo-
mers who would use them to manufacture the same
type of goods as those produced by the supplier;

(c) the restriction of cross-supplies between distributors or
including
repairers within a selective distribution system,
between distributors or repairers operating at different
levels of trade;

(d) the restriction of active or passive sales of new passenger
cars or light commercial vehicles, spare parts for any motor
vehicle or repair and maintenance services for any motor
vehicle to end users by members of a selective distribution
system operating at the retail
level of trade in markets
where selective distribution is used. The exemption shall
apply to agreements containing a prohibition on a member

(e) the restriction of active or passive sales of new motor vehi-
cles other than passenger cars or light commercial vehicles
to end users by members of a selective distribution system
operating at the retail level of trade in markets where selec-
tive distribution is used, without prejudice to the ability of
the supplier to prohibit a member of that system from
operating out of an unauthorised place of establishment;

(H ar dc or e r e str i c ti ons on ly c once r ni ng t h e sale of
new motor veh i cles)

(f) the restriction of the distributor’s ability to sell any new
motor vehicle which corresponds to a model within its
contract range;

(g) the restriction of the distributor’s ability to subcontract the
provision of repair and maintenance services to authorised
repairers, without prejudice to the ability of the supplier to
require the distributor to give end users the name and
address of the authorised repairer or repairers in question
before the conclusion of a sales contract and, if any of these
authorised repairers is not in the vicinity of the sales outlet,
to also tell end users how far the repair shop or repair
shops in question are from the sales outlet; however, such
obligations may only be imposed provided that similar obli-
gations are imposed on distributors whose repair shop is
not on the same premises as their sales outlet;

(H ar dc or e r e str i c ti ons on ly c once r ni ng t h e sale of
sp a r e
r e p ai r a nd mai nten a nce

ser v i c e s a nd of

p ar ts)

(h) the restriction of the authorised repairer’s ability to limit its
repair and maintenance

activities
to the provision of
services and the distribution of spare parts;

(i) the restriction of the sales of spare parts for motor vehicles
by members of a selective distribution system to indepen-
dent repairers which use these parts for the repair and
maintenance of a motor vehicle;

(j) the restriction agreed between a supplier of original spare
parts or spare parts of matching quality, repair tools or
diagnostic or other equipment and a manufacturer of motor
vehicles, which limits the supplier’s ability to sell these
goods or services to authorised or independent distributors
or to authorised or independent repairers or end users;

(k) the restriction of a distributor’s or authorised repairer’s
ability to obtain original spare parts or spare parts of
matching quality from a third undertaking of its choice and
to use them for the repair or maintenance of motor vehi-
cles, without prejudice to the ability of a supplier of new
motor vehicles to require the use of original spare parts
supplied by it for repairs carried out under warranty, free
servicing and vehicle recall work;

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(l) the restriction agreed between a manufacturer of motor
vehicles which uses components for the initial assembly of
motor vehicles and the supplier of such components which
limits the latter’s ability to place its trade mark or logo
effectively and in an easily visible manner on the compo-
nents supplied or on spare parts.

2.
The exemption shall not apply where the supplier of
motor vehicles refuses to give independent operators access to
any technical
information, diagnostic and other equipment,
tools, including any relevant software, or training required for
the repair and maintenance of these motor vehicles or for the
implementation of environmental protection measures.

Such access must include in particular the unrestricted use of
the electronic control and diagnostic systems of a motor
vehicle, the programming of these systems in accordance with
the repair and training
the supplier’s standard procedures,
instructions and the information required for the use of diag-
nostic and servicing tools and equipment.

Access must be given to independent operators in a non-discri-
minatory, prompt and proportionate way, and the information
must be provided in a usable form. If the relevant item is
covered by an intellectual property right or constitutes know-
how, access shall not be withheld in any abusive manner.

For the purposes of this paragraph ‘independent operator’ shall
mean undertakings which are directly or indirectly involved in
the repair and maintenance of motor vehicles,
in particular
independent repairers, manufacturers of repair equipment or
independent distributors of spare parts, publishers of
tools,
technical
information, automobile clubs, roadside assistance
operators, operators offering inspection and testing services and
operators offering training for repairers.

Article 5

Specific conditions

1.
As regards the sale of new motor vehicles, repair and
maintenance services or spare parts, the exemption shall not
apply to any of the following obligations contained in vertical
agreements:

(a) any direct or indirect non-compete obligation;

to manufacture, purchase, sell or resell motor vehicles or
not to provide repair or maintenance services.

As regards the sale of new motor vehicles, the exemption
2.
shall not apply to any of the following obligations contained in
vertical agreements:

(a) any direct or indirect obligation causing the retailer not to
leasing services relating to contract goods or corre-

sell
sponding goods;

(b) any direct or indirect obligation on any distributor of
passenger cars or light commercial vehicles within a selec-
tive distribution system, which limits its ability to establish
additional sales or delivery outlets at other locations within
the common market where selective distribution is applied.

3.
As regards repair and maintenance services or the sale of
spare parts, the exemption shall not apply to any direct or
indirect obligation as to the place of establishment of an
authorised repairer where selective distribution is applied.

Article 6

Withdrawal of the benefit of the Regulation

1.
The Commission may withdraw the benefit of this Regu-
lation, pursuant to Article 7(1) of Regulation No 19/65/EEC,
where it finds in any particular case that vertical agreements to
which this Regulation applies nevertheless have effects which
are incompatible with the conditions laid down in Article 81(3)
of the Treaty, and in particular:

(a) where access to the relevant market or competition therein
is significantly restricted by the cumulative effect of parallel
networks of similar vertical
restraints implemented by
competing suppliers or buyers, or

(b) where competition is restricted on a market where one
supplier is not exposed to effective competition from other
suppliers, or

(c) where prices or conditions of supply for contract goods or
substantially between

corresponding goods differ

for
geographic markets, or

(b) any direct or indirect obligation limiting the ability of an
to provide repair and maintenance

authorised repairer
services for vehicles from competing suppliers;

(d) where discriminatory prices or sales conditions are applied

within a geographic market.

(c) any direct or indirect obligation causing the members of a
distribution system not to sell motor vehicles or spare parts
of particular competing suppliers or not to provide repair
and maintenance services for motor vehicles of particular
competing suppliers;

(d) any direct or indirect obligation causing the distributor or
authorised repairer, after termination of the agreement, not

2. Where in any particular case vertical agreements to which
the exemption applies have effects incompatible with the condi-
tions laid down in Article 81(3) of the Treaty in the territory of
a Member State, or in a part thereof, which has all the charac-
teristics of a distinct geographic market, the relevant authority
of that Member State may withdraw the benefit of application
of this Regulation in respect of that territory, under the same
conditions as those provided in paragraph 1.

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Article 7

Non-application of the Regulation

1.
Pursuant to Article 1a of Regulation No 19/65/EEC, the
Commission may by regulation declare that, where parallel
networks of similar vertical restraints cover more than 50 % of
a relevant market, this Regulation shall not apply to vertical
agreements
relating to that
market.

containing specific

restraints

A regulation pursuant to paragraph 1 shall not become

2.
applicable earlier than one year following its adoption.

Article 8

Market share calculation

The market shares provided for in this Regulation shall be

1.
calculated

(a) for the distribution of new motor vehicles on the basis of
the volume of the contract goods and corresponding goods
sold by the supplier, together with any other goods sold by
the supplier which are regarded as interchangeable or
substitutable by the buyer, by reason of the products’ char-
acteristics, prices and intended use;

(b) for the distribution of spare parts on the basis of the value
of the contract goods and other goods sold by the supplier,
together with any other goods sold by the supplier which
are regarded as interchangeable or substitutable by the
buyer, by reason of the products’ characteristics, prices and
intended use;

(c) for the provision of repair and maintenance services on the
basis of the value of the contract services sold by the
members of the supplier’s distribution network together
with any other services sold by these members which are
regarded as interchangeable or substitutable by the buyer,
by reason of their characteristics, prices and intended use.

For the purposes of applying the market share thresholds
2.
of 30 % and 40 % provided for in this Regulation the following
rules shall apply:

(a) the market share shall be calculated on the basis of data

relating to the preceding calendar year;

(b) the market share shall

include any goods or services

supplied to integrated distributors for the purposes of sale;

(c) if the market share is initially not more than 30 % or 40 %
respectively but subsequently rises above that level without
exceeding 35 % or 45 % respectively, the exemption shall
continue to apply for a period of two consecutive calendar
years
share
threshold of 30 % or 40 % respectively was first exceeded;

in which the market

following the year

(d) if the market share is initially not more than 30 % or 40 %
respectively but subsequently rises above 35 % or 45 %
respectively, the exemption shall continue to apply for one
calendar year following the year in which the level of 30 %
or 40 % respectively was first exceeded;

(e) the benefit of points (c) and (d) may not be combined so as

to exceed a period of two calendar years.

Article 9

Turnover calculation

For the purposes of calculating total annual

turnover
1.
figures referred to in Article 2(2)(a) and 2(3)(a) respectively, the
turnover achieved during the previous financial year by the
relevant party to the vertical agreement and the turnover
achieved by its connected undertakings in respect of all goods
and services, excluding all taxes and other duties, shall be added
together. For this purpose, no account shall be taken of dealings
between the party to the vertical agreement and its connected
undertakings or between its connected undertakings.

2.
The exemption shall remain applicable where, for any
period of two consecutive financial years, the total annual turn-
over threshold is exceeded by no more than 10 %.

Article 10

Transitional period

If the volume data required for those calculations are not avail-
able, value data may be used or vice versa. If such information
is not available, estimates based on other reliable market infor-
mation may be used. For the purposes of Article 3(2), the
market purchase volume or the market purchase value respec-
tively, or estimates thereof shall be used to calculate the market
share.

The prohibition laid down in Article 81(1) shall not apply
during the period from 1 October 2002 to 30 September 2003
in respect of agreements already in force on 30 September
2002 which do not satisfy the conditions for exemption
provided for in this Regulation but which satisfy the conditions
for exemption provided for in Regulation (EC) No 1475/95.

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Article 11

Monitoring and evaluation report

The Commission shall draw up a report on this Regula-
2.
tion not later than 31 May 2008 having regard in particular to
the conditions set out in Article 81(3).

1.
this
The Commission shall monitor the operation of
Regulation on a regular basis, with particular regard to its
effects on:

Article 12

Entry into force and expiry

(a) competition in motor vehicle retailing and in after sales
servicing in the common market or relevant parts of it;

(b) the structure and level of concentration of motor vehicle

distribution and any resulting effects on competition.

1.

2.

3.

This Regulation shall enter into force on 1 October 2002.

Article 5(2)(b) shall apply from 1 October 2005.

This Regulation shall expire on 31 May 2010.

This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.

Done at Brussels, 31 July 2002.

For the Commission

Mario MONTI

Member of the Commission