Statistical yearbook on candidate and South-East European countries data 1995-1999.
Date: 2002-05-31
Institutions: Eurostat
Subjects: Central and Eastern Europe, EU statistics, accession to the European Union, degradation of the environment, education statistics, farming sector, financial situation, foreign trade, labour market, national accounts, population statistics, secondary sector, social indicator, tourism, transport statistics

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Statistical yearbook
on Candidate and 
Statistical yearbook
South East European countries
on candidate and 

South-East European countries

Data  1995-1999

1

THEME 1
General 
statistics

E U R O P E A N
C O M M I S S I O N

 
A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet.
It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int).

Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.

Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2001

ISBN 92-894-1038-8 

© European Communities, 2001

Printed in Belgium

PRINTED ON WHITE CHLORINE-FREE PAPER

FOREWORD

Since  the  last  edition  of  the  Statistical  yearbook  on 
candidate and south-east European countries appeared,
important  progress  was  achieved  in  the  enlargement
process. With some candidate countries, more than two
thirds of the negotiating chapters have been provisional-
ly  closed.  At  the  same  time,  the  European  Union
assumed  a  leading  role  in  promoting  security,  political
stability  and  economic  development  in  south-east
Europe.  As  a  result  of  the  dynamic  political  develop-
ments,  demand  for  data  on  candidate  and  south-east
European  countries  from  inside  and  outside  the
European Union kept increasing.

It  was  against  this  background  that  Eurostat  made  an
effort  to  further  extend  the  data  coverage  of  this 
yearbook.  A  number  of  indicators  were  added  to  the
publication,  most  notably  on  steel  production  and
employment.  In  addition,  missing  historical  data  could
be  completed,  in  particular  as  regards  Cyprus,  Malta
and Turkey.

For the sake of clarity, the presentation of the data was
modified  in  such  a  way  that  south-east  European 
countries  now  appear  in  a  special  chapter  separately
from  candidate  countries.  This  seems  appropriate  in 

particular,  since  availability  of  data  and  comparability
with  EU  Member  States  are  considerably  weaker  in
south-east European countries than in candidate coun-
tries.

The preparation of large publications like this yearbook
requires constant commitment and cooperation between
a large number of contributors. Therefore, I would like
to express my sincere thanks to all those who have con-
tributed  to  this  publication.  It  was  prepared  under  the
responsibility of Heikki Salmi, Head of Eurostat Unit A 5
'Technical cooperation with PHARE and TACIS countries'.
Project management and coordination were ensured by
Andreas  Krüger  and  Irene  Lynch-Clooney  of  Eurostat 
A 5. Most of the data was supplied by Eurostat produc-
tion  units.  The  remaining  data  collection  took  place
under  the  responsibility  of  Jessica  Erbe  and  Bastien
Larue, and Céline Lagrost was in charge of the desktop
publishing (all of them of Eurogramme Luxembourg).

I would also like to express Eurostat's sincere thanks to
all colleagues in our partner countries for their contribu-
tions.  It  was  their  continuous  commitment  to  our  com-
mon objectives, which made this publication possible.

Photios Nanopoulos

Director, Directorate A
Eurostat

2

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

Foreword by P. Nanopoulos

Contents

Users' Guide  

1

POPULATION

Population by sex and age

1.1.
1.2.
Fig. 1.a. Number of women per 100 men 

Total population on 1 January
Number of women and men on 1 January

on 1 January 2000
Proportion of population by age groups
Population: yearly average

1.3.
1.4.
Fig. 1.b. Age group in % of total population, 1999

Birth and death rates

1.5.
Fig. 1.c. Birth and death rates per 1 000 of population, 

Crude birth and death rates

1999

Population increase

1.6.
1.7.

1.8.

Crude rate of natural increase
Crude rate of net migration 
(including corrections)
Crude rate of increase

Fertility

Total fertility rate
Mean age of women at birth of first child

1.9.
1.10.
Fig. 1.d. Number of children per woman
1.11.

Mean age of women at childbearing age

Marriages and divorces

1.12.
Fig. 1.e.  Marriage and divorce rates per 1 000 

Crude marriage and divorce rates

of population, 1999

Life expectancy

Life expectancy at birth

1.13.
Fig. 1.f. Life expectancy at birth: difference between 
women and men in years, 1999
Life expectancy at the age of 65
1.14.
Fig. 1.g. Life expectancy of men and women at birth 

in years, 1999

Infant mortality

1.15.
Fig. 1.h. Infant mortality rate per 1 000 of live births,

Infant mortality rate

1999

2

3

8

9

11

11
11

11
12
13
13
14

14

14

15

15

15
15

16

16
16
16
16

17

17

17

18

18

18
19

19

20

20

20

CCOONNTTEENNTTSS

CONTENTS

2

EDUCATION

Level of education

2.1.

2.2.

Percentage of pupils and students by level 
of education
Participation rates in pre-primary education
(ISCED 0), by age

Fig. 2.a. Percentage of pupils and students by level 

of education, 1998/99

Fig. 2.b. Duration of compulsory schooling (total 

number in years and ages at which education 
is compulsory), 1998/99

Fig. 2.c. Distribution of students in tertiary education 
(ISCED 5+6) by gender in % of total number
of students, 1998/99
Participation rates in education (all levels) 
of students aged 16 to 24

2.3.

Fig. 2.d. Proportion of pupils in upper secondary 

21

23

23

23

24

24

25

25

education (ISCED 3) enrolled in vocational 
stream by gender in % of total number of 
students, 1998/99

Students by programme and field

Proportion of women among tertiary education
(ISCED 5+6) graduates in some fields of study
(in %)
Distribution of graduates from tertiary education
(ISCED 5+6) by field of study and by sex

Languages

Average number of foreign languages learnt 
by pupils in primary and secondary education
(ISCED 1,2,3)

2.4.

2.5.

2.6.

Fig. 2.e. Average number of foreign languages learnt 

2.7.

by pupils in primary and secondary education,
1998/99
Percentage of pupils in secondary general 
education (ISCED 2+3) by language studied

3

SOCIAL INDICATORS

Structure of household consumption by 
expenditure (Family budget statistics)

3.1.
Total monthly expenditure per capita
Fig. 3.a. Total monthly expenditure per capita, in euro
3.2.

Structure of expenditure
Methodological note

Health

3.3.
Fig. 3.b. Number of physicians per 100 000 inhabitants,

Doctors

1999

Fig. 3.c. Number of dentists per 100 000 inhabitants,

1999
Methodological note

26

26

26

27

28

28

28

28

29

31

31
31
32
34

35

35

35

35
35

3

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

CCOONNTTEENNTTSS

Monthly wages and salaries

3.4.
Fig. 3.d. Monthly gross nominal wages and salaries, in 

Monthly gross nominal wages and salaries

36

36

3.5.
3.6.

euro
36
Monthly gross wages and salaries indices: total 36
37
Monthly gross wages and salaries indices
39
Methodological note

Pensions

3.7.
Fig. 3.e. Average monthly pensions in % of GDP

Average monthly pensions

Methodological note

4

LABOUR FORCE

Employment

4.1.
4.2.
Fig. 4.a. Employment rate by gender, in % of total, 

Employment rate (ILO methodology)
Employment rate by gender

1999 
Methodological note

Unemployment rate from LFS
(ILO methodology)

Unemployment rate 

4.3.
Fig. 4.b. Unemployment rate, in % of labour force
Unemployment rate  by gender
4.4.
Unemployment rate of people aged less 
4.5.
than 25

Fig. 4.c. Unemployment rate of people aged less than

4.6.

4.7.

4.8.

25/total unemployment rate ratio, 1999
Unemployment rate of people aged less than
25, by gender
Unemployment rate of people aged 25 years
and more
Unemployment rate of people aged 25 years
and more, by gender
Methodological note

Persons in employment by economic 
activity (NACE classification)

4.9.

Employment by economic activity
(NACE classification)

Fig. 4.d. Employment by economic activity (NACE 
classification), in % of total, 1999

Dispatching of men and women 
by branch

4.10.
4.11.
4.12.
4.13.

Agriculture
Industry (excluding construction)
Construction
Services
Methodological note

40

40
40
41

43

45

45
45

46
46

47

47
47
47

48

48

48

49

49
50

51

51

52

53

53
53
54
54
55

Long-term unemployment

4.14.
4.15.

Long-term unemployment
Long-term unemployment by gender
Methodological note

5

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Gross domestic product (GDP)

5.1. 
5.2.
5.3.
Fig. 5.a. Annual GDP growth rates, in % over previous

GDP at current prices
GDP per capita at current prices
Annual GDP growth rates

year

Uses of GDP

56

56
56
56

57

59

59
59
60

60

61

Main GDP aggregates: final consumption

5.4.
Fig. 5.b. Final consumption in % of GDP, 1999
5.5.
5.6. 

61
61
Main GDP aggregates: gross capital formation 62
Main GDP aggregates: exports and imports of
goods and services

62

GDP expressed in purchasing power 
standards (PPS)

Fig. 5.c. GDP per capita at current prices as % of 

5.7. 
5.8.

EU average, 1999
GDP at current prices and in PPS
GDP per capita at current prices and in PPS

Contribution to gross value added 
(GVA) by sector of economic activity

5.9. 

Contribution to GVA by sector of economic 
activity

Fig. 5.d. Contribution to GVA by sector of economic 

activity in %, 1999

6

FINANCE

General government budget

6.1.
General government budget deficit/surplus
Fig. 6.a. General budget deficit/surplus in % of GDP
6.2.

Gross foreign debt of the whole economy

Balance of payments

Balance of payments
Methodological note
Foreign direct investment flows with the rest 
of the world

Money and credit

Money supply
Total credit to economy
Credit to government
Credit to other sectors

6.3.

6.4.

6.5.
6.6.
6.7.
6.8.

63

63
63
63

64

64

64

65

67

67
67
68

69

69
74

74

75

75
76
76
76

4

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

Interest rates

6.9.
6.10.
6.11.
6.12.
6.13.

Selected official central bank rates
Interbank daily rates/day-to-day money rates
Treasury bill rates (three months)
Retail bank deposit rates
Retail bank lending rates
Methodological note

Foreign official reserves

6.14.
Fig. 6.b. Foreign official reserves in Mio euro (monetary

Foreign official reserves

6.15.

gold excluded)
Monetary gold: value at market prices

Exchange rates

6.16.
Fig. 6.c. Appreciation/depreciation of national currency

Euro (ECU) exchange rates

against euro (yearly average), in % change 
over previous year

Consumer price indices (CPIs)

6.17.
Interim HICP for all items
Fig. 6.d. Interim HICP in % of previous year
6.18.

Interim HICP by purpose (annual average rate
of change in %)

7

AGRICULTURE

Land area by land use categories

7.1.
7.2.
Fig. 7.a. Utilised agricultural area in % of total area, 

Area — total
Utilised agricultural area (UAA)

1999
7.3.
Area of the different land use categories
Fig. 7.b. Utilised agricultural area by land use categories

in %, 1999
Methodological note

Land by legal status

7.4.

Land by legal status
Methodological note

Agricultural production

7.5.
Fig. 7.c. Annual growth in volume of agricultural 

Gros agricultural production volume indices

production, in %
Methodological note

Livestock breeding intensity

7.6.

Livestock

77

77
78
78
78
78
78

79

79

79
79

80

80

80

81

81
81

82

85

87

87
87

87
88

88
88

89

89
90

91

91

91
92

93

93

Production of agricultural products             94

7.7.
7.8.

Slaughtering
Sales or procurement of milk

94
94

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND

CCOONNTTEENNTTSS

Crop production and yields

7.9.
Fig. 7.d. Harvested production of cereals, in Mio tonnes,

Cereals including rice

95

95

1999
7.10. Wheat
7.11.
7.12.
7.13.
7.14.

95
96
96
Rye
Production of barley, oats and grain maize
97
Production of potatoes, sugar beets and oilseeds  98
Production of vegetables (total), 
tomatoes and apples (including cider apples)

99

Fishing

7.15.
7.16.
7.17.
7.18.

Total catch of fish
Aquaculture production
Fishing fleet (end of period)
Employment — total number of fishers 
(end of period)
Methodological note

Forestry

7.19.
7.20.

Forest resources
Removals

8

ENERGY

Energy production and supply      

8.1.
8.2.

Primary production — all products
Total primary energy supply — all products

Energy consumption

8.3. 

Final energy consumption  (all products) 
by sector

Fig. 8.a. Final energy consumption by sector 

(consumption by each sector, in % of total 
energy consumption), 1999

100

100
100
101

101
101

102

102
102

103

105

105
105

106

106

106

Electricity generation and distribution        107

8.4. 
8.5. 
Fig. 8.b. Share of nuclear stations in 1999 (electricity

Installed electrical capacity
Electricity generation output

107
107

8.6. 

107
generation output in GWh)
Derived heat output from district heating plants 108

9       INDUSTRY AND 
CONSTRUCTION

Industry

9.1.
9.2.

9.3.

9.4.

Industrial production volume indices: total
Industrial production volume indices: mining 
and quarrying
Industrial production volume indices: 
manufacturing
Industrial production volume indices: electricity,
gas and water

109

111

111

111

111

111

5

CCOONNTTEENNTTSS

Fig. 9.a. Industrial production volume indices: total 
change in % over the previous year
Methodological note
Industrial productivity volume indices
9.5.
9.6.
Industrial producer price indices
Fig. 9.b. Industrial producer price indices, % change

over previous year

Steel industry

9.7.
9.8.

Employment in steel industry
Production of steel

Construction

9.9.
9.10.
Fig. 9.c. Construction production volume indices, % 

Contsruction production volume indices
Construction cost indices

change over previous year

9.11.
9.12.

10

Dwelling construction
Number of dwellings completed
Average useful floor space of a completed
dwelling

RETAIL TRADE AND 
TOURISM

Retail trade

10.1.

Retail trade turnover indices
Methodological note

Tourism

10.2.
Number of hotels and similar establishments
Fig. 10.a.Number of bed places in hotels per 1 000 

inhabitants, 1999

10.3.  Number of bed places in hotels
10.4.
Average net rate of utilisation of bed places
Fig. 10.b.Average net rate of utilisation of bed places 

10.6.

10.5.

in %, 1999
Number of nights spent in collective tourist 
accommodation
Number of nights spent in collective tourist 
accommodation by residents
Share of total nights spent in collective tourist 
accommodation by non-residents
Fig. 10.c.Share of EU-15 residents in nights spent by 

10.7.

non-residents, in %, 1999

Fig. 10.d.Nights spent by residents and non-residents, 

in % of total nights spent, 1999

International visitor flow

10.8.
Arrivals at the borders: visitors and tourists
Fig. 10.e.Tourists as a percentage of visitors, 1999
Balance of payments (travel item)
10.9.
Methodological note

112
112
114
114

114

115

115
115

116

116
116

116

117
117

117

119

121

121
121

122

122

122
122
123

123

124

124

125

125

125

126

126
126
127
127

11

TRANSPORT AND 
TELECOMMUNICATION

Infrastructure

11.1.
11.2.
Fig. 11.a.Increase/decrease of transport infrastructure

Length of motorways
Length of railways

in the past 5 years (length in 1999 in % 
change over 1995)

Fig. 11.b.Motorway and railway density (length in km

per 1 000 km2), 1999
Length of inland waterways and pipelines
11.3.
Number of major ports
11.4.
Number of major airports
11.5.
Fig. 11.c.Number of major ports and airports 

129

131

131
131

131

132
132
133
133

(ports > 1 million tonnes per year and airports 
> 100 000 passenger movements per year)

133

Transport equipment

11.6.

Number of passenger cars and first 
registrations

Fig. 11.d.Motorisation rate: Number of passenger cars 

per 1 000 inhabitants

Fig. 11.e Number of first registrations of passenger cars
per 1 000 inhabitants (yearly average 
1995–99)
11.7.
Number of vehicles and first registrations
Fig. 11.f. Renewal rate of vehicles: Number of first 

registrations in % of total stock (yearly average
1995–99)
Number of commercial aircraft and ships

11.8.

Freight transport

Total and national freight
International freight loaded and unloaded

11.9.
11.10.
Fig. 11.g.Distribution of transport of goods by mode 
in % (based on total goods transported by 
these modes), 1999

Fig. 11.h.Total goods transported by air (national and 

international, in 1 000 tonnes), 1999 
Fig. 11.i. Total goods transported by sea (national and 
international, in million tonnes), 1999

11.11. Air — Passenger transport
Sea — Passenger transport
11.12.
11.13.
Railways and bus — Passenger transport
Fig. 11.j. Passenger transport by rail and by bus
(total, in million passenger-km), 1999

Road accidents

11.14.
Fig. 11.k.Number of persons killed in road accidents per

Persons killed in road accidents

134

134

134

134
135

136
136

137

137
139

141

141

141
142
143
144

144

145

145

100 000 inhabitants (yearly average 1995–99) 145
145
Methodological note

6

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

CCOONNTTEENNTTSS

Telecommunication

11.15. Number of main telephone lines 
(fixed telephone only)

11.16. Number of cellular mobile telephone system 

subscribers

11.17. Number of cellular mobile telephone 

subscribers in % of number of main lines 
(fixed line only)

11.18. Number of Internet subscriptions

EXTERNAL TRADE

Trade at current prices

12.1.

12.2.

Imports at current prices and % of imports 
from EU
Exports at current prices and % of exports 
to EU

147

147

147

148
148

149

151

151

152

Waste

13.8.

13.9.

Generation of hazardous waste by national 
classification
Generation of municipal waste

Environment expenditure

13.10. Distribution of industry investment by 

environmental domain

Fig. 13.b.Distribution of industry investment by 

environmental domain in per thousand of GDP,
1999

13.11. Distribution of public investment by 

environmental domain

171

171
171

172

172

173

174

14

SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN 
COUNTRIES

177

Population
Education
Social indicators
Labour force
National accounts
Finance
Agriculture
Energy
Industry and construction
Tourism and retail trade
Transport and telecommunication
External trade
Environment

ANNEXES

Abbreviations 
National statistical institutes
SITC: Classification of commodities
NACE Rev.1: Classification of economic activities
ISCED 97— Summary description of ISCED97
ISCED 97— Classification of fields of study

179
181
184
186
189
191
196
201
202
203
205
211
214

217

219
221
222
224
225
227

Fig. 12.a.Share of European Union in total imports
152
and exports in % of total, 1999
Balance of trade and exports as % of imports 153
153
154

12.3.
Fig. 12.b.Exports as percentage of imports, 1999
12.4.

Imports and exports as percentage of GDP

Volume of trade

12.5.

Growth in volume of imports and exports

Structure of trade

12.6.

Structure of imports and exports by SITC 
commodity groups (current prices)

External trade by main partners

12.7.

12.8.

Structure of imports by main partner countries 
in % of total value at current prices
Structure of exports by main partner countries 
in % of total value at current prices

Trade prices and terms of trade

154

154

155

155

158

158

161

163

163
12.9.
12.10.
163
Fig. 12.c.Terms of trade in percentage of previous year 163

External trade price indices
Terms of trade

13

ENVIRONMENT

165

Air pollution

13.1.
Emissions of carbon dioxide
Fig. 13.a.Per capita emissions of carbon dioxide 

13.2.
13.3. 

13.4.
13.5.
13.6. 
13.7.

in tonnes
Emissions of sulphur oxides
Emissions of nitrogen oxides

Water

Fresh ground water abstraction
Fresh surface water abstraction
Public sewage treatment plants
Residential population connected to waste 
water treatment

167

167

167
168
168

169

169
169
170

170

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

7

USERS’ GUIDE

This  publication  comes  from  Eurostat,  the  Statistical
Office of the European Communities. The data present-
ed in this yearbook are usually provided by the national
statistical offices of the corresponding partner countries.
The aim has been to present statistics from the point of
view  of  the  user  rather  than  the  producer.  Eurostat  fig-
ures have therefore been supplemented by statistics pub-
lished  by  other  international  producers  of  statistics.  In
such cases the source is mentioned.

The choice of data as well as the presentation of tables
and charts does not necessarily reflect the official opin-
ions of the European Commission.

Most data are in time series covering the years 1995 to
1999. This enables the reader to compare the situation
of the countries covered as well as their recent develop-
ment. However, not all statistics used for this publication
lend themselves to such a treatment. For example, some
statistics have become available only recently, and oth-
ers  are  not  produced  annually.  Finally,  as  all  statistics
originate from national sources, different priorities have
influenced  data  availability,  comparability  and  timeli-
ness. 

The data collection closed in April 2001, with the excep-
tion of national accounts, where revised figures as of 13
August 2001 are included. Therefore, some of the indi-
cators expressed as percentage of GDP may not corre-
spond precisely to the figures given in Chapter 5.

Countries covered and their
order of appearance 

The  countries  covered  by  this  yearbook  are  presented
according  to  the  alphabetical  order  of  their  English
name, starting with the 13 candidate countries, and fol-
lowed in a separate chapter by Albania, Croatia and the
former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. For Bosnia and
Herzegovina, however, the availability of data on nation-
al level is still very limited. Therefore, this country could
not  be  included  in  this  publication.  The  two-letter 

country codes used in this publication correspond to the
international  standard  classification  ISO  alpha  2.  The
abbreviations  FYROM  or  f.Y.R.  of  Macedonia  are  used
where  the  available  space  does  not  allow  for  the  full
name being displayed. The same applies for Czech Rep.
The codes are: 

Candidate countries

BG
MT
CY
PL
CZ
RO
EE
SK
HU
SI
LV
TR
LT

Bulgaria
Malta
Cyprus
Poland
Czech Republic
Romania
Estonia
Slovakia
Hungary 
Slovenia
Latvia
Turkey
Lithuania

South-east European countries

AL
HR
MK

Albania
Croatia
former  Yugoslav  Republic  of  Macedonia
(FYROM)

Symbols

Throughout  this  publication,  the  following  symbols
apply: 
P
*
.
:
0

provisional data
estimate
not applicable
not available
nil  or  negligible  (less  than  half  of  the  last 
decimal)

Abbreviations

For  all  abbreviations  used  in  this  publication,  please
refer  to  the  list  of  abbreviations  in  the  Annex  on  page
219.

8

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

Chapter 1

POPULATION

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

9

POPULATION BY SEX AND AGE

PPOOPPUULLAATTIIOONN

1

1.1. Total population on 1 January

1.2.  Number  of  women  and  men  on

1 January

In  1  000

1996

1997

1998                    1999                    2000

1996

1997

1998         1999          2000    

Women  in 1 000

BG 8 384.7

8 340.9

8 283.2

8 230.4

8 190.9

CY

735.9

741.0

746.1

751.5

754.8

CZ 10 321.3

10 309.1

10 299.1

10 289.6

10 278.1

EE

1 476.3

1 462.1

1 453.8

1 445.6

1 439.2

HU 10 212.3

10 174.4

10 135.4

10 091.8

10 043.2

LV

LT

MT

PL

2 501.7

2 479.9

2 458.4

2 439.4

2 424.2

3 711.9

3 707.2

3 704.0

3 700.8

3 698.5

371.2

374.0

376.5

386.4

388.3

38 609.4

38 639.3

38 660.0

38 667.0

38 653.6

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

4 281.3

4 263.4

4 238.2

4 216.3

4 199.7

368.9

371.5

374.1

376.9

378.4

5 304.8

5 297.1

5 290.4

5 284.2

5 277.0

788.3

781.4

777.2

772.9

769.6

5 328.4

5 311.2

5 293.5

5 274.2

5 251.4

1 343.2

1 331.7

1 319.9

1 309.4

1 301.3

1 959.3

1 958.2

1 956.9

1 955.4

1 954.6

187.3

188.6

189.8

195.3

196.4

19 823.4

19 842.6

19 858.8

19 868.7

19 870.1

RO 22 656.1

22 581.9

22 526.1

22 488.6

22 455.5

RO 11 548.4

11 518.9

11 499.0

11 487.4

11 475.4

SK

SI

5 367.8

5 378.9

5 387.7

5 393.4

5 398.7

1 990.3

1 987.0

1 984.9

1 978.3

1 987.8

SK

SI

2 754.1

2 760.5

2 765.6

2 769.7

2 773.5

1 022.2

1 018.4

1 016.8

1 015.1

1 016.9

(1)

TR  61 072.0

61 994.0

62 926.0

63 867.0

64 818.0

(1)

TR  29 986.0

30 451.0

30 922.0

31 398.0

31 879.0

(1) Population projections.

Men  in 1 000

BG 4 103.4

4 077.5

4 045.0

4 014.1

3 991.2

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

367.0

369.5

372.0

374.6

376.3

5 016.5

5 012.1

5 008.7

5 005.4

5 001.1

688.0

680.7

676.6

672.7

669.6

4 883.9

4 863.3

4 841.9

4 817.6

4 791.8

1 158.5

1 148.2

1 138.5

1 130.0

1 122.9

1 752.6

1 749.0

1 747.1

1 745.4

1 743.9

183.9

185.3

186.7

191.1

191.9

18 786.0

18 796.7

18 801.2

18 798.3

18 783.4

RO 11 107.7

11 063.0

11 027.1

11 001.2

10 980.0

SK

SI

2 613.7

2 618.4

2 622.0

2 623.7

2 625.1

968.1

968.6

968.2

963.2

970.8

(1)

TR  31 086.0

31 543.0

32 003.0

32 468.0

32 939.0

(1) Population projections.

Fig.  1.a.  Number  of  women  per  100  men
on 1 January 2000

120

115

110

105

100

95

90

LV

EE

LT

HU

PL

SK

BGCZ

SI

EU-15

RO

CYMT

TR

EU-15: 1998.

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

11

PPOOPPUULLAATTIIOONN

1

1.3. Proportion of population by age groups

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

In  %  of  total
population

0–14 years

15–24 years

25–44 years

45–64 years

Bulgaria

18.1

14.6

27.2

25.2

17.7

14.6

27.1

25.4

15.2

2.6

65 years and more

14.9

80 years and more

2.5

Czech  Republic

0–14 years

15–24 years

25–44 years

45–64 years

18.9

16.5

27.9

23.6

65 years and more

13.1

80 years and more

2.8

0–14 years

15–24 years

25–44 years

45–64 years

Hungary

18.3

15.8

28.1

23.8

65 years and more

14.0

80 years and more

2.9

0–14 years

15–24 years

25–44 years

45–64 years

Lithuania

21.9

14.6

29.5

22.1

65 years and more

11.8

80 years and more

2.7

0–14 years

15–24 years

25–44 years

45–64 years

Poland

23.1

15.5

30.0

20.5

65 years and more

10.9

80 years and more

2.2

18.3

16.6

27.7

24.0

13.3

2.7

18.0

15.9

28.0

24.0

14.2

2.8

21.6

14.5

29.7

22.1

12.1

2.7

22.5

15.8

29.7

20.8

11.2

2.1

17.2

14.7

27.3

25.5

15.3

2.4

17.9

16.5

27.6

24.5

13.5

2.6

17.7

15.9

27.9

24.3

14.3

2.7

21.2

14.4

29.9

22.1

12.4

2.7

21.5

16.2

29.2

21.5

11.6

2.0

16.8

14.8

27.3

25.5

15.6

2.1

17.4

16.4

27.6

25.0

13.6

2.4

17.5

15.8

27.8

24.5

14.4

2.5

20.8

14.2

30.1

22.1

12.7

2.6

21.1

16.4

29.1

21.7

11.7

2.0

Cyprus

25.2

14.2

29.8

19.8

11.0

2.5

Estonia

20.7

14.2

28.5

23.5

13.1

2.8

Latvia

20.7

13.5

28.4

24.1

13.4

2.9

Malta

22.0

14.8

29.6

22.7

11.0

2.1

Romania

20.8

16.7

28.3

22.4

11.8

2.1

24.9

14.2

29.7

20.1

11.1

2.5

20.3

14.2

28.6

23.5

13.4

2.7

20.3

13.4

28.6

24.0

13.7

2.8

22.1

14.8

28.4

23.3

11.4

2.2

20.2

16.7

28.4

22.5

12.2

2.1

16.3

14.7

27.5

25.6

15.9

2.1

17.0

16.0

27.8

25.5

13.7

2.3

17.3

15.5

27.7

24.9

14.6

2.4

20.4

14.2

30.3

22.1

13.0

2.5

19.9

16.8

28.7

22.6

12.0

1.9

24.6

14.3

29.5

20.5

11.1

2.6

19.8

14.2

28.6

23.6

13.8

2.7

19.9

13.4

28.9

23.9

14.0

2.7

21.7

14.9

28.1

23.7

11.6

2.2

19.6

16.8

28.5

22.6

12.4

2.0

24.2

14.4

29.4

20.8

11.2

2.5

19.2

14.3

28.7

23.7

14.1

2.6

19.3

13.5

29.0

23.9

14.3

2.6

20.8

15.2

27.6

24.4

11.9

2.2

19.2

16.8

28.6

22.7

12.7

1.8

23.8

14.7

29.2

21.2

11.2

2.5

18.6

14.5

28.8

23.9

14.3

2.6

18.5

13.8

29.1

24.0

14.4

2.5

20.4

15.2

27.5

24.9

12.1

2.3

19.0

16.6

28.7

22.8

13.0

1.7

12

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

PPOOPPUULLAATTIIOONN

1

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

In  %  of  total
population

0–14 years

15–24 years

25–44 years

45–64 years

Slovakia

22.9

16.7

29.9

19.7

65 years and more

10.8

80 years and more

2.2

0–14 years

15–24 years

25–44 years

45–64 years

Turkey

32.8

19.8

28.1

14.2

65 years and more

5.0

80 years and more

:

Slovenia

18.5

14.7

31.3

23.4

12.1

2.6

18.1

14.9

31.2

23.2

12.5

2.6

17.5

15.0

31.1

23.5

12.9

2.4

17.0

14.9

30.9

23.9

13.2

2.3

16.6

14.8

30.6

24.4

13.6

2.2

22.3

17.0

29.7

20.1

10.9

2.1

32.2

19.9

28.4

14.3

5.2

:

21.7

17.1

29.6

20.5

11.1

2.0

31.6

20.0

28.7

14.4

5.3

:

21.0

17.2

29.5

21.0

11.3

1.9

31.0

20.1

28.9

14.6

5.4

:

20.4

17.2

29.5

21.6

11.4

1.8

30.5

20.2

29.1

14.8

5.5

:

1.4. Population: yearly average

Fig.  1.b.  Age  group 
population, 1999

in  %  of 

total 

In  1  000

0–14 years

15–64 years

65 years and more

1995

1996

1997         1998          1999      

BG 8 406.1

8 362.8

8 312.1

8 256.8

8 210.6

(1)

CY

732.8

738.4

743.5

748.8

753.1

CZ 10 330.8

10 315.4

10 303.6

10 294.9

10 282.8

EE

1 483.9

1 469.2

1 458.0

1 449.7

1 442.4

HU 10 229.0

10 193.4

10 154.9

10 113.6

10 067.5

LV

LT

MT

PL

2 515.6

2 490.8

2 469.1

2 448.9

2 431.8

3 714.8

3 709.5

3 705.6

3 702.4

3 699.7

377.8

380.0

382.8

386.4

387.3

38 587.6

38 618.0

38 649.9

38 666.1

38 653.6

RO 22 681.0

22 619.0

22 554.0

22 507.3

22 472.0

SK

SI

TR

(2)

5 363.7

5 373.8

5 383.2

5 390.9

5 395.3

1 987.5

1 991.2

1 986.8

1 982.6

1 985.6

60 611.0

61 528.0

62 455.0

63 391.0

64 337.0

(1) Mid-year population.
(2) Mid-year population projections.

11

16

14

14

15

14

13

12

12

13

11

14

65

68

69

67

68

67

67

68

68

68

68

70

24

16

17

19

17

19

20

20

20

19

20

17

6

64

31

BG CY CZ EE HU LV LT MT PL RO SK SI TR

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

13

PPOOPPUULLAATTIIOONN

1

1.5. Crude birth and death rates

BIRTH AND DEATH RATES

Crude  birth  rate
Per 1 000 of population

Crude  death  rate
Per 1 000 of population

1995        1996           1997         1998

1999                     1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

(1)

TR 

8.6

15.4

9.3

9.1

11.0

8.6

11.1

12.5

11.2

10.4

11.5

9.5

22.0

8.6

14.9

8.8

9.0

10.3

7.9

10.5

13.3

11.1

10.2

11.2

9.4

21.9

7.7

16.1

8.8

8.7

9.9

7.6

10.2

12.9

10.7

10.5

11.0

9.1

21.8

7.9

13.4

8.8

8.5

9.6

7.5

10.0

11.9

10.2

10.5

10.7

9.0

21.7

8.8

12.8

8.7

8.7

9.4

8.0

9.8

11.1

9.9

10.4

10.4

8.8

21.6

(1) Population projections.

13.6

7.7

11.4

14.1

14.2

15.5

12.2

7.3

10.0

12.0

9.8

9.5

6.9

14.0

7.7

10.9

12.9

14.0

13.8

11.6

7.4

10.0

12.7

9.5

9.4

6.9

14.7

9.0

10.9

12.7

13.7

13.6

11.1

7.7

9.8

12.4

9.7

9.5

6.9

14.3

8.2

10.6

13.4

13.9

14.1

11.0

7.9

9.7

12.0

9.9

9.6

6.8

13.6

7.6

10.7

12.8

14.2

13.5

10.8

8.0

9.9

11.8

9.7

9.5

6.8

Fig. 1.c. Birth and death rates per 1 000 of population, 1999

Crude birth rate 

Crude death rate 

25

20

15

10

5

0

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

14

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

POPULATION INCREASE

PPOOPPUULLAATTIIOONN

1

1.6. Crude rate of natural increase

1.8. Crude rate of increase

Per  1  000  of  population

Per  1  000  of  population

1995

1996

1997          1998          1999   

1995

1996

1997          1998          1999   

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

-5.1

7.7

-2.1

-4.9

-3.3

-6.9

-1.1

5.1

1.2

-1.5

1.6

0.0

-5.4

7.2

-2.2

-3.9

-3.7

-5.8

-1.0

5.8

1.1

-2.4

1.7

0.1

-6.9

7.1

-2.1

-4.1

-3.8

-6.0

-0.9

5.2

0.8

-1.9

1.3

-0.4

-6.4

P
5.2 

-1.8

-5.0

-4.3

-6.4

-1.0

3.7

0.5

-1.4

0.8

-0.6

-4.8

P
5.2 

-2.0

-4.1

-4.8

-5.5

-1.0

3.1

0.0

-1.4

0.7

-0.7

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

(1)

TR 

15.0

15.0

15.0

14.9

14.8

(1)

TR 

-5.1

8.3

-1.1

-10.3

-3.3

-11.1

-1.6

4.7

0.7

-2.5

2.2

0.4

15.0

-5.2

6.9

-1.2

-9.6

-3.7

-8.7

-1.3

7.5

0.8

-3.3

2.1

-1.6

-6.9

7.8

-1.0

-5.7

-3.8

-8.7

-0.9

6.8

0.5

-2.5

1.6

-1.0

-6.4

P
7.2 

-0.9

-5.7

-4.3

-7.7

-0.9

0.1

0.2

-1.7

1.1

-3.3

-4.8

P
4.4 

-1.1

-4.4

-4.8

-6.3

-0.6

4.9

-0.3

-1.5

1.0

4.8

15.0

15.0

14.9

14.8

(1) Population projections.

(1) Population projections (migration is not included).

1.7. Crude rate of net migration (including
corrections)

Per  1  000  of  population

1995

1996

1997          1998          1999   

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR 

0.0

0.6

1.0

-5.4

0.0

-4.2

-0.5

-0.5

-0.5

-0.9

0.5

0.4

:

0.1

-0.3

1.0

-5.7

0.0

-2.9

-0.2

1.6

-0.3

-0.9

0.4

-1.7

:

0.0

0.7

1.2

-1.6

0.0

-2.7

0.0

1.6

-0.3

-0.6

0.3

-0.7

:

0.0

P
2.0 

0.9

-0.7

0.0

-1.3

0.2

-3.6

-0.3

-0.3

0.2

-2.7

:

0.0

P
-0.8 

0.9

-0.3

P
0.0 

-0.8

0.4

1.8

-0.4

-0.1

0.3

5.4

:

Crude rate of net migration (recalculated by Eurostat) for
year X, is calculated as: 
Population (X+1) minus Population (X) minus Deaths (X)
plus Births (X). This assumes that any change in popula-
tion not attributable to births and deaths is attributable
to migration.

This indicator includes, therefore, administrative correc-
tions  (and  projection  errors  if  the  total  population  is
based on estimates and the births and deaths on regis-
ters).  Figures  are  in  this  case  more  consistent.  Further,
most  of  the  difference  between  the  crude  rate  of  net
migration provided by country and the one calculated by
Eurostat  is  caused  by  an  under-reporting  or  delay  in
reporting of migration.

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

15

PPOOPPUULLAATTIIOONN

1

FERTILITY

Total  fertility  of  a  certain  calendar  year  is  the  average
number of children that would be born alive to a woman
during her lifetime if she were to experience during her
childbearing  years  the  age-specific  fertility  rates  of  the

specific  calendar  year  or  period.  Average  age  of  all
mothers  giving  birth  is  based  on  age-specific  fertility
rates.

1.9. Total fertility rate

Fig. 1.d. Number of children per woman

Children  per  woman

1995

1999

1995

1996

1997          1998          1999   

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

(1)

TR 

1.2

2.1

1.3

1.3

1.6

1.3

1.5

1.8

1.6

1.3

1.5

1.3

2.6

1.2

2.1

1.2

1.3

1.5

1.2

1.4

2.1

1.6

1.3

1.5

1.3

2.6

1.1

2.0

1.2

1.2

1.4

1.1

1.4

2.0

1.5

1.3

1.4

1.2

2.6

1.1

1.9

1.2

1.2

1.3

1.1

1.4

1.8

1.4

1.3

1.4

1.2

2.6

P
1.2 

1.8

1.1

1.2

1.3

P
1.2 
P
1.4 

1.7

1.4

1.3

1.3

:

2.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

TR CY MT LT PL HU RO SK BG EE LV SI CZ

(1) Population projections.

SI: 1995 and 1998.

1.10. Mean age of women at birth of first
child

1.11. Mean age of women at childbearing
age

In  years

In  years

1995

1996

1997          1998          1999   

1995

1996

1997          1998          1999   

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

(1)

TR 

22.5

25.5

22.9

23.0

23.8

23.0

22.8

:

22.8

22.7

22.8

25.2

21.0

22.6

25.6

23.3

23.2

24.1

23.6

22.9

:

22.9

22.9

22.4

25.2

21.1

22.8

25.8

24.0

23.4

24.3

23.5

23.4

:

23.7

23.1

23.1

25.5

21.2

22.9

25.7

24.4

23.6

24.5

23.6

23.6

:

23.8

23.3

23.3

25.8

21.3

23.0

25.8

24.6

23.8

24.7

23.7

23.8

:

24.0

23.5

23.6

26.1

:

(1) Median age at first birth.

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR 

24.2

28.2

25.3

25.6

26.4

25.5

25.3

:

26.9

24.6

25.4

27.1

27.1

24.4

28.2

25.6

25.9

26.5

25.7

25.8

29.8

26.9

25.2

25.5

27.3

27.0

24.5

28.4

26.5

26.2

26.7

26.1

26.0

28.7

26.9

24.9

25.7

27.7

26.9

24.5

28.4

26.6

26.4

26.9

26.3

26.3

:

26.6

25.1

25.8

27.8

26.8

24.6

28.6

26.9

26.6

26.7

26.4

26.5

:

26.9

25.3

26.0

28.0

26.7

16

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

MARRIAGES AND DIVORCES

PPOOPPUULLAATTIIOONN

1

1.12. Crude marriage and divorce rates

Crude  marriage  rate
Per 1 000 of population

Crude  divorce  rate

Per 1 000 of population

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR 

(1)

4.4

9.9

5.3

4.7

5.2

4.4

6.0

6.3

5.4

6.8

5.1

4.1

7.6

4.4

8.5

5.2

3.8

4.8

3.9

5.5

6.4

5.3

6.6

5.1

3.8

7.9

4.2

11.8

4.3

11.0

5.6

3.8

4.6

3.9

5.1

6.4

5.3

6.5

5.2

3.8

8.3

5.3

3.7

4.4

3.9

5.0

6.6

5.4

6.5

5.1

3.8

P

7.6 

P
4.3 
P
12.6 

5.2

3.9

4.5

3.9

4.8

6.6

5.7

6.2

5.1

P

3.7 

:

(1) Divorce is illegal in Malta.

1.3

1.2

3.0

5.0

2.4

3.1

2.8

.

1.0

1.5

1.7

0.8

0.5

1.2

1.1

3.2

3.9

2.2

2.4

3.0

.

1.0

1.6

1.7

1.0

0.5

1.1

1.6

3.2

3.6

2.5

2.5

3.1

.

1.1

1.5

1.7

1.0

0.5

1.3

1.3

3.1

3.1

2.5

2.5

3.2

.

1.2

1.8

1.7

1.0

P
0.5 

P
1.2 

1.8

2.3

3.2

2.5

2.5

P
3.1 

.

1.1

1.5

1.8

P
1.1 

:

Fig. 1.e. Marriage and divorce rates per 1 000 of population, 1999

Marriages

Divorces

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

BG

CY

CZ

EE

EU-15

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

EU-15: divorces 1997, marriages 1998.
TR: 1998.

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

17

PPOOPPUULLAATTIIOONN

1

LIFE EXPECTANCY

The life expectancy is defined as the average number of
years still to live for people of a given age under the pre-
vailing  conditions  of  mortality  at  successive  ages  of  a

given  population.  The  life  expectancy  at  birth  corre-
sponds to the life expectancy at less than 1 year old.

1.13. Life expectancy at birth 

(1)

Girls  in years

Boys  in years

1995          1996         1997         1998

1999                   1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR 

74.6

79.8

76.6

74.3

74.5

73.1

75.2

79.5

76.4

73.1

76.3

77.8

70.3

74.3

:

77.3

75.5

74.7

75.6

76.1

79.8

76.6

73.0

76.8

78.3

70.6

:

80.0

77.5

76.0

75.1

75.9

76.8

80.1

77.0

73.3

76.7

78.6

70.8

(2)

74.6 

:

78.1

75.5

75.2

74.9

76.9

80.1

77.3

73.3

76.7

78.7

71.0

:

(3)

80.4 

78.1

76.1

75.1

76.2

77.4

79.3

77.5

73.7

77.0

78.8

71.3

67.1

75.3

69.7

61.7

65.3

60.8

63.6

74.9

67.6

65.3

68.4

70.3

65.7

67.1

:

70.4

64.5

66.1

63.9

65.0

74.9

68.1

65.2

68.9

70.8

66.0

:

75.0

70.5

64.7

66.4

64.2

65.9

74.9

68.5

65.5

68.9

71.0

66.2

(2)

67.6 

:

71.1

64.4

66.1

63.8

66.5

74.4

68.9

65.5

68.6

71.1

66.4

:

(3)

75.3 

71.4

65.4

66.3

64.9

67.1

75.1

68.8

66.1

69.0

71.4

66.6

(1) Less than 1 year.
(2) Data for 1997–99 period.
(3) Data for 1998/99.

Fig. 1.f. Life expectancy at birth: difference between women and men in years, 1999

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

EE

LV
EU-15: 1997.
BG: Data for 1997–99.
CY: Data for 1998/99.

LT

HU

PL

SK

RO

SI

BG

CZ

EU-15

CY

TR

MT

18

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

PPOOPPUULLAATTIIOONN

1

1.14. Life expectancy at the age of 65

Women  in years

Men  in years

1995          1996         1997         1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR 

15.2

18.6

16.0

16.1

15.8

15.8

16.9

17.5

16.6

15.1

16.1

17.1

14.2

15.1

:

16.4

16.2

15.6

17.6

17.2

18.5

16.5

15.0

16.4

17.3

14.3

:

18.4

16.6

16.8

15.9

17.6

17.3

18.4

16.8

15.3

16.4

17.6

14.3

(1)

15.2 

:

:

16.4

16.0

17.3

17.4

17.9

:

:

:

17.5

14.3

:

(2)

18.9 

16.9

16.9

15.8

17.8

17.8

17.6

17.1

15.3

16.5

17.6

14.3

(1) Data for 1997–99 period.
(2) Data for 1998/99.

12.5

16.3

12.7

12.0

12.1

11.7

12.9

15.3

12.9

12.6

12.7

13.5

12.6

12.3

:

13.1

12.2

12.1

11.9

13.1

14.7

12.9

12.5

12.9

13.6

12.7

:

15.6

13.2

12.6

12.2

11.4

13.3

14.6

13.1

12.8

12.9

13.8

12.7

(1)

12.6 

:

:

12.3

12.2

11.3

13.4

14.5

:

:

:

13.8

12.7

:

(2)

16.0 

13.6

12.6

12.1

11.3

13.7

15.1

13.3

12.8

12.9

13.8

12.7

Fig. 1.g. Life expectancy of men and women at birth in years, 1999

Men

Women

85

80

75

70

65

60

BG

CY

CZ

EE

EU-15

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

EU-15: 1997
BG: Data for 1997–99
CY: Data for 1998/99

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

19

PPOOPPUULLAATTIIOONN

1

INFANT MORTALITY

1.15. Infant mortality rate

Fig. 1.h. Infant mortality rate per 1 000 of
live births, 1999

Per  1  000  of  live  births

1995

1996

1997          1998          1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR 

14.8

8.5

7.7

14.8

10.7

18.8

12.5

8.9

13.6

21.2

11.0

5.5

43.1

15.6

8.3

6.0

10.4

10.9

15.9

10.1

10.7

12.2

22.3

10.2

4.7

41.4

17.5

8.0

5.9

10.1

9.9

15.3

10.3

6.4

10.2

22.0

8.7

5.2

39.8

14.4

7.0

5.2

9.3

9.7

P
14.6 

:

4.6

9.5

8.4

15.0

11.3

9.3

7.2

9.5

20.5

8.8

5.2

38.3

8.6

7.2

8.9

18.6

8.3

5.1

36.8

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

TR RO BG LV EE PL LT HU SK MT CY SI

EU-15

CZ

CY: 1998.

20

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

Chapter 2

EDUCATION

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

21

EEDDUUCCAATTIIOONN

LEVEL OF EDUCATION

2.2.  Participation  rates  in  pre-primary
education (ISCED 0), by age

2

In
1998/99

Of  which  in  %

3 years

4 years      5 years      6 years       7 years

BG 

CY 

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL 

RO 

SK

SI 

TR

55

20

47

69

68

52

41

87

23

36

53

51

:

64

51

82

74

89

56

47

101

31

58

68

63

:

(1) 6 years and over.

69

88

93

79

98

57

52

28

41

75

82

68

:

72

11

47

78

62

58

56

0

98

88

26

(1)

116 

:

2

0

7

0

10

5

7

0

2

0

8

:

:

Pre-primary  education  refers  to  the  educational  estab-
lishments which recruit staff with a specialised qualifica-
tion  in  education.  In  principle,  these  institutions  are
designed  to  meet  the  educational  and  developmental
needs of children of at least 3 years of age.

The  participation  rate  in  education  is  the  number  of
pupils/students  enrolled  as  a  percentage  of  the  total
population of a given age group.

ISCED  is  the  International  Standard  Classification  of
Education (i.e. the internationally agreed system used for
classifying statistics on education). 

Summary descriptions of ISCED97 and the classification
of fields of study of ISCED97 can be found in the annex
at the end of this yearbook.

Education stages are coded as follows: 
ISCED 0: Pre-primary education
ISCED 1: Primary education 

(or the first stage of basic education) 

ISCED 2: Lower secondary education 

(or the second stage of basic education)

ISCED 3: Upper secondary education 
ISCED 4: Post-secondary non-tertiary education
ISCED 5: First stage of tertiary education
ISCED 6: Second stage of tertiary education

The data cover full- and part-time students in public and
private establishments. They cover school-based gener-
al education and vocational education/training (includ-
ing  combined  school-  and  work-based  programmes
such as dual system apprenticeship).

Turkey has not taken part in the education survey for the
school  year  1998/99,  but  will  be  included  in  future 
surveys.

2.1.  Percentage  of  pupils  and  students  by
level of education

Pupils  and  students  in  ISCED  0–6

Of  which  in  %

In
1998/
99

Number

in  1  000  

0
D
E
C
S

I

14
12
14
16
17
11
11
12
10
13
13
13
:

1
D
E
C
S

I

26
41
30
36
22
26
26
39
48
28
25
20
:

2
D
E
C
S

I

23
21
25
17
22
30
33
33
:
27
29
23
:

3
D
E
C
S

I

21
19
18
16
22
17
16
8
27
20
23
26
:

1 608
157
2 187
350
2 256
542
833
89
9 961
4 631
1 288
450
:

BG 
CY
CZ
EE
HU
LV
LT
MT
PL
RO
SK
SI
TR

(1)

(2)

(3)

(3)

6
+
5
D
E
C
S

I

17
7
11
14
12
15
13
7
14
9
10
18
:

4
D
E
C
S

I

0
:
3
1
4
1
1
1
2
2
0
0
:

(1) Excluding 12 488 tertiary students (ISCED 5+6) studying abroad. 
(2) ISCED 2 is included under ISCED 1.
(3) Excluding ISCED 6.

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

23

EEDDUUCCAATTIIOONN

2 Fig. 2.a. Percentage of pupils and students by level of education, 1998/99

In % of all 
pupils and students

Pre-primary and primary
(ISCED 0+1)

Lower secondary
(ISCED 2)

Upper secondary 
(ISCED 3)

Post-secondary and tertiary
(ISCED 4+5+6)

BG

39

CY

(1)

53

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

(2)

44

52

39

37

38

51

57

RO

(3)

41

SK

SI

38

33

23

25

22

30

21

17

33

27

29

23

19

21

18

16

22

17

27

26

16

8

20

23

17

7

13

15

16

16

14

8

16

11

10

18

(1) Excluding 12 488 tertiary students (ISCED 5+6) studying abroad. 
(2) ISCED 2 is included under ISCED 1.
(3) Excluding ISCED 6.

Fig.  2.b.  Duration  of  compulsory  schooling  (total  number  in  years  and  ages  at  which
education is compulsory (1)), 1998/99 

Age    4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

MT
HU
CY
SK
CZ
SI
BG
EE
LV
LT
RO
PL

(1) Last year is included.

1 2 yea rs
1 1 yea rs
1 0 yea rs
1 0 yea rs
9 yea rs
9 yea rs
9 yea rs
9 yea rs
9 yea rs
9 yea rs
8 yea rs
8 yea rs

24

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

EEDDUUCCAATTIIOONN

Fig. 2.c. Distribution of students in tertiary education (ISCED 5+6) by gender in % of total
number of students, 1998/99

2

Female students

Male students

50

49

49

48

46

44

44

43

42

41

40

38

50

51

51

52

54

56

56

57

58

59

60

62

100

50

0

CZ

MT

RO

SK

HU

CY

SI

PL 

EE

BG

LT

LV

RO and SI: excluding ISCED 6.

2.3. Participation rates in education (all levels) of students aged 16 to 24

In
1998/99

Participation  rates  by  age  in  %  of  age  population

16             18

20             22

24         18–24

BG

CY 

(1)

CZ

EE

HU 

LV

LT

MT

PL 

RO

SK 

SI

TR

(2)

(2)

80.1

89.1

100.0

93.1

93.0

88.0

91.4

59.0

92.8

76.3

:

95.7

:

47.4

31.3

60.5

67.5

70.3

65.9

68.1

52.9

74.4

42.8

:

73.3

:

29.1

22.6

25.1

42.4

40.6

38.0

42.0

29.5

51.2

25.1

:

42.8

:

26.3

10.0

20.7

25.6

23.9

30.6

20.8

9.6

33.6

12.6

:

32.0

:

16.6

3.8

12.9

14.7

14.2

15.6

10.3

4.4

19.7

6.6

:

19.8

:

28.1

17.4

26.8

37.4

33.8

36.1

35.1

21.5

44.6

22.6

:

40.9

:

(1) Excluding 12 844 tertiary students (ISCED 5+6) studying abroad.
(2) Excluding ISCED 6.

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

25

EEDDUUCCAATTIIOONN

2

Fig.  2.d.  Proportion  of  pupils  in  upper  secondary  education  (ISCED  3)  enrolled  in
vocational stream by gender in % of total number of students, 1998/99

Female students

Male students

100

50

0

50

49

49

48

46

44

44

43

42

41

40

38

50

51

51

52

54

56

56

57

58

59

60

62

CZ

MT

RO

SK

HU

CY

SI

PL 

EE

BG

LT

LV

STUDENTS BY PROGRAMME AND FIELD

2.4. Proportion of women among tertiary education (ISCED 5+6) graduates in some fields
of study (in %)

In
1998/99

BG

CY 

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL 

(2)

(3)

(4)

RO 

SK

SI

TR

TOTAL  

Education Humanities

graduates
from  tertiary
education

66

66

54

64

58

67

63

54

66

52

57

57

:

83

94

75

87

77

84

87

64

87

63

74

88

:

and  

Arts

73

77

59

80

64

81

78

51

86

66

60

69

:

Of  which

Social
sciences,
business
and  law

Business
and
adminis-
tration
(ISC  34)

Science

Law

(ISC  38)

Of  which

Computing

(ISC  48)

Engineering,
manufacturing
and  

construction

Others

(1)

68

60

57

68

60

67

67

52

64

59

55

64

:

68

60

59

71

61

67

72

45

65

58

55

63

:

66

48

46

61

53

55

43

56

35

60

51

66

:

59

56

32

37

29

57

47

32

76

62

30

43

:

74

45

15

14

14

29

38

20

49

:

14

8

:

41

22

23

33

24

22

36

3

26

23

27

19

:

65

69

67

64

55

64

63

63

59

53

67

59

:

(1) Including graduates whose field of study is agriculture, health and welfare, 

services, or whose field of study is unknown.

(2) Excluding a substantial number of graduates who have completed their 

studies abroad.

(3) Excluding ISCED 5A first degree and ISCED 6.
(4) Excluding ISCED 6.

26

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

EEDDUUCCAATTIIOONN

2.5.  Distribution  of  graduates  from  tertiary  education  (ISCED  5+6)  by  field  of  study
and by sex

2

Of  which  percentage  graduating  in:

In

1998/99

Total  number
of  graduates
from  tertiary
education

Education Humanities

and  Arts

Of  which

Social
sciences,
business
and  law

Business
and
adminis-
tration
(ISC  34)

Science

Law

(ISC  38)

Of  which

Computing

(ISC  48)

(1)

Others

Engineering,
manufacturing
and  

construction

(2)

(3)

(4)

BG

CY 

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL 

RO

SK 

SI

TR

BG

CY

CZ

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

(2)

(3)

(4)

RO 

SK 

SI

TR

29 668

1 714

18 742

4 115

27 689

8 353

13 735

734

71 508

33 268

12 060

5 995

:

15 183

883

15 992

2 321

20 275

4 158

8 121

626

36 721

30 354

9 260

4 541

:

18

24

16

13

34

33

23

27

26

3

26

19

:

7

3

6

3

14

12

6

18

7

2

12

3

:

7

7

9

11

10

9

11

18

4

16

7

7

:

5

4

7

5

8

4

5

20

1

9

6

4

:

FEMALE GRADUATES

41

38

34

49

34

38

31

41

15

46

26

46

:

37

49

30

41

32

38

25

44

16

35

28

34

:

25

35

21

38

24

20

24

23

11

24

20

35

:

4

1

3

8

4

5

3

9

0

15

2

5

:

MALE GRADUATES

23

46

17

27

21

19

16

33

11

19

20

27

:

4

1

5

9

5

8

7

8

1

11

3

3

:

3

6

4

3

1

6

4

1

2

7

4

3

:

4

9

10

8

5

9

7

3

1

5

12

5

:

1

3

1

0

0

1

2

0

0

0

1

0

:

1

7

5

4

2

6

5

2

0

0

9

3

:

9

2

7

7

6

3

12

0

1

8

7

6

:

25

16

29

26

25

24

38

6

3

30

23

37

:

22

22

30

17

15

11

19

13

53

20

29

19

:

23

19

18

17

16

12

19

9

71

19

19

17

:

(1) Including graduates whose field of study is agriculture, health and welfare, 

services, or whose field of study is unknown.

(2) Excluding a substantial number of graduates who have completed their 

studies abroad.

(3) Excluding ISCED 5A first degree and ISCED 6.
(4) Excluding ISCED 6.

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

27

EEDDUUCCAATTIIOONN

LANGUAGES

The  average  number  of  foreign  languages  learnt  by
pupils is obtained by dividing the number of pupils study-
ing  modern  languages  by  the  total  number  of  pupils
enrolled at a given level of education. The provided data
refer  to  the  considered  school  year,  not  to  the  whole
schooling time of the given level. This aggregated indi-
cator takes into account all foreign languages studied in
each country, not only the most widespread.

2.7.  Percentage  of  pupils  in  secondary
general  education 
(ISCED  2+3)  by
language studied

In
1998/99

Percentage  of  pupils  in  secondary  general  education  

(ISCED  2+3)  by  language  studied

English

German            French            Russian            Spanish

BG

(1)

CY 

(2)

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

58

100

59

85

40

84

75

(3)

MT 

100

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

86

31

63

85

:

20

0

50

36

39

35

33

8

61

4

57

30

:

18

100

4

2

2

2

11

43

17

59

4

2

:

29            2

0             0

0             1

55            0

1            0

40            0   

56            0

0            2

24           1

3           0

7           0

0           0

:            :

(1)Only public schools.
(2) Full-time only. Including ISCED 1.
(3) English is Malta's second official language. All students (ISCED 1 to 3) have

to study the language.

2

2.6. Average number of foreign languages
learnt by pupils in primary and secondary
education (ISCED 1,2,3)

In
1998/99

ISCED  1            ISCED  2            ISCED  3      

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

(1)

(2)

(3)

RO 

SK

SI

TR

0.2

0.5

0.4

1.0

:

0.4

0.3

1.0

0.6

0.6

0.1

0.2

:

1.1

2.0

1.0

2.0

0.7

1.5

1.7

1.2

:

1.0

1.3

1.0

:

1.8

2.0

2.0

2.3

1.2

1.9

2.1

0.5

1.9

1.0

2.0

2.0

:

(1) Full-time only. ISCED 1 is included under ISCED 2.
(2) English is Malta's second official language. All students (ISCED 1 

to 3) have to study the language.
(3) ISCED 2 is included under ISCED 1.

Fig.  2.e.  Average  number  of  foreign
languages learnt by pupils in primary and
secondary education, 1998/99

ISCED 1

ISCED 2

ISCED 3

CY-EE

LT

LV

SK
MT
BG
CZ-RO-SI

HU

EE

LT
CY-CZ-SK-SI
LV-PL
BG

HU

RO

MT

2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0

EE-MT

PL-RO
CY
CZ-LV
LT
BG-SI
SK

28

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

Chapter 3

SOCIAL INDICATORS

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

29

STRUCTURE OF HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION BY EXPENDITURE
(Family budget statistics)

SSOOCCIIAALL IINNDDIICCAATTOORRSS

The household consumption expenditure corresponds to
the  expenditure  made  by  households  in  order  to  con-
sume  goods  and  services.  This  includes,  in  addition  to
purchases in monetary form, the estimated value of cer-
tain goods and services, e.g., the value of internal pro-
duction,  the  benefits  in  kind  and  the  imputed  rents  for
certain categories of households.

On the other hand, investments effected by the house-
holds (e.g., purchase of a house, major works on hous-
ing), direct duties and taxes paid to the various adminis-
trations, and savings are excluded from this concept. 

Similarly,  this  concept  includes  only  the  expenditure
intended  for  the  direct  satisfaction  of  the  needs  of  the
households,  and  not  expenditure  incurred  within  an
occupational framework.

Strictly speaking, monetary expenditure includes only the
purchases  actually  made  by  the  households.  This
involves  subtracting  from  the  consumption  expenditure
the value of the goods produced for own consumption,
benefits in kind and the imputed rental value of housing. 

(Reference:  Eurostat,  Household  Budget  Survey  in  the  EU,
Methodology and recommendations for harmonisation, 1997)

3.1. Total monthly expenditure per capita

In  euro  (1)

1995

1996          1997         1998         1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

32

:

117

:

90

:

36

410

87

27

88

262

:

(1) Eurostat exchange rate.

22

:

138

82

90

55

49

438

103

27

102

267

:

23

546

147

94

95

65

69

487

114

27

121

326

:

37

:

155

106

98

78

79

510

128

34

127

341

:

41

:

162

109

109

87

84

P

558

130

29

118

359

:

Fig.  3.a.  Total  monthly  expenditure  per
capita, in euro

3

1995

1999

0

100

200

300

400

500

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

31

SSOOCCIIAALL IINNDDIICCAATTOORRSS

3.2. Structure of expenditure

In  %  of  total  expenditure
1995                  1996                    1997                  1998                    1999

In  %  of  total  expenditure
1995                  1996                    1997                  1998                    1999

3

Food  and  non-aalcoholic  beverages

Housing,  water,  electricity  and  other  fuels

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

(1)

MT 

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

48.7

:

27.1

:

30.0

:

54.2

23.6

39.7

40.4

30.0

23.5

:

4.9

:

3.7

:

5.4

:

2.4

5.6

2.9

4.3

3.6

3.2

:

10.3

:

9.3

:

7.1

:

8.1

6.7

7.0

14.5

11.1

8.8

:

51.5

:

26.4

36.8

28.3

45.2

46.7

23.3

37.8

41.5

29.6

23.4

:

55.1

17.0

25.5

33.6

28.1

41.5

44.5

23.1

35.7

43.8

29.6

23.5

:

49.6

:

25.2

31.0

27.6

36.6

41.4

22.1

33.7

41.2

28.4

23.2

:

45.1

:

23.2

30.7

25.0

34.6

39.3

P
21.5 

31.2

37.4

27.7

21.2

:

9.6

:

12.8

:

18.3

:

14.6

5.4

16.9

12.8

13.5

10.8

:

12.1

:

12.8

19.9

19.8

17.5

14.5

5.3

17.4

13.4

12.9

10.4

:

12.8

19.9

14.0

20.7

20.7

17.9

14.6

5.2

16.5

12.9

12.7

10.8

:

14.2

:

16.9

20.1

19.6

19.3

14.5

5.4

17.6

14.9

12.3

10.2

:

Alcoholic  beverages,  tobacco  and  narcotics

Furnishing,  household  equipment

4.4

:

3.5

4.1

5.2

2.9

4.5

5.6

3.1

4.3

3.5

2.9

:

3.6

1.6

3.4

4.0

5.4

2.8

4.4

6.1

3.1

3.9

3.6

2.5

:

3.9

:

3.4

3.7

5.6

3.0

4.6

6.0

3.1

4.0

3.4

2.2

:

Clothing  and  footwear

8.2

:

8.9

7.9

6.8

6.4

9.0

7.2

7.0

13.8

10.7

9.3

:

8.1

7.2

8.2

8.0

6.4

6.2

8.7

7.2

7.0

11.6

10.5

9.1

:

8.2

:

7.7

8.3

6.6

7.5

9.0

6.8

6.7

11.1

9.9

9.8

:

4.9

:

3.4

4.0

5.1

2.6

4.7

5.6

3.1

5.0

3.3

2.3

:

7.0

:

7.0

8.0

6.7

6.9

8.5

6.0

6.1

9.3

8.6

9.3

:

P

P

6.0

:

9.1

:

5.8

:

2.8

8.9

3.7

6.9

6.0

7.5

:

2.6

:

1.5

:

2.7

:

1.9

3.2

3.5

2.3

0.8

1.2

:

4.7

:

9.4

5.3

5.1

2.8

4.0

9.0

3.9

6.8

6.0

7.5

:

2.5

:

1.4

1.5

3.0

4.5

3.0

3.3

3.6

2.7

1.0

1.2

:

3.9

6.9

9.5

6.0

5.0

3.3

4.3

9.1

5.3

6.8

5.9

7.4

:

Health

2.9

4.7

1.5

1.6

3.0

4.5

3.4

3.1

3.8

3.0

1.2

1.7

:

4.4

:

7.7

5.7

5.4

4.3

5.2

8.8

5.3

6.4

6.2

7.2

:

3.3

:

1.5

1.7

3.0

3.9

3.8

3.5

4.2

3.4

1.2

2.0

:

15.9

:

17.5

19.5

20.0

19.5

15.0

P
5.5 

18.4

17.6

14.6

10.4

:

4.4

:

7.7

6.0

5.3

5.4

5.0

8.8

6.3

5.8

5.7

7.7

:

3.8

:

1.6

2.2

3.0

4.2

3.9

3.5

4.3

3.7

1.4

1.8

:

P

P

(1) For food and non-alcoholic beverages, including expenditure in restaurants and canteens.

32

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

SSOOCCIIAALL IINNDDIICCAATTOORRSS

In  %  of  total  expenditure
1995                  1996                    1997                  1998                    1999

In  %  of  total  expenditure
1995                  1996                    1997                  1998                    1999

Transport

Recreation  and  culture

3

4.4

:

11.3

8.2

6.8

6.0

3.8

7.6 

6.7

3.7

7.7

9.3

:

:

:

0.5

1.1

1.2

1.1

0.7

P
0.5 

1.3

0.8

0.5

0.8

:

BG

(1)

(2)

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

BG

CY

8.7

:

10.9

:

11.6

:

5.6

15.6

8.8

8.1

7.8

16.8

:

8.6

:

11.8

7.1

11.3

7.1

6.4

15.4

9.9

7.1

9.1

16.0

:

6.4

19.0

11.3

7.0

11.1

8.0

7.8

14.4

8.3

7.9

8.0

17.9

:

7.2

:

10.1

7.3

10.2

7.4

7.8

14.3

8.3

7.7

8.7

18.1

:

7.6

:

11.3

6.9

11.5

8.1

8.8

P
15.4 

9.3

8.1

8.0

18.8

:

Communication

1.1

:

1.1

:

1.5

1.7

1.9

:

2.8

:

4.2

:

11.6

:

6.5

:

2.8

7.5

5.4

3.8

8.5

7.8

:

:

:

3.1

:

11.5

5.8

6.6

4.8

2.9

7.7

5.3

3.6

8.1

8.5

:

:

:

0.6

0.6

2.6

5.6

11.7

6.8

5.7

5.3

3.2

7.8

6.2

3.3

7.5

9.5

:

Education

:

5.9

0.6

3.6

:

11.4

P

8.0

6.1

6.1

3.7

7.6

6.2

3.7

8.0

9.8

:

:

:

0.6

:

1.3

2.3

1.3

2.4

0.9

1.2

0.9

Fig. 11.f: Renewal rate of transport equipment:

1.8

:

2.3

2.0

1.7

3.0

2.4

2.1

3.8

2.1

3.0

4.4

2.5

3.9

5.0

Number of first registrations in % of total stock (yearly average1995-99)

:

1.1

2.9

:

0.9

1.5

1.6

:

1.7

1.0

3.0

:

0.9

1.5

1.8

:

2.4

1.3

3.2

1.8

1.4

1.7

2.0

:

3.7

2.2

3.2

2.2

2.1

2.0

2.0

:

P

4.7

2.7

3.6

2.8

3.1

2.4

2.6

:

:

:

0.4

1.9

0.6

0.7

0.5

:

0.9

0.3

0.4

1.9

0.6

0.6

0.5

:

1.0

0.4

0.4

0.9

0.6

0.5

0.8

:

1.1

0.4

0.5

1.2

0.7

0.5

0.7

:

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

(1) For recreation and culture, including expenditure on education.
(2)

In 1995 for recreation and culture, including expenditure on education.

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

33

SSOOCCIIAALL IINNDDIICCAATTOORRSS

3

Methodological note

Cyprus:
Total monthly expenditure per capita corresponds to the
total household consumption expenditure, i.e., both pur-
chases  effected  in  monetary  form  and  benefits  in  kind.
The percentage distribution of total expenditure by main
category does not sum up to 100 % as the categories of
(i)  hotel,  cafes  and  restaurants  and  (ii)  miscellaneous
goods and services, are not included in the table.

Czech  Republic:  
Data for average households are obtained by reweight-
ing of figures for individual social groups according to
the structure surveyed in the Micro census 1996 (aver-
age  per  capita).  It  concerns  net  monetary  expenditures
corresponding with the CZ-Coicop classification, except
the  group  housing,  water,  electricity  and  other  fuels,
which does not include imputed rents.

Estonia:
All  estimates  are  calculated  using  data  from  sampling
surveys and include errors caused by sampling, measur-
ing and non-response. Since 1998, food in school can-
teens is excluded from expenditure on education.

Latvia:  
The  group  housing,  water,  electricity  and  other  fuels,
does not include imputed rents.

Lithuania:
In 1994–95, data on education includes expenditure on
services  provided  by  swimming  pools,  sports  studios,
skating rinks, television and radio broadcasting. Data for
1995 cover the period from January to September.

Poland:
The  group  housing,  water,  electricity  and  other  fuels,
does not include imputed rents.

Romania:
Imputed rent is excluded. Beginning with 2001, the fig-
ures  related  with  the  household  consumption  expendi-
ture  are  going  to  be  collected  from  a  new  survey  —
Household  Budget  Survey.  Expenditures  are  classified
according to Coicop Classification (last version).

Slovakia:
Total  monthly  expenditure  per  capita  —  net  monetary
expenditure  (without  natural  consumption).  The  group
housing,  water,  electricity  and  other  fuels,  does  not
include imputed rents.

Slovenia:
The  group  housing,  water,  electricity  and  other  fuels,
includes imputed rents.

34

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

SSOOCCIIAALL IINNDDIICCAATTOORRSS

HEALTH

3.3. Doctors

Number  of  physicians
Per 100 000 inhabitants

Number  of  dentists

Per 100 000 inhabitants

3

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

347

248

292

311

299

295

397

262

232

177

317

212

114

355

255

293

305

303

297

398

266

235

181

312

213

114

346

264

296

311

308

296

398

266

236

179

340

215

116

346

272

296

309

314

282

395

260

233

184

349

218

117

345

280

297

308

316

284

394

:

226

191

353

215

119

65

85

60

59

40

40

47

32

46

27

42

64

22

66

89

60

64

41

51

46

35

46

26

46

57

23

63

91

60

66

42

45

58

35

46

24

42

59

20

59

93

61

68

45

44

61

36

45

24

42

61

:

57

95

61

70

46

48

62

:

34

23

43

60

:

Fig. 3.b. Number of physicians per 100 000
inhabitants, 1999 (1)

Fig.  3.c.  Number  of  dentists  per  100  000
inhabitants, 1999 (1)

400

300

200

100

0

100

75

50

25

0

CY CZ EE HU LV LT MT PL RO SK SI TR

CY CZ EE HU LV LT MT PL RO SK SI TR

(1) MT: 1998.

(1) MT: 1998. TR: 1997.

Methodological note

Bulgaria:
Data  include  medical  personnel  in  all  health  establish-
ments in the public sector.

Cyprus:
Data  concern  physicians  and  dentists  practising  in
Cyprus.

Hungary:
The number of physicians at the end of the year includes
all  active  physicians  working  in  health  services

(public or private) including health services under other
ministries than the Ministry of Health (excluding dentists).
A stomatologist is actually counted as a dentist, practis-
ing dental care only. Data exclude dental technicians.

Lithuania:
Since 1997 private practitioners are included.

Turkey:
Source: Republic of TR Ministry of Health. 

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

35

SSOOCCIIAALL IINNDDIICCAATTOORRSS

MONTHLY WAGES AND SALARIES

Nominal wages and salaries are all incomes and remu-
nerations  received  by  employees  in  relation  to  their
work. Also considered as part of this item are the value
of  interest  on  loans  provided  by  the  employers  to  the

employees at reduced or zero rates of interest, as well as
services  provided  by  the  employers,  i.e.,  recreation,
catering,  housing,  kindergarten,  etc.,  which  are  paid
from the profit-share fund.

3

3.4.  Monthly  gross  nominal  wages  and
salaries

Fig. 3.d. Monthly gross nominal wages and
salaries in euro

In  euro  ((11))

1995

1999

1995

1996

1997         1998          1999

87

59

67

93

1 127

1 181

1 263

1 330

103

1 387

236

158

236

130

92

:

229

:

185

723

:

281

195

242

141

122

:

270

109

210

752

472

298

227

271

182

172

:

304

104

242

797

563

322

262

282

201

207

:

335

132

253

850

568

343

284

305

226

232

:

423

118

243

891

:

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

(1)  Eurostat exchange rate.

1 400
1 300
1 200
1 100
1 000
 900
 800
 700
 600
 500
 400
 300
 200
 100 
 0

3.5. Monthly gross wages and salaries indices: total

BG CY CZ EE HU LV LT PL RO SK SI TR

Nominal

Previous year = 100.0

Real

Previous year = 100.0

1995

1996

1997         1998          1999

1995

1996

1997         1998          1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

153.2

106.1

118.5

137.0

:

124.5

147.8

112.7

132.9

:

114.3

118.4

:

189.4

106.1

118.4

:

120.4

110.3

128.6

108.1

127.0

154.5

113.3

115.3

:

965.6

106.6

110.5

:

122.3

121.6

125.9

103.6

122.1

197.9

113.1

111.7

:

143.3

105.0

109.4

115.4

118.3

111.1

119.5

105.4

116.2

156.4

109.6

109.6

:

109.7

104.8

108.2

110.4

116.1

105.8

106.2

P
105.0 

111.3

145.7

107.2

109.6

:

95.0

103.4

108.6

106.0

87.8

99.6

103.5

108.4

103.9

111.9

104.0

104.3

:

85.0

103.1

108.8

102.0

95.0

93.8

103.3

105.5

105.9

109.2

107.1

104.9

:

83.4

102.9

101.8

108.0

104.9

112.2

113.4

100.5

106.1

77.4

106.6

103.0

:

120.7

102.7

98.8

106.7

103.6

106.1

112.8

103.0

103.8

103.5

102.7

101.6

:

106.9

103.0

106.0

106.9

102.5

103.3

104.9

P
102.9 
P

103.6

96.3 

96.9

103.3

:

36

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

3

SSOOCCIIAALL IINNDDIICCAATTOORRSS

3.6. Monthly gross wages and salaries indices

Nominal

Previous year = 100.0

Real

Previous year = 100.0

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995                  1996

1997                    1998                    1999

Agriculture,  hunting,  forestry  and  fishing

Agriculture,  hunting,  forestry  and  fishing

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

BG

CY

CZ 

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

BG

CY

CZ 

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

154.3

106.2

117.1

:

:

135.0

184.7

110.6

147.8

:

112.4

113.1

:

150.6

106.5

114.8

125.7

:

119.6

140.1

111.8

125.4

:

116.8

116.1

:

159.5

105.9

118.4

135.7

:

124.6

143.4

109.9

134.6

:

116.2

117.1

170.2

209.8

105.3

113.5

:

117.4

108.2

132.1

105.0

126.4

150.6

112.7

114.6

:

1074.0

104.7

109.2

:

120.4

118.3

135.0

107.5

120.3

190.1

111.9

110.2

:

151.1

104.0

108.4

113.9

115.5

109.5

116.8

108.5

117.4

154.8

107.8

110.4

:

106.2

104.2

104.0

100.7

113.5

104.7

107.3

P

103.5 

110.6

153.8

107.7

107.8

:

95.0

103.5

107.3

:

:

108.0

112.1

106.4

115.0

:

102.3

99.7

:

94.0

102.3

92.7

101.1

:

:

:

92.0

105.6

102.5

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

109.1

118.9

104.2

:

:

:

:

:

127.3

101.8

:

105.3

:

104.6

110.5

106.0

:

:

:

:

:

103.5

102.4

:

97.5

:

102.2

105.4

P

101.6

:

:

:

:

:

Mining  and  quarrying

Mining  and  quarrying

208.5

108.0

115.6

:

118.4

138.2

136.8

105.3

127.7

148.1

108.8

111.1

:

213.3

106.0

117.9

:

121.6

113.6

135.0

102.4

127.1

158.2

114.4

114.3

179.4

998.5

104.7

112.3

:

128.0

115.7

131.1

115.0

117.6

202.6

111.8

111.8

:

Manufacturing

971.8

105.6

112.4

:

122.1

122.2

123.3

100.3

121.7

194.8

111.7

112.1

191.6

135.4

107.1

112.5

110.9

110.4

107.2

117.4

102.9

114.9

163.1

104.7

107.0

:

131.1

103.8

110.6

114.1

116.6

105.3

112.6

108.4

115.4

144.9

109.4

111.0

184.1

107.1

104.3

106.9

109.2

113.4

112.5

107.9

P
105.6 

106.8

137.6

108.9

109.9

:

104.1

103.8

106.6

104.7

115.8

102.1

105.7

P
103.6 

110.6

142.9

107.8

109.1

183.1

93.0

103.7

105.2

97.0

:

95.7

98.9

107.5

98.3

:

106.3

102.3

:

98.0

103.2

108.5

105.0

:

99.7

102.0

105.7

105.2

:

105.7

103.1

87.9

93.0

104.9

:

86.2

101.1

:

114.1

104.8

:

104.4

102.5

:

108.0

101.0

102.5

105.7

:

117.5

109.2

103.5

:

106.7

117.9

111.9

:

102.4

111.1

100.0

:

109.9

106.5

P

103.0

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

Manufacturing

:

:

:

:

:

96.0

102.9

:

83.9

102.0

:

110.5

101.6

:

101.5

102.0

:

100.0

108.0

105.5

101.4

:

96.6

107.9

99.9

:

:

:

:

:

112.7

111.4

97.3

:

:

:

:

:

100.6

106.9

105.9

:

:

:

:

:

99.7

104.4

P

101.4

:

:

:

:

99.5

103.1

99.7

111.0

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

37

SSOOCCIIAALL IINNDDIICCAATTOORRSS

Nominal

Previous year = 100.0

Real

Previous year = 100.0

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995                  1996

1997                    1998                  1999

3

Electricity,  gas  and  water  supply

Electricity,  gas  and  water  supply

BG

CY

CZ

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

BG

CY

CZ

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

BG

CY

CZ

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

147.7

105.3

118.8

134.1

:

119.0

129.9

137.7

128.5

:

113.0

117.1

:

141.1

106.3

115.9

125.5

:

112.3

133.0

106.3

133.5

:

115.2

117.6

:

:

107.5

:

135.8

:

117.1

130.7

122.8

:

:

:

:

:

171.8

105.5

118.4

:

123.1

119.9

123.7

99.0

123.5

152.3

110.1

110.8

:

178.0

106.3

115.0

:

118.0

98.7

116.0

97.9

127.4

149.8

116.5

115.8

:

1065.6

108.3

112.8

:

121.1

117.7

114.5

105.8

119.1

230.7

112.0

110.0

:

Construction

776.0

106.5

110.5

:

122.1

131.4

124.7

108.3

125.9

184.6

114.3

110.3

:

161.0

104.3

112.0

115.0

119.2

114.1

108.8

102.7

114.3

166.5

115.1

109.4

:

152.6

105.7

108.0

113.1

115.4

116.9

113.9

107.8

119.1

151.4

105.2

111.3

:

113.3

105.7

110.2

104.7

116.1

111.3

103.8

104.2

110.8

128.1

107.7

112.2

:

P

117.8

103.5

105.4

94.8

112.7

104.5

98.9

91.5

P

110.9

140.7

99.2

110.0

:

91.0

102.6

108.9

104.0

:

95.2

92.8

132.4

100.8

:

102.8

103.2

:

87.0

103.6

106.2

97.0

:

89.8

96.3

102.2

104.6

:

104.8

103.6

:

77.0

102.4

:

92.0

104.5

:

135.7

102.0

:

110.4

103.9

:

96.0

112.0

106.3

101.4

:

102.0

99.4

96.7

:

108.6

104.6

102.6

:

109.0

103.7

100.2

:

108.7

102.9

102.0

P

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

Construction

80.0

103.3

:

67.0

102.8

:

128.6

103.4

:

101.0

104.0

104.5

:

83.9

94.1

95.6

:

:

:

:

:

:

121.2

112.8

105.0

:

111.7

108.1

105.2

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

114.8

101.7

:

91.8

:

102.1

98.3

89.6

P

:

:

:

:

:

Wholesale  and  retail  trade                                                                                                              Wholesale  and  retail  trade

:

107.4

118.0

132.6

125.2

102.8

130.2

106.8

:

:

:

:

:

847.3

106.3

123.4

114.4

118.2

122.0

134.2

105.5

123.3

184.6

117.4

108.4

:

146.7

104.2

113.4

116.5

116.7

113.5

120.1

103.4

118.2

147.4

113.6

109.2

:

114.5

104.7

107.8

120.9

112.4

106.4

109.1

103.7

P

112.6

148.2

107.5

107.8

:

:

:

104.8

104.3

:

:

73.1

102.6

:

123.6

101.9

:

111.7

102.1

:

105.0

108.0

103.0

107.7

117.0

:

93.7

94.6

118.2

:

87.4

104.7

104.2

:

112.5

118.9

102.3

:

108.4

113.3

101.0

:

103.9

107.0

P

101.5

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

38

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

SSOOCCIIAALL IINNDDIICCAATTOORRSS

Nominal

Previous year = 100.0

Real

Previous year = 100.0

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995                  1996

1997                    1998                  1999

Transport,  storage  and  communication

Transport,  storage  and  communication

3

BG

CY

CZ

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

149.2

105.7

121.1

128.1

:

119.0

151.5

111.6

130.5

:

116.7

113.8

:

188.1

107.1

119.6

120.9

124.3

111.8

129.4

112.0

127.0

158.6

113.8

113.8

:

1005.4

106.6

114.7

118.0

122.9

117.2

122.2

108.0

124.6

202.1

114.5

109.9

:

136.1

105.1

111.6

115.8

120.3

104.4

117.6

101.0

119.3

158.1

111.0

109.5

:

111.9

105.5

108.1

110.7

117.4

100.6

100.6

P

111.7

114.6

151.3

109.0

109.0

:

92.0

103.0

111.0

99.0

:

95.2

106.2

107.3

102.0

:

106.2

100.3

:

84.0

104.0

:

86.8

102.9

:

114.7

102.8

:

109.1

103.7

:

98.0

106.0

107.0

107.2

:

95.1

103.9

109.3

:

108.1

110.9

104.7

:

99.7

111.4

98.7

:

98.2

99.8

P

109.4

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

Methodological note

Nominal  wages  and  salaries

Bulgaria:
Gross wages of employees.

Cyprus:
Gross earnings for full-time employees in all sectors of
economic activity.

Czech  Republic,  Estonia,  Latvia  and  Poland:  
Gross earnings.

Hungary:  
Net earnings of full-time employees.

Latvia:
Gross  earnings  for  the  NACE  classes  (A-I)  indices,  net
earnings for the total index.

Lithuania:
Gross  earnings  of  employees  for  the  NACE  classes
(A-O).

Romania:
Net earnings.

Slovakia:
Gross wages of employees. 

Slovenia:
Gross  earnings  in  enterprises  and  companies,  except
those  in  private  ownership  with  one  or  two  persons  in
paid employment.

Real  wages  and  salaries

Bulgaria,   Cyprus,   Czech   Republic,   Estonia,   Latvia,
Slovakia  and  Slovenia:
Indices of gross nominal wages and salaries divided by
consumer price indices.

Hungary:
Indices  of  net  nominal  wages  and  salaries  of  full-time
employees divided by consumer price indices.

Latvia:  
Indices  of  net  nominal  wages  and  salaries  divided  by
consumer price indices.

Poland:
Indices of gross nominal wages and salaries divided by
consumer price indices of households of employees and
employees  possessing  farms  (excluding  natural  con-
sumption).

Romania:  
Index of net nominal wages divided by consumer price
indices of households of employees.

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

39

SSOOCCIIAALL IINNDDIICCAATTOORRSS

PENSIONS

The  number  of  pensioners  includes  all  persons  who
receive pensions at the end of a monitored period. The
following pensions are paid out: old-age (full and pro-
portional),  disability  (full  and  partial),  widows',  widow-
ers',  orphans',  wives'  pensions,  pensions  for  long-term
service  (full  and  partial),  social  pensions  (in  HU  social
pension does not exist) and pensions granted according 

3

to accident insurance provisions or according to a war
disabled act.

Average monthly pensions paid out at the end of period
represent  an  average  amount  of  pension  paid  to  one
pensioner  irrespective  of  the  type  of  pension  he/she
receives.

3.7. Average monthly pensions

In  euro  ((11))

In  %  of  GDP

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ 

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

27

237

105

43

97

49

28

632

138

33

78

347

:

18

267

131

58

93

57

40

711

146

32

88

324

:

19

288

140

65

101

70

54

770

161

32

100

341

:

31

308

150

73

109

85

65

805

175

40

105

365

:

34

327

157

91

117

94

74

:

180

42

102

388

:

(1) Eurostat exchange rate.

8.0

3.7

7.8

7.0

10.6

10.2

6.5

6.8

12.8

:

8.3

12.9

:

6.9

4.1

8.0

7.6

9.7

10.6

7.0

7.4

15.2

6.9

8.2

12.7

:

6.2

4.2

8.8

7.2

9.4

10.5

7.0

7.2

15.1

6.4

8.0

12.7

:

8.2

4.3

8.9

7.1

9.7

9.8

7.6

7.4

14.1

:

8.1

12.6

:

8.4

4.4

9.4

8.5

:

11.0

8.4

7.3

14.0

:

8.2

12.7

:

Fig. 3.e. Average monthly pensions in % of GDP

1995

1999

15

10

5

0

BG

CY

CZ 

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

40

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

SSOOCCIIAALL IINNDDIICCAATTOORRSS

Methodological note

Bulgaria:
Data  refer  to  average  monthly  pensions  per  pensioner
for the last quarter of the relevant year. 

Cyprus:
Data refer to the following pensions paid out: old-age,
widows'  and  widowers',  invalidity,  disability,  orphans',
missing  persons'  allowance  and  social  pensions  intro-
duced in June 1995.
As from 1 January 1999, the pensionable age for social
pension  was  reduced  from  68  to  66  and  as  from 
1 January 2000 to 65 years of age. There is no retire-
ment  condition  for  entitlement  to  pension  (except  for
100 % invalidity pension).

Czech  Republic:
Average monthly pensions are published on the basis of
data of December every year.

Hungary:
Sum of pensions, rents and other provisions.

Latvia:
Starting from 1996, in connection with the enactment of
the  new  law  on  pensions,  recipients  of  social  pensions

3

(since 1996 State social maintenance benefits) are nei-
ther  included  in  the  total  number  of  pensioners,
nor in the calculation of the average amounts paid out
in  pensions.  Pensioners  registered  with  the  Ministry  of
Interior Affairs are neither included in the total number
of  pensioners,  nor  in  the  calculation  of  the  average
amounts paid out in pensions.

Lithuania:
Average monthly pension during the corresponding peri-
od.

Poland:
Data do not cover family and nursing allowances paid
from  the  State  budget  to  the  family  members  of  the
retired and pensioners.

Romania:
Average monthly pensions. Data do not cover the pen-
sions of farmers.

Slovenia:
Outcomes of the Pension Fund for pensions of residents
and non-residents.

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

41

Chapter 4

LABOUR FORCE

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

43

LLAABBOOUURR FFOORRCCEE

EMPLOYMENT

4.1.  Employment  rate  (ILO  methodology)

In  %  of  total

1995

1996

1997          1998         1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

43.9

69.0

:

:

:

:

:

44.7

68.7

:

:

43.5

:

:

45.7

45.6

:

:

52.0

:

50.0

:

:

53.3

53.5

50.0

43.9

67.5

58.1

58.1

43.3

:

:

45.2

51.2

62.4

52.3

54.5

48.7

42.4

67.2

57.0

54.8

44.1

50.6

53.8

44.9

51.4

61.4

51.7

55.2

48.7

40.8

67.3

55.5

52.3

45.9

50.2

55.3

44.7

49.6

60.9

49.7

53.6

48.9

4

The  main  statistical  objectives  of  the  Labour  Force
Sample  Survey  (LFS)  are  to  divide  the  population  of
working  age  (15  years  and  above)  into  three  mutually
exclusive and exhaustive groups — persons in employ-
ment, unemployed persons and inactive persons — and
to provide descriptive and explanatory data on each of
these categories.

The labour force comprises employed and unemployed
persons. In the sense of the ILO definitions, the catego-
ry  employed  comprises  all  persons  aged  15  years  or
more, who during the reference period worked at least
one  hour  for  wage  or  salary  or  other  remuneration  as
employees,  entrepreneurs,  and  members  of  coopera-
tives  or  contributing  family  workers.  Members  of  the
armed forces and women on childcare leave are includ-
ed in this category.

The  category  unemployed  comprises  all  persons  aged
15 years or more, who concurrently meet all three con-
ditions  of  the  ILO  definition  for  being  classified  as  the
unemployed:  have  no  work,  are  actively  seeking  a  job
and are ready to take up a job within a fortnight. 

The  employment  rate  is  the  employment/population
ratio  that  represents  persons  in  employment  as  a  per-
centage of the population of working age. 

The unemployment rate is the percentage of the unem-
ployed in the economically active population of 15 years
old and more.

4.2. Employment rate by gender

Women
In % of total

Men
In % of total

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

40.0

54.3

:

:

:

:

:

40.7

54.2

:

:

36.4

:

:

23.9

24.4

:

:

44.4

:

28.3

:

:

45.6

47.8

28.3

39.7

53.2

49.0

52.7

36.0

:

:

24.6

43.5

56.2

45.1

48.7

26.1

38.4

53.1

47.8

48.3

37.2

44.6

47.8

24.9

43.9

55.4

44.7

49.4

26.7

36.8

52.8

46.7

46.6

38.9

43.3

49.9

25.4

42.9

55.4

43.4

47.6

24.3

48.1

83.6

:

:

:

:

:

49.0

83.1

:

:

51.6

:

:

68.5

67.7

:

:

60.2

:

71.9

:

:

61.6

59.8

71.9

48.4

81.7

68.1

64.4

51.6

:

:

66.7

59.7

69.1

60.2

60.6

71.5

46.6

81.1

67.1

62.6

51.8

57.8

60.8

65.8

59.7

68.0

59.3

61.4

71.0

45.1

81.6

65.0

59.1

53.8

58.5

61.6

64.9

56.9

66.8

56.5

60.1

69.9

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

45

LLAABBOOUURR FFOORRCCEE

Fig.  4.a.  Employment  rate  by  gender,
in % of total, 1999

Women

0

20

40

Men

60

80

4

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LT

LV

MT

PL

RO

SI

SK

TR

Methodological note

Bulgaria:
Conscripts  in  compulsory  military  services  and  persons
attending military school are not included in the labour
force.  Persons  on  partially  paid  or  unpaid  maternity
leave are also not included in the labour force.

Czech  Republic:
Data  refer  to  employment  in  the  national  economy.
Members of the armed forces are included; persons on
childcare leave are excluded.

Estonia:
Persons in compulsory military service are excluded from
the employed. Persons on maternity leave are included
in the employed; persons on parental leave are exclud-
ed.

Hungary:
Working  age  population:  LFS  monitors  only  persons
aged 15–74. The employed: Since 1998 the conception
of  the  Hungarian  labour  statistics  changed;  in  accor-
dance with international recommendations, persons on
childcare  leave  are  not  included  in  the  employed  (the
economic  activity  and  unemployment  rates  were  recal-
culated accordingly). Due to the enlargement of the LFS
sample,  data  for  1998  are  not  comparable  with  those
for the preceding years.

Latvia:
Working  age  population:  Data  from  the  LFS  of
November 1995 monitor the population aged 15–69.

Data from the LFS of May and November 1996 monitor
the population aged 15 years and over.
The employed: LFS excludes persons in compulsory mil-
itary  service  and  persons  living  in  non-private  house-
holds.  Employees  on  maternity  leave  and  childcare  of
three months or less are included. 

Lithuania:
Working age population: Working age begins from 16
years;  with  the  consent  of  parents  or  custodian,  young
people may start working from 14 years. Therefore, res-
idents who are 14 years and older are under LFS cover-
age. Persons in compulsory military service are excluded.
(Since  LFS  is  not  carried  out  periodically,  the  indicator
has been estimated from the number of employed which
was calculated on the base of reports provided by enter-
prises and organisations.).

Malta:
Employment  data  are  derived  from  administrative
records and excludes part-time employment and persons
who are availing themselves of unpaid leave. 
Population at working age: (16–61 for males; 16–60 for
females) is given as at end of year (including quarters).

Poland:
The LFS does not cover the members of households who
stayed  abroad,  nor  the  population  living  in  collective
households, such as army barracks, lodging houses for
employees,  student  hostels,  boarding  schools,  houses
for the poor and the old, etc. The survey only included
members  of  the  armed  forces  living  in  private  house-
holds.
The employed: Persons on maternity leave are included
while persons on parental leave are excluded from the
employed.

Romania:
The  LFS  excludes  persons  living  in  non-private  house-
holds (so-called institutional population).
Working  age  population:  Data  for  1995  monitor  the
population aged 14 and over.

Slovakia:
Data on labour force include the members of the armed
forces — professionals on military service and conscripts
in compulsory military service (the conscripts are includ-
ed in the LFS since the first quarter of 1997). 

Slovenia:
The LFS excludes persons in compulsory military service
and persons living in non-private households (so-called
institutional population). 
The  employed:  Workers  on  lay-off  and  persons  on
maternity leave are classified among persons in employ-
ment. 

Turkey:
Data  on  employment  refer  to  the  average  of  April  and
October household LFS results.

46

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

UNEMPLOYMENT RATE FROM LFS (ILO METHODOLOGY) 

LLAABBOOUURR FFOORRCCEE

4.3. Unemployment rate

Fig.  4.b.  Unemployment  rate,  in  %  of
labour force

In  %  of  labour  force

1995

1999

1995

14.7

2.6

4.0

9.7

10.2

18.9

17.1

3.7

13.3

8.0

13.1

7.4

7.5

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

1996

13.7

3.1

3.9

10.0

9.9

18.3

16.4

4.4

12.3

6.7

11.3

7.3

6.5

1997         1998          1999

15.0

16.0

3.4

4.8

9.7

8.7

14.4

14.1

5.0

11.2

6.0

11.8

7.4

6.7

3.4

6.5

9.9

7.8

13.8

13.3

5.1

10.6

6.3

12.5

7.9

6.8

17.0

3.6

8.5

11.7

6.9

13.7

10.2

5.3

12.3

6.2

16.2

7.3

7.7

20

15

10

5

0

BG SK LV PL EE LT CZ TR SI HU RO MT CY

4

4.4. Unemployment rate by gender

Women
In % of labour force

Men
In % of labour force

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO 

SK 

SI

TR

15.0

13.8

15.3

15.9

3.7

4.8

8.8

8.7

18.0

:

2.3

14.7

8.6

13.8

7.0

7.3

4.3

4.7

9.2

9.0

17.7

:

2.9

13.9

7.3

12.7

6.6

5.9

4.5

5.9

9.7

7.8

14.6

13.9

2.8

13.2

6.4

12.8

7.6

7.8

4.2

8.2

8.6

7.0

13.6

10.8

2.5

12.3

6.1

13.2

8.1

6.9

16.8

4.8

10.1

10.2

6.2

13.3

9.2

2.6

13.2

5.5

16.4

7.5

7.5

14.4

1.9

3.4

10.6

11.3

19.7

:

4.3

12.1

7.5

12.6

7.7

7.6

13.6

2.3

3.3

10.7

10.8

18.9

:

5.0

11.0

6.3

10.2

7.1

6.8

14.7

2.7

3.9

11.5

9.5

14.3

14.2

5.8

9.6

5.7

10.9

7.1

6.3

16.1

2.9

5.0

10.5

8.5

15.4

14.1

6.1

9.1

6.5

11.9

7.7

6.8

17.3

2.9

7.2

13.0

7.5

14.1

11.2

6.3

11.5

6.9

16.0

7.2

7.7

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

47

LLAABBOOUURR FFOORRCCEE

4.5.  Unemployment  rate  of  people  aged
less than 25

Fig.  4.c.  Unemployment  rate  of  people
aged  less  than  25/total  unemployment
rate ratio, 1999

In  %  of  labour  force

4

1995

37.7

2.3

7.8

14.1

18.6

30.1

31.6

4.3

31.2

20.6

24.7

18.8

15.6

BG

CY 

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

1996

33.5

2.7

7.2

16.0

18.0

29.0

27.4

5.2

28.5

20.2

21.0

18.8

13.5

1997          1998         1999

36.0

3.2

8.6

14.4

15.9

24.9

25.2

6.4

24.8

18.0

21.7

17.6

14.3

36.0

3.0

12.4

15.7

13.5

25.5

22.0

6.5

23.2

18.3

23.6

18.6

14.2

36.7

3.5

16.6

22.1

12.3

23.4

21.3

7.0

29.6

17.3

32.1

18.5

15.2

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

RO SI PL BG LT SK TR CZ EE HU LV MT CY

4.6. Unemployment rate of people aged less than 25, by gender

Women
In % of labour force

Men
In % of labour force

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO 

SK 

SI

TR

38.4

3.4

8.7

15.8

15.6

31.1

:

2.3

33.8

23.1

23.0

19.7

13.2

33.0

4.0

8.3

16.6

17.3

30.4

:

3.1

31.1

23.9

21.6

16.5

11.2

35.8

5.2

10.3

15.8

14.5

26.6

21.9

3.3

28.0

20.7

22.6

19.3

15.0

35.0

4.8

14.8

11.8

11.6

26.9

18.8

3.3

25.2

19.7

23.4

19.7

13.0

35.7

5.9

16.9

21.9

10.6

19.5

19.3

3.9

31.6

15.5

32.2

19.8

14.2

37.0

1.4

7.2

12.9

20.7

29.4

:

5.9

29.0

18.8

26.0

18.1

16.9

33.9

1.6

6.4

15.5

21.0

28.1

:

7.0

26.3

17.5

20.5

16.7

14.8

36.1

1.9

7.5

21.4

16.9

23.7

27.4

9.0

22.1

15.9

21.1

16.2

13.9

36.8

1.9

10.7

16.9

14.8

27.3

26.8

9.1

21.5

17.3

23.8

17.6

14.9

37.6

2.1

16.3

22.2

13.5

26.1

22.7

9.6

27.9

18.8

32.1

17.2

15.8

48

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

LLAABBOOUURR FFOORRCCEE

4

4.7. Unemployment rate of people aged 25
years and more

In  %  of  labour  force

1995

11.6

2.7

3.3

9.1

8.7

17.0

15.1

3.6

10.9

5.4

10.8

5.6

4.7

1996

11.3

3.1

3.3

9.1

8.5

16.6

14.8

4.1

10.1

4.2

9.4

5.6

4.1

BG

CY 

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

1997         1998          1999

12.4

13.4

3.5

4.1

9.0

7.5

12.9

12.2

4.5

9.3

3.8

9.7

5.6

4.2

3.4

5.3

9.0

6.7

12.1

12.0

4.7

8.8

4.2

10.1

6.1

4.5

14.6

3.6

7.2

10.3

6.0

12.4

8.6

4.8

10.1

4.6

12.9

5.7

5.7

4.8. Unemployment rate of people aged 25 years and more, by gender

Women
In % of labour force

Men
In % of labour force

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO 

SK 

SI 

TR

11.9

11.5

12.8

13.5

14.5

3.8

4.1

7.8

7.6

16.1

:

2.1

12.1

5.9

12.0

5.1

4.4

4.4

4.0

8.3

7.8

15.9

:

2.6

11.6

4.4

10.9

4.9

3.4

4.5

5.2

9.0

6.7

13.1

12.8

2.5

12.8

3.9

10.9

5.7

4.4

4.1

7.1

8.2

6.1

11.9

9.8

2.1

10.5

3.9

11.1

6.2

9.9

4.7

9.0

9.0

5.5

12.6

8.0

2.0

10.3

3.7

13.3

5.6

7.0

11.3

2.0

2.6

10.2

9.6

17.8

:

3.9

9.7

5.0

9.7

6.0

4.9

11.2

2.4

2.6

9.9

9.2

17.3

:

4.5

8.8

3.9

8.1

5.6

4.4

12.1

2.8

3.2

10.0

8.1

12.8

11.6

5.1

7.8

3.7

8.7

5.6

4.2

13.4

3.0

3.9

9.5

7.2

13.3

11.7

5.5

7.3

4.5

9.3

6.0

2.7

14.6

3.0

5.7

11.7

6.4

12.1

9.3

5.7

9.5

5.0

12.5

5.8

5.4

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

49

LLAABBOOUURR FFOORRCCEE

4

Methodological note

Bulgaria:
Conscripts  in  compulsory  military  service  and  persons
attending military school are not included in the labour
force.  Persons  on  partially  paid  or  unpaid  maternity
leave are also excluded.

Cyprus:
Data have not been derived from the LFS. They refer to
the  number  of  the  registered  unemployed,  that  is,  all
persons who are registered as unemployed at the District
Labour Offices on the last day of each month and are
currently  available  for  work.  Data  include  persons
receiving unemployment benefit under the social insur-
ance scheme, as well as those not entitled to any bene-
fit.

Czech  Republic:
For practical reasons, up to the end of 1997, the quar-
ters  of  the  survey  did  not  correspond  to  the  calendar
ones,  but  were  shifted  one  month  ahead.  Persons  in
compulsory  military  service  are  only  included  in  the
employed  since  the  beginning  of  1996.  On  the  other
hand,  persons  on  additional  childcare  leave  (family
leave) were included until the end of 1995.

Hungary:
Data refer to persons aged 15–74.

Latvia:
For  data  from  November  1995,  the  LFS  monitors  the
population  aged  15–69.  For  data  from  May  and
November 1996, the LFS monitors the population aged
15 years and over. The LFS excludes persons in compul-
sory  military  service  and  persons  living  in  non-private
households.  Employees  on  maternity  leave  and  child
care of three months and less are included. 

Lithuania:
The LFS excludes persons in compulsory military service.
Both persons raising children and school pupils who are
actively  seeking  a  job  are  classified  as  unemployed.
Data for unemployed include persons from 14 years and
over. Persons in compulsory military service are exclud-
ed.  LFS  data  refer  to  September  1994–97,  May  and
November 1998 and 1999.

Malta:
Unemployment  data  are  derived  from  administrative
records.
The minimum age for registering as unemployed is 16.

Poland:
The LFS does not cover the members of households who
stayed  abroad,  nor  the  population  living  in  collective
households, such as army barracks, lodging houses for
employees,  student  hostels,  boarding  schools,  houses
for the poor and the old, etc. The survey only includes
members  of  the  armed  forces  living  in  private  house-
holds.

Romania:
The  LFS  excludes  persons  living  in  non-private  house-
holds (so-called institutional population).

Slovakia:
For practical reasons, the quarters do not correspond to
calendar  ones,  but  are  shifted  one  month  ahead.  The
unemployment  rate  is  recalculated  on  economically
active persons (excluding persons on additional materni-
ty (parental) leave, including the conscripts in compulso-
ry military service). 

Slovenia:
The LFS excludes persons in compulsory military service
and persons living in non-private households (so-called
institutional population). Workers on lay-off and persons
on  maternity  leave  are  classified  among  persons  in
employment. Until the 1st quarter of 1997, the LFS was
an annual survey, since the 2nd quarter of 1997 it is a
quarterly survey.

Turkey:
Data on unemployment refer to the average of April and
October household LFS results.

50

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

PERSONS IN EMPLOYMENT BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY (NACE CLASSIFICATION) 

LLAABBOOUURR FFOORRCCEE

Employment  is  defined  by  the  European  System  of
Accounts  as  covering  both  employees  and  self-
employed  persons,  who  are  engaged  in  some  produc-
tive activity. Economic activities are classified according
to  the  NACE  classification  which  has  been  compulsory
since 1993 onwards. The classification of activities con-
stituting the 4 main aggregates used in this publication
is as follows:

— Agriculture: 

A 01–02 — Agriculture, hunting and forestry 
B 05 — Fishing

— Industry: 

C 10–14 — Mining and quarrying
D 15–37 — Manufacturing
E 40–41 — Electricity, gas and water supply

— Construction: 

F 45 — Construction

— Services: all other branches, from G to Q: 

G 50–52 — Wholesale and retail trade; repair of

motor  vehicles,  motorcycles  and  personal  and
household goods
H 55 — Hotels and restaurants
I 60–64 — Transport, storage and communication
J 65–67 — Financial intermediation
K  70–74  —  Real  estate,  renting  and  business
activities
L  75  —  Public  administration  and  defence;
compulsory social security
M 80 — Education 
N 85 — Health and social work
O  90–93  —  Other  community,  social  and 
personal service activities
P 95 — Private households with employed persons
Q  99  —  Extra-territorial  organisations  and
bodies.

4

4.9. Employment by economic activity (NACE classification)

Agriculture
In % of total

Industry  (excluding  construction)
In % of total

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG 

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

10.2

10.8

6.6

10.5

8.0

17.4

21.0

2.0

22.6

40.3

9.2

10.4

43.4

10.1

10.5

6.1

10.1

8.2

17.9

21.0

1.9

22.1

38.0

8.9

10.2

42.8

11.6

9.5

5.8

9.9

7.8

20.6

20.7

1.9

20.5

40.9

9.2

12.1

40.7

9.5

9.6

5.6

9.5

7.3

18.7

20.7

1.9

19.1

42.0

8.3

12.0

40.5

9.0

9.5

5.3

8.8

7.0

17.2

21.4

1.9

18.1

44.0

7.4

10.8

41.4

31.4

16.3

32.7

28.7

26.7

23.1

20.9

25.8

25.9

26.8

30.3

37.9

16.2

30.8

15.6

32.1

27.7

27.1

20.8

20.7

25.0

25.5

27.2

31.0

36.5

16.7

30.8

15.1

31.9

28.2

27.3

21.4

21.5

24.6

25.3

26.0

30.2

34.3

17.8

30.6

14.5

31.5

25.7

28.6

21.5

21.6

24.8

25.0

24.8

30.1

33.7

17.4

28.6

13.9

31.1

25.3

27.6

19.7

20.0

24.3

24.6

23.4

29.6

32.6

16.7

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

51

LLAABBOOUURR FFOORRCCEE

Construction
In % of total

Services
In % of total

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

4

BG 

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

5.8

9.1

9.2

5.5

5.9

5.0

6.7

4.4

6.1

4.2

8.6

5.1

6.1

6.0

8.9

9.4

5.7

6.1

5.9

6.9

4.4

6.2

4.3

8.5

5.4

6.2

5.8

8.8

9.6

5.2

5.9

5.4

6.9

4.2

6.6

4.3

9.1

6.1

6.3

5.8

8.4

10.0

7.4

6.2

5.6

6.7

4.1

7.0

4.0

9.3

5.6

6.2

5.6

8.3

9.4

6.5

6.7

6.1

6.5

3.8

6.8

3.6

8.9

5.1

6.0

52.5

63.8

51.6

55.3

59.4

54.6

51.4

67.8

45.4

28.8

51.9

46.5

34.3

52.9

65.0

52.3

56.5

58.5

55.4

51.4

68.7

46.2

30.5

51.6

47.7

34.3

51.7

66.6

52.6

56.7

59.0

52.6

50.9

69.3

47.6

28.8

51.5

47.2

35.1

53.9

67.5

52.9

57.4

57.9

54.2

50.9

69.2

48.9

29.3

52.3

48.2

35.8

56.7

68.3

54.1

59.4

58.7

57.0

52.1

70.0

50.5

28.9

54.2

51.2

35.8

Fig. 4.d. Employment by economic activity (NACE classification), in % of total, 1999

Agriculture

Industry

Construction

Services

100

80

60

40

20

0

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

52

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

DISPATCHING OF MEN AND WOMEN BY BRANCH

LLAABBOOUURR FFOORRCCEE

4.10. Agriculture

Women

Men

In % of people employed in agriculture

In % of people employed in agriculture

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO 

SK 

SI 

TR

37.2

38.4

36.5

36.3

25.8

40.1

:

9.2

45.0

52.7

30.8

47.8

46.7

38.5

38.7

34.5

35.8

23.3

37.5

:

8.7

44.8

50.6

31.9

44.0

47.4

40.0

35.8

32.8

35.7

24.2

42.0

40.9

8.8

44.2

51.5

31.3

47.7

44.2

35.8

36.0

32.7

33.8

23.8

42.5

40.9

8.7

44.3

51.1

30.7

47.2

45.3

33.6

35.5

32.3

36.8

23.7

41.4

39.1

9.3

:

51.1

28.9

46.5

46.9

4

62.8

61.6

63.5

63.7

74.2

59.9

:

90.8

55.0

47.3

69.2

53.3

53.3

61.5

61.3

65.5

64.2

76.7

62.5

:

91.3

55.2

49.4

68.1

56.0

52.6

60.0

64.2

67.2

64.3

75.8

58.0

59.1

91.2

55.8

48.5

68.7

52.3

55.8

64.2

64.0

67.3

66.2

76.2

57.5

59.1

91.3

55.7

48.9

69.3

52.8

54.7

66.4

64.5

67.7

63.2

76.3

58.6

60.9

90.7

:

48.9

71.1

53.5

53.1

4.11. Industry (excluding construction)

Women

In % of people employed in industry

Men
In % of people employed in industry

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO 

SK 

SI 

TR

45.3

39.5

38.7

41.5

38.9

40.7

:

29.2

34.2

39.3

39.3

39.4

16.6

45.5

37.6

38.3

40.8

39.3

41.0

:

28.7

33.8

40.2

38.2

39.4

16.3

44.7

37.1

37.7

41.3

38.1

41.3

43.6

28.7

34.1

39.5

38.1

39.0

17.1

44.7

36.9

37.6

41.7

38.9

41.4

45.5

28.9

34.6

40.0

37.6

39.1

17.0

44.4

35.6

37.1

41.6

38.8

38.4

48.4

28.5

:

40.0

37.3

37.7

18.1

54.7

60.5

61.3

58.5

61.1

59.3

:

70.8

65.8

60.7

60.7

60.6

83.4

54.5

62.4

61.7

59.2

60.7

59.0

:

71.3

66.2

59.8

61.8

60.6

83.7

55.3

62.9

62.3

58.7

61.9

58.8

56.4

71.3

65.9

60.5

61.9

61.0

82.9

55.3

62.9

62.4

58.3

61.1

58.6

54.5

71.1

65.4

60.0

62.4

60.9

83.0

55.6

64.4

62.9

58.4

61.2

61.6

51.6

71.5

:

60.0

62.7

62.3

81.9

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

53

LLAABBOOUURR FFOORRCCEE

4.12. Construction

Women

Men

In % of people employed in construction

In % of people employed in construction

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

4

BG

CY 

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO 

SK 

SI

TR

13.8

6.2

9.9

13.7

9.7

13.3

:

2.2

10.5

15.0

9.4

11.1

1.9

14.9

6.7

9.8

13.6

9.5

16.8

:

2.1

9.1

14.5

9.8

12.5

2.5

13.7

6.8

8.6

12.5

8.7

11.5

10.8

1.9

8.9

14.2

8.2

11.3

2.3

14.9

6.9

8.6

11.2

8.3

10.7

10.2

1.9

8.8

12.2

8.8

10.9

2.1

11.1

7.0

8.2

9.8

7.5

12.1

9.5

2.0

:

12.1

9.5

8.7

1.7

86.2

93.8

90.1

86.3

90.3

86.7

:

97.8

89.5

85.0

90.6

88.9

98.1

85.1

93.3

90.2

86.4

90.5

83.2

:

97.9

90.9

85.5

90.2

87.5

97.5

86.3

93.2

91.4

87.5

91.3

88.5

89.2

98.1

91.1

85.8

91.8

88.7

97.7

85.1

93.1

91.4

88.8

91.7

89.3

89.8

98.1

91.2

87.8

91.2

89.1

97.9

88.9

93.0

91.8

90.2

92.5

87.9

90.5

98.0

:

87.9

90.5

91.3

98.3

4.13. Services

Women
In % of people employed in services

Men
In % of people employed in services

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO 

SK 

SI 

TR

53.4

44.5

55.3

56.6

52.6

55.0

:

27.5

56.4

47.2

55.7

55.9

15.7

53.1

44.7

55.2

57.3

53.7

56.8

:

28.4

56.3

47.6

56.2

56.7

15.2

53.1

44.7

55.4

58.3

53.3

57.0

56.3

28.9

55.5

51.5

57.6

55.8

16.1

53.4

44.7

55.2

58.3

54.5

57.0

56.7

29.5

55.5

51.3

57.8

55.3

16.6

53.3

44.3

55.2

57.8

54.7

55.9

57.2

30.4

:

51.8

58.0

54.9

17.3

46.6

55.5

44.7

43.4

47.4

45.0

:

72.5

43.6

52.8

44.3

44.1

84.3

46.9

55.3

44.8

42.7

46.3

43.2

:

71.6

43.7

52.4

43.8

43.3

84.8

46.9

55.3

44.6

41.7

46.7

43.0

43.7

71.1

44.5

48.5

42.4

44.2

83.9

46.6

55.4

44.8

41.7

45.5

43.0

43.3

70.5

44.5

48.7

42.2

44.7

83.4

46.7

55.7

44.8

42.2

45.3

44.1

42.8

69.6

:

48.2

42.0

45.1

82.7

54

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

LLAABBOOUURR FFOORRCCEE

4

Malta:
Employment  data  by  NACE  are  derived  from  adminis-
trative records.

Poland:
The LFS does not cover the members of households who
stayed  abroad,  nor  the  population  living  in  collective
households, such as army barracks, lodging houses for
employees,  student  hostels,  boarding  schools,  houses
for the poor and the old, etc. The survey only includes
members  of  the  armed  forces  living  in  private  house-
holds.
The  employed:  The  persons  on  maternity  leave  are
included  while  persons  on  parental  leave  are  excluded
from the employed.

Romania:
Employment  comprises  all  people  aged  15  years  and
over, who have carried out an economic or social activ-
ity producing goods or services, with a duration of one
hour at least (for self-employed and unpaid family work-
ers from agriculture, the minimum duration is 15 hours)
during  the  reference  period  (one  week),  with  a  view  to
achieve  certain  incomes  in  the  form  of  salaries,  remu-
neration  in  kind  or  other  benefits.  Data  on  the  army
forces  are  included.  For  1995,  employment  includes
persons aged 14 and older.

Slovakia:
Data  cover  all  employed  persons  aged  15  and  over.
Professionals in military service and persons on regular
maternity leave are included in the employed.

Turkey:
Data  on  employment  refer  to  the  average  of  April  and
October household LFS results.

Methodological note

Cyprus:
Data  on  employment  by  NACE  are  from  other  sources
than LFS.  

Czech  Republic:
Data  refer  to  employment  in  civil  sector  (i.e.,  without
armed forces); persons on childcare leave are excluded. 

Estonia:
Data  refer  to  the  Estonian  Labour  Force  Survey  (ELFS).
Data presented in tables for the years 1995–97 are ret-
rospectively collected as annual average data. Data for
the years 1998 and 1999 are reference week data refer-
ring to the 2nd quarter of the year. 
For  the  years  1995–96,  data  refer  to  population  aged
15–69,  since  1997  they  refer  to  population  aged
15–74.

Hungary:
Data refer to persons aged 15–74.

Latvia:
Data from the LFS of November 1995 monitor the pop-
ulation  aged  15–69.  Data  from  the  LFS  of  May  and
November 1996 monitor the population aged 15 years
and over. Employees on maternity leave and childcare of
three months and below are included. 

Lithuania:
Data include all the employed in civil sector who are 14
years of age and older. Women raising children till three
years  of  age,  having  not  broken  official  ties  with  their
working places, their working places being guaranteed
for that period and receiving child benefits, are included
in  employed  (such  women  make  up  0.4  %  of  all
employed). Other women raising children till three years
of age are not assigned to the employed. LFS data refer
to  the  periods  of  September  1995–97,  May  and
November 1998 and 1999. Persons in compulsory mil-
itary service, living in military establishments, are exclud-
ed.

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

55

LLAABBOOUURR FFOORRCCEE

LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYMENT

Long-term  unemployment  refers  to  an  unemployment
duration of 12 months or more.

Methodological note

Latvia:  
Data  from  November  1995  to  November  1997  LFS
refer to unemployed persons who cannot find a job with-
in  a  period  of  more  than  6  months.  Data  from  May
1998  refer  to  unemployed  persons  who  cannot  find  a
job within a period of more than 12 months.

Malta:
Figures  on  long-term  unemployment  for  1995  refer  to
unemployment exceeding 48 weeks.

Turkey:
Data  on  long-term  unemployment  refer  to  the  average
of April and October household LFS results.

4.14. Long-term unemployment 

4

As  %  of  all  unemployed

1995

64.8

:

28.0

31.7

49.2

73.0

:

45.5

40.1

47.0

53.2

52.6

38.0

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

1996

1997          1998         1999

58.6

7.5

28.2

55.4

53.4

73.9

:

39.0

39.1

51.3

51.6

50.0

46.0

56.5

7.9

31.3

39.2

47.2

70.7

:

43.7

46.1

47.9

50.3

51.9

43.7

53.3

8.0

31.0

46.1

49.6

55.0

62.0

45.2

47.6

43.8

50.7

45.4

42.4

52.5

8.4

36.5

42.6

47.9

53.2

38.5

49.2

41.6

45.2

46.9

41.8

31.1

4.15. Long-term unemployment by gender

As  %  of  all  unemployed  women

As  %  of  all  unemployed  men

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO 

SK 

SI

TR

67.2

:

28.4

26.4

:

71.3

:

28.7

43.7

47.9

55.2

48.7

48.5

58.3

8.3

28.9

49.1

48.7

72.3

:

20.9

42.5

54.1

51.4

48.2

57.5

56.2

8.9

33.0

35.1

45.2

72.1

:

28.8

50.6

51.3

52.4

48.5

50.5

52.4

9.1

30.9

48.3

48.8

55.8

60.8

25.2

52.1

46.5

53.1

46.3

48.3

52.5

9.0

40.4

41.3

46.8

54.4

35.5

27.1

46.9

50.0

49.8

38.0

38.4

62.6

:

27.6

35.7

:

74.3

:

48.5

36.3

46.1

51.4

58.2

34.0

58.9

6.4

27.5

60.1

56.4

75.3

:

42.7

35.4

48.6

51.7

51.4

42.2

56.8

6.9

29.4

42.5

48.5

69.4

:

46.4

40.8

44.5

48.2

55.1

40.5

54.2

7.0

31.2

44.5

50.1

54.4

62.8

48.3

42.3

41.5

48.5

44.6

40.1

52.5

7.8

32.0

43.6

48.6

52.1

40.7

52.9

36.6

41.8

44.4

45.2

28.2

56

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

Chapter 5

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

57

NNAATTIIOONNAALL AACCCCOOUUNNTTSS

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) 

Gross domestic product, which is one of the vital nation-
al account aggregates, represents in a concise form the
activities  of  economic  operators  within  a  given  eco-
nomic territory. 

It  corresponds  to  the  value  of  all  goods  and  services
produced by economic units within a given period, usu-
ally a year, less the value of intermediate goods used in
the  production  process,  less  taxes  minus  subsidies  on
products, less the financial intermediation services indi-
rectly measured.

GDP  is  calculated  in  accordance  with  a  system  of
national  accounts  which  in  the  case  of  EU  Member
States  is  the  European  system  of  integrated  economic
accounts  1995  (ESA-95).  This  system  consists  of  a
coherent  set  of  detailed  tables  and  accounts  which
reveal various aggregates. These aggregates are essen-
tial  indicators  for  macroeconomic  analysis  and  eco-
nomic policy.

5.1. GDP at current prices

1  000  Mio  euro

(1)

1995

1996

1997         1998          1999

10.0

6.8

39.8

2.7

34.1

3.4

4.6

2.5

97.2

27.1

14.0

14.3

7.8

7.0

45.5

3.4

35.6

4.0

6.2

2.6

9.0

7.5

46.8

4.1

40.4

5.0

8.5

2.9

11.0

8.1

50.6

4.7

41.9

5.4

9.6

3.1

11.6

8.7

51.2

4.9

45.1

6.4

10.0

3.4

113.3

127.1

141.3

145.5

27.8

15.6

14.9

31.2

18.0

16.1

37.2

19.0

17.5

33.0

18.5

18.8

129.6

143.1

167.8

177.8

173.1

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

(1) At current exchange rates.

5

5.2. GDP per capita at current prices

euro  per  capita

EU-115  =  100

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

1 200

900

1 100

1 300

1 400

CY

CZ 

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

10 500

10 800

11 500

12 300

13 000

3 900

1 800

3 300

1 400

1 200

6 600

2 500

1 200

2 600

7 200

2 100

4 400

2 300

3 500

1 600

1 700

6 900

2 900

1 200

2 900

7 500

2 300

4 500

2 800

4 000

2 000

2 300

7 700

3 300

1 400

3 300

8 100

2 700

4 900

3 200

4 100

2 200

2 600

8 100

3 700

1 700

3 500

8 800

2 800

5 000

3 400

4 500

2 700

2 700

8 800

3 800

1 500

3 400

9 400

2 700

7

60

22

10

19

8

7

37

14

7

15

41

12

5

59

24

13

19

9

9

37

16

7

16

41

12

6

59

23

14

21

10

12

40

17

7

17

42

14

7

61

24

16

21

11

13

40

18

8

17

44

14

7

61

24

16

21

13

13

42

18

7 

16

45

13

NB:  Figures have been calculated using the population figures from national accounts, which may differ from those used in demographic statistics.

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

59

NNAATTIIOONNAALL AACCCCOOUUNNTTSS

5.3. Annual GDP growth rates

(1)

In  %  over  previous  year

1995

1996

1997          1998         1999

5

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

2.9

6.1

5.9

4.6

1.5

-0.8

3.3

6.2

7.0

7.1

6.7

4.1

7.2

-10.1

1.9

4.3

4.0

1.3

3.3

4.7

4.0

6.0

3.9

6.2

3.5

7.0

-7.0

2.5

-0.8

10.4

4.6

8.6

7.3

4.9

6.8

-6.1

6.2

4.6

7.5

(1) GDP at constant prices (national currency).

3.5

5.0

-1.2

5.0

4.9

3.9

5.1

3.4

4.8

-4.8

4.1

3.8

3.1

2.4

4.5

-0.4

-0.7

4.2

1.1

-3.9

4.1

4.1

-2.3

1.9

5.2

-4.7

Fig. 5.a. Annual GDP growth rates, in % over previous year

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

12

9

6

3

0

-3

-6

-9

-12

60

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

NNAATTIIOONNAALL AACCCCOOUUNNTTSS

USES OF GDP 

GDP can be measured from the production, the expen-
diture and the income side. The expenditure approach to
GDP involves breaking down the final uses into various
sub-aggregates. It reveals to what extent the goods and

services  produced  by  the  economy  of  a  country  (or
imported) are used for private consumption, public con-
sumption, gross fixed capital formation or exports.

5.4. Main GDP aggregates: final consumption

Households  and  NPISH
In % of GDP

General  government
In % of GDP

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

5

(1)

BG

CY

CZ 

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

70.7

79.8

50.8

58.6

53.8

62.6

67.4

61.2

61.2

67.6

51.4

58.5

70.3

76.6

83.0

52.2

60.7

51.9

67.6

66.4

63.7

63.3

69.5

52.6

57.5

67.2

70.3

84.8

53.6

59.3

50.3

66.6

65.0

62.4

63.7

74.2

52.0

56.4

68.0

72.9

86.8

52.4

58.9

50.8

64.5

63.1

62.1

63.6

76.0

53.3

55.7

69.2

74.8

83.6

53.9

58.2

52.4

62.8

65.5

62.9

64.4

74.4

54.0

55.8

72.2

NB:  NPISH: non-profit institutions serving households.
(1) Data refer to total final consumption.

Fig 5.b. Final consumption in % of GDP, 1999

15.3

:

19.9

26.1

23.6

22.2

19.7

20.5

16.8

13.7

19.4

20.1

10.8

11.9

:

19.9

24.8

22.0

21.6

18.9

21.6

16.4

13.1

21.8

20.1

11.6

12.8

:

19.8

23.0

21.9

19.1

19.0

20.5

16.0

12.3

21.2

20.4

12.3

15.1

:

18.9

22.6

21.7

21.4

24.4

19.7

15.4

14.2

21.5

20.3

12.7

15.9

:

19.7

23.4

21.5

20.5

22.2

18.7

15.5

12.7

19.5

20.2

15.2

0
0

25
0.25

50
0.5

75
0.75

100
1

Households and NPISH

General government

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

61

NNAATTIIOONNAALL AACCCCOOUUNNTTSS

5.5. Main GDP aggregates: gross capital formation

Gross  fixed  capital  formation
In % of GDP

Stock  variation
(1)
In % of GDP

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

5

BG

CY

(2)

CZ 

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

15.3

22.0

32.0

25.9

20.0

15.1

23.0

31.9

18.6

21.4

26.4

21.4

23.8

13.6

22.3

31.9

26.7

21.4

18.1

23.0

28.7

20.7

23.0

34.2

22.5

25.1

10.8

19.8

30.6

28.0

22.2

18.7

24.4

25.3

23.5

21.2

35.9

23.4

26.4

13.2

20.8

29.0

29.6

23.6

27.3

24.3

24.5

25.1

18.3

38.0

24.6

24.6

15.9

19.4

27.9

24.9

23.9

25.1

22.1

23.3

25.5

18.0

30.8

27.4

21.9

0.4

:

2.0

-2.6

3.9

2.5

1.7

0.1

1.0

2.9

0.9

2.0

-0.4

-5.2

:

2.3

-0.7

5.8

0.7

1.5

-0.8

1.1

2.9

2.9

0.9

2.4

0.6

:

2.0

1.3

5.5

4.0

2.2

0.2

1.1

-0.5

0.7

0.7

-0.9

1.7

:

1.2

-0.7

6.0

0.3

0.1

-0.8

1.0

-0.4

-1.9

1.0

-2.9

1.1

:

-0.1

-1.5

4.6

1.9

0.6

0.7

0.9

-0.8

1.1

1.0

-5.6

(1) For  Bulgaria,  Estonia,  Malta,  Slovenia  and  Turkey,  the  statistical  discrepancy
between GDP and its components is included in stock variations.

(2) Data refer to gross capital formation.

5.6. Main GDP aggregates: exports and imports of goods and services

Exports  of  goods  and  services  
In % of GDP

Imports  of  goods  and  services
In % of GDP

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ 

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

44.7

46.7

53.6

72.0

36.9

46.9

53.0

93.8

25.4

27.6

59.8

55.2

19.9

62.9

46.9

52.5

67.1

38.9

50.9

53.4

87.0

24.3

28.1

55.2

55.8

21.5

61.9

47.1

56.5

78.4

45.5

51.0

54.5

85.1

25.5

29.2

58.0

57.4

24.6

48.0

43.5

58.6

79.7

50.6

51.3

47.2

87.7

28.2

23.5

61.2

56.6

24.3

44.1

44.6

60.9

77.2

53.0

43.8

39.7

90.7

26.1

29.0

61.5

52.5

23.2

46.3

49.9

58.4

80.0

38.2

49.3

64.8

59.8

53.1

58.9

78.6

39.9

59.0

63.2

107.5

100.3

23.0

33.2

58.0

57.2

24.4

25.8

36.6

66.8

56.8

27.8

56.4

52.0

62.5

90.0

45.5

59.5

65.1

93.5

29.8

36.2

67.8

58.3

30.4

50.9

51.1

60.0

90.1

52.7

64.8

59.1

93.2

33.4

31.5

72.2

58.2

27.9

51.9

47.8

62.3

82.2

55.5

54.1

50.1

96.3

32.5

33.4

66.9

56.9

26.9

62

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

GDP EXPRESSED IN PURCHASING POWER STANDARDS (PPS)

NNAATTIIOONNAALL AACCCCOOUUNNTTSS

For  the  international  comparison  of  GDP  and  its  com-
ponents, the values expressed in national currencies first
have to be converted into a common currency (usually
the ECU for the EU Member States and candidate coun-
tries  and  the  US  dollar  for  other  worldwide  compar-
isons).  This  conversion  is  based  on  official  currency
exchange  rates.  However,  mainly  due  to  price  differ-
ences for comparable goods in different countries, these
rates do not necessarily reflect the real purchasing power
of a currency in the economic territory of a country and
using them does not always provide a true indication of
the  volume  of  goods  and  services  produced  and  con-
sumed in the various countries.

Fig.  5.c.  GDP  per  capita  at  current  prices
as % of EU average, 1999

In Euro

In PPS

EU-15 = 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

BG CY CZ EE HU LV LT MT PL RO SK SI TR

5.8. GDP per capita at current prices and in PPS

In  order  to  overcome  this  difficulty,  calculations  are
based on an artificial conversion rate, which is the pur-
chasing power parity (PPP). PPPs are obtained by major
price  surveys  covering  a  basket  of  goods  and  services
which  are  both  comparable  and  representative  for  the
countries included in the comparison. The absolute fig-
ures  calculated  using  these  PPP-rates  are  called  pur-
chasing power standards (PPS). This publication provides
revised  data  using  the  new  PPP  results  from  the  1996
and 1997 international comparison project.

5.7. GDP at current prices and in PPS

5

Total  —  1  000  Mio  PPS

1997          1998         1999

1995

41.1

9.0

1996

38.4

9.5

36.9

10.1

113.2

123.5

126.3

8.4

83.0

10.8

18.0

3.3

230.1

127.6

41.5

22.5

9.0

87.6

11.6

19.6

3.6

253.9

138.0

45.8

24.3

10.2

94.6

13.0

21.8

3.9

280.3

134.0

50.3

26.2

38.8

10.8

125.8

11.0

100.7

13.7

23.2

4.0

298.2

129.4

53.1

27.6

40.6

11.6

131.0

11.2

108.0

14.2

22.8

4.3

317.2

129.4

55.4

29.7

311.2

346.5

385.1

402.8

392.6

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

In  PPS

EU-115  =  100

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

4 900

4 600

4 400

4 700

4 900

CY

CZ

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

14 000

11 000

14 700

12 000

5 600

8 100

4 300

4 900

8 700

6 000

5 600

7 700

6 100

8 600

4 700

5 300

9 400

6 600

6 100

8 500

15 400

12 300

7 000

9 300

5 300

5 900

16 300

12 200

7 600

17 500

12 700

7 800

10 000

10 700

5 600

6 300

5 900

6 200

10 100

10 500

11 100

7 300

5 900

9 300

7 700

5 800

9 800

8 200

5 800

10 300

15 000

6 100

11 300

12 200

13 200

13 900

5 000

5 500

6 200

6 300

28

79

62

32

46

24

28

49

34

32

44

64

29

25

79

65

33

47

25

29

51

36

33

46

66

30

23

79

63

36

48

27

30

52

37

31

48

68

32

23

80

60

37

49

28

31

52

38

28

49

69

31

23

82

60

37

51

28

29

52

39

27

48

71

29

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

63

NNAATTIIOONNAALL AACCCCOOUUNNTTSS

CONTRIBUTION TO GROSS VALUE ADDED (GVA) 
BY SECTOR OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

5.9. Contribution to GVA by sector of economic activity

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Share  of  agriculture      in % of GVA

(1)

Share  of  services  in % of GVA

5

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

(3)

TR 

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT 

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR 

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT 

PL

RO

SK

SI

(3)

TR 

64

: 

15.4

26.6

21.1

17.3

5.3

4.7

8.7

6.8

10.8

11.7

2.9

6.9

20.7

5.7

4.5

15.6

:

15.0

33.3

24.6

26.3

28.1

26.1

25.5

31.7

34.5

31.6

32.6

26.8

:

8.9

8.7

6.4

4.6

5.1

7.1

3.3

7.3

6.9

7.6

5.0

5.6

4.8

4.8

8.4

6.6

9.0

12.2

2.9

6.4

20.1

5.2

4.4

16.4

4.3

4.4

7.9

5.9

5.8

11.7

2.9

5.5

19.5

5.0

4.2

14.1

4.4

4.7

7.2

5.5

4.3

10.3

2.7

4.8

15.8

4.6

4.1

17.4

Share  of  industry      in % of GVA

(2)

25.9

14.7

35.3

23.8

26.3

26.4

25.8

24.8

30.1

34.8

32.2

32.0

25.0

25.4

14.2

34.1

23.0

28.1

27.4

25.2

24.3

29.3

33.4

29.1

31.8

25.0

25.0

13.8

32.6

22.6

28.2

23.4

23.9

25.0

27.6

30.3

28.1

32.0

22.1

Share  of  construction  in % of GVA

4.3

8.9

7.7

6.3

4.3

4.7

7.1

3.1

7.4

6.8

7.8

5.6

5.7

2.8

8.4

8.0

6.3

4.6

4.8

7.7

3.0

7.9

5.7

7.5

5.6

6.0

3.7

8.0

7.1

6.7

4.6

6.9

8.6

2.8

8.7

5.5

7.1

5.6

5.8

4.2

3.9

6.7

4.8

4.5

8.4

2.5

4.0

14.8

4.5

3.6

15.0

23.1

13.1

31.8

21.1

27.7

19.9

22.9

24.9

27.1

29.9

29.3

31.2

22.6

3.7

7.7

7.4

6.0

4.7

7.1

7.9

2.4

8.8

5.4

5.8

6.2

5.5

:

70.8

53.3

60.3

62.3

56.0

55.0

68.3

54.1

37.9

55.2

57.9

52.0

54.4

71.6

52.2

61.5

62.8

59.9

54.9

69.3

56.1

38.3

54.8

58.0

52.9

45.2

73.1

53.4

62.8

61.4

62.0

55.4

69.7

57.2

41.5

58.4

58.4

54.9

50.2

73.8

55.6

63.5

61.7

65.4

57.3

69.5

59.0

48.4

60.2

58.3

54.7

55.9

75.0

56.9

66.2

62.8

68.5

60.8

70.2

60.1

49.9

60.4

59.0

56.9

(1) Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing.
(2) Mining and quarrying, manufacturing, electricity, gas and water supply.
(3) Data refer to ISIC Rev. 2.

Fig. 5.d. Contribution to GVA by sector of
economic activity in %, 1999

Agriculture

Industry

Construction

Services

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

0

20

40

60

80

100

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

Chapter 6

FINANCE

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

65

GENERAL GOVERNMENT BUDGET

FINANCE

The government deficit/surplus statistics of the candidate
countries are provisional, in the sense that they do not
yet  fully  comply  with  EU  methodological  requirements.
Broadly  speaking,  the  general  government  deficit/sur-
plus refers here to the national accounts concept of con-
solidated  general  government  net  borrowing/net  lend-
ing of the European system of accounts (ESA95). 

For most countries the series are available from 1997;
1995 and 1996 data are an approximation of national
accounts data, derived from international monetary fund
statistics. 

6.1. General government budget deficit/surplus

%  of  GDP

Mio  euro

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

(1)

(1)

1996

1997

1998

1999

6

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI 

TR

-5.1

-0.9

-1.0

0.6

-6.4

-3.0

-1.7

-3.5

-2.1

-2.2

1.0

-0.2

-4.1

-15.3

-3.3

-1.7

-1.6

-3.2

-1.3

-2.8

-7.7

-2.3

-3.5

-2.1

0.3

-8.4

(1) IMF derived data.

-0.3

-5.2 

(1)

-2.7

2.0

-6.8

(1)

1.8 

-1.1

-10.7

-4.3

-4.5

-5.7

1.3

-3.7

-3.8

-0.4

-7.8

-0.7

-3.1

-10.8

-2.4

-4.4

-4.9

(1)

-1.2 

(1)

-0.8 

0.2

-4.0

-4.0

-4.1

-5.4

-5.3

-5.7

-7.8

-2.1

-2.1

-5.7

-1.3

-512.8

-1 185.5

-234.9

-30.8

-392.2 

(1)

145.6

-299.6

20.3

-349.7

-756.0

-1 238.5

-1 872.3

-1 965.5

-53.8

83.4

-17.3

-195.2

-59.7

-396.6

17.2

-2 186.6

-1 134.0

-2 753.1

-3 280.1

-2 452.5

-101.4

-79.9

-88.0

-51.6

-172.8

-202.0

89.6 

(1)

-95.3

-316.4

-38.0

-295.5

-338.2

-332.5

-565.2

-267.6

-2 011.0

-2 587.7

-5 423.0

-3 414.1

-3 037.6

-601.2

-975.0

-1 391.6

-1 644.0

-707.4

133.8

-23.2

-319.6

-1 030.8

-926.7

-1 048.1

48.5

-188.5 

(1)

-134.6 

(1)

-240.7

-13.4

-11.9

-21.8

-5 278.8

-11994.4

-22467.5

-21168.7

-37651.6

Fig. 6.a. General budget deficit/surplus in % of GDP

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

1998

1999

5

0

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

67

FINANCE

6.2. Gross foreign debt of the whole economy

Gross  foreign  debt  is  of  the  whole  economy,  covering
both  short-  and  long-term,  but  excluding  equity  invest-
ment and money market instruments. 

1999)  using  end-year  exchange  rates.  GDP  (Source:
Eurostat)  is  converted  into  euro  (ECU)  from  national 
currencies using annual average exchange rates.

The stock of outstanding debt is calculated by the OECD
in  US  dollars;  this  is  converted  into  euro  (ECU  before

%  of  GDP

Mio  euro

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

6

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO 

SK 

SI

TR

85.0

114.4

22.9

9.3

65.3

11.4

13.2

77.9

31.0

16.7

16.1

9.5

38.0

Source: OECD.

106.3

120.9

22.7

10.7

61.1

9.6

13.8

102.7

147.2

24.0

25.3

52.9

10.5

15.1

72.8

136.4

25.8

30.6

55.0

16.2

17.5

79.7

160.9

22.8

48.5

56.1

25.2

26.5

8 520

7 741

9 122

255

8 252

8 495

10 330

367

9 211

11 030

11 224

1 031

7 973

11 056

13 055

1 428

9 285

13 736

11 659

2 365

22 275

21 746

21 354

23 079

25 272

389

610

387

860

523

1 273

4 145

882

1 677

6 202

1 617

2 651

7 785

105.3

140.8

198.0

227.7

1 933

2 760

28.9

21.5

22.3

14.0

36.9

28.2

24.1

31.1

17.8

38.3

27.1

19.8

36.5

21.3

38.0

31.1

25.2

42.1

24.2

46.3

30 087

32 711

35 884

38 308

45 267

4 518

2 264

1 363

5 974

3 472

2 087

7 513

5 603

2 854

7 346

6 922

3 719

8 315

7 771

4 545

49 179

52 797

64 308

67 583

80 196

68

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

BALANCE OF PAYMENTS

FINANCE

The  balance  of  payments  is  a  statistical  statement  that
systematically summarises, for a specific time period, the
economic transactions of an economy with the rest of the
world. Transactions, for the most part between residents
and  non-residents,  consist  of  those  involving  goods,
services  and  income  (compensation  of  employees,
investment  income);  one-side  transfers  and  capital

transfers  (direct  investments  and  portfolio  and  other
investments). 

A transaction is defined as an economic flow that reflects
the  creation,  transformation,  exchange,  transfer,  or
extinction  of  economic  value  and  involves  changes  in
ownership  of  goods  and/or  financial  assets,  the  provi-
sion of services, or the provision of labour and capital.

6.3. Balance of payments

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Mio  euro

6

Bulgaria  

Current account

of which:  Trade balance

Exports of goods
Imports of goods

Services, net
Income, net
Current transfers, net 

of which: General government

Capital account
Financial account

of which:  Direct investment, net 

Portfolio investment, net
Other investment, net
Reserves change ("-" increase)

Cyprus  

Current account

of which:  Trade balance

Exports of goods
Imports of goods

Services, net
Income, net
Current transfers, net 

of which: General government 

Capital account
Financial account

of which:  Direct investment, net 

Portfolio investment, net
Other investment, net
Reserves change ("-" increase)

-20
93
4 086
3 994
117
-330
101
11
0
-91
75
-50
62
-178

-131
-1 595
939
2 534
1 398
-23
90
15
0
168
42
-52
-102
278

13
148
3 851
3 704
95
-312
82
29
52
20
108
-102
-578
592

-375
-1 720
1 097
2 817
1 352
-100
93
14
0
364
1
-36
353
47

376
335
4 356
4 020
147
-315
209
114
0
-604
446
117
279
-1 446

-299
-1 827
1 099
2 926
1 509
-73
91
15
0
358
21
129
170
41

-55
-340
3 741
4 080
332
-253
205
53
0
322
479
-215
470
-411

-537
-2 175
955
3 130
1 632
-94
101
23
0
587
-26
193
357
74

-624
-998
3 722
4 721
298
-205
281
64
-2
639
740
-187
581
-495

-219
-2 166
938
3 104
1 902
-35
80
82
:
273
-87
2
958
-599

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

69

FINANCE

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Mio  euro

6

Czech  Republic

Current account

of which:  Trade balance

Exports of goods
Imports of goods

Services, net
Income, net
Current transfers, net 

of which: General government 

Capital account
Financial account

of which:  Direct investment, net 

Portfolio investment, net
Other investment, net
Reserves change ("-" increase)

Estonia  

Current account

of which:  Trade balance

Exports of goods
Imports of goods

Services, net
Income, net
Current transfers, net 

of which: General government 

Capital account
Financial account

of which:  Direct investment, net 

Portfolio investment, net
Other investment, net
Reserves change ("-" increase)

Hungary  

Current account

of which:  Trade balance

Exports of goods
Imports of goods

Services, net
Income, net
Current transfers, net 

of which: General government 

Capital account
Financial account

of which:  Direct investment, net 

Portfolio investment, net
Other investment, net

Reserves change ("-" increase)

-1 047
-2 813
16 415
19 228
1 409
-81
438
79
5
587
1 932
1 042
3 318
-5 704

-121
-508
1 296
1 804
289
2
96
77
-1
110
152
-17
54

-80

-1 814
-1 828
9 911
11 739
1 257
-1 396
152
4
0
844
3 642
129
906

-3 832

-3 381
-4 630
17 088
21 718
1 515
-569
303
102
0
3 949
1 005
572
1 720
652

-315
-804
1 429
2 234
409
2
79
66
-1
339
87
117
215

-80

-1 319
-2 088
11 215
13 302
1 951
-1 139
-44
-12
123
432
1 806
-344
-2 128

1 098

-2 835
-4 008
20 108
24 117
1 557
-699
316
46
9
2 515
1 126
958
-1 129
1 560

-497
-996
2 028
3 024
524
-128
103
85
0
521
113
233
351

-176

-840
-1 726
17 386
19 112
2 025
-1 264
124
-4
105
733
1 534
-908
17

90

-1 187
-2 269
23 412
25 680
1 593
-873
362
63
2
873
2 347
950
-700
-1 724

-429
-998
2 399
3 397
511
-74
132
99
2
427
508
-1
-71

-8

-2 059
-2 110
18 505
20 615
1 592
-1 675
133
-41
169
1 863
1 385
1 733
-606

-649

-993
-1 932
25 182
27 114
1 153
-693
479
39
-2
781
4 607
-1 309
-969
-1 549

-277
-827
2 303
3 130
540
-96
106
90
1
290
205
10
215

-139

-1 969
-2 059
20 533
22 592
1 317
-1 556
329
-8
33
2 171
1 612
1 831
965

-2 237

70

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

FINANCE

6

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Mio  euro

Latvia

Current account

of which:  Trade balance

Exports of goods
Imports of goods

Services, net
Income, net
Current transfers, net 

of which: General government 

Capital account
Financial account

of which:  Direct investment, net 

Portfolio investment, net
Other investment, net
Reserves change ("-" increase)

Lithuania

Current account

of which:  Trade balance

Exports of goods
Imports of goods

Services, net
Income, net
Current transfers, net 

of which: General government 

Capital account
Financial account

of which:  Direct investment, net 

Portfolio investment, net
Other investment, net
Reserves change ("-" increase)

Malta  

Current account

of which:  Trade balance

Exports of goods
Imports of goods

Services, net
Income, net
Current transfers, net 

of which: General government 

Capital account
Financial account

of which:  Direct investment, net 

Portfolio investment, net
Other investment, net
Reserves change ("-" increase)

-14
-444
1 047
1 491
362
14
54
27
:
511
187
-28
327
25

-470
-534
2 069
2 602
-10
-10
84
47
-30
280
54
58
344

-177

-277
-553
1 491
2 044
226
30
20
-2
10
259
97
-351
273
241

-220
-629
1 172
1 801
302
33
74
40
:
257
299
-111
216
-147

-569
-706
2 688
3 394
95
-72
113
57
4
522
120
148
266

-12

-319
-601
1 395
1 996
248
9
24
-1
46
229
213
-92
41
67

-305
-748
1 621
2 369
327
49
68
29
12
216
455
-505
324
-58

-865
-1 012
3 697
4 709
119
-175
203
89
4
687
289
166
442

-210

-175
-579
1 467
2 047
348
8
49
4
7
86
56
97
-61
-6

-632
-1 007
1 798
2 805
251
48
75
37
10
476
269
-6
247
-35

-1 158
-1 354
3 534
4 888
215
-228
210
92
-2
905
822
-47
486

-356

-194
-528
1 629
2 156
340
-58
51
2
26
88
225
-74
106
-169

-587
-936
1 735
2 671
308
-43
85
56
12
574
302
260
149
-137

-1 120
-1 318
2 952
4 270
287
-242
153
55
-3
1 163
448
474
57

184

-150
-539
1 890
2 429
358
3
28
-8
31
153
738
-539
106
-227

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

71

FINANCE

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Mio  euro

Poland

Current account

of which:  Trade balance

Exports of goods
Imports of goods

Services, net
Income, net
Current transfers, net 

of which: General government 

6

Capital account
Financial account

of which:  Direct investment, net 

Portfolio investment, net
Other investment, net
Reserves change ("-" increase)

Romania

Current account

of which:  Trade balance

Exports of goods
Imports of goods

Services, net
Income, net
Current transfers, net 

of which: General government 

Capital account
Financial account

of which:  Direct investment, net 

Portfolio investment, net
Other investment, net
Reserves change ("-" increase)

Slovakia  

Current account

of which:  Trade balance

Exports of goods
Imports of goods

Services, net
Income, net
Current transfers, net 

of which: General government 

Capital account
Financial account

of which:  Direct investment, net 

Portfolio investment, net
Other investment, net
Reserves change ("-" increase)

653
-1 258
19 144
20 403
2 704
-1 525
732
187
218
-434
2 765
:
:
:

-1 356
-1 206
6 047
7 253
-248
-184
282
48
185
821
318
24
281
196

299
-174
6 564
6 738
413
-11
71
13
35
-444
173
159
432
-1 208

-2 571
-5 739
21 703
27 442
2 681
-847
1 334
65
74
2 244
3 500
:
:
:

-2 025
-1 945
6 367
8 313
-303
-243
467
37
120
1 624
207
962
625
-171

-1 655
-1 805
6 953
8 758
29
-37
159
7
23
1 503
241
12
1 439
-189

-5 065
-8 661
27 099
35 760
2 797
-996
1 794
106
58
3 853
4 288
:
:
:

-1 884
-1 746
7 434
9 180
-365
-284
511
56
38
879
1 079
779
489
-1 468

-1 725
-1 836
8 503
10 339
66
-110
154
8
0
1 486
72
13
1 448
-47

-6 156
-11 450
28 960
40 410
3 761
-1 051
2 584
391
56
6 562
5 396
:
:
:

-2 647
-2 341
7 405
9 747
-583
-394
672
46
35
2 394
1 820
116
-293
752

-1 893
-2 097
9 555
11 652
17
-140
327
0
63
2 140
384
-158
1 420
494

-11 716
-14 142
28 205
42 346
1 296
-948
2 077
204
52
9 667
6 792
:
:
:

-1 216
-1 025
7 978
9 003
-393
-386
587
53
42
429
962
-671
300
-162

-1 088
-1 035
9 572
10 608
47
-283
184
-1
150
926
661
610
338
-683

72

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

FINANCE

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Mio  euro

Slovenia  

Current account

of which:  Trade balance

Exports of goods
Imports of goods

Services, net
Income, net
Current transfers, net 

of which: General government 

Capital account
Financial account

of which:  Direct investment, net 

Portfolio investment, net
Other investment, net
Reserves change ("-" increase)

Turkey

Current account

of which:  Trade balance

Exports of goods
Imports of goods

Services, net
Income, net
Current transfers, net 

of which: General government 

Capital account
Financial account

of which:  Direct investment, net 

Portfolio investment, net
Other investment, net
Reserves change ("-" increase)

-76
-729
6 384
7 113
442
137
74
-63
-5
230
140
-10
282
-181

-1 788
-10 101
16 800
26 901
7 326
-2 450
3 437
819
:
-11
591
181
3 044
-3 826

25
-650
6 578
7 228
499
104
71
-63
-1
-19
148
502
-206
-463

-1 919
-8 334
25 553
33 887
5 218
-2 305
3 502
437
:
3 322
482
449
5 970
-3 579

10
-685
7 414
8 098
556
35
104
-58
1
-79
300
208
548
-1 135

-2 326
-13 543
28 788
42 331
9 583
-2 657
4 291
277
:
4 756
489
1 441
5 750
-2 924

-131
-704
8 109
8 813
439
25
109
-75
-1
77
223
80
-85
-141

1 669
-12 784
27 848
40 632
12 007
-2 663
5 108
142
:
291
511
-5 696
5 669
-193

-734
-1 168
8 091
9 259
342
-23
115
-79
-1
709
135
332
167
76

-1 280
-9 802
27 516
37 318
6 985
-3 319
4 856
340
:
-502
130
3 217
1 524
-5 373

6

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

73

FINANCE

Methodological note

Slovakia,  Slovenia  and  Romania:
Trade  balance  is  expressed  by  exports  and  imports  in
prices fob.

Poland:
Since 1998, data include transactions: i.e., expressed in
convertible  currencies,  settlement  currencies  as  well  as
those in transferable roubles; until 1997 data cover only
transactions in convertible currencies. 

Since  the  beginning  of  1998,  cash  payment  and  with-
drawal transactions on A currency accounts of the pop-
ulation  were  excluded  from  the  current  transfers  and
moved to the item non-classified current turnover.

Data relate to change of gross official reserves.

6

Romania:
In financial account balance, data for other investments,
net include barter and clearing accounts and documents
in transit.

In reserve change, data refer to the reserve assets of the
National Bank of Romania.

Slovenia:
In financial account balance, data for direct investment,
net include cash flows only, without investment in kind.

In reserve change, data refer to the reserve assets of the
Bank of Slovenia.

6.4. Foreign direct investment flows with the rest of the world

Direct  investment  abroad
In Mio euro

Direct  investment  in  the  reporting  economy  
In Mio euro

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO 

SK 

SI

TR

6

-16

-28

-2

-33

51

-1

-4

-32

-2

-8

4

-86

22

-38

-120

-32

3

-2

0

-5

-42

0

-38

-5

-87

1

-39

-22

-122

-394

-5

-24

-15

-40

8

-82

-31

-221

0

-71

-70

-5

-430

-49

-4

-13

-282

8

-120

2

-327

-16

-148

-185

-79

-237

-15

-8

-18

-29

-15

354

-35

-605

69

61

1 960

154

3 675

136

55

101

86

38

1 125

119

1 803

301

120

218

2 797

3 542

320

181

136

677

207

279

153

569

445

56

1 148

235

1 928

460

313

71

4 328

1 071

154

331

710

479

33

2 416

513

1 815

318

826

238

5 678

1 812

504

221

838

756

61

4 792

284

1 849

317

456

830

6 821

977

306

170

735

74

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

MONEY AND CREDIT

FINANCE

Monetary aggregate statistics are produced by national
central  banks  and  measure  the  supply  of  money  in  an
economy.  In  the  table  below  are  end-year  stock  data.
M1 generally means notes and coins in circulation plus 
bank sight deposits. M2 is a broader definition, general-

ly  meaning  M1  plus  savings  deposits  plus  other  short-
term claims on banks. M3 (not shown here) is usually the
broadest definition of money, meaning M2 plus certain
placements in a less liquid or longer-term form. Not all
countries produce an M3 series.

6.5. Money supply

6

M1
In Mio euro

M2
In Mio euro

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO 

SK 

SI

TR

:

:

1 025

1 109

1 147

1 213

1 409

1 255

1 532

1 801

:

:

6 277

7 057

2 803

7 939

3 160

8 590

3 535

9 989

12 972

13 879

11 705

12 315

13 290

29 750

32 718

32 019

36 393

38 360

674

5 654

471

664

943

:

2 093

:

1 231

4 826

794

5 980

582

721

1 008

970

6 801

835

1 157

1 108

918

7 089

872

1 194

1 186

1 164

8 349

1 043

1 313

1 400

:

18 587

19 925

23 899

2 156

4 353

1 326

6 641

2 114

4 322

1 448

6 977

1 726

3 407

1 762

7 006

1 617

3 630

2 010

7 844

894

1 173

1 644

1 662

2 055

14 814

16 036

17 692

18 200

20 850

505

1 069

3 333

:

621

1 082

3 709

900

1 646

4 164

988

1 784

4 377

1 193

2 233

5 183

:

45 459

53 987

63 361

5 401

5 853

7 015

7 221

7 311

:

10 435

11 799

10 940

12 422

3 723

4 235

5 389

6 685

7 115

30 017

39 793

47 054

55 264

73 725

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

75

FINANCE

6.6. Total credit to economy

In  Mio  euro

1995

1996

1997         1998         1999

BG

CY

:

:

3 864.6

3 608.2

3 894.5

7 224.2

8 424.4

9 478.2

10 557.5

11 861.0

CZ 23 654.7

26 095.8

29 750.0

31 352.0

29 551.6

EE

454.8

743.7

1 245.0

1 451.7

1 623.3

HU 16 907.5

18 411.2

26 283.1

25 929.1

25 013.4

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO 
(1)

SK

SI

TR

:

:

897.0

1 125.9

1 479.1

781.1

797.8

1 080.6

1 376.0

1 824.3

:

:

2 841.4

3 471.3

3 778.8

4 465.0

:

46 230.5

52 873.5

62 937.4

6 463.8

6 287.7

5 674.5

6 794.3

5 986.3

:

10 725.5

12 148.0

12 217.4

13 169.2

3 817.4

4 182.3

4 647.8

5 909.1

6 952.4

19 419.6

26 089.9

33 831.3

30 816.3

30 711.9

(1) Net of government deposits.

6

Total  credit  to  the  economy  means  lending  by  resident
monetary  financial  institutions  (MFIs)  to  residents.  The
definition  of  residents  includes  all  sectors  of  the 
economy apart from MFIs. The tables show total credit
to the economy split between credit to general govern-
ment and credit to other residents.

As with the money supply series, national currency data
are converted into euro (ECU) using end-year exchange
rates.

6.7. Credit to government

6.8. Credit to other sectors

In  Mio  euro

In  Mio  euro

1995

1996

1997         1998         1999

1995

1996

1997         1998         1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

:

:

2 096.2

1 707.6

1 807.8

1 787.7

2 194.6

2 400.3

2 494.1

2 602.2

100.2

8.5

116.8

11.0

428.6

12.8

804.1

13.4

914.1

32.1

HU

9 992.5

11 060.0

17 040.0

16 255.7

13 362.4

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO 
(1)

SK 

SI

TR

267.1

31.2

:

:

263.8

70.0

530.5

328.2

107.3

742.4

270.1

200.9

806.2

358.6

299.3

862.6

:

18 341.8

19 037.2

20 633.2

1 607.2

1 108.3

1 622.1

2 183.2

2 839.9

:

1 712.1

2 568.0

3 212.3

3 539.9

399.6

316.8

457.9

2 704.9

2 887.3

1 621.9

649.4

93.8

723.5

278.9

(1) Net of government deposits.

BG

CY

:

: 

1 768.4

1 900.6

2 086.8

5 436.5

6 229.8

7 078.0

8 063.2

9 259.0

CZ 23 554.6

25 979.0

29 321.4

30 547.9

28 637.5

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO 

SK 

SI

TR

446.3

732.7

1 232.3

1 438.3

1 591.2

6 915.0

7 351.1

9 243.1

9 673.4

11 651.0

:

: 

750.0

727.9

568.7

973.3

855.8

1 120.6

1 175.1

1 525.0

:

:

2 310.9

2 729.1

2 972.6

3 602.4

: 

:  33 836.3

42 304.2

4 856.5

5 179.4

4 052.4

4 611.1

3 146.4

:

9 013.4

9 580.0

9 005.1

9 629.3

3 417.8

3 865.4

4 190.0

5 259.6

6 228.9

16 714.7

23 202.6

32 209.5

30 722.6

30 433.0

76

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

FINANCE

INTEREST RATES

Official central bank rates are an important indicator of
the stance of monetary policy. The type of rates used by
the central banks depends on the structure of the finan-
cial  system.  Generally,  rates  are  used  to  increase  or
reduce liquidity in the banking system and in the money
market. The discount rate (shown here when available)
is normally the rate at which the central bank discounts
securities  from  commercial  banks,  and  represents  the
floor  to  money  market  interest  rates.  Data  are  end-
month.

Money  market  interest  rates  are  represented  in  two

6.9. Selected official central bank rates

tables. Day-to-day money rates are rates lent overnight
on the interbank market. Treasury bill rates are the rates
at  which  three-month  government  bills  are  discounted.
Data are annual average.

The  following  retail  bank  interest  rates  are  shown.
Lending  rates  generally  consist  of  the  average  rate
charged by banks on loans granted to enterprises over
one  year.  Deposit  rates  generally  refer  to  deposits  in
banks  with  agreed  maturity  up  to  one  year.  Data  are
annual average.

6

Type  of  rate

1995

1996          1997          1998         1999

Annualised  percentages

Base interest rate

38.6

342.1

Discount rate

Discount rate

Base rate

Discount rate

Overnight lending rate

Discount rate

Rediscount rate

Discount rate

Discount rate

60-day bill rate

Discount rate

:

9.5

:

26.3

24.0

24.3

5.5

25.0

35.0

9.8

2.5

50.0

5.0

10.5

:

21.8

9.5

16.7

5.5

22.0

35.0

8.8

2.5

50.0

6.8

4.0

13.0

:

19.3

:

13.0

5.5

24.5

40.0

8.8

2.5

67.0

5.2

4.0

7.5

:

14.0

6.0

13.0

5.5

18.3

35.0

8.8

1.7

67.0

4.5

4.0

5.0

:

12.3

2.0

9.1

4.8

19.0

35.0

8.8

1.7

60.0

BG

CY

CZ 

EE

HU

LV 

LT 

MT 

PL 

RO

SK

SI

TR

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

77

FINANCE

Interbank  daily  rates/day-to-day

6.10.
money rates

6.12. Retail bank deposit rates

Annualised  percentages

Annualised  percentages

1995

69.9

:

10.6

4.9

31.3

22.4

26.8

:

26.4

48.6

5.7

12.0

72.4

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO 

SK 

SI

TR

1996

1997          1998          1999

286.4

136.8

6.9

11.6

3.5

23.8

13.1

18.9

:

21.2

53.4

11.6

13.8

76.2

4.7

19.2

6.5

20.8

3.7

10.8

5.2

22.7

86

24.6

9.6

70.3

2.4

4.8

13.6

11.7

18.0

4.4

6.1

5.5

21.1

80.9

14.5

7.4

74.6

2.6

5.2

6.8

4.9

14.8

4.7

6.3

5

14.1

80.8

11.5

6.8

73.5

1995

43.5

:

9.7

8.7

24.8

:

20.1

:

22.8

36.5

9.5

14.9

75.9

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO 

SK 

SI

TR

1996

1997          1998          1999

147.4

:

9.4

5.9

20.6

: 

14.0

: 

17.3

38.1

10.3

14.4

80.7

79.8

:

11.1

6.2

17.6

5.9

7.9

: 

17.2

55.7

11.4

12.7

79.5

3.0

:

11.4

8.1

15.4

5.3

6.0

5.4

16.8

37.3

15.3

10.4

80.1

3.3

:

5.8

4.1

12.6

5.1

4.9

5.5

10.4

45.8

14.5

7.1

78.4

6

6.11. Treasury bill rates (three months)

6.13. Retail bank lending rates

Annualised  percentages

Annualised  percentages

1995

84.2

6.0

8.5

:

32.0

28.2

29.3

4.8

25.6

:

7.8

:

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO 

SK 

SI

TR

1996

1997          1998          1999

292.1

201.0

6.1

10.5

:

24.0

16.3

21.0

5.0

20.3

:

8.5

:

5.4

10.9

:

20.1

4.7

8.6

5.1

21.6

99.3

18.2

:

89.3

5.4

5.5

14.2

:

17.8

5.3

10.7

5.4

19.1

64.0

17.1

10.3

83.9

4.8

5.5

7.2

:

14.7

6.2

11.1

5.2

13.1

74.2

14.2

8.6

73.8

87.0

82.6

Methodological note
Retail  bank  deposit  rates
For  all  the  countries  except  Romania,  deposits  with
agreed maturity up to one year.

Romania:
Rates  offered  to  non-bank  resident  customers  for
demand,  time,  savings  deposits  (in  domestic  currency)
and government deposits.

1995

82.2

:

14.3

16.1

32.4

:

18.4

:

:

48.9

16.6

24.8

105.0

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO 

SK 

SI

TR

1996

1997          1998          1999

298.3

191.3

:

13.9

14.9

28.2

:

12.5

:

24.6

55.3

14.4

23.7

99.2

:

13.9

11.8

23.0

14.8

13.8

:

25.4

72.5

15.1

21.3

99.4

14.8

:

13.5

14.3

20.1

12.9

11.5

:

23.6

55.4

14.5

17.3

79.5

14.6

:

9.0

9.9

17.2

13.1

12.6

:

17.4

65.7

10.7

14.2

86.1

Retail  bank  lending  rates
For all the countries except Romania, lending to enter-
prises for over one year.

Romania:  
Rate  on  commercial  banks'  domestic  currency  loans  to
non-bank customers.

78

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

FOREIGN OFFICIAL RESERVES

FINANCE

Reserve assets are end-year stock data. They are defined
as the sum of central bank holdings of gold, foreign ex-

change, and other (gross) claims on non-residents. Gold
is valued at end-year market price.

6.14. Foreign official reserves 

Foreign  official  reserves  (monetary  gold  included)  
In Mio euro

Foreign  official  reserves  (monetary  gold  excluded)
In Mio euro

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO 

SK 

SI

TR

1 185

989

690

1 362

11 196

10 442

496

9 139

458

631

564

7 773

596

671

2 307

1 385

9 136

746

7 634

703

964

1 103

1 131

1 251

2 684

1 299

3 360

1 959

10 765

12 888

753

941

8 107

10 883

687

1 254

1 449

907

1 242

1 783

881

854

10 611

494

9 106

385

576

386

1 233

9 858

562

7 743

522

616

2 036

1 263

8 862

744

7 608

638

915

1 090

1 120

1 248

2 426

1 184

3 069

1 829

10 693

12 762

751

938

8 081

10 855

624

1 208

1 448

836

1 190

1 782

:

14 380

19 405

24 239

27 219

:

14 241

19 167

23 413

26 288

1 049

:

1 386

1 259

3 108

1 834

2 780

3 261

3 002

1 981

2 820

3 119

2 455

3 722

3 154

10 569

14 129

17 706

17 880

24 280

254

:

1 385

9 467

429

2 728

1 834

1 987

2 922

3 002

1 175

2 497

3 119

1 519

3 358

3 154

13 025

16 721

16 943

23 225

6

Fig.  6.b.  Foreign  official  reserves  in  Mio
euro (monetary gold excluded)

6.15.  Monetary  gold:  value  at  market
prices

1995

1999

In  Mio  euro

25 000

20 000

15 000

10 000

5 000

     0

BG CY CZ EE HU LV LT MT PL RO SK SI TR

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO 

SK 

SI

TR

1995

303.5

135.5

585.5

2.4

32.6

73.3

54.7

12.1

139.0

794.8

379.6

0.1

1996

1997         1998        1999

303.9

129.7

584.9

2.4

29.7

73.5

54.9

10.3

139.2

830.4

380.1

0.1

271.0

121.4

273.5

2.1

26.5

65.5

49.0

3.0

237.5

793.4

339.0

0.1

985.0

257.8

115.5

72.0

2.0

25.2

62.3

46.5

1.6

826.2

806.0

322.5

0.1

290.4

130.6

125.5

2.3

28.4

70.2

52.5

1.8

931.0

935.9

363.3

0.1

937.1

1 054.6

1 102.6

1 104.2

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

79

FINANCE

EXCHANGE RATES

6.16. Euro (ECU) exchange rates (1)

End  of  year  (1  euro  =..  national  currency)

Yearly  average  (1  euro  =..  national  currency)    

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO 

SK 

SI

TR

6

0.093

0.599

34.94

15.07

183.3

0.692

5.257

0.463

3.247

3 384

38.98

165.6

0.611

0.589

34.25

15.57

206.9

0.700

5.012

0.451

3.601

5 182

39.95

177.3

1.976

0.580

38.03

15.81

224.7

0.658

4.417

0.433

3.880

8 859

38.43

186.8

1.956

0.582

35.19

15.65

252.4

0.660

4.667

0.442

4.089

1.956

0.577

36.10

15.65

254.7

0.621

4.018

0.415

4.159

12 814

18 345

43.21

188.8

42.40

198.9

0.088

0.592

34.70

14.99

164.5

0.690

5.232

0.461

3.170

2662

38.87

154.9

0.225

0.592

34.46

15.28

193.7

0.700

5.079

0.458

3.422

3 922

38.92

171.8

1.902

0.583

35.93

15.72

211.7

0.659

4.536

0.437

3.715

8 112

38.11

181.0

1.969

0.577

36.32

15.75

240.6

0.660

4.484

0.435

3.918

9 985

39.54

186.0

1.956

0.579

36.89

15.65

252.8

0.624

4.263

0.426

4.227

16 345

44.12

194.5

80 442

135 042

226 634

365 748

544 641

59 912

103 214

171 848

293 736

447 604

(1) ECU 1995–98, euro 1999.
Source: European Central Bank (euro), European Commission (ECU).

Fig.  6.c.  Appreciation/depreciation  of  national  currency  against  euro  (yearly  average),
in % change over previous year

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

1997

1998

1999

20

10

0

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-88.2

80

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

CONSUMER PRICE INDICES (CPIS)

FINANCE

The EU Member States have designed a new consumer
price  index  in  order  to  meet  the  obligations  in  the  EU-
Treaty, as a part of the preparations for the common cur-
rency. The aim was to produce CPIs that are compara-
ble between Member States. The main task was to har-
monise methodologies and coverage. The result was the
Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices (HICP).

A similar exercise has been started with candidate coun-
tries. In view of future enlargement, it is equally impor-
tant that their economic performance is assessed on the
basis  of  comparable  indices.  The  first  stage  to  harmo-
nization is the interim HICP (or Proxy HICP), based large-
ly on existing national CPIs, adapted to the HICP cover-
age and methodology. They are not yet fully compliant
with the HICPs of the MSs. 

6.17. Interim HICP for all items (1)

Annual  average  rate  of  change  in %

1995

1996

1997          1998          1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO 

SK 

SI

TR

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

4.0

:

:

:

:

89.1

:

:

9.1

19.8

23.5

:

24.7

2.5

:

38.8

5.8

9.9

80.4

1 044.7

18.7

3.6

8.0

9.3

2.3

9.7

8.8

2.6

1.1

1.8

3.1

18.5

14.2

10.0

8.4

8.8

3.1

14.9

154.8

6.1

8.3

85.7

4.3

5.0

2.4

11.8

59.1

6.7

7.9

84.6

2.1

0.7

2.1

7.2

45.8

10.6

6.1

64.9

(1) The data for MT and TR are from national CPI and therefore less compara-
ble with the proxy-HICPs of the other candidate countries.

6

Fig 6.d. Interim HICP in % of previous year (1)

1997

1998

1999

1 044.7

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

(1) The data for MT and TR are from national CPI and therefore less comparable with the proxy-HICPs of the other candidate countries.

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

81

FINANCE

6.18. Interim HICP by purpose (annual average rate of change in %)

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Food  and  non-aalcoholic  beverages

Alcoholic  beverages  and  tobacco

6

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO 

SK 

SI

TR

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO 

SK 

SI

TR

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO 

SK 

SI

TR

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

7.9

17.4

16.7

:

27.7

:

:

36.7

4.0

9.0

:

1087.8

11.1

:

4.5

5.2

17.4

:

6.1

:

12.2

150.2

5.8

8.6

:

3.6

4.2

5.2

13.8

1.2

-0.2

:

7.2

47.4

5.8

8.3

:

Clothing  and  footwear

:

:

10.4

14.4

25.4

:

20.0

:

:

32.0

7.2

6.6

:

1073.7

:

8.8

12.1

18.6

:

7.7

:

14.4

147.8

7.7

6.2

:

15.4

2.3

6.2

13.0

14.1

9.6

3.9

:

12.1

71.6

7.7

5.8

:

Furnishing  and  household  equipment

:

:

4.4

11.3

22.9

:

15.8

:

:

37.8

6.1

4.2

:

970.7

10.4

:

5.1

8.5

12.9

:

4.3

:

11.5

139.9

4.8

4.6

:

1.6

5.6

4.8

9.3

4.1

1.4

:

10.6

53.2

7.0

3.8

:

-8

0.1

-5.5

-3.8

1.5

-1.1

-4.0

:

1.5

26.2

2.8

3.8

:

-2.9

3.5

0.1

6.9

10.5

7.0

2.3

:

7.8

32.2

7.6

6.8

:

-1.4

-0.1

1.7

0.7

8.8

2.7

0.0

:

7.4

43.2

8.0

3.2

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

9.8

41.0

27.0

:

19.1

:

:

65.4

3.3

13.1

:

928.4

:

6.6

4.5

19.4

:

13.5

:

17.0

168.8

4.1

10.8

:

12.5

11.0

9.3

11.6

15.6

5.5

16.2

:

16.3

49.8

11.8

8.5

:

Housing,  water,  electricity,  gas  and  other  fuels  

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

12.9

24.0

30.4

:

26.8

:

:

38.5

4.6

18.4

:

:

:

14.0

30.1

39.1

:

9.6

:

:

36.4

17.7

8.4

:

1075.7

:

19.9

12.5

25.5

:

17.3

:

18.9

172.7

6.7

13.2

:

Health

1280.6

:

12.1

11.5

20.6

:

2.3

:

14.2

172.3

12.8

3.8

:

35.4

-1.8

31.9

12.3

17.5

8.4

15.9

:

16.8

72.1

5.9

8.2

:

33.2

2.1

12.6

7.6

14.0

3.3

-1.9

:

13.5

64.8

6.6

5.0

:

21.7

11.4

4.6

6.5

11.4

6.9

2.6

:

10.4

61.5

4.4

7.1

:

27.8

3.5

9.3

8.2

10.6

2.4

6.1

:

9.5

95.1

33.5

9.9

:

8.6

1.7

3.3

4.1

33.8

1.8

-5.5

:

15.7

41.6

10.6

10.3

:

82

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

FINANCE

1995
1995

1996
1996

1997
1997

1998
1998

1999
1999

1995
1995

1996
1996

1997
1997

1998                    1999
1999
1998

Transport

Communication

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO 

SK 

SI

TR

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO 

SK 

SI

TR

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO 

SK 

SI

TR

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

12.3

18.9

23.5

:

18.6

:

:

50.9

6.3

7.9

:

977.1

:

7.0

14.5

16.9

:

12.3

:

14.4

155.5

6.1

6.8

:

21.4

1.1

3.9

10.3

10.9

5.6

4.3

:

10.2

53.5

2.5

10.4

:

Recreation  and  culture

:

:

6.6

11.5

21.9

:

16.7

:

:

41.1

10.4

11.8

:

721.2

43.9

:

5.9

12.4

14.7

:

5.0

:

15.2

143.4

6.4

7.9

:

3.2

6.0

8.6

11.8

1.4

2.8

:

12.8

62.1

8.2

8.7

:

Restaurants  and  hotels

:

:

6.3

23.5

23.5

:

11.7

:

:

43.4

5.9

10.6

:

985.5

:

6.7

15.6

17.7

:

11.8

:

18.6

184.2

6.4

8.6

:

50.6

3.7

10.5

12.0

15.5

3.9

5.6

:

15.3

111.1

6.6

9.5

:

6.9

-0.2

3.5

7.8

14.8

5.6

8.1

:

13.6

64.6

12.6

7.8

:

11.5

-1.0

1.6

-0.7

11.4

1.8

1.8

:

10.4

58.7

9.4

5.7

:

11.2

3.7

2.7

8.7

11

2.2

2.4

:

8.3

58.4

8.3

4.6

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

14.7

21.3

28.1

:

33.2

:

:

835.0

:

14.3

17.3

18.8

:

30.6

:

9.9

51.5

237.5

3.1

11.7

:

Education

21.0

-0.7

11.4

12.8

21.1

16.9

30.2

:

14.3

202.6

41.5

6.9

:

870.0

143.7

:

15.8

26.6

13.3

:

12.3

:

15.6

88.7

4.2

15.9

:

5.9

18.2

20.2

16.7

7.1

9.9

:

14.8

260.8

-2.3

9.1

:

3.6

4.8

:

:

:

18.5

41.7

23.3

:

30.4

:

:

37.7

11.5

27.6

:

Miscellaneous  goods  and  services

:

:

8.6

22.4

26.5

:

23.3

:

:

35.1

5.8

11.0

:

920.5

:

8.7

10.9

16.5

:

3.1

:

19.2

162.6

5.6

7.7

:

17.7

1.5

10.3

7.4

15.0

2.8

3.5

:

15.7

56.3

6.5

5.9

:

6

6.2

-4.4

16.7

20.5

25.7

13.4

15.6

:

-0.8

89.5

12.6

7.2

:

21.0

6.1

11.0

12.0

15.6

5.2

6.7

:

13.6

209.5

9.2

9.2

9.1

1.2

3.3

5.1

11.7

2.9

3.8

:

9.3

57.1

9.3

6.8

:

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

83

Chapter 7

AGRICULTURE

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

85

LAND AREA BY LAND USE CATEGORIES

AAGGRRIICCUULLTTUURREE

The  utilised  agricultural  area  (UAA)  consists  of  arable
land,  permanent  grassland,  permanent  crops,  crops
under glass and kitchen gardens. The UAA refers to the
area under main crops for harvest in the year of the sur-
vey  and,  in  case  of  successive  or  combined  cropping,
the  area  concerned  must  not  be  counted  more  than
once (either the area is to split up or the less important
crop is considered as secondary area).

Arable land refers to the land worked regularly, general-
ly under a system of crop rotation. In case of combined
cropping  of  a  given  parcel,  the  main  area  is  split  pro
rata between the crops concerned.

In  case  of  successive  cropping  (e.g.,  undersown  crops

or  intercrops)  either  the  crop  with  the  highest  value  or
with the longest ground coverage is to be taken as the
main crop, the other as secondary area not to be calcu-
lated here and areas combined with woodland are sim-
ilarly to be split up.

Permanent grassland is land that is not included in the
crop rotation system, and that is used as or planned for
the permanent production (five years and more) of green
forage crops, whether sown or self-seeded.

Permanent crops mean crops that are not grown in rota-
tion,  other  than  permanent  pasture,  which  occupy  the
soil for a long period and yield crops over several years.

7.1. Area — total

7.2. Utilised agricultural area (UAA)

1  000  hectares

1  000  hectares

7

1995

1996

1997         1998          1999

1995

1996

1997         1998          1999

BG 11 099.0

11 099.0

11 099.0

11 099.0

11 099.0

BG 6 164.0

6 164.0

6 203.0

6 203.0

5 696.4

CY
CZ
EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

925.1
7 887.0
4 522.7

925.1
7 887.0
4 522.7

925.1
7 887.0
4 522.7

925.1
7 887.0
4 522.7

925.1
7 887.0
4 522.7

9 303.0

9 303.0

9 303.0

9 303.0

9 303.0

6 458.9

6 458.9

6 458.9

6 458.9

6 458.9

6 530.1

6 530.1

6 530.1

6 530.0

6 530.0

31.5

31.5

31.5

31.5

31.5

31 268.5

31 268.5

31 268.5

31 268.5

31 268.5

RO 23 839.1

23 839.1

23 839.1

23 839.1

23 839.1

SK

SI

TR

4 903.7

4 903.5

4 903.5

4 903.5

4 903.5

2 027.3

2 027.3

2 027.3

2 027.3

2 027.3

76 960.4

76 960.4

76 960.4

76 960.4

76 960.4

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

134.4

136.4

133.0

134.0

137.2

4 280.0

4 279.0

4 280.0

4 272.3

4 282.5

990.8

1 005.0

1 023.8

1 042.7

1 001.2

6 179.3

6 184.4

6 194.6

6 192.7

6 186.3

2 540.3

2 541.2

2 521.3

2 508.3

2 488.1

3 506.8

3 504.0

3 502.1

3 496.7

3 495.7

:

:

:

11.0

11.0

18 411.9

18 275.2

18 266.2

18 228.9

18 222.3

RO 14 797.2

14 787.1

14 787.3

14 783.9

14 781.2

SK

SI

TR

2 445.9

2 445.6

2 444.5

2 444.7

2 443.6

538.0

524.5

494.1

490.9

:

38 910.0

39 051.0

38 834.0

38 977.0

38 817.0

Fig. 7.a. Utilised agricultural area in % of total area, 1999

80

60

40

20

0

HU

RO

PL

CZ

LT

BG

TR

SK

LV

MT

EE

CY

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

87

AAGGRRIICCUULLTTUURREE

7.3.  Area  of  the  different  land  use
categories

Fig. 7.b. Utilised agricultural area by land
use categories  in %, 1999

(1)

1995

1996

1997                    1998                  1999

Arable land
Permanent grassland
Land under permanent crops

Arable  land in 1 000 hectares

0

50

100

7

BG 3 998.0

4 203.0

4 298.0

4 286.7

3 431.1

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

92.0

93.0

90.1

92.0

95.1

3 143.0

3 098.0

3 091.0

3 089.6

3 107.2

873.8

884.3

888.6

886.3

860.6

4 715.9

4 712.7

4 710.8

4 709.5

4 708.0

1 710.1

1 712.6

:

1 800.0

1 840.5

2 946.8

2 940.0

2 946.0

2 945.3

2 936.4

:

:

:

10.0

10.0

14 285.6

14 087.0

14 059.0

14 114.1

14 134.2

RO 9 335.4

9 335.8

9 352.2

9 332.9

9 331.9

SK

SI

TR

1 483.2

1 479.1

1 475.6

1 472.1

1 469.2

196.4

190.6

172.5

172.1

171.2

26 533.0

26 674.0

26 457.0

26 600.0

26 440.0

Permanent  grassland  in 1 000 hectares

BG 1 962.0

1 748.0

1 692.0

1 692.3

1 833.0

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

1.5

902.0

105.2

1.2

902.0

109.0

1.1

912.4

123.2

1.1

921.7

143.9

1.1

950.2

130.0

1 148.0

1 148.3

1 148.1

1 147.8

1 147.2

800.5

500.5

:

798.1

503.8

:

738.0

496.0

:

677.9

492.3

0

617.7

500.2

0

3 769.9

3 867.7

3 889.6

3 842.0

3 817.0

RO 4 890.1

4 890.2

4 881.5

4 904.4

4 925.9

SK

SI

TR

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

834.8

494.9

839.0

495.6

841.7

288.3

845.6

290.0

848.2

298.2

12 377.0

12 377.0

12 377.0

12 377.0

12 377.0

Land  under  permanent  crops  in 1 000 hectares

204.0

42.4

76.0

11.7

:

29.7

59.5

:

354.0

570.0

50.1

33.0

200.0

43.4

120.0

11.6

:

30.5

60.2

:

318.0

559.5

49.5

33.1

199.0

42.9

117.6

11.9

:

:

60.1

:

315.0

552.0

49.2

31.5

222.9

284.1

43.0

62.2

12.4

42.1

61.8

10.5

226.0

223.4

30.4

59.1

1.7

269.6

544.9

49.0

31.3

29.9

59.1

0.9

271.0

460.0

48.4

:

2 461.0

2 472.0

2 567.0

2 530.0

2 446.0

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

TR

(1) Excluding crops under glass and kitchen gardens.

Methodological note

Cyprus:
Agricultural  land  refers  to  the  land  used  for  temporary
crops and the land under permanent crops (mostly tree
crops). If a piece of land is planted with permanent crops
and some temporary crops are also grown on it, then the
area is classified as permanent crops for the purposes of
land use classification, while as crop area it is recorded
for both crops.

Turkey:
Agricultural land is composed of area sown, fallow land,
vegetable gardens, vineyards, area of fruit trees, area of
olive  trees,  permanent  pasture  and  meadow,  unused
and undeveloped potentially productive land.
Arable land is composed of area sown, fallow land, veg-
etable  gardens,  unused  and  undeveloped  potentially
productive land.

88

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

AAGGRRIICCUULLTTUURREE

LAND BY LEGAL STATUS

Definitions of State enterprises, cooperatives and others
are not exactly the same in each country (see method-
ological  notes).  In  general,  however,  State  enterprises
are owned and managed by the State, cooperatives are 

funded  by  several  partners  who  manage  the  firm  and
share  profits,  and  others  refer  to  private  farms  or  indi-
vidual holdings.

7.4. Land by legal status

1995

1996

Bulgaria

State enterprises
Cooperatives
Others

Cyprus

State enterprises
Cooperatives
Others

Czech  Republic  
State enterprises
Cooperatives
Others

Estonia  

State enterprises
Cooperatives
Others

Hungary

State enterprises
Cooperatives
Others

Latvia

State enterprises
Cooperatives
Others

Lithuania

State enterprises
Cooperatives
Others

Malta

State enterprises
Cooperatives
Others

Poland  

State enterprises
Cooperatives
Others

28.0
33.0
39.0

:
:
:

3.4
40.3
56.3

1.3
29.2
69.5

17.6
30.5
51.9

1.3
11.4
87.3

0.7
19.4
79.9

.
.
.

7.3
2.9
89.8

21.0
:
79.0

:
:
:

2.1
37.0
60.9

1.0
27.3
71.7

17.6
28.3
54.1

0.8
4.8
94.4

0.7
15.6
83.7

.
.
.

6.7
2.7
90.6

7

In  %
1997

20.0
:
80.0

:
:
:

1.8
32.9
65.3

:
27.2
72.8

15.6
26.0
58.4

0.3
1.6
98.1

0.6
11.9
87.5

.
.
.

5.8
2.5
91.7

1998

1999

20.0
:
80.0

:
:
:

1.7
30.5
67.8

:
26.4
73.6

16.0
23.9
60.1

0.4
:
99.6

0.5
8.5
91.0

.
.
.

5.7
2.3
92.0

:
:
:

:
:
:

1.5
27.3
71.2

:
23.8
76.2

18.0
21.5
60.5

0.3
:
99.7

0.5
5.5
94.0

.
.
.

5.5
2.2
92.3

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

89

AAGGRRIICCUULLTTUURREE

Romania

State enterprises
Cooperatives
Others

Slovakia

State enterprises
Cooperatives
Others

Slovenia

State enterprises
Cooperatives
Others

Turkey

State enterprises
Cooperatives
Others

7

1995
1995

1996
1996

28.0
11.0
61.0

17.4
61.0
21.6

:
11.7
88.3

:
:
:

28.0
11.0
61.0

14.4
59.0
26.6

:
14.9
85.1

:
:
:

In  %
In  %
1997
1997

29.0
10.0
61.0

5.3
57.7
37.0

:
7.2
92.8

:
:
:

1998
1998

1999
1999

29.0
9.0
62.0

2.1
54.0
43.9

:
6.5
93.5

:
:
:

15.0

8.0     

77.0

2.0
52.1
45.9

:
6.1
93.9

:
:
:

Methodological note

Czech  Republic:
The Spring census of sowing areas of agricultural crops
broken down by type of management is the data source
for agricultural land use statistics. The survey is carried
out annually as of 31 May.
State  enterprises  are  enterprises  whose  dominant  asset
holder is the State. 
Cooperatives include entities of joint finance, real estate
and labour in order to make a joint enterprise, regard-
less  of  their  legal  form.  Despite  being  considered  as  a
part of the private sphere, cooperatives are treated sep-
arately because of their dominant position in agriculture
in the Czech Republic.
Others include other legal or natural persons with agri-
cultural activity or production.

Hungary:
Corporations (State enterprises) are corporations with or
without legal entity, budgetary and other institutions irre-
spective of their classification by economic branches. 
Cooperatives  include  cooperatives  engaged  in  agricul-
tural  activity  irrespective  of  their  classification  by  eco-
nomic branches. 
Others refer to private farmers, i.e., households carrying
out  agricultural  activity  (irrespective  of  the  size  of  their
livestock and land area) and private agricultural ventures
with a tax number.

Estonia:
Cooperatives are legal persons (enterprises).
Others refer to private farms and household plots.

Latvia:
The purpose of the use of land is laid down according to
the decisions of the land commissions, local government
and State institutions on the use of land. 
State  farms  are  State  (local  government)  stock  compa-
nies where the total basic capital or all votes belong to
the State (local government).
Cooperatives  are  limited  liability  companies  (coopera-
tive  company,  partnership,  etc.)  generating  its  statutory
fund  from  the  invested  property  (partnership  payments)
of its participants. 
Others refer to private farms.

Lithuania:
Data at the end of the year.
State agricultural enterprises are State-owned or belong
to local government and have legal entity right and lim-
ited liability.
Agricultural  partnerships  (cooperatives)  are  enterprises
established  by  natural  persons  for  agricultural  produc-
tion and commercial activities, where the partners pro-
vide all capital and share the profits.
Others: Farmer’s farm is an agricultural activity unit reg-
istered  according  to  the  procedure  determined  by  the
law. In order to register, a farm should have no less than
one ha of farming land (excluding land granted on lease
to other persons).
Other land users include private landowners, natural or
legal entities, which by existing rules were granted State-
owned or privately owned land and lease.

90

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

AAGGRRIICCUULLTTUURREE

7.5.  Gross  agricultural  production  volume
indices

Previous  year  =  100.0

1995

1996

1997         1998        1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

116.0

116.0

105.0

100.2

102.6

93.0

113.8

107.0

110.7

104.5

102.3

99.9

102.7

88.5

99.6

98.6

93.7

106.3

94.0

109.8

108.5

100.7

101.3

102.0

100.7

107.0

114.2

88.3

94.9

98.5

96.2

100.2

101.1

111.0

99.8

103.4

99.0

98.8

97.7

P
100.0 

109.4

100.7

95.0

97.9

89.0

96.9

101.3

105.9

92.5

94.1

102.5

110.6

P
99.4 

107.4

100.6

91.8

100.1

87.0

85.5

99.5

94.6

105.2

97.5

97.6

94.7

7

Fig. 7.c. Annual growth in volume of agricultural production, in %

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

1997

1998

1999

15

10

5

0

-5

-10

-15

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

91

AAGGRRIICCUULLTTUURREE

Methodological note

Bulgaria:
Data are based on ESA95/SNA93 and the requirements
of the economic accounts for agriculture methodology.

Cyprus:
Indices of crop and livestock production are computed
annually  by  using  the  Laspeyres  formula.  Producers'
prices  (farm-gate  prices)  are  used  for  the  valuation  of
gross  output.  Gross  output  is  the  value  of  agricultural
products and other ancillary output produced during a
calendar year.  The gross agricultural output is calculat-
ed in 1990 prices.

Czech  Republic:
Indices are based on evaluation of all individual prod-
ucts  of  gross  agricultural  production  in  1989  constant
prices.

Estonia:
The  gross  agricultural  output  is  calculated  in  1995
prices.

Malta:
Indices  with  1995  base  are  calculated  on  the  basis  of
vegetable and fruit crop data.

Hungary:
Indices are calculated using the fixed price basis applied
for national accounts. 
Until  1996  the  prices  of  1991,  from  1997  prices  of
1995,  from  1999  the  previous  year's  prices  serve  as
fixed prices basis in the calculations.

7

Poland:
Indices are based on evaluation of all individual prod-
ucts of gross agricultural production in constant prices of
the  year  preceding  the  examined  one.  The  indices  of
gross agricultural production are calculated on the basis
of the previous year.

Latvia:
Constant prices are based on 1995 average prices.

Lithuania:
The index is calculated in constant prices on the basis of
the previous year.

Romania:
The indices of all individual products of the gross agri-
cultural production are calculated in constant prices on
the basis of the previous year.

Slovakia:
The gross agricultural output is calculated on the basis
of the turnover at current prices. The agricultural output
index is recalculated at the constant prices of the corre-
sponding period of the previous year.

Slovenia:
Indices are calculated from the data on crop and animal
production  and  from  triennial  moving  arithmetic  mean
of average purchasing prices.

92

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

LIVESTOCK BREEDING INTENSITY

AAGGRRIICCUULLTTUURREE

7.6. Livestock 

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Number  of  cattle  in 1 000 heads

Number  of  cows  in 1 000 heads

645

68

593

70

622

62

682

56

691

54

1 989

1 866

1 701

1 657

1 574

370

928

537

343

909

509

326

871

477

1 065

1 054

1 016

20

7 193

3 496

929

496

19

6 958

3 435

892

486

19

7 029

3 235

803

446

308

873

434

928

18

6 455

3 143

705

453

267

857

378

925

18

6 093

3 051

665

471

371

30

751

186

421

292

586

9

3 556

1 798

355

212

358

27

702

172

414

277

590

9

3 442

1 764

335

187

389

26

647

168

403

266

590

9

3 496

1 698

310

183

430

24

642

159

407

245

548

9

3 471

1 656

284

181

440

24

615

139

399

208

502

9

3 296

1 633

274

186

11 789

11 886

11 185

11 031

11 054

5 886

5 968

5 594

5 489

5 538

Number  of  pigs   in 1 000 heads

Number  of  sows in 1 000 heads        

2 140

374

4 016

449

5 032

553

1 270

55

1 500

400

4 080

298

5 289

460

1 128

65

1 480

415

4 013

306

4 931

430

1 200

67

1 721

436

4 001

326

5 479

421

1 168

61

1 512

423

3 688

286

5 335

405

936

59

234

48

463

55

481

70

284

8

157

49

463

39

489

40

289

9

183

53

442

45

464

46

126

8

201

55

431

44

447

44

102

8

171

49

412

32

480

37

85

7

20 343

17 697

18 497

19 275

18 224

1 856

1 637

1 757

1 880

1 703

7 960

2 076

592

5

8 235

1 985

552

5

7 097

1 810

578

5

7 194

1 593

592

5

5 848

1 562

558

3

Number  of  sheep  in 1 000 heads

3 383

3 020

250

134

48

977

72

32

6

608

10 381

428

28

252

121

38

872

56

28

7

506

9 663

419

28

2 848

265

2 774

270

2 549

233

94

34

858

41

24

8

468

8 938

417

:

86

29

909

29

16

8

422

8 409

326

72

84

28

934

27

14

8

372

8 121

340

73

590

244

56

:

833

220

42

2

:

9

15

5

:

705

25

11

584

231

55

:

506

215

63

:

515

203

60

:

405

190

58

:

Number  of  goats  in 1 000 heads

849

240

38

2

:

8

17

4

179

654

26

9

966

275

35

2

:

9

19

4

:

610

27

:

1 048

1 046

290

34

2

:

11

24

4

186

585

51

17

346

32

3

:

8

25

4

181

558

51

15

33 791

33 072

30 238

29 435

30 256

9 111

8 951

8 376

8 057

7 774

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

BG 

CY 

CZ 

EE 

HU 

LV

LT

MT

PL 

RO

SK

SI

TR

7

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

93

AAGGRRIICCUULLTTUURREE

PRODUCTION OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS

7.7. Slaughtering

7.8. Sales or procurement of milk

1995

1996

1997                  1998                    1999

1995

1996

1997                    1998                    1999

Slaughtering  of  cattle in 1 000 tonnes of carcass weight

Cows’  milk  production  on  the  farm  in 1 000 tonnes

7

BG 

CY 

CZ 

EE 

HU 

LV

LT

MT

PL 

RO

SK

SI

TR

BG 

CY 

CZ 

EE 

HU 

LV

LT

MT

PL 

RO

SK

SI

TR

BG 

CY 

CZ 

EE 

HU 

LV

LT

MT

PL 

RO

SK

SI

TR

65

5

168

26

59

48

87

2

380

192

60

51

292

80

5

161

22

59

27

83

2

410

178

61

54

302

57

5

148

19

56

26

90

2

423

187

66

56

380

57

5

132

19

46

26

81

2

424

150

59

45

359

:

5

127

22

46

23

77

2

380

152

50

46

349

Slaughtering  of  pigs  in 1 000 tonnes of carcass weight

256

43

461

35

333

63

93

8

252

46

491

32

410

40

89

9

227

46

476

30

355

37

87

10

247

48

468

32

345

36

96

10

:

49

458

31

402

35

91

10

1 975

2 032

1 862

1 995

2 010

662

243

61

0

683

251

61

1

668

255

61

0

617

227

63

0

594

176

72

0

BG 

1 164

CY

CZ

EE 

139

3 122

707

HU 

1 977

944

1 810

43

1 162

138

3 130

675

1 976

921

1 820

44

1 196

133

2 785

717

1 989

986

1 937

47

1 326

136

2 798

729

2 102

948

1 915

48

1 388

133

2 565

626

2 102

799

1 702

49

11 642

11 696

12 123

12 543

12 272

5 547

1 155

590

9 275

5 513

1 129

576

9 466

5 421

1 119

570

8 914

5 248

1165

582

8 832

5 076

1 076

634

8 965

Collection  by  dairies  of  all  types  of  milk  in 1 000 tonnes

HU 

1 603

495

152

2 641

472

322

1 200

41

471

152

2 610

490

1 522

361

1 326

42

6 324

6 589

:

:

:

:

404

1 327

389

1 295

386

148

2 458

518

1 549

362

1 412

44

7 038

1 634

944

388

422

158

2 522

532

2640

464

:

157

2 454

404

2605

390

1 474

1 207

45

7 153

1 526

914

425

46

6 681

1 751

947

439

1 163

1 139

1 117

LV

LT

MT

PL 

RO 

SK 

SI

TR

BG 

CY

CZ

EE 

LV

LT

MT

PL 

(1)

(2)
RO 
(2)

SK 

SI

TR

Slaughtering  of  poultry  in 1 000 tonnes of carcass weight

(1) Cow and sheep milk.
(2) Cow milk only.

92

28

135

6

267

11

26

6

332

277

72

56

282

99

30

134

4

363

9

25

6

392

293

64

58

422

101

32

143

4

402

8

23

6

470

255

73

60

472

105

31

166

8

452

8

24

6

516

261

84

59

487

:

33

186

8

401

6

23

6

567

261

83

62

610

94

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

CROP PRODUCTION AND YIELDS

AAGGRRIICCUULLTTUURREE

Data on cereal production refer to cereals for the pro-
duction  of  dry  grain  excluding  cereals  harvested  green
for  forage,  silage  or  grazing  which  are  classified  as

green fodder crops, including grain maize, corn-cob-mix
and cereal seeds and excluding rice.

7.9. Cereals including rice

Production
In 1 000 tonnes

Area  of  production
In 1 000 hectares

1995          1996          1997         1998

1999                   1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

6 599.9

3 435.0

6 209.1

5 286.7

:

2 186.8

1 844.1

2 108.5

2 193.2

1 938.0

145.2

141.2

47.8

64.9

127.0

60.9

59.8

43.0

59.1

58.9

6 601.7

6 644.2

7 004.7

6 668.9

6 928.3

1 580.4

1 586.1

1 685.9

1 678.3

1 591.1

513.5

629.2

650.5

576.2

401.6

304.3

288.8

326.6

354.1

321.0

HU 

11 269.0

11 315.0

14 139.0

13 036.0

11 392.3

2 739.0

2 795.0

2 955.0

2 865.8

2 420.6

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

689.0

960.8

1 035.2

958.9

783.4

408.5

446.2

482.8

466.0

415.6

1 906.5

2 615.1

2 945.3

2 716.8

2 048.6

1 026.7

1 079.0

1 161.8

1 107.5

1 012.7

13.5

13.5

13.5

13.5

13.5

3.6

3.6

3.6

3.6

3.6

25 983.0

25 404.5

25 487.2

27 235.5

25 862.1

8 609.7

8 771.4

8 944.1

8 888.7

8 742.3

19 881.6

14 197.4

22 110.0

15 451.6

17 030.7

6 444.8

5 841.3

6 328.5

5 920.7

5 367.3

3 489.9

3 322.0

3 741.1

3 484.8

2 829.4

506.4

484.9

542.5

468.0

:

28 084.0

29 231.0

29 651.0

33 060.0

28 750.0

847.9

100.0

:

827.8

98.5

:

852.9

94.9

:

864.0

94.5

:

733.2

91.1

:

7

Fig. 7.d. Harvested production of cereals, in Mio tonnes, 1999

Cereals production (including rice)
Out of which wheat production

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

TR

PL

RO

HU

CZ

BG

SK

LT

LV

EE

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

95

AAGGRRIICCUULLTTUURREE

7.10. Wheat

Harvested  production
In 1 000 tonnes

Area  of  production
In 1 000 hectares

1995           1996          1997         1998

1999                   1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

3 435.3

1 802.1

3 574.8

3 171.1

3 155.3

1 181.1

957.7

1 211.7

1 375.4

1 113.4

11.0

13.0

11.5

11.6

14.0

3 822.8

3 727.2

3 640.3

3 844.7

4 028.3

77.1

101.3

111.2

118.0

88.4

3.7

832.0

38.6

4.6

801.0

45.9

5.3

825.5

50.9

5.8

912.3

66.8

4 614.0

3 910.0

5 258.0

4 895.0

2 638.3

1 108.0

1 193.0

1 247.0

1 174.0

243.7

637.3

12.0

357.5

936.2

12.0

394.6

385.3

1 127.4

1 031.0

12.0

12.0

351.9

870.9

12.0

109.6

260.6

3.2

149.2

347.8

3.2

152.3

375.6

3.2

150.9

359.6

3.2

6.6

867.1

66.1

732.8

146.0

333.7

3.2

8 668.0

8 575.9

8 192.7

9 536.6

9 051.3

2 406.8

2 480.4

2 555.1

2 631.3

2 583.0

7 666.6

3 143.8

7 156.7

5 181.8

4 661.4

2 480.8

1 781.7

2 407.9

2 019.8

1 675.3

1 937.9

1 713.1

1 886.0

1 789.3

1 187.3

155.6

137.1

138.9

117.3

:

436.7

36.8

414.8

35.2

412.5

33.4

433.0

35.0

295.8

31.6

18 000.0

18 500.0

18 650.0

21 000.0

18 000.0

9 316.8

9 319.9

9 246.4

9 308.5

9 273.6

7

7.11. Rye

Harvested  production
In 1 000 tonnes

Area  of  production
In 1 000 hectares

1995           1996          1997         1998

1999                   1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

19.4

:

261.9

58.2

171.0

71.3

239.3

:

16.1

:

204.3

62.1

98.0

112.9

286.8

:

26.9

:

259.4

71.9

153.0

133.5

348.2

:

26.6

:

261.2

54.6

129.0

104.8

348.7

:

:

:

202.4

38.8

80.3

88.7

260.9

:

14.1

:

79.4

32.0

77.0

40.4

15.5

:

64.1

31.6

59.0

56.4

18.2

:

75.6

34.3

67.0

62.5

22.7

:

71.9

38.8

63.4

57.7

27.5

:

55.1

24.2

39.5

47.2

134.7

152.2

158.7

174.3

134.8

:

:

:

:

:

6 287.7

5 652.5

5 299.5

5 663.7

5 180.7

2 451.6

2 415.0

2 297.9

2 290.9

2 242.5

42.7

89.3

5.8

20.3

71.4

5.5

29.3

84.2

3.5

26.1

96.2

2.6

21.1

69.6

:

20.6

30.9

1.9

16.0

28.7

1.9

16.1

29.7

1.3

13.9

34.4

1.2

11.6

29.8

0.9

240.0

245.0

235.0

232.0

233.0

145.1

147.9

146.9

132.9

139.4

96

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

AAGGRRIICCUULLTTUURREE

7.12. Production of barley, oats and grain maize

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Harvested  production  of  barley  in 1 000 tonnes

Area  of  production  of  barley  in 1 000 hectares

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

1 173.0

134.0

456.7

128.0

809.8

36.0

718.3

53.0

626.5

112.7

2 140.5

2 262.3

2 484.5

2 093.1

2 137.4

279.4

1 408.0

284.0

891.5

1.5

317.1

921.0

371.5

311.7

272.8

186.4

1 330.0

1 305.0

1 042.0

359.8

321.7

1 176.6

1 193.5

1 104.3

1.5

1.5

1.5

232.6

741.6

1.5

396.2

57.0

560.0

186.5

393.0

203.3

544.5

0.4

260.5

55.0

604.0

148.0

325.0

178.4

473.8

0.4

291.3

37.5

646.5

165.7

370.0

194.5

503.0

0.4

260.8

53.0

577.7

166.8

379.2

173.4

462.9

0.4

243.6

52.0

542.9

153.9

333.7

147.3

421.2

0.4

3 278.6

3 436.6

3 866.1

3 611.7

3 401.1

1 047.6

1 129.8

1 242.0

1 137.6

1 107.5

1 816.3

1 107.5

1 891.3

1 238.0

1 018.6

794.2

42.1

718.1

39.4

868.5

38.8

875.0

33.1

723.7

:

581.7

233.6

12.7

515.4

225.7

12.5

626.5

242.6

10.8

517.2

249.0

10.9

415.5

245.9

10.9

7 500.0

8 000.0

8 200.0

9 000.0

7 700.0

3 499.8

3 631.4

3 662.3

3 679.5

3 589.7

7

Harvested  production  of  oats in 1 000 tonnes

Area  of  production  of  oats in 1 000 hectares    

47.1

0.2

186.7

80.0

139.0

73.2

66.7

:

40.5

0.2

214.2

114.8

112.0

101.4

101.6

:

54.4

0.3

246.6

114.7

138.0

116.5

111.7

:

63.6

0.3

179.7

99.3

132.0

103.6

97.2

:

93.8

0.3

179.1

70.7

180.4

66.1

67.1

:

1 494.7

1 581.2

1 630.0

1 460.1

1 446.3

404.4

290.5

333.4

362.1

:

4.5

:

4.5

:

4.6

:

5.6

389.6

48.4

:

35.7

0.2

60.0

38.5

53.0

45.6

47.4

:

595.4

238.9

:

1.9

35.4

0.2

66.0

49.0

48.0

53.6

51.6

:

624.7

233.9

:

1.9

41.1

0.3

77.6

54.4

53.0

59.1

56.1

:

625.6

219.1

:

1.8

47.8

0.3

57.7

61.0

54.2

59.7

49.6

:

561.3

228.1

18.9

1.8

56.8

0.3

54.0

61.0

70.9

47.2

51.2

:

572.3

248.2

22.8

2.4

250.0

275.0

280.0

310.0

290.0

147.9

161.5

157.8

158.2

153.5

Harvested  production  of  grain  maize  in 1 000 tonnes

Area  of  production  of  grain  maize    in 1 000 hectares

1 817.2

1 042.0

1 659.2

1 274.0

1 991.5

475.3

477.8

463.7

474.9

487.5

:

:

:

:

:

113.3

168.7

285.2

200.6

260.5

0

0

0

0

0

:

27.0

0

:

30.0

0

:

41.2

0

:

32.9

0

:

39.4

0

4 680.0

5 989.0

6 828.0

6 143.0

7 149.3

1 033.0

1 053.0

1 059.0

1 054.8

1 114.8

0

:

:

0

:

:

0

:

:

0

:

:

0

:

:

0

:

:

0

:

:

0

:

:

0

:

:

0

:

:

238.8

350.1

416.5

496.4

599.4

48.2

69.3

77.1

85.2

104.2

9 923.1

9 607.9

12 679.7

8 623.4

10 934.8

3 109.2

3 277.0

3 046.9

3 128.9

3 013.4

596.6

296.3

750.0

296.9

818.7

355.3

637.5

308.0

779.3

:

1 900.0

2 000.0

2 080.0

2 300.0

2 297.0

121.9

46.8

509.1

130.4

47.1

549.5

137.7

47.5

543.8

115.8

45.6

545.2

129.9

44.4

517.3

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

97

AAGGRRIICCUULLTTUURREE

7

7.13. Production of potatoes, sugar beets and oilseeds

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Harvested  production  of  potatoes  in 1 000 tonnes

Area  of  production  of  potatoes  in 1 000 hectares

649.0

234.0

319.0

228.0

463.3

479.0

:

:

261.4

161.5

1 330.1

1 800.2

1 401.7

1 519.8

1 406.8

537.4

500.2

437.5

316.7

403.7

1 099.0

1 308.0

1 111.0

1 148.0

1 198.7

863.7

1 081.9

946.2

694.1

795.5

1 593.5

2 044.3

1 829.8

1 849.2

1 708.1

30.8

25.8

34.4

30.7

21.7

56.0

9.9

78.0

36.9

57.0

75.3

124.5

2.6

40.0

9.1

87.0

35.3

62.0

78.7

125.3

2.2

44.3

:

72.6

35.2

64.0

69.6

121.2

2.9

27.5

:

71.9

32.6

54.5

58.8

136.3

2.6

27.7

6.8

71.5

31.1

56.4

50.1

121.1

2.0

24 891.3

27 217.1

20 775.6

25 948.7

19 926.7

1 522.4

1 341.9

1 306.4

1 295.0

1 267.8

3 019.9

3 591.4

3 206.1

3 319.2

3 957.1

244.3

257.0

255.0

261.3

273.7

441.5

191.2

776.6

181.1

504.0

188.1

412.0

195.7

384.5

:

39.9

10.1

40.8

9.4

32.5

9.2

28.8

9.2

26.8

9.8

4 750.0

4 950.0

5 100.0

5 250.0

6 000.0

199.8

210.0

210.9

202.8

219.8

Harvested  production  of  sugar  beets   in 1 000 tonnes

Area  of  production  of  sugar  beets in 1 000 hectares  

157.0

:

87.0

:

79.5

:

61.0

:

:

:

3 711.6

4 315.6

3 722.0

3 479.4

2 690.9

12.7

2.4

0.5

0

0

4 199.0

4 677.0

3 691.0

3 361.0

2 933.5

250.0

692.4

:

257.8

795.5

:

387.5

1 001.9

:

597.0

949.2

:

451.5

869.9

:

13 309.1

17 845.9

15 886.2

15 170.6

12 563.6

2 654.6

2 848.2

2 725.5

2 361.4

1 414.9

1 176.3

1 713.0

1 687.6

1 330.9

1 404.9

265.1

308.0

288.8

380.2

:

9.0

:

94.0

0.4

124.0

9.5

24.4

:

384.5

133.2

34.3

6.1

8.4

:

104.0

0.1

118.0

10.0

31.2

:

452.6

135.9

42.1

6.3

5.2

:

92.3

0

98.0

10.9

35.2

:

419.4

128.8

47.7

5.8

1.7

:

81.4

0

83.1

16.3

30.0

:

400.3

117.8

34.8

7.7

0.5

:

59.0

0

65.8

15.5

30.6

:

371.7

64.5

34.5

10.8

11 171.0

14 543.0

18 400.0

22 283.0

17 102.0

309.4

416.3

466.7

501.0

415.0

Harvested  production  of  oilseeds  in 1 000 tonnes

Area  of  production  of  oilseeds  in 1 000 hectares

:

:

:

:

738.0

7.1

586.8

10.0

901.5

1 055.6

1.3

25.4

:

1.7

25.8

:

:

:

607.9

9.7

736.6

0.9

40.1

:

:

:

:

:

778.9

1 076.9

17.9

29.9

875.1

1 231.4

2.3

74.6

:

12.3

118.8

:

1 406.8

470.4

613.0

1 122.5

1 157.9

1 055.4

1 218.7

1 001.6

1 317.5

1 606.6

235.6

3.1

253.0

3.6

268.9

1.9

235.6

2.6

377.6

2.1

2 392.0

2 166.0

2 255.0

2 407.0

2 306.0

600.3

511.5

464.8

552.1

6 915.0

:

291.0

6.0

554.2

2.5

13.9

:

647.6

806.8

123.7

2.8

:

:

265.0

8.5

612.3

2.1

11.8

:

306.8

1 012.1

134.2

2.9

:

:

270.0

7.9

573.1

2.0

22.1

:

337.7

871.1

139.0

2.3

:

:

349.7

17.5

551.5

3.4

38.6

:

:

465.9

24.3

781.6

8.5

83.8

:

490.8

574.9

1 148.9

1 243.0

139.7

225.9

2.4

:

:

:

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

98

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

AAGGRRIICCUULLTTUURREE

Data on production of vegetables refer to fresh vegeta-
bles (no dried pulses) and melons outdoor or under low
non-accessible cover excluding vegetables grown princi-
feed  and  excluding  cultivated
pally 

for  animal 

vegetables  for  seeds.  Mushrooms  are  excluded  if  they
are  grown  in  caves  or  specially  adapted  and  erected
buildings.

7.14. Production of vegetables (total), tomatoes and apples (including cider apples)

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Harvested  production  of  vegetables  (total)  in 1 000 tonnes

Area  of  production  of  vegetables  (total)  in 1 000 hectares

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU 

MT

LV

LT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

209.0

153.0

165.6

209.4

3.8

34.0

3.9

3.7

34.5

4.2

:

3.7

34.7

3.9

1 362.7

132.4

548.1

48.8

937.7

129.9

613.2

48.1

974.0

125.6

541.4

44.2

1 400.9

139.1

552.9

43.1

:

147.1

572.5

44.7

1 644.0

1 597.1

1 548.3

1 796.0

1 971.9

213.4

368.7

66.2

170.0

432.6

69.5

153.1

399.0

80.3

114.4

407.9

82.4

123.2

298.3

79.3

5 643.2

5 103.9

4 936.2

5 918.5

5 249.5

3 509.9

3 421.4

3 052.3

3 508.8

3 902.6

498.4

167.6

559.6

172.3

594.7

188.3

593.0

185.6

685.4

:

18 944.0

20 216.0

18 785.0

21 152.0

22 083.0

4.5

35.0

4.6

119.0

17.5

25.9

:

279.2

259.5

37.0

10.1

:

4.6

37.0

4.2

95.0

15.7

29.4

:

236.6

266.2

38.4

10.1

:

118.0

108.7

111.7

13.5

26.8

:

237.0

250.3

39.9

2.0

:

11.6

28.1

:

255.1

267.6

42.2

2.0

:

9.8

24.9

:

241.5

282.5

46.9

:

:

7

Harvested  production  of  tomatoes in 1 000 tonnes

Area  of  production  of  tomatoes in 1 000 hectares  

530.0

324.0

227.5

490.2

38.0

38.4

0.2

36.0

28.5

2.7

34.0

23.1

2.7

38.0

30.0

2.2

:

40.0

34.1

2.2

30.0

17.0

19.3

27.6

0.6

2.0

0.0

0.6

2.0

0.1

0.3

2.0

0.1

0.4

2.0

0

:

0.4

1.9

0

230.8

263.4

220.0

329.7

301.5

12.0

10.0

13.7

12.6

10.6

:

1.5

18.5

401.3

730.9

66.9

15.1

:

8.1

20.3

230.5

689.3

71.3

14.4

0.2

9.6

20.9

219.0

462.6

83.7

15.7

0.9

9.4

21.6

356.0

677.5

72.0

15.7

0.2

6.8

21.8

333.1

708.6

70.4

:

1.0

0.3

:

28.5

44.6

3.7

0.6

0.9

1.2

:

23.8

46.2

4.1

0.6

0.1

1.2

:

23.2

43.9

3.6

0.7

0.1

1.4

:

23.7

47.7

3.5

0.7

0

0.9

:

21.6

47.5

3.7

:

7 250.0

7 800.0

6 600.0

8 290.0

8 956.0

182.7

188.1

187.6

197.8

213.4

Harvested  production  of  apples  in 1 000 tonnes

Area  of  production  of  apples  in 1 000 hectares

149.0

9.3

225.5

31.5

353.0

63.2

121.4

0.2

204.0

10.0

251.4

9.2

552.0

16.0

81.2

0.1

161.2

9.5

291.0

20.0

500.0

85.6

254.1

0.1

129.2

11.0

283.1

8.7

482.0

13.7

109.7

0.1

:

11.5

232.5

11.4

444.5

34.1

109.2

0.1

1 288.3

1 951.5

2 098.3

1 687.2

1 604.2

457.2

659.7

664.1

364.6

315.0

38.1

72.6

79.1

73.0

80.2

54.7

83.5

67.5

20.9

81.2

15.0

1.1

:

8.0

:

25.5

32.3

:

:

85.6

4.0

2.8

15.0

1.1

:

7.9

5.0

11.9

32.1

:

:

81.5

3.5

2.9

14.3

1.1

:

7.8

4.8

10.9

36.7

:

:

81.0

3.2

2.6

15.5

1.2

:

8.0

:

8.2

36.1

:

157.8

79.5

2.9

2.6

15.6

1.2

:

7.1

:

8.1

35.7

:

165.2

78.0

2.6

2.7

2 100.0

2 200.0

2 550.0

2 450.0

2 500.0

108.4

107.1

107.1

106.6

106.8

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

99

AAGGRRIICCUULLTTUURREE

FISHING

7.15. Total catch of fish

7.16. Aquaculture production

In  tonnes  of  live  weight

In  tonnes  of  live  weight

1995

8 191

2 570

3 929

1996

1997         1998           1999

8 854

5 246

3 524

11 237

16 019

3 321

18 946

18 865

3 952  

10 556

5 273

4 190

132 773

110 234

128 004

123 871

114 869

7 314

7 606

7 406

7 265

7 514

149 795

142 818

105 903

102 577

125 389

57 368

88 514

44 002

66 578

33 594

4 387

9 027

875

980

1 033

428 594

343 569

357 354

241 875

239 899

49 275

18 259

1 949

2 141

1 413

2 343

8 446

1 386

2 345

9 061

1 362

2 210

7 843

1 391

2 009

633 968

527 826

459 153

487 700

575 097

BG

CY 

CZ 

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

1995

4 615

452

1996

1997         1998           1999

4 727

787

5 437

969

4 252

1 178

7 680

1 422

18 679

18 200

17 560

17 231

18 775

315

9 360

525

1 714

904

25 111

19 830

1 617

789

272

8 080

380

1 537

1 552

27 700

13 900

954

869

260

260

200

9 334

10 222

11 947

345

1 516

1 800

28 680

11 168

1 254

917

425

1 516

1 950

468

1 650

2 002

29 791

33 711

9 614

648

909

8 998

872

1 206

21 607

33 201

45 450

56 700

63 000

BG

CY

CZ

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

7

Nominal  catch  data  for  total  catch  of  fish  refer  to  the
catch of freshwater, brackish water and marine species
of fish, crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic animals 
and  plants,  killed,  caught  trapped  or  collected  for  all
commercial,  industrial,  recreational  and  subsistence
purposes.

Units: The catches are expressed in the live weight equiv-
alent of the landings.

Aquaculture is defined as the farming of aquatic organ-
isms,  including  fish,  molluscs,  crustaceans  and  aquatic
plants. Farming implies some form of intervention in the
rearing process to enhance production, such as regular
stocking,  feeding,  protection  from  predators,  etc.
Farming also implies individual or corporate ownership
of, or rights resulting from contractual arrangements to,
the stock being cultivated.

For  statistical  purposes,  aquatic  organisms  which  are
harvested by an individual or corporate body which has
owned them throughout their rearing period, contribute
to  aquaculture,  while  aquatic  organisms  which  are
exploited by the public as a common property resource,
with or without appropriate licences, are the harvest of
fisheries.

Units:  Aquaculture  production  is  expressed  in  the  live
weight equivalent of the landings.

100

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

AAGGRRIICCUULLTTUURREE

7.17. Fishing fleet (end of period)

7.18.  Employment  —  total  number  of 
fishers (end of period)

Total  tonnage  

Number  of  fishers

1996

1997         1998          1999

1995

1996

1997         1998          1999

33 872

33 981

33 851

34 046

22 131

1 153

1 249

1 537

1 499

1 252

0

0

0

0

125 225

57 495

60 019

60 751

0

:

0

:

0

:

142 693

110 476

19 220

19 100

97 182

18 700

0

49 700

60 390

18 510

0

:

0

41 523

49 970

18 378

187 100

191 300

192 700

190 500

137 300

38 005

24 520

19 800

15 842

10 462

0

905

:

0

905

:

0

664

:

0

702

:

0

726

:

BG

CY 

CZ 

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR 

BG

CY 

CZ 

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

1995

6 848

1 136

2 165

6 000

1 158

3 114

1 800

359

7 102

1 143

2 065

5 000

1 114

3 100

1 600

375

*
10 137 

*
9 178 

8 626

10 993

:

175

33 614

:

175

:

7 666

1 228

2 423

7 200

984

2 000

1 700

372

*
9 096 

9 313

:

178

6 967

1 326

2 002

5 200

1 293

2 000

1 400

393

*
8 198 

7 215

1 344

1 978

3 400

1 512

2 000

1 400

392

*
8 240 

9 500

11 441

:

187

:

206

:

47 792

38 548

7

Source: Various national authorities.

Source: Various national authorities.

Methodological note

Great  care  should  be  taken  in  comparing  the  data  on
the  number  of  fishers  for  the  various  candidate 
countries. The preliminary results of a study on this topic
indicate that the coverage of the data and the sources
used in compiling the data are very variable.

Cyprus:
Catch of fish quantities include fish caught by amateur
fishermen.
Fry production is not included in the aquaculture data.
Data on fishing fleet refer only to trawl fishing vessels.

Czech  Republic:
As  the  Czech  Republic  is  an  inland  country  without  a
fishing fleet, it produces only freshwater fishery statistics.
These statistics include fish yields from ponds, rivers and
streams of the more widespread freshwater fish species
in  the  country  such  as  carp,  zander,  pike,  tench,  trout,
catfish, etc.
The  majority  of  activities  connected  with  farming 
aquatic  animals  and  plants  are  performed  by  profes-
sionals  and  hobby  groups.  They  meet  definition  to  be
reported  under  aquaculture.  The  main  data  source  for
the  catch  of  fishes  (harvest  fisheries)  is  the  Union  of
Fishery (data are based on the qualified estimate).

Estonia:
Statistics  on  the  catch  of  fish  are  compiled  from

available  administrative  records.  Data  from  amateur
fishers are not included.

Statistics on aquaculture production are compiled for 30
enterprises  having  water  use  licenses  for  aquaculture
purposes.
The  data  source  for  fishing  fleet  is  the  Estonian
Environmental Inspectorate.
The number of fishers refers to the employed persons in
fishery  (NACE  05).  Data  source  is  the  Estonian  Labour
Force Survey, annual averages.

Hungary:
Hungary is an inland country without fishing fleet.
Data  on  employment  refer  to  the  annual  average  of
employees  in  fishing  industry  (NACE  05).  In  1995–98,
they include only enterprises with more than 20 employ-
ees  and  in  1999  only  enterprises  with  more  than  4
employees.  The  data  source  is  the  annual  institutional
labour statistical survey.

Latvia:
Data  for  the  catch  of  fish  include  individual  fisher 
activities.

Malta:
Number of fishers refers to full-timers only.

Romania:
Data  provided  from  the  statistics  of  the  Ministry  of
Agriculture include only permanent fishers (fishers hired
temporarily or occasionally are not included).

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

101

AAGGRRIICCUULLTTUURREE

FORESTRY

for 

Wooded areas are defined as areas covered with trees
or  forest  shrubs,  including  poplar  plantations  inside  or
outside woods and forest-tree nurseries grown in wood-
the  holding's  own  requirement.  Non-
land 
commercial  woodland  (for  holding's  own  consumption
and  woodland  primarily  for  purposes  other  than  wood
production),  commercial  woodland,  deciduous, 
coniferous and mixed woodland are included.

Where agricultural crops are combined with woodland,
the area is split pro rata to the use of the ground. Walnut
and chestnut trees grown mainly for their fruit and other
non-forest crops and osiers, except isolated trees, parks,
gardens,  pasture  and  unutilised  rough  grazing,  are
excluded. Heath and moorland are also excluded.

7.19. Forest resources

7.20. Removals

7

Period  for
FOWL
and  NAI

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

1995

1996

1995

1996

1996

1996

1996

:

1992–96

RO 1995–97

SK 

SI

TR

1996

1996

1996

Forest  and
other
wooded
land  area
(FOWL)
In 1 000 
hectares

Net  annual
increment
(NAI)

In 1 000 m3
overbark

3 903

11 973

280

2 630

2 162

1 811

2 995

2 050

:

8 942

6 680

2 031

1 166

100

20 856

7 677

10 884

14 410

10 263

:

44 976

:

13 858

6 395

20 713

45 002

NAI/FOWL

Removals
(average
1995–99)
/NAI

In %

In m3/hectares

25

14

64

67

38

66

52

:

48

:

39

32

41

3.1

0.4

7.9

3.6

6.0

4.8

5.0

:

5.0

:

6.8

5.5

2.2

Source: UN-ECE/FAO Temperate and Boreal forest resource assessment 2000.

Removals  in 1 000 m

3

underbark

1995

2 844

0

1996

1997         1998        1999

3 205

3 041

3 041

3 041

0

0

35

36

12 365

12 600

13 491

13 991

14 203

3 710

4 331

6 900

5 960

0

19 088

12 178

5 323

1 866

3 901

3 653

8 080

5 540

0

20 286

12 250

5 460

1 991

5 393

4 241

8 697

5 149

0

21 731

13 529

4 945

2 208

6 061

4 167

6 704

4 288

10 030

14 008

4 879

4 924

0

23 107

11 649

5 530

2 133

0

24 300

11 649

5 783

2 133

19 279

19 411

18 050

17 668

17 617

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI

TR

Source: Joint ECE/Eurostat/FAO/ITTO forest sector questionnaire.

102

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

Chapter 8

ENERGY

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

103

ENERGY PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY

EENNEERRGGYY

8.1. Primary production — all products

8.2.  Total  primary  energy  supply  —  all
products

In  1  000  toe

In  1  000  toe

1995

1996

1997         1998          1999

1995

1996

1997         1998          1999

BG

(1)

CY 

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

10 527

10 887

10 395

10 541

9 407

5

6

4

4

4

31 820

32 500

32 810

30 790

27 500

3 500

3 900

3 800

3 300

3 000

13 507

13 091

12 913

12 105

11 551

910

3 553

.

1 025

4 103

.

1 660

3 908

.

1 781

4 439

.

1 516

3 481

.

98 459

103 086

100 072

87 928

80 997

31 741

34 605

31 013

5 439

2 992

5 357

2 907

5 235

3 009

:

5 378

3 054

:

5 873

2 880

26 307

26 995

27 687

28 785

27 057

(1) Fuel wood and charcoal.

BG

(1)

CY 

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

(1)

SK

SI

TR

23 628

23 373

21 227

20 547

18 392

850

782

1 069

1 109

1 207

41 050

42 300

42 500

41 030

38 020 

5 400

5 700

5 600

5 200

4 800

25 396

25 736

25 232

25 289

25 022

3 542

8 804

877

3 877

9 142

857

3 868

8 794

1 001

3 695

9 235

814

3 373

7 858

:

98 637

108 258

103 558

97 773

90 622

45 669

18 304

6 108

49 114

18 629

6 384

44 135

18 564

6 501

:

:

18 062

18 779

6 361

6 229

62 479

67 590

71 491

74 112

76 697

(1) Crude oil imported and processed by the petroleum refinery, and fuel wood
and charcoal.

8

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

105

EENNEERRGGYY

ENERGY CONSUMPTION

8.3.  Final  energy  consumption 
products) by sector

(all 

Fig.  8.a.  Final  energy  consumption 
by sector (consumption by each sector, in %
of total energy consumption), 1999

Transport

Other sectors

Industry

0

25

50

75

100

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

1995

1996

1997                  1998                  1999

Transport  sector in 1 000 toe

711

516

3 830

300

2 332

543

1 239

242

9 491

4 229

316

1 480

1 615

537

3 820

300

2 561

798

1 236

273

9 862

4 272

336

1 501

1 911

556

3 930

400

2 986

732

1 315

236

1 936

563

P
3 180 

300

3 170

716

1 178

:

9 740

10 810

:

345

1 364

:

324

1 307

667

499

3 400

300

2 469

509

1 170

:

8 776

3 324

500

1 311

11 072

11 778

11 289

10 701

13 322

Industry  sector  in 1 000 toe

6 135

430

5 956

471

5 193

466

4 320

482

13 500

13 540

11 930

11 350

800

4 236

852

1 085

:

22 992

14 624

6 828

1 119

900

4 292

1 010

1 011

71

24 336

14 747

6 633

1070

800

3 872

1 044

999

68

27 993

13 071

5 951

1 268

25 245

21 768

:

5 277

1 236

:

5 409

1 190

3 490

499

P
10 350 

600

3 693

716

837

:

3 205

80

P
8 320 

1 500

9 099

1 941

2 064

:

700

4 039

779

996

61

82

8 670

1 500

8 770

2 184

2 134

114

30 576

30 611

:

6 296

1 722

:

6 593

1 835

83

8 500

1 600

9 644

2 181

2 255

:

31 895

8 540

4 913

1 426

85

8 960

1 700

10 213

2 324

2 176

107

35 103

13 071

5 450

1 683

87

8 670

1 700

9 572

2 026

2 279

114

33 015

11 678

5 640

1 699

8

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

(1)

LV 

LT

MT

PL

RO

(2)

SK 

SI

TR

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

17 448

18 112

20 407

22 422

20 879

MT: 1998
RO: 1997

Other  sectors  in 1 000 toe

4 693

4 829

3 127

3 375

19 777

20 219

21 849

21 354

21 267

(1) Since 1997, fuel for private cars is included in the transport sector figures. 
(2) Excluding consumption for transport activities in other sectors.

106

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION

EENNEERRGGYY

8.4. Installed electrical capacity

8.5. Electricity generation output

MW

1995

1996

1997                  1998                1999

1995

1996

1997         1998          1999

All  generating  stations in GWh

12 840

12 840

12 840

12 840

13 272

(1)
BG  

41 790

42 716

42 803

41 711

38 248

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

(1)

SK

SI 

TR

700

700

700

700

13 803

14 973

15 105

15 513

3 298

7 404

2 066

6 335

455

31 984

22 276

7 239

2 630

3 306

7 536

2 090

6 336

455

31 959

22 856

7 438

2 608

3 305

7 534

2 096

6 336

455

32 344

22 843

7 863

2 608

738

P
15 221 

3 312

7 842

2 116

6 538

:

3 308

7 847

2 105

6 537

455

32 587

33 214

:

7 777

2 662

:

7 752

:

20 951

21 246

21 889

21 889

26 117

(1) Public plants only.

Fig. 8.b. Share of nuclear stations in 1999
(electricity generation output in GWh)

All generating stations

Out of which nuclear generating stations

60 000

50 000

40 000

30 000

20 000

10 000

 0

RO: 1997.

CZ

RO

BG

HU

SK

LT

SI

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

(2)

SK

SI 

TR

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

2 473

2 592

2 711

2 954

60 847

64 257

64 598

65 112

3 139

P
64 692 

8 693

9 103

9 218

8 521

8 268

34 017

35 102

35 396

37 188

37 154

3 979

3 124

4 502

5 798

4 110

13 898

16 789

14 861

17 631

13 535

1 633

1 658

1 686

1 721

1 840

137 041

141 195

142 790

142 789

142 128

59 266

26 306

12 649

86 247

61 350

25 278

12 768

57 148

24 822

13 167

:

25 465

13 728

:

27 743

13 265

94 861

103 295

103 295

116 440

Nuclear  generating  stations  in GWh

17 261

18 082

17 751

16 902

15 814

.

.

.

.

12 230

12 850

12 494

13 178

.

P
13 357 

.

.

.

.

.

14 026

14 180

13 968

13 949

14 096

.

.

.

.

.

11 822

13 942

12 024

13 554

9 862

.

.

0

.

.

.

.

1 386

5 400

.

.

:

.

.

:

11 437

11 261

10 797

11 394

13 117

4 779

4 562

5 019

5 042

4 696

.

.

.

.

.

(1) Includes production from pumped storage.
(2) Gross generating output.

8

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

107

EENNEERRGGYY

8.6.  Derived  heat  output  from  district
heating plants

TJ

1995

1996

1997         1998        1999

17 016

18 899

16 929

15 745

14 449

.

.

.

.

175 941

191 084

180 370

177 500

18 682

73 405

26 566

34 057

.

20 226

67 618

39 517

35 200

.

22 691

66 067

28 093

31 572

.

19 019

62 256

28 774

28 027

.

.

P
146 301 

19 160

61 718

22 309

24 699

.

416 865

441 093

422 969

391 568

371 515

61 324

81 588

76 788

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

8 021

8 579

8 133

8 222

8 060

.

.

.

.

.

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

8

108

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

Chapter 9

INDUSTRY AND
CONSTRUCTION

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

109

IINNDDUUSSTTRRYY AANNDD CCOONNSSTTRRUUCCTTIIOONN

INDUSTRY

Industrial production covers mining and quarrying, man-
ufacturing  and  electricity,  gas,  steam  and  water  supply

(according to the NACE Rev.1 Classification Sections C,
D, and E).

9.1.  Industrial  production  volume  indices:
total

9.3.  Industrial  production  volume  indices:
manufacturing

Change  in  %  over  the  previous  year

Change  in  %  over  the  previous  year

1995

1996

1997          1998         1999

1995

1996

1997          1998         1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

(1)
MT 

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

4.5

1.5

9.2

1.9

4.6

-3.7

5.3

10.9

10.2

9.4

2.4

2.0

12.7

5.1

-3.4

2.0

2.9

3.4

5.5

5.0

-4.7

9.0

6.3

2.5

1.0

7.6

-10.0

-0.2

4.5

14.6

11.1

13.8

3.3

P
-1.5 

11.2

-7.2

2.7

1.0

11.5

-8.0

2.6

1.6

4.1

12.5

3.1

8.2

*
10.5 

4.8

-13.8

3.6

3.7

1.3

-9.3

2.1

-3.1

-3.4

10.4

-5.4

-11.2

:

4.4

-2.2

-3.1

-0.5

-3.8

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

(1)

MT 

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

4.6

0.5

8.2

2.9

5.0

-4.5

0.9

7.9

12.4

12.1

:

2.6

13.5

4.8

-5.1

1.7

2.2

3.4

7.3

0.9

-6.2

11.2

7.9

:

0.9

7.5

-12.0

-11.0

-0.7

6.4

18.5

14.8

17.1

5.7

P
-6.9 

13.5

-6.8

:

0.2

12.1

1.1

2.6

5.6

16.1

3.7

8.2

9.4 

*

6.7

-17.8

:

3.9

0.1

-9.1

0.3

-2.7

-2.5

12.4

-5.7

-10.9

:

5.3

-8.0

-5.3

0.0

-4.2

(1) ISIC Rev.2.

(1) ISIC Rev.2.

9.2.  Industrial  production  volume  indices:
mining and quarrying

9.4.  Industrial  production  volume  indices:
electricity, gas and water

Change  in  %  over  the  previous  year

Change  in  %  over  the  previous  year

1995

2.4

-7.9

-1.4

-4.4

-13.3

-16.8

:

26.6

-0.9

-0.6

:

0.9

2.8

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

(1)

MT 

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

1996

15.5

2.5

1.4

5.7

2.4

2.4

22.0

40.6

1.2

1.3

:

0.4

1.1

1997           1998        1999

1995

1996

1997          1998         1999

-8.9

-1.1

-2.9

-0.4

-8.5

7.8

11.7

P
34.9 

-1.3

-6.3

:

1.8

4.6

0.6

20.5

-5.7

-4.3

-20.4

6.2

36.2

*
43.5 

-13.0

-13.9

:

-0.4

11.2

-12.1

5.9

-12.0

-13.5

0.5

20.3

-4.6

:

-5.7

-9.1

6.1

-4.0

-9.9

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

(1)

MT 

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

5.2

7.6

3.4

-2.0

1.8

-0.2

21.9

5.8

0.6

3.3

:

-0.2

10.3

1.6

5.6

3.7

6.3

4.6

-1.9

9.7

3.8

-0.7

0.8

:

0.8

10.6

6.6

2.1

-2.7

-3.1

1.2

-0.7

-9.3

P
20.4 

2.6

-12.1

:

8.2

8.1

10.1

7.6

-1.5

-3.6

0.0

1.1

3.2

*
-0.2 

0.9

-12.4

:

3.3

7.6

-14.1

6.5

-3.5

-5.5

-1.6

-4.3

-19.2

:

3.0

-6.3

3.4

-4.1

4.9

(1) ISIC Rev.2.

(1) ISIC Rev.2.

9

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

111

IINNDDUUSSTTRRYY AANNDD CCOONNSSTTRRUUCCTTIIOONN

Fig. 9.a. Industrial production volume indices: total, change in % over the previous year

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

15

10

5

0

-5

-10

-15

Methodological note

Bulgaria:
Index  of  industrial  production  annually  is  based  on  an
exhaustive  survey  of  enterprises  (public  and  private)
assigned to industrial sectors.

9

Cyprus:
The  index  covers  mining,  quarrying,  manufacturing,
electricity, gas and water. It covers all establishments for
mining and quarrying, electricity and gas, while for man-
ufacturing it covers a representative sample of all estab-
lishments and for water, the water boards and the water
purification plants.

Czech  Republic:
An  exhaustive  survey  among  enterprises  with  100
employees  and  more  measured  industrial  output  in
1995. The output of enterprises up to 99 employees and
unincorporated  natural  persons  was  measured  on  the
basis of a quarterly sample survey. In doing so, estimate
is  made  to  the  full  set.  In  1995  indices  for  branches
include enterprises with 100 or more employees. 
the  industrial  production  ondex  (IPI)  is  calculated  from
1996  by  a  new  method  complying  with  international
standards based on the production statistics of selected
products (Series-witness). The industrial production index
is a Laspeyres index which covers enterprises with 20 or
more  employees  engaged  in  mining  and  quarrying,
manufacturing  and  electricity,  gas  and  water  supply
(according to the NACE classification, section CDE). The
data are collected by means of a monthly survey.

Estonia:
The  industrial  production  index  covers  total  industrial
production including estimates for enterprises with up to
19  employees.  Electricity,  gas  and  water  supply  cover
only  energy  production  (NACE  Rev.  1  classes:  40101,
40301).

Hungary:
Coverage:  The  index  of  total  industrial  production
includes the data of all industrial enterprises. The indices
by  branches  refer  to  enterprises  with  more  than  20
employees up to the end of 1994 and with more than 10
employees in 1995. 
Since 1996: Enterprises having more than 49 employees
are  observed  by  full-scope  survey,  between  5  and  49
persons  by  sample  survey  and  below  5  employees  the
data are estimated from administrative records. The data
on branches and sub-branches refer to enterprises with
more than 5 employees.

Latvia:
Beginning with 1999, public sector industrial enterprises
and private sector businesses with 20 or more employ-
ees  engaged  in  industrial  production  or  with  turnover
exceeding  300  000  lats  in  the  previous  year,  are  cov-
ered. Earlier, coverage included all public sector indus-
trial enterprises and private businesses with 50 or more
employees engaged in industrial production (20 or more
employees  for  businesses  engaged  in  production  of
wood,  articles  of  wood  and  cork),  or  with  net  turnover
exceeding 200 000 lats in the calendar year preceding
the reference period. All production of the reporting unit
is included in the index.

112

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

IINNDDUUSSTTRRYY AANNDD CCOONNSSTTRRUUCCTTIIOONN

Slovenia:
The  Industrial  Production  Index  is  a  Laspeyres  index
which  covers  enterprises  with  10  or  more  employees,
predominantly engaged in mining, manufacturing (until
1999  publishing  was  excluded),  and  electricity  supply.
The  data  are  collected  by  means  of  a  monthly  survey
which  includes  approximately  1  600  enterprises  with  a
total of about 215 000 employees, and covers approxi-
mately 86 % of the industrial sector.

Slovakia:
Data on total industrial production include estimates for
enterprises and for tradesmen. Since January 1999, the
industrial production index (IPI further on) is calculated
according  to  international  standards  by  a  new  method
and replaces the indicator ‘production of goods’. It cov-
ers 89.6 % of industrial activity in the Slovak Republic. IPI
comes out of monthly statistics of production of industri-
al products and is a Laspeyres index of physical volume
character. The IPI is calculated from the results of statis-
tical surveys in enterprises with industrial prevailing activ-
ity  20 and more employees and in selected enterprises
less  than  20  employees  (indices  by  selected  branches
until 1996 concern only organisations with 25 or more
employees).  The  calculation  of  IPI  is  based  on  the
change of volume of selected products and on the two-
stage weight system. The index characterises change of
industrial production in month of current year in relation
to average month of base year 1998 and to correspon-
ding period of year, 1998=100, according to statistics
of  selected  products.  The  industrial  production  index
given  is  adjusted:  less  the  effect  of  number  of  working
days.

Turkey:
The State Institute of Statistics has started to calculate the
first industrial production index in 1983. The year 1981
was  taken  as  the  base  year  in  the  first  index,  and  then
base year moved to 1986 and finally to 1992 and then
last base year moved to 1997 in 1999.

9

Lithuania:
Data on industrial production relate to sold production.
The  annual  industrial  production  index  is  based  on  an
exhaustive  survey  of  enterprises  engaged  in  mining,
quarrying  (C),  manufacturing  (D),  electricity,  gas  and
water  supply  (E).  Sold  production  is  deflated  by  price
index  on  the  4-digit  level.  The  index  of  industrial  pro-
duction is a Paasche chain index.

Until 1995, the manufacturing production index (D) cov-
ered mining, quarrying and manufacturing (C+D).

Poland:
Data on industrial production relate to sold production
(sales) for domestic and external destination as well. 
The  industrial  production  index  is  a  Laspeyres  index
which  covers  enterprises  with  5  or  more  employees,
engaged in mining (C), manufacturing (D) and electrici-
ty supply (E). The sold production is collected as a lead-
ing indicator of production. Sold production is deflated
by price index on the 3-digit level. The monthly indicator
covers 95% of sold production. 
Enterprises  having  more  than  50  employees  —  in  sec-
tions  C  and  D  and  20  employees  in  section  E  are
observed  by  full  scope  survey  (=  9  000  enterprises).
Enterprises  with  6–50  employees  in  sections  C  and  D
and 6–20 employees in section E are observed monthly
by 10 % sample survey (= 3 000 enterprises).
Method of weighting: 
The index is derived from summing values across cate-
gories and calculating changes from year to year for the
whole industry (sections C+D+E). Weights are not used.

Romania:
The  industrial  production  index  is  a  Laspeyres  index
which covers enterprises with 50 or more employees and
having  industry  as  their  main  activity  (CANE  1010  —
4100 — classification of activities from national econo-
my). Since 1991, the IPI is computed based on a sam-
ple of representative products, constituted in series-wit-
ness, for which quantitative and value data are collect-
ed. The data are collected by means of a monthly survey
which includes approximately 2 900 enterprises and in
order to build up the industrial production indices 636
series witness are used comprising 2 696 products, the
coverage degree being 76 % per total industry.

For the food industry, due to its specificity, smaller eco-
nomic  units  (20–49  employees)  are  also  sample  sur-
veyed, as well as those having agriculture as their main
activity  but  with  industrial  sub-units  specialised  in  food
products  manufacturing.  Indices  are  not  seasonally
adjusted.

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

113

IINNDDUUSSTTRRYY AANNDD CCOONNSSTTRRUUCCTTIIOONN

The productivity volume index is usually calculated as the
ratio of the production volume index and the number of
employed person index except for Cyprus and Poland.  

constant  1995  prices  and  the  number  of  persons
employed. For Poland, data refer to industrial sales per
one employee. 

For Cyprus, figures refer to the ratio of value added at 

9.5. Industrial productivity volume indices

9.6. Industrial producer price indices

Previous  year  =  100.0

Previous  year  =  100.0

1995

1996

1997         1998          1999

1995

1996

1997         1998          1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

:

103.4

110.6

108.4

110.9

100.9

117.3

:

109.3

113.7

:

106.3

110.1

:

102.8

108.5

105.8

109.4

103.8

111.1

:

110.1

111.1

:

109.2

103.8

:

103.7

106.2

115.4

113.6

112.6

113.3

:

112.0

96.9

:

104.4

106.6

:

104.2

102.8

102.2

111.9

103.9

114.4

:

105.5

92.6

:

105.4

100.0

:

102.9

101.3

P

105.3

109.8

105.7

94.1

:

109.2

:

107.3

103.1

105.2

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

:

103.2

107.6

125.6

128.9

111.9

128.3

:

125.4

135.1

109.0

112.8

:

233.4

102.7

104.8

114.8

121.8

113.7

117.2

:

112.4

149.9

104.1

106.8

:

1071.1

102.3

104.9

108.8

120.4

104.1

104.2

:

112.2

252.7

104.5

106.1

:

116.6

101.5

104.9

104.2

111.3

101.9

93.3

:

107.3

133.2

103.3

106.0

:

103.1

101.9

101.0

98.8

105.1

96.0

103.1

:

105.7

142.2

103.8

102.1

:

9

Fig. 9.b. Industrial producer price indices, % change over previous year

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

PL

RO

SK

SI

1998

1999

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

-5

-10

114

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

IINNDDUUSSTTRRYY AANNDD CCOONNSSTTRRUUCCTTIIOONN

STEEL INDUSTRY

9.7. Employment in steel industry

9.8. Production of steel

Number  of  persons  employed

1995

1996

1997                  1998                    1999

1995

1996

1997         1998          1999

Production  of  crude  steel  in 1 000 tonnes

26 940

28 102

27 936

26 546

24 525

BG 

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

:

:

:

:

:

(1)

38 013

37 353

51 528

48 718

42 304

:

:

:

:

:

13 366

16 933

14 909

12 575

8 382

2 403

2 124

2 384

2 432

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

80 233

83 681

77 713

71 362

63 792

(2)

RO  146 907

148 878

145 449

129 459

107 464

SK

SI

(3)

TR 

:

:

:

:

:

4 542

4 355

4 195

3 911

3 450

33 268

33 597

34 134

34 051

33 554

(1) Data for 1995–96: enterprises with 100 or more employees. Data for
1997–99: enterprises with 20 or more employees.
(2) Metallurgic industry (NACE 27).
(3) ISIC.Rev.3 — 27.

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

7 184

6 509

6 750

6 498

5 616

2

1 865

279

1

:

3

2 060

293

1

:

3

1 819

465

1

:

11 890

10 433

11 591

6 557

6 083

6 675

:

407

:

328

:

368

2

1 940

471

1

:

9 916

6 336

:

458

1

1 920

484

0

:

8 759

4 392

:

445

12 798

13 382

13 631

13 351

13 807

Production  of  steel  products  in 1 000 tonnes

91

:

:

:

2 242

285

14

:

6 497

4 959

:

423

:

91

:

:

:

2 535

299

13

:

6 944

4 479

:

292

:

68

:

:

:

2 593

441

10

:

7 356

4 806

:

382

:

16

:

:

:

2 674

513

9

:

6 660

4 391

:

398

:

66

:

:

:

2 551

518

21

:

6 257

3 379

:

489

:

9

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT 

MT

PL 

RO

SK 

SI 

TR

(1)
BG 

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT 

MT

PL 

RO

SK 

SI 

TR

(2)

(1) Steel products data include only steel tubes.
(2) Steel products data include only hot-rolled products.

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

115

IINNDDUUSSTTRRYY AANNDD CCOONNSSTTRRUUCCTTIIOONN

CONSTRUCTION

Construction-installation  activity  of  corporations  classi-
fied  to  construction  (according  to  the  NACE  Rev.  1 
classification section F).

9.9.  Construction  production  volume
indices

9.10. Construction cost indices

Change  in  %  over  the  previous  year

Previous  year  =  100.0

1995

1996

1997         1998          1999

1995

1996

1997         1998          1999

(1)

BG 

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

(2)

MT 

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

5.8

-0.8

8.5

6.2

-17.6

18.2

-1.0

43.3

15.0

13.2

2.9

:

:

-14.0

1.2

5.3

13.8

2.7

5.3

-7.2

55.5

7.8

3.7

4.4

13.2

:

-4.4

-3.3

-3.9

14.3

8.1

8.2

17.9

43.3

19.4

-0.2

0.7

-7.0

23.4

13.1

16.5

22.6

32.7

11.6

-24.4

P
-18.0 

9.2

7.7

:

-3.5

4.6

:

8.0

-0.3

-6.5

-13.4

8.3

7.8

-9.9

:

3.2

P
-12.2 

-25.8

14.4

:

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

(1)

MT 

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

:

104.2

110.6

136.0

126.6

140.0

125.4

102.1

121.9

143.8

112.0

117.8

168.4

:

103.6

111.3

118.8

124.8

108.0

116.8

102.8

119.2

153.0

115.0

106.9

176.8

:

103.6

111.3

110.1

119.9

107.9

109.8

P

102.7 

114.2

219.4

109.7

110.5

190.0

:

102.1

109.3

107.7

110.7

111.0

105.5

*

102.3 

112.9

151.6

108.9

105.0

174.0

:

102.6

104.8

102.0

110.3

104.4

102.2

:

108.6

144.8

111.0

103.4

156.0

(1) Since 1996 – according to the new national industrial classification (NCEA),
based on NACE, Rev.1.
(2) ISIC Rev.2.

(1) ISIC Rev.2.

9

Fig. 9.c. Construction production volume indices, % change over previous year

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

PL

RO

SK

SI

1997

1998

1999

25

20

15

10

5

0

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25

-30

116

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

IINNDDUUSSTTRRYY AANNDD CCOONNSSTTRRUUCCTTIIOONN

DWELLING CONSTRUCTION

9.11. Number of dwellings completed 

Total  number

Per  1  000  inhabitants

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

6 815

6 891

8 099

7 157

7 452

7 148

4 942

6 599

9 824

6 327

13 286

14 037

15 904

21 245

22 299

1 149

935

1 003

882

785

24 718

28 257

28 130

20 323

21 583

1 776

5 600

4 619

67 072

35 822

6 157

5 715

1 483

5 624

4 227

62 130

29 460

6 257

6 228

1 480

5 562

3 484

73 706

29 921

7 172

6 085

1 351

4 176

4 205

80 594

29 692

8 234

6 518

1 063

4 364

:

82 000

*

*
29 200 

10 800 

*

:

248 946

267 306

277 056

238 958

215 613

0.8

10.7

1.3

0.8

2.4

0.7

1.5

1.0

11.0

1.4

0.6

2.8

0.6

1.5

12.4

11.3

1.7

1.6

1.1

2.9

4.1

1.6

1.3

1.2

3.1

4.3

0.9

10.9

1.7

0.7

2.8

0.6

1.5

9.3

1.9

1.3

1.3

3.1

4.4

0.6

10.0

2.2

0.6

2.0

0.6

1.1

11.1

2.1

1.3

1.5

3.3

3.8

1.2

9.5

2.3

0.5

1.9

0.4

1.2

:

2.1

1.3

2.0

:

3.4

9

9.12.  Average  useful  floor  space  of  a
completed dwelling

2
m

1995

86.0

153.0

96.2

91.0

99.2

123.1

101.0

:

89.6

72.9

111.2

105.4

116.0

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

1996

1997          1998         1999

82.0

160.0

96.2

111.0

96.9

145.4

112.2

:

92.1

77.3

109.1

105.7

118.1

87.0

161.0

103.0

121.0

95.4

153.9

109.2

:

93.3

82.9

105.5

105.4

120.6

85.0

157.0

104.3

113.0

96.9

166.3

119.8

:

93.4

88.1

121.3

106.0

124.5

85.0

162.0

107.0

111.0

99.5

188.7

120.7

:

87.3

90.8

133.0

:

125.5

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

117

Chapter 10

RETAIL TRADE AND
TOURISM

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

119

RREETTAAIILL TTRRAADDEE AANNDD TTOOUURRIISSMM

RETAIL TRADE

10.1. Retail trade turnover indices

Previous  year  =  100.0

1995

:

108.1

106.5

112.9

91.4

99.6

1996

92.4

101.7

112.1

106.2

95.1

89.1

107.6

106.1

:

109.8

:

102.0

104.3

368.5

:

107.5

115.3

107.0

107.3

825.7

1997          1998         1999

69.7

98.9

99.6

112.0

98.4

121.5

112.5

:

120.0

87.9

104.8

105.4

1965.2

117.6

106.2

92.7

106.0

112.3

126.5

109.7

:

110.8

104.1

108.6

101.9

:

123.0

99.8

103.0

104.3

107.7

112.0

95.0

:

116.0

95.5

109.8

102.9

:

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

Methodological note

Bulgaria:
Data  refer  to  trade  enterprises  from  group  52  (NACE
Rev.  1),  excluding  group  52.7.  Turnover  comprises  the
totals invoiced by the observation unit during reference
period.

Cyprus:
Value  and  volume  indices  of  retail  sales  are  compiled
from data collected in a monthly survey covering a sam-
ple  of  retailers  in  the  major  urban  areas.  Separate
indices are compiled for ten commodity categories that
are considered representative of consumer demand. The
volume  indices  are  obtained  by  deflating  the  value
indices of the various categories by suitable retail price
indices. The weights allocated to the various commodity
categories  are  proportional  to  their  total  retail  sales
value  in  1995,  as  derived  from  the  Distributive  Trades
Survey of 1995.

Czech  Republic:
Retail  sales  (excluding  VAT)  of  retail  trade  (NACE  52)
and motor trade (NACE 50) enterprises.

Estonia:
Enterprises whose main activity corresponds to NACE 50
and 52.

Hungary:  
The monthly observation of retail trade refers to all retail 

outlets irrespective of the main activity of the enterprise 
and  it  consists  of  the  returns  of  the  outlets  from  retail
trade activity. Retail outlets belong to one of the follow-
ing  activities  of  NACE  Rev.1:  50.1,  50.3,  50.4,  50.5,
51.1–52.6.

Latvia:
Retail  trade  turnover  is  collected  from  all  enterprises
whose  main  or  secondary  activity  is  retail  trade,  i.e.,
NACE 50 (excluding 50.2) and 52 (excluding 52.7).

Lithuania:
Retail turnover of goods in trading enterprises irrespec-
tive  of  their  ownership  and  main  activity  type  (public
catering excluded). 

Poland:
The sales of consumer and non-consumer commodities
carried  by  retail  sales  outlets,  catering  establishments
and other sales outlets (i.e., warehouses, stock houses)
in  quantities  including  purchases  to  meet  the  needs  of
individual customers. The value of retail sales is the sum
of the sales realised by commercial and non-commercial
entities. Data cover entities with more than 5 employees.

Romania:
Until  1997,  the  volume  indices  are  computed  for
incomes coming from retail trade activity, i.e., NACE 50
(excluding repair and wholesale of motor vehicles) and
NACE 52 (excluding group 52.7), and referring to enter-
prises with retail trade as main or secondary activity. 

Beginning with 1997, the indices are calculated based
on the data supplied by a special monthly survey in the
enterprises  with  retail  trade  as  main  activity,  NACE  50
and 52. The volume indices for 1996 and 1997 are cal-
culated on the basis of data supplied by the yearly struc-
tural  survey  in  enterprises.  The  quarterly  indices  and
indices for 1998 are obtained from the monthly survey
in enterprises whose main activity corresponds to NACE
50 and 52.

Slovakia:
NACE 50, 52, 55 and 63.3 activities. Indices are in con-
stant prices, using December 1995 as a base.

Slovenia:
Until 1997, data are the result of the quarterly survey on
retailing  irrespective  of  the  main  activity.  Since  1997,
data are obtained from the monthly survey of enterpris-
es whose main activity is retail trade (NACE Rev. 1: 52.1,
52.2, 52.3, 52.4, 52.5, 52.61, 52.63) including sale of
motor  vehicles  (NACE  Rev.  1:  50).  Indices  at  current
prices are deflated with appropriate retail price indices.

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

121

10

RREETTAAIILL TTRRAADDEE AANNDD TTOOUURRIISSMM

TOURISM

Tourism is defined as the activities of persons travelling
to and staying in places outside their usual environment
for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, busi-
ness and other purposes.

Hotels  and  similar  establishments  are  typified  as  being
arranged  in  rooms,  in  number  exceeding  a  specified
minimum; as coming under a common management; as
providing  certain  services  including  room  service,  daily
bed-making  and  cleaning  of  sanitary  facilities;  as
grouped in classes and categories according to the facil-
ities and services provided; and as not falling in the cat-
egory  of  specialised  establishments.  Data  concerning
hotels comprise hotels, apartment hotels, motels, road-
side  inns,  beach  hotels,  residential  clubs  and  similar
establishments  providing  hotel  services  including  more
than  daily  bed-making  and  cleaning  of  the  room  and
sanitary facilities.

Similar establishments comprise rooming and boarding
houses,  tourist  residences  and  similar  accommodation
arranged in rooms and providing limited hotel services
including  daily  bed-making  and  cleaning  of  the  room
and  sanitary  facilities.  This  group  also  includes  guest-
houses, bed and breakfast and farmhouse accommoda-
tion.

Fig.  10.a.  Number  of  bed  places  in  hotels
per 1 000 inhabitants, 1999

125

100

75

50

25

0

CY

CZMT

SI

BGHU

EE

ROSK

LV

TR

LT

PL

10.2.  Number  of  hotels  and  similar
establishments

10.3. Number of bed places in hotels

Establishments

Bed  places

10

1995

1996

1997         1998          1999

1995

1996

1997          1998         1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

526

537

1 387

160

1 501

135

143

260

1 068

2 294

447

307

523

574

2 737

174

1 687

151

173

257

1 247

2 362

476

398

477

568

3 509

200

1 739

152

182

263

1 397

2 446

397

404

513

580

3 669

237

1 817

148

201

251

1 576

2 535

543

402

518

579

(1)
3 614 

329

1 851

150

221

246

1 535

2 660

570

398

1 767

1 840

1 910

1 929

1 895

BG 118 112

107 111

99 953

112 002

100 663

CY

CZ

EE

77 133

83 537

83 288

85 161

117 198

167 058

195 733

202 957

83 347

(1)
203 819 

10 576

10 826

11 320

13 668

16 034

HU 119 109

127 650

133 362

136 413

144 600

LV

LT

MT

PL

13 376

12 388

9 765

9 897

37 308

38 152

14 609

10 307

39 434

13 613

11 714

38 932

12 453

11 553

40 919

93 309

102 272

111 316

120 589

120 285

RO 205 668

204 374

204 124

204 499

202 867

SK

SI

TR

39 281

30 755

41 700

32 666

37 782

30 814

48 887

30 677

50 199

29 541

274 078

294 590

307 131

306 990

315 932

(1) As of 31 July.

(1) As of 31 July.

A bedroom is the unit formed by one room or groups of
rooms  constituting  an  indivisible  whole  rental  in  an
accommodation establishment or dwelling.

122

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

RREETTAAIILL TTRRAADDEE AANNDD TTOOUURRIISSMM

The  number  of  bed  places  in  an  establishment  or
dwelling  is  determined  by  the  number  of  persons  who
can stay overnight in the beds set up in the establishment
(dwelling), ignoring any extra beds that may be set up by
customer request.

The net occupancy rate of bed places in one month is
obtained by dividing total overnight stays by the product
of the bed places on offer and the number of days when
the bed places are actually available for use (net of sea-
sonal closures and other temporary closures for decora-
tion, by police order, etc.) for the same group of estab-
lishments, multiplying the quotient by 100 to express the
result as a percentage.

The formula is:    NORB = (P/Gd) x 100 where P is the
number  of  registered  overnight  stays  during  the  month
(year) and Gd is the number of bed days actually avail-
able for use during the month (year). The rates are gen-
erally calculated to one decimal point.

10

10.4. Average net rate of utilisation of bed
places

In  %

1995

1996

1997          1998         1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

36.6

60.3

32.0

29.0

45.4

:

23.1

:

43.2

46.4

31.9

33.4

:

34.8

54.7

35.6

31.0

47.2

:

23.3

:

35.8

41.9

38.7

31.6

:

33.2

53.9

34.7

34.0

47.7

24.5

26.3

:

40.2

38.7

32.3

35.8

:

32.4

57.3

32.9

34.0

42.7

25.8

27.2

:

39.3

38.2

32.3

36.0

:

29.7

:

33.6

35.0

41.0

29.6

24.6

:

(1)
38.6 

37.1

31.9

35.9

:

(1) From January to September 1999.

Fig. 10.b. Average net rate of utilisation of
bed places in %, 1999

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

CY

HU

PL

RO

SI

EE

CZ

SK

BG

LV

LT

CY: 1998.

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

123

RREETTAAIILL TTRRAADDEE AANNDD TTOOUURRIISSMM

Collective tourist accommodation refers, in this publica-
tion, to hotels and similar establishments and other col-
lective  accommodation  establishments.  The  latter
include  holiday  dwellings,  tourist  campsites  and  other
collective  accommodation,  e.g.,  youth  hostels  and
group accommodation. 

A  night  spent  (or  overnight  stay)  is  each  night  that  a
guest  actually  spends  (sleeps  or  stays)  or  is  registered
(his/her physical presence there being unnecessary) in a
collective  accommodation  establishment  or  in  private
tourism accommodation.

Overnight stays are calculated by country of residence of
the guest and by month. Normally the date of arrival is
different from the date of departure but persons arriving
after midnight and leaving on the same day are includ-
ed in overnight stays. A person should not be registered
in two accommodations at the same time. The overnight
stays of non-tourists (e.g., refugees) should be excluded,
if possible.

10.5. Number of nights spent in collective tourist accommodation

Total  nights  spent
In 1 000

Nights  spent  by  non-rresidents
In 1 000

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

10

9 987

14 566

24 108

933

9 678

13 210

36 278

985

8 501

13 710

41 349

1 168

8 635

15 039

44 054

1 339

7 450

:

42 349

1 484

5 438

14 201

10 275

608

5 922

12 705

13 641

693

5 476

13 161

14 932

835

5 197

14 444

16 218

926

14 858

15 843

16 402

16 916

17 327

9 334

10 104

10 229

10 138

1 403

2 086

:

42 726

24 111

6 402

5 681

1 344

1 777

:

43 166

21 837

8 592

5 651

1 506

1 784

:

51 460

19 612

8 221

6 181

1 441

2 061

:

56 344

19 183

10 329

6 095

1 434

1 937

:

54 484

17 670

10 863

5 870

668

504

697

576

763

616

733

713

10 919

10 665

10 939

11 326

11 658

5 523

2 381

3 024

2 321

5 595

2 289

3 253

2 437

7 580

2 506

2 791

2 945

7 333

2 206

3 256

2 934

6 934

1 980

3 484

2 627

31 891

41 523

51 108

45 946

37 217

22 239

30 087

36 167

30 432

20 434 

4 382

:

16 125

1 045

9 943

724

675

10.6. Number of nights spent in collective tourist accommodation by residents

In  1  000

In  %

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

4 549

365

3 756

505

3 025

549

3 438

595

3 068

:

13 833

22 637

26 417

27 836

26 224

325

5 524

735

1 582

:

37 203

21 730

3 378

3 360

9 652

292

5 739

647

1 202

:

37 571

19 548

5 339

3 214

333

6 173

744

1 168

:

43 880

17 106

5 430

3 236

413

6 778

708

1 348

:

49 011

16 977

7 073

3 161

439

7 384

710

1 262

:

47 550

15 690

7 379

3 243

11 436

14 941

15 513

16 782

45.5

2.5

57.4

34.8

37.2

52.4

75.8

:

87.1

90.1

52.8

59.1

30.3

38.8

3.8

62.4

29.6

36.2

48.1

67.6

:

87.0

89.5

62.1

56.9

27.5

35.6

4.0

63.9

28.5

37.6

49.4

65.5

:

85.3

87.2

66.1

52.4

29.2

39.8

4.0

63.2

30.8

40.1

49.1

65.4

:

87.0

88.5

68.5

51.9

33.8

41.2

:

61.9

29.6

42.6

49.5

65.2

:

87.3

88.8

67.9

55.2

45.1

124

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

RREETTAAIILL TTRRAADDEE AANNDD TTOOUURRIISSMM

10.7. Share of total nights spent in collective tourist accommodation by non-residents

Total  
In %

Of  which  EU-115  residents  
In %

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

54.5

97.5

42.6

65.2

62.8

47.6

24.2

:

12.9

9.9

47.2

40.9

69.7

61.2

96.2

37.6

70.4

63.8

51.9

32.4

:

13.0

10.5

37.9

43.1

72.5

64.4

96.0

36.1

71.5

62.4

50.7

34.5

:

14.7

12.8

33.9

47.6

70.8

60.2

96.0

36.8

69.2

59.9

50.9

34.6

:

13.0

11.5

31.5

48.1

66.2

58.8

:

38.1

70.4

57.4

50.5

34.8

:

12.7

11.2

32.1

44.8

54.9

64.0

:

:

69.9

:

:

:

88.4

:

52.4

:

68.7

:

53.0

:

69.7

76.2

:

32.9

:

82.6

:

47.6

:

71.2

:

54.0

:

67.1

78.6

:

33.2

:

84.5

:

49.9

38.3

73.9

:

59.0

:

64.0

78.9

:

39.2

42.8

83.2

:

52.8

36.2

68.7

:

75.0

:

66.1

81.6

71.6

42.7

43.9

:

:

54.7

33.8

70.1

:

Fig.  10.c.  Share  of  EU-15  residents  in
nights spent by non-residents, in %, 1999

100

75

50

25

0

BG CZ EE HU LV LT MT RO SK SI

MT: 1998.

Fig.  10.d.  Nights  spent  by  residents  and
non-residents,  in  %  of  total  nights  spent,
1999

10

Residents

Non-residents

0

25

50

75

100

RO

PL

SK

LT

CZ

SI

LV

TR

HU

BG

EE

CY

CY: 1998.

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

125

RREETTAAIILL TTRRAADDEE AANNDD TTOOUURRIISSMM

INTERNATIONAL VISITOR FLOW

10.8.  Arrivals  at  the  borders:  visitors  and
tourists

Visitors  in 1 000

1995

1996

1997          1998         1999

5 284

2 253

4 619

2 089

5 207

2 194

3 266

2 357

5 056

2 578

98 061

109 405

107 884

102 844

100 832

2 111

2 435

2 618

2 919

3 181

39 240

39 833

37 315

33 624

28 803

1 633

2 055

1 234

1 750

3 499

1 293

1 842

3 702

1 361

1 788

4 287

1 229

1 738

4 454

1 240

82 244

87 439

87 817

88 592

89 118

5 445

5 205

5 149

4 831

5 224

27 301

33 113

31 742

32 735

30 757

3 184

7 727

3 594

8 537

3 828

9 713

3 297

9 431

3 000

7 487

Tourists  in 1 000

1995

1996

1997          1998         1999

2 721

2 100

:

530

2 192

1 950

4 558

665

2 336

2 088

4 976

730

20 690

20 674

17 248

523

:

1 054

:

:

903

732

560

832

1 111

4 088

762 

951

832

625

1 012

1 182

3 923

833 

814

974

1 974

2 223

5 482

825

(1)

2 871

567

1 416

1 214

3 562

810 

896

977

2 490

2 434

5 610

950

(1)
2 789 

490

1 422

1 215

3 178

795 

975

884

7 083

7 888

9 063

8 638

6 893

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

(1)

RO

SK

SI

TR

(1) Data refer to collective accomodation establishments only.

10

A visitor is defined as a person travelling to a place other
than that of his/her usual environment for less than 12
months and whose main purpose of trip is other than the
exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place
visited.

Visitors  (domestic/international)  comprise  tourists,  who
are defined as visitors staying at least one night in a col-
lective or private accommodation in the place or coun-
try visited.

An arrival (departure) is defined as a person who arrives
at (leaves) a collective accommodation establishment or
at a private tourism accommodation and checks in (out).

Fig.  10.e.  Tourists  as  a  percentage  of 
visitors, 1999

BG

100

TR

CY

80

60

40

20

0

SI

SK

RO

CZ

EE

HU

PL

LV

MT

LT

126

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

10.9. Balance of payments (travel item)

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

4 682

5 709

7 481

6 118

BG

CY 

(1)

111

252

155

288

1 249

2 327

Credit  in Mio euro

303

1 323

3 210

382

1 782

169

249

500

325

1 462

3 220

420

2 301

170

317

571

392

1 538

3 304

477

2 242

163

410

585

2 488

2 028

3 827

232

436

998

417

530

969

464

481

1 048

8 110

Debit  in Mio euro

(1)
875 

1 790

2 847 
(1)
662 

2 322

111

:

637

2 978

236

432

940

195

340

2 101

107

1 021

287

245

168

520

601

387

480

198

366

1 660

119

1 077

273

261

172

689

409

423

513

495 

404

(1)
1 383 

239 

793

252

(1)

:

188

806

371

319

554

80

756

294

209

172

459

525

380

428

1 278

1 988

1 828

1 730

Balance  in Mio euro

148

1 035

884

303

1 026

-125

39

327

2 029

-108

150

542

130

1 122

1 119

313

1 280

-118

73

403

1 508

-137

94

568

193

1 173

1 644

359

1 165

-110

149

413

3 138

-177

13

484

381

1 386

1 464

423

1 529

-141

:

449

2 172

-134

114

386

121

1 374

2 199

272

1 336

15

59

505

1 763

451

474

828

(1)

BG

CY 

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

(1)

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

69

802

19

81

163

314

533

253

401

860

10

1 122

950

203

534

-4

-22

341

1 450

-82

222

427

3 822

4 431

6 123

5 653

4 388

(1) Data are from national sources.

RREETTAAIILL TTRRAADDEE AANNDD TTOOUURRIISSMM

The  balance  of  payments  is  defined  as  the  record  of
countries'  international  transactions  with  the  rest  of  the
world (transactions, for the most part, between residents
and non-residents). Data in the table below mainly focus
on  transactions  concerning  travel.  Travel  covers  goods
and services acquired from an economy by non-resident
travellers during their stay on the territory of that econo-
my and for their own use.

Methodological note

Czech  Republic:
Since 1996, the surveys are based on the use of a spe-
cific register of accommodation establishments.
Change in methodology: Until 1996, the table lists only
data  from  submitted  and  processed  questionnaires.
Since  1997,  estimated  totals  are  included,  which  are
aggregates of processed data from submitted question-
naires and estimates of data for accommodation estab-
lishments that failed to submit completed questionnaires
or were not included in the sample.

Lithuania:
Data  for  other  collective  accommodation  establish-
ments: exclude sanatoriums.

Poland:
Total of other collective accommodation establishments:
Data include private rooms. 
Until 1998, Polish statistics of rented rooms also include
collective  accommodation  establishments  that  do  not
fulfil the standards (e.g., hotels with less then 10 rooms
were treated as rented rooms).
Hotels:  Comprise  hotels,  apartment  hotels  providing
hotel services including more than daily bed-making and
cleaning of the room and sanitary facilities.
Similar  establishments:  Comprise  motels  and  boarding
houses  providing  limited  hotel  services  including  daily
bed-making and cleaning of the room and sanitary facil-
ities.
Other  collective  establishments  and  Specialised  estab-
lishments: Any establishment, intended for tourists, which
may  be  non-profit  making,  coming  under  a  common
management, providing minimum common services (not
including  daily  bed-making)  and  not  necessarily  being
arranged  in  rooms  but  perhaps  in  dwelling-type  units,
campsites  or  collective  dormitories  excursion  hostels,
shelters,  youth  hostels,  holiday  centres,  training  recre-
ational centres, creative arts centres, public tourist cot-
tages, etc. (often engaging in some activity besides the
provision of accommodation, such as health care).

Romania:
Total of other collective accommodation establishments:
Data include campsites and houselet type units, bunga-
lows, school and pre-school camps, ships' accommoda-
tion spaces.

10

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

127

Chapter 11

TRANSPORT AND
TELECOMMUNICATION

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

129

TTRRAANNSSPPOORRTT AANNDD TTEELLEECCOOMMMMUUNNIICCAATTIIOONN

INFRASTRUCTURE

Fig.  11.a.  Increase/decrease  of  transport
infrastructure in the past 5 years 
(length in 1999 in % change over 1995)

Length of motorways

Length of railways (lines in operation)

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LT

PL

-5

-5

-5

3

6

9

RO

-3

SK

SI

TR

2

LV, MT: No motorways.
CY, MT: No railways.

29

21

36

34

49

36

40

11

11.1. Length of motorways

Length  of  motorways

In kilometres

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI 

TR

314

168

414

64

335

.

394

.

246

113

198

293

314

194

423

66

365

.

404

.

258

113

215

310

314

199

485

68

381

.

410

.

264

113

219

330

319

204

499

74

448

.

417

.

268

113

288

369

324

216

499

87

448

.

417

.

268

113

295

399

1 246

1 405

1 528

1 726

1 749

11.2. Length of railways

Length  of  railways  (lines  in  operation)

In kilometres

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI 

TR

4 293

4 293

4 292

4 290

4 290

.

9 430

1 021

7 632

2 413

2 002

.

23 986

11 376

3 665

1 201

8 549

.

9 430

1 020

7 619

2 413

1 997

.

23 420

11 385

3 673

1 201

8 607

.

9 430

1 018

7 593

2 413

1 997

.

23 328

11 380

3 673

1 201

8 607

.

9 430

968

7 642

2 413

1 997

.

23 210

11 010

3 665

1 201

8 607

.

9 444

968

7 642

2 413

1 905

.

22 891

10 981

3 665

1 201

8 682

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

131

TTRRAANNSSPPOORRTT AANNDD TTEELLEECCOOMMMMUUNNIICCAATTIIOONN

Fig. 11.b. Motorway and railway density (length in km per 1 000 km

2
), 1999

Motorways

Railways

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

11.3. Length of inland waterways and pipelines

11

Length  of  inland  waterways
In kilometres

Length  of  pipelines
In kilometres

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI 

TR

470

.

677

320

470

.

677

320

470

.

677

320

470

.

664

320

470

.

664

320

1 373

1 373

1 373

1 373

1 373

.

369

.

3 980

1 779

172

.

.

.

369

.

3 812

1 779

172

.

.

.

369

.

3 812

1 779

172

.

.

.

369

.

3 812

1 779

172

.

.

.

369

.

3 813

1 779

172

.

.

578

.

581

.

847

437

400

.

578

.

736

.

847

437

399

.

578

.

736

.

848

437

399

.

578

.

736

.

848

437

399

.

578

. 

736

.

848

437

500

.

2 278

3 546

2 278

3 546

2 278

4 629

2 278

4 629

2 278

4 423

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

1 126

2 112

2 112

2 112

2 112

132

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

TTRRAANNSSPPOORRTT AANNDD TTEELLEECCOOMMMMUUNNIICCAATTIIOONN

Fig.  11.c.  Number  of  major  ports  and
airports (ports > 1 million tonnes per year
and  airports  >  100  000  passenger
movements per year)

Ports 

Commercial airports 

0

5

10

15

BG

CY

CZ

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI 

TR

11

11.4. Number of major ports

Ports  

(handling > 1 million tonnes per year)

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

4

2

.

1

.

3

1

3

5

2

.

1

4

2

.

2

.

3

1

3

5

2

.

1

4

2

.

2

.

3

1

3

5

2

.

1

4

2

.

3

.

3

1

3

5

2

.

1

4

2

.

3

.

3

1

3

5

2

.

1

15

15

17

15

14

BG

CY

CZ

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI 

TR

11.5. Number of major airports

Commercial  airports  

(with >100 000 passenger movements per year)

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

3

2

3

1

1

1

1

1

4

3

1

1

3

2

3

1

1

1

1

1

5

3

1

1

3

2

3

1

1

1

1

1

6

3

1

1

3

2

3

1

1

1

1

1

6

3

1

1

3

2

3

1

1

1

1

1

6

3

1

1

11

11

13

13

14

BG

CY

CZ

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI 

TR

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

133

TTRRAANNSSPPOORRTT AANNDD TTEELLEECCOOMMMMUUNNIICCAATTIIOONN

TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT

11.6. Number of passenger cars and first registrations

Passenger  cars
In 1 000

First  registrations  during  the  year
In 1 000

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI 

TR

1 647.6

1 707.0

1 730.5

1 809.4

1 908.4

219.7

226.8

235.0

249.2

257.0

3 043.3

3 192.5

3 391.5

3 493.0

3 439.7

383.4

406.6

427.7

451.0

458.7

2 245.4

2 264.2

2 297.1

2 218.0

2 255.5

331.8

718.5

180.9

379.9

785.1

166.2

431.8

882.1

183.8

482.7

980.9

191.8

525.6

1 089.3

194.5

7 517.3

8 054.4

8 533.4

8 890.8

9 282.8

2 197.5

2 391.9

2 605.5

2 822.3

2 890.0

1 015.8

1 058.4

1 135.9

1 196.1

1 236.4

709.6

740.9

778.3

813.4

848.3

3 058.5

3 274.2

3 570.1

3 838.3

4 072.3

56.7

17.9

:

44.5

127.8

49.3

154.9

11.4

450.8

177.5

:

63.5

200.7

69.5

20.4

:

35.6

103.5

52.1

122.1

11.5

627.3

194.4

107.6

61.7

219.2

28.2

20.3

:

35.3

85.4

71.6

173.1

10.1

722.2

231.6

85.6

64.2

70.8

24.9

:

32.6

112.7

57.4

147.1

10.8

557.8

216.8

76.0

70.9

103.5

20.1

:

24.2

P

139.5

45.9

142.1

11.8

599.3

157.8

58.2

81.8

299.1

271.8

238.1

Fig.  11.d.  Motorisation  rate:  Number  of
passenger cars per 1 000 inhabitants 

Fig. 11.e. Number of first registrations of 
passenger  cars  per  1  000  inhabitants
(yearly average 1995–99)

1995

1999

11

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

40

30

20

10

0

MT SI  CY CZ EE  LT PL SK  HU BG LV RO TR

LT SI CY MT EE LV PL SK HU RO BG TR

134

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

TTRRAANNSSPPOORRTT AANNDD TTEELLEECCOOMMMMUUNNIICCAATTIIOONN

11.7. Number of vehicles and first registrations

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Motor  coaches,  buses  and  trolley  buses

First  registrations  during  the  year

41 839

41 642

41 202

42 264

42 721

2 670

2 801

2 800

2 754

2 835

19 756

20 489

20 755

19 960

18 981

7 152

20 509

16 813

17 584

1 014

85 101

42 047

12 053

2 467

6 846

19 378

17 603

16 026

967

85 325

43 225

11 582

2 408

6 602

18 887

18 877

15 435

1 077

81 541

44 063

11 485

2 372

6 448

18 792

11 829

15 679

1 117

80 591

45 546

11 515

2 327

6 336

17 988

11 870

16 090

1 133

78 717

47 305

11 335

2 319

1 316

200

:

492

772

1 341

1 850

:

2 332

2 051

277

82

1 087

233

:

474

715

1 257

1 284

39

2 526

1 208

256

79

384

120

:

380

811

2 021

1 679

67

2 425

810

188

126

866

142

:

441

636

655

1 066

49

2 259

1 483

319

147

1 173

145

:

445

P
853 

783

621

41

2 512

1 759

139

152

263 248

277 672

28 953

319 856

333 869

10 712

15 962

23 271

22 599

15 678

Lorries   in 1 000

First  registrations  during  the  year in 1 000        

243.9

100.3

202.9

65.6

292.1

60.8

101.4

40.8

248.1

103.1

225.5

71.3

303.1

64.5

81.3

38.4

251.0

107.7

246.6

76.6

315.2

67.5

84.7

46.3

262.0

103.1

260.3

80.6

312.3

75.0

89.9

48.4

271.5

110.1

268.3

81.0

322.1

80.1

86.8

50.0

1 298.7

1 370.9

1 421.5

1 484.6

1 597.9

317.9

148.4

39.4

719.2

339.2

142.5

41.8

776.1

356.3

148.5

44.2

883.4

380.3

154.8

45.8

410.2

157.7

47.9

997.2

1 071.9

7.9

9.7

:

4.5

30.5

3.0

10.3

3.8

64.2

20.6

:

3.7

33.5

9.3

8.1

:

4.1

25.7

2.2

7.5

4.3

75.2

21.7

6.9

3.7

60.3

4.1

6.2

:

5.5

22.4

3.5

12.0

4.3

79.4

:

8.0

3.5

9.4

7.3

:

5.0

27.6

4.8

12.1

2.8

103.9

24.0

9.0

3.6

110.6

116.2

Road  tractors

First  registrations  during  the  year

19 920

21 982

21 806

21 320

21 399

1 045

2 727

919

16 382

29 600

32 613

7 899

7 469

:

56 244

25 190

1 306

3 326

955

17 482

30 200

29 118

8 431

7 992

:

61 343

26 217

:

3 608

956

1 203

1 011

18 751

31 100

27 029

9 308

8 939

:

66 857

27 195

600

3 765

20 035

21 151

:

24 589

9 988

9 588

:

79 212

29 820

1 721

3 911

:

23 559

10 108

9 752

:

86 290

32 001

2 306

4 074

27 774

30 193

33 285

36 601

37 471

88

:

852

1 282

:

778

:

54

:

818

1 336

449

776

:

599

91

:

1 320

1 927

898

2 270

:

861

121

:

:

2 456

1 133

1 250

:

5 094

4 617

7 384

10 414

:

209

365

1 621

:

:

:

:

241

2 819

225

3 715

2 625

:

282

3 485

11

10.0

6.6

:

3.8

P

30.4

6.3

7.2

2.2

140.1

29.8

7.1

4.3

76.8

554

113

:

:

2 391
P
401

518

:

7 966

2 181

:

339

1 139

BG

CY

CZ

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI 

TR

BG

CY

CZ

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI 

TR

BG

CY

CZ

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI 

TR

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

135

TTRRAANNSSPPOORRTT AANNDD TTEELLEECCOOMMMMUUNNIICCAATTIIOONN

Fig. 11.f. Renewal rate of vehicles: Number of first registrations in % of total stock (yearly
average 1995–99)

Passenger cars

Motor coaches, buses and trolley buses

Lorries

20

15

10

5

0

BG

CY

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

11.8. Number of commercial aircraft (1) and ships (2)

11

Commercial  aircraft

Ships

1995          1996         1997          1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI 

TR

46

12

40

:

:

:

28

:

40

:

12

7

:

45

12

36

:

:

:

24

:

32

67

13

7

:

44

12

46

20

35

:

24

:

33

44

14

7

:

42

12

45

17

34

:

25

:

37

37

19

6

:

41

12

47

18

34

:

21

:

43

42

9

6

:

(1) Commercial aircraft, empty weight > 9 tonnes.
(2) Total (sea) fleet controlled with a DWT > 1 000 tonnes.

108

2 778

:

157

3

:

108

:

168

255

200

13

101

2 733

:

141

3

:

93

:

162

289

200

16

109

2 798

:

139

2

:

91

:

162

283

184

17

5 300

5 602

5 688

110

2 673

:

:

2

:

87

:

148

231

199

16

:

100

2 686

:

188

1

:

75

:

149

203

170

16

:

136

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

TTRRAANNSSPPOORRTT AANNDD TTEELLEECCOOMMMMUUNNIICCAATTIIOONN

FREIGHT TRANSPORT

11.9. Total and national freight

BG

CY

(1)

CZ 

(1)
EE   

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

HU

LV  

LT 

MT

PL 

RO 

SK  

SI 

TR

(1)

(1)

BG

CY

CZ

EE  

HU

LV

LT 

MT

PL

(1)

(1)

RO 

SK  

SI 

TR 

(2)

BG

CY

(1)

CZ 

EE  

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

(1)

(1)

RO 

(1)

SK 

SI 

TR

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Railways  —  total freight  in Mio tonne-km

Railways  —  national  freight    in Mio tonne-km

8 407

7 394

7 283

5 972

4 991

7 696

6 791

6 720

5 306

4 484

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

22 623

22 339

21 010

18 709

16 713

10 330

10 493

3 846

7 265

9 757

3 151

.

68 206

27 179

13 674

1 008

8 516

4 198

6 612

5 102

6 942

6 079

6 807

7 295

6 414

12 412

13 970

12 995

12 210

2 995

3 276

3 551

2 631

.

67 413

26 877

12 017

968

8 914

.

67 679

24 789

12 373

990

9 614

.

60 937

19 708

11 754

986

8 376

.

55 076

15 927

9 859

992

8 237

(1) Transit included in total.

482

2 553

558

825

.

49 715

20 866

3 920

232

8 288

792

2 534

461

850

.

51 530

20 900

3 283

248

8 685

.

9 796

800

2 377

479

1 036

.

51 410

19 228

3 276

212

9 331

.

8 243

737

2 340

453

1 370

.

44 589

14 449

3 097

210

7 973

.

7 117

820

2 313

381

1 091

.

42 390

11 463

2 421

222

7 951

Road  —  total freight  in Mio tonne-km

Road  —  national  freight  in Mio tonne-km

31 044

27 305

26 505

22 514

19 164

*

18 562

15 510

14 201

15 304

12 540

*

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

31 268

30 052

40 640

33 911

36 964

14 696

14 100

17 046 

(3)

17 931

16 930

1 549

13 794

*

1 897

2 773

3 791

3 975

14 325

*

14 856

*

18 178

18 225

1 834

4 689

:

50 398

19 748

5 158

1 589

2 208

3 494

:

55 461

19 807

15 850

1 540

2 920

3 878

:

62 590

21 750

15 350

1 596

3 365

4 247

:

68 450

15 785

17 914

1 712

3 541

5 740

:

69 792

13 456

18 516

1 646

449

9 993

*

:

:

2 714

2 097

:

40 062

17 420

897

251

:

42 204

17 058

905

232

442

510

538

734

9 425

*

9 442

*

11 744

*

12 014

1 189

1 692

:

43 728

18 398

705

255

1 498

1 742

:

1 590

1 614

:

46 845

47 199

10 526 

9 728

633

227

601

206

11

112 515

135 781

139 789

152 210

150 974

112 515

135 781

139 789

152 210

150 974

(1) Transit included in total.
(2) International freight not included in total.

(3) Break in series.

Inland  waterways  —  total freight  in Mio tonne-km

Inland  waterways  —  national  freight  in Mio tonne-km

526

.

1 348

0
*
1 211

:

18

.

856

3 107

1 468

.

.

505

.

1 115

0

600

.

783

0

563

.

915

0

1 285

*

1 307

*

1 468

:

7

.

838

3 774

1 598

.

.

:

9

.

921

4 326

1 519

.

.

:

14

.

1 055

4 203

1 305

.

.

(1) Transit included in total.

187

.

913

2

918

:

3

.

916

2 802

1 663

.

.

7

.

353

:

*

24

0

18

.

3

.

165

0

*
26 

0

7

.

3

.

28

0

*

19

0

9

.

1

.

15

0

33

:

14

.

1

.

28

2

30

:

3

.

219

1 915

226

1 706

290

2 375

386

2 234

259

2 008

2

.

.

1

.

.

0

.

.

0

.

.

0

.

.

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

137

TTRRAANNSSPPOORRTT AANNDD TTEELLEECCOOMMMMUUNNIICCAATTIIOONN

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Oil  pipelines  —  freight  total  in Mio tonne-km

Oil  pipelines  —  freight  national  in Mio tonne-km

BG

CY

CZ 

EE  

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI

TR

BG

CY

CZ  

(1)

(1)

EE

HU

LV 

LT 

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI 

TR

BG

CY

CZ 

EE 

HU

LV

LT 

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI 

TR

11

.

.

.

:

901

.

.

410

.

362

.

263

.

244

.

189

.

2 276

2 271

2 106

2 078

1 795

.

1 534

5 316

702

.

.

1 624

6 060

824

.

.

1 711

6 362

1 127

.

.

1 784

6 569

1 416

.

.

1 669

6055

1 120

.

410

362

263

244

189

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

179

172

161

144

144

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

13 493

15 326

14 971

18 448

19 417

2 938

2 662

2 296

2 258

1 636

3 157

769

3 958

804

4 259

707

4 853

699

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

3 193

3 988

21 030

39 711

43 478

3 193

3 297

3 272

2 875

3 195

Air  —  freight  total in 1 000 tonnes

Air  —  freight  national  in 1 000 tonnes

12

40

35

1

23

5

18

10

41

:

2

8

9

33

27

5

23

3

15

10

51

:

3

5

10

30

30

5

27

8

11

12

58

14

1

6

10

36

34

5

31

7

9

11

54

15

0

7

8

33

33

6

38

5

10

11

47

15

0

6

0

.

1

0

.

:

0

.

6

:

2

0

0

.

1

0

.

:

0

.

5

:

3

0

0

.

2

0

.

:

0

.

6

1

1

0

0

.

1

0

.

:

0

.

5

1

0

0

0

.

2

0

.

:

0

.

2

1

0

0

576

652

792

725

686

171

182

212

209

218

(1) Transit included in total.

Sea  —  freight  total in 1 000 tonnes

Sea  —  freight  national  in 1 000 tonnes

7 778

7 252

.

7 308

7 804

.

6 832

6 926

.

4 980

6 499

.

4 949

6 156

.

3 076

4 401

4 418

5 238

4 504

.

10 587

12 721

3 547

49 320

:

:

.

10 063

14 836

3 085

48 993

34 873

:

.

7 699

.

:

.

:

16 131

15 016

15 655

3 421

50 985

31 673

:

3 739

50 995

28 233

:

4 391

49 679

22 090

:

6 811

6 502

7 248

8 446

8 412

0

.

.

:

.

.

.

:

0

.

.

:

.

.

.

:

1 141

:

.

.

1 115

820

.

0

0

.

.

:

.

.

.

:

355

414

.

.

0

.

.

:

.

.

.

:

432

29

.

.

:

.

.

:

.

.

.

:

452

:

.

.

109 502

104 058

138 015

142 914

134 699

30 509

29 913

34 374

38 822

38 171

138

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

TTRRAANNSSPPOORRTT AANNDD TTEELLEECCOOMMMMUUNNIICCAATTIIOONN

11.10. International freight loaded and unloaded

BG

CY

CZ 

EE  

HU

LV

L T 

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI

TR

BG

CY

CZ 

EE 

HU

LV

LT 

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI 

TR

BG

CY

CZ 

EE  

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI 

TR

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Railways  —  international  freight  loaded in Mio tonne-km

Railways  —  international  freight  unloaded  in Mio tonne-km

496

:

7 751

296

2 230

205

1 209

.

9 585

3 550

:

184

85

467

:

7 579

242

1 548

282

1 158

.

7 604

3 243

:

167

118

395

:

6 873

299

1 982

498

1 259

.

7 367

2 879

:

199

112

468

:

6 114

294

1 920

493

1 248

.

6 697

:

:

214

135

322

:

5 796

959

1 600

369

762

.

4 684

3 795 

(1)

:

211

119

(2)

215

:

2 998

3 068

2 482

695

1 113

.

5 679

2 298

:

592

126

136

:

(2)

2 877

3 164

2 530

854

987

.

5 111

2 511

:

553

105

(2)

168

:

2 763

4 003

2 583

1 085

981

.

5 537

2 479

:

579

161

(2)

198

:

2 725

5 048

2 547

1 122

933

.

185

:

(2)

2 333

5 516

2 501

938

779

.

6 500

5 364

:

:

562

252

:

:

559

151

(1) International freight total.

(2) Transit included. 

Road  —  international  freight  loaded in Mio tonne-km

Road  —  international  freight  unloaded  in Mio tonne-km

:

:

:

:

:

:

7 184

7 697

11 733 

:

:

15 304

:

(1)

7 240 

10 161

:

*
2 154 

:

1 125

:

5 330

1 244

:

753

:

:

2 974 
*

:

771

:

6 556

1 767

:

741

:

(1) Break in series.

736

3 198 
*

1 091

1 132

:

8 800

1 895

2 675

758

:

:

3 793

1 306

1 231

:

530

3 594

1 242

2 314

:

11 708

12 326

(1)

2 545 

1 929

:

827

633

788

:

152 210

:

:

:

:

7 888

6 355

:

:

*
1 647 

*
1 926 

:

626

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

9 387 

(1)

(1)

6 078 

8 451

416

2 216 

*

640

1 054

:

:

2 640

561

1 274

:

:

2 618

709

1 812

:

6 701

10 062

878

:

567

:

1 309

1 420

583

:

9 897

2 367 

(1)

10 267

1 676

:

658

:

:

652

:

11

:

850

:

5 006

953

:

585

:

Inland  waterways—international  freight  loaded in Mio tonne-km     Inland  waterways—international  freight  unloaded  in Mio tonne-km

174

.

647

0

213

.

547

0

283

.

382

0

872 

*

608

*

714

*

0

0

.

532

462

333

.

.

0

.

.

501

576

:

.

.

0

.

.

495

641

:

.

.

(1)

International freight total.

297

.

406

0

816

:

.

.

431

589

:

.

.

73

.

419

:

633

:

.

.

536

(1)

546 

419

.

.

345

.

319

0

315

*

.

.

.

101

204

43

.

.

289

.

387

0

651

*

.

.

.

57

487

65

.

.

314

.

334

0

574

*

.

.

.

76

192

:

.

.

265

.

395

0

619

.

.

.

111

19

:

.

.

113

.

365

:

255

.

.

.

93

:

41

.

.

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

139

TTRRAANNSSPPOORRTT AANNDD TTEELLEECCOOMMMMUUNNIICCAATTIIOONN

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Oil  pipelines  —  freight  international  loaded  in Mio tonne-km

Oil  pipelines  —  freight  international  unloaded  in Mio tonne-km

BG

CY

CZ 

EE  

HU

LV

LT 

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI

TR

BG

CY

CZ 

EE 

HU

LV

LT 

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI 

TR

BG

CY

CZ 

EE 

HU

LV

LT 

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI 

TR

11

0

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

:

0

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

:

0

.

.

.

10

.

.

.

:

0

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

:

:

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

:

0

.

0

.

0

.

0

.

:

.

2 276

2 271

2 106

2 078

1 795

.

.

.

.

.

1 355

1 452

1 540

1 640

1 525

.

702

.

:

.

824

.

:

.

.

.

1 127

1 416

1 120

.

:

.

:

218

176

124

61

(1)

732

1 950

1 682

1 465

1 497

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

(1) Freight international total.

.

.

.

.

.

.

691

17 758

36 836

40 283

.

:

:

.

.

Air  —  freight  international  loaded in 1 000 tonnes

Air  —  freight  international  unloaded  in 1 000 tonnes

5

26

19

:

10

:

2

3

12

:

:

6

3

20

11

:

10

:

2

4

17

:

:

3

4

16

12

:

12

:

2

5

19

4

0

3

4

21

15

:

15

:

1

4

18

4

0

3

3

17

15

:

18

:

2

4

16

5

0

3

7

14

15

:

13

:

16

7

23

:

:

2

6

13

15

:

13

:

13

6

29

:

:

2

6

14

16

:

15

:

9

7

33

9

0

3

6

15

17

:

17

:

8

7

31

10

0

4

5

16

17

:

20

:

8

7

29

10

0

3

226

265

339

281

251

179

205

241

235

217

Sea  —  freight  international  loaded in 1 000 tonnes

Sea  —  freight  international  unloaded  in 1 000 tonnes

1 506

2 229

1 073

2 422

1 198

2 248

949

1 419

685

1 451

6 272

5 023

6 235

5 382

5 634

4 678

4 031

5 080

4 264

4 706

.

:

.

.

:

.

.

:

.

3 013

2 702

1 927

.

:

.

:

.

:

.

:

10 099

11 573

12 440

12 227

12 864

46

30 823

:

.

36

28 373

13 192

.

43

30 470

12 295

.

30

32 314

10 860

.

52

33 361

11 493

.

.

:

.

341

2 622

3 501

17 356

:

.

.

:

.

421

3 263

3 049

19 505

20 861

.

.

:

.

227

3 691

3 378

20 160

18 964

.

.

:

.

:

.

:

.

:

2 789

3 709

18 249

17 344

.

2 791

4 338

15 866

10 597

.

2 081

1 443

1 740

2 504

2 461

4 730

5 059

5 508

5 942

5 951

22 813

18 981

37 761

24 770

25 075

56 180

55 164

65 880

79 322

71 453

140

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

TTRRAANNSSPPOORRTT AANNDD TTEELLEECCOOMMMMUUNNIICCAATTIIOONN

Fig. 11.g. Distribution of transport of goods
by mode in % (based on total goods trans-
ported by these modes (1)), 1999

Fig.  11.h.  Total  goods  transported  by  air
(national  and  international,  in  1  000
tonnes), 1999 

Railways

Inland waterways

Oil pipelines Road

0

25

50

75

100

BG

CZ 

EE  

HU

LV

LT

PL

RO

SK 

SI

TR

(1) Transport by sea and by air is not included.

686

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

TR PL HU CY CZ RO MT LT BG EE SI LV

Fig.  11.i.  Total  goods  transported  by  sea
(national  and  international,  in  million
tonnes), 1999 

11

135

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

TR PL RO LT

SI

LV CY BG EE MT

LV: 1997.

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

141

TTRRAANNSSPPOORRTT AANNDD TTEELLEECCOOMMMMUUNNIICCAATTIIOONN

11.11. Air — Passenger transport

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Air  —  total    in 1 000 passengers

Air  —  national  in 1 000 passengers

1 297

4 580

3 872

184

2 936

234

421

2 385

3 274

:

111

649

1 216

4 234

4 076

187

3 314

231

436

2 316

3 610

:

125

679

1 209

4 472

4 679

274

3 619

270

482

2 470

4 192

1 923

177

728

1 269

5 005

4 865

324

3 941

262

528

2 591

4 901

2 025

141

807

1 172

5 463

5 099

336

4325

239

543

2 554

5 246

2 077

141

916

91

:

149

4

:

:

3

:

588

:

:

0

81

:

165

3

:

:

2

44

739

:

26

1

69

:

171

10

:

:

2

48

822

341

52

1

81

:

149

9

:

:

2

50

865

330

49

0

86

:

154

10

:

:

1

50

920

282

6

0

27 785

30 780

34396

34199

30 012

10 355

10 862

12 414

13 239

12 932

(1) Transit included in total.

Air  —  international  embarked in 1 000 passengers

Air  —  international  disembarked  in 1 000 passengers

:

2 290

1 640

:

:

2 065

1 907

:

:

2 185

2 116

:

:

2 501

2 244

:

:

2 733

2 472

:

:

2 290

1 630

:

:

2 169

1 906

:

:

2 288

2 113

:

:

2 503

2 180

:

:

2 729

2 438

:

1 487

1 672

1 826

1 993

2 197

1 449

1 642

1 793

1 948

2 128

:

214

1 197

1 346

:

:

323

8 774

:

222

1 142

1 439

:

49

339

:

241

1 220

1 686

765

73

365

:

265

1 279

2 014

813

46

403

:

272

1 267

2 175

868

68

458

9 982

11 087

10 631

8 595

:

204

1 188

1 340

:

:

326

8 656

:

212

1 130

1 432

:

50

340

:

238

1 202

1 684

817

52

362

:

262

1 262

2 022

882

46

404

:

269

1 237

2 151

884

67

458

9 936

10 895

10 329

8 485

(1)

BG

CY

(1)

CZ 

(1)

EE  

(1)

HU

LV 

LT 

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI 

TR

BG

CY

CZ

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI 

TR

11

142

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

TTRRAANNSSPPOORRTT AANNDD TTEELLEECCOOMMMMUUNNIICCAATTIIOONN

11.12. Sea — Passenger transport

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Sea  —  total    in 1 000 passengers

Sea  —  national  in 1 000 passengers

18

787

.

20

685

.

21

716

.

7

737

.

:

823

.

18

:

.

20

:

.

21

:

.

7

:

.

:

:

.

3 050

3 019

3 316

4 006

4 685

1 073

983

1 108

1 168

1 271

.

:

58

.

:

63

.

:

70

.

:

76

.

:

78

2 967

989

2 968

1 353

2 932

2 170

2 950

2 309

3 124

3 117

:

.

40

:

.

32

:

.

44

:

.

41

:

.

38

1 848

1 688

2 018

1 820

1 062

.

:

:

.

:

:

.

:

:

.

:

:

.

:

:

2 750

2 749

2 743

2 716

2 902

:

:

.

15

599

:

:

.

2

:

:

.

7

:

:

.

3

477

596

688

:

:

.

0

95

Sea  —  international  embarked    in 1 000 passengers

Sea  —  international  disembarked  in 1 000 passengers

:

391

.

:

.

:

27

111

473

:

.

14

604

:

342

.

:

.

:

29

115

640

:

.

15

595

:

359

.

:

.

:

33

98

1050

:

.

18

694

:

369

.

:

.

:

37

135

1134

:

.

19

569

:

412

.

:

.

:

38

111

1545

:

.

19

484

:

396

.

:

.

:

31

106

516

:

.

10

645

:

344

.

:

.

:

34

104

713

:

.

15

616

:

358

.

:

.

:

37

91

:

368

.

:

.

:

40

99

1120

1175

:

.

19

728

:

.

19

563

:

412

.

:

.

:

40

111

1572

:

.

19

483

11

BG

CY

CZ

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI 

TR

BG

CY

CZ

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI 

TR

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

143

TTRRAANNSSPPOORRTT AANNDD TTEELLEECCOOMMMMUUNNIICCAATTIIOONN

11.13. Railways and bus — Passenger transport

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Railways  —  total  in Mio passenger-km

Bus  —  total  in Mio passenger-km

4 693

5 065

5 886

4 740

3 819

7 077

5 269

4 379

3 851

2 112

.

8 005

421

8 441

1 256

851

.

20 960

18 879

4 202

560

5 797

.

8 111

309

8 582

1 149

706

.

19 807

18 356

3 769

566

5 229

.

7 721

262

8 669

1 154

603

.

19 928

15 794

3 057

561

5 840

.

7 018

236

8 772

1 059

593

.

20 553

13 422

3 092

571

6 161

.

6 928

238

9 378

984

544

.

21 518

12 304

2 968

567

6 146

(1) Transit included.

Railways  —  national in Mio passenger-km

4 606

5 001

5 800

4 674

3 767

.

7 602

102

8 023

1 140

746

.

20 094

18 682

3 663

491

5 758

.

7 597

232

8 174

950

613

.

18 960

18 204

3 031

510

5 177

.

6 949

189

8 242

920

521

.

19 148

15 667

2 667

511

5 770

.

6 379

188

8 454

876

533

.

19 920

.

2 838

520

6 099

.

6 338

206

9 145

831

501

.

20 834

12 141

2 795

523

6 116

Railways  —  international  in Mio passenger-km

87

.

403

319

.

.

105

.

866

.

539

69

39

64

.

514

77

.

.

93

.

847

.

738

56

52

86

.

772

73

.

.

81

.

780

.

390

50

70

66

.

639

48

318

.

60

.

633

.

248

51

62

52

.

590

32

233

121

44

.

684

163

173

44

30

:

:

:

:

:

16 777

15 228

12 423

13 177

11 916

2 048

9 556

1 835

2 027

:

34 024

12 343

11 191

2 507

2 091

9 764

1 606

1 748

:

33 984

12 842

11 097

2 348

2 238

2 265

2 222

10 168

10 622

11 265

1 720

1 509

:

33 128

13 531

9 969

2 195

1 903

1 369

:

2 368

1 224

:

34 035

33 250

8 962

8 840

2 098

8 324

7 833

1 940

85 674

91 658

95 360

94 914

91 263

Fig. 11.j. Passenger transport by rail and
by  bus 
in  million
passenger-km)

in  1999  (total, 

Railways

Bus

 0

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

BG

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

91 263

BG

CY

CZ 

EE 

HU

(1)

(1)

(1)

LV

LT 

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI 

TR

BG

CY

CZ

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI 

TR

BG

CY

CZ

EE 

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI 

TR

11

144

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

TTRRAANNSSPPOORRTT AANNDD TTEELLEECCOOMMMMUUNNIICCAATTIIOONN

ROAD ACCIDENTS

11.14. Persons killed in road accidents

Methodological note

Number  of  persons  killed

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

1 264

118

1 588

332

1 414

611

672

14

6 900

2 845

660

415

1 014

128

1 562

213

1 251

550

667

19

6 359

2 845

616

389

915

115

1 597

280

1 249

525

725

18

7 310

2 863

788

357

1 003

111

1 360

284

1 239

627

829

17

7 080

2 778

819

309

1 041

113

1 455

232

1 180

604

748

4

6 730

2 505

647

334

6 004

5 428

5 125

6 083

5 723

Fig. 11.k. Number of persons killed in road
accidents  per  100  000  inhabitants  (yearly
average 1995–99)           

BG

25

20

15

10

5

0

TR

SI

SK

RO

CY

CZ

EE

HU

PL

LV

MT

LT

The indicators are based on glossary for transport statis-
tics (second edition) definitions. For cases in which coun-
tries do not have data available respecting these defini-
tions, they were asked to fill in with data they have avail-
able  and  add  a  note  explaining  the  collection 
methods.
The  individual  notes  per  chapter  and  country  are  as
follows: 

Infrastructure  

Estonia:
Length of motorways: Semi motorways.

Hungary:
Length  of  oil  pipelines:  Including  oil  pipelines  of  less
than 50 km length.

Malta:
No motorways, arterial roads: 1997—157 km, 1998—
170 km, 1999—175 km.

Latvia:
Length  of  inland  waterways:  Latvia  has  no  navigable
inland  waterways  which  comply  to  international  stan-
dards, there are no investments in infrastructure and no
registration of this infrastructure.

Transport  equipment  

Estonia:
Number  of  ships:  No  information  in  1998,  due  to
change of registration system.

11

Hungary:
Number of lorries and number of first registrations of lor-
ries during the year: Including dumpers and special pur-
pose vehicles.

Malta:
Number of lorries and number of first registrations of lor-
ries during the year: Including lorries and road tractors.

Poland:
Number of lorries and number of first registrations of lor-
ries during the year: Including vans, pick-ups and road
tractors.

Romania:
Number  of  motor  coaches,  buses  and  trolleybuses:
Excluding trolleybuses.

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

145

TTRRAANNSSPPOORRTT AANNDD TTEELLEECCOOMMMMUUNNIICCAATTIIOONN

Slovakia:
Number of lorries: Including road tractors in 1995 and
1996.

Freight  transport

International  transport:  
Cabotage and cross trade not included.

Road  transport:  
Vehicles  registered  in  national  vehicles  register.  These
data may differ from those published by Eurostat in the
publication  statistics  on  transport  of  goods  by  road  in
the central European countries, due to the use of differ-
ent concepts and definitions.

Air  transport:  
Main data sources are airport authorities or air transport
companies. 

Bulgaria:
Inland waterways: Public sector enterprises.
Air: Public sector enterprises.
Sea: Data refer to Bulgarian companies.

Czech  Republic:
Road: Change in the series starting in 1997.
Air: Data concern all commercial air carriers (Czech and
foreign).

Hungary:
Road:1995–97  data,  performances  only  by  transport
enterprises.
Air: Data refer to domestic and foreign companies. Up
to 1997 data contained only performance of domestic
companies.

Latvia:
Oil  pipeline: All  oil  and  oil  products,  where  transited
from Russia to Lithuania or via port to other third  coun-
tries.
Sea: Since 1998, all Latvian ships are registered under
foreign flags and data are not collected  in Latvia.

Lithuania:
Air: Including mail.
Sea: Data sources are companies loading and unload-
ing ships in ports.

Poland:
Oil pipeline: Only one enterprise, all data are confiden-
tial.

Slovakia:
Rail:  International  total  not  divided  into  loaded  and
unloaded.

11

Road: Data consist of transport enterprises (NACE 60.2,
excluded 60.211 and 60.22), since1996 data consist of
hire or reward and own account. International total not 
divided into loaded and unloaded. 
Inland waterways: Including sea transport.

Slovenia:
Road:  Only  transport  for  hire  or  reward  is  taken  into
account.

Passenger  transport

International  transport:
Cabotage and cross trade not included.

Bulgaria:
Air: Public sector enterprises.

Czech  Republic:
Bus:  Data  refer  to  survey  enterprises  with  20  or  more
employees,  in  addition  enterprises  with  less  than  20
employees are estimated.

Estonia:
Bus: Including urban transport.

Lithuania:
Bus: Only public transport, excluding urban road traffic.

Malta:
Air:  National  passenger  transport  includes  passengers'
crossings to Gozo via helicopter.

Poland:
Bus: Excluding small companies.

Romania:
Bus: Interurban  and  international  transport  of  passen-
gers.

Slovakia:
Bus: Data  consist  of  transport  enterprises  enrolled  in
business register with 20 and more employees.
Air: Data  consist  of  transport  enterprises  enrolled  in
business register with 20 and more employees.

Slovenia:
Bus:  Data  cover  hire  or  reward  transport,  independent
transporters are not included.

Turkey:
Air: Number of departures and arrivals of domestic and
external  lines  at  the  General  Directorate  of  State
Airports.

146

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

TTRRAANNSSPPOORRTT AANNDD TTEELLEECCOOMMMMUUNNIICCAATTIIOONN

TELECOMMUNICATION

The International Telecommunication Union defines, as
a main line, a telephone line connecting the subscriber's
terminal equipment to the public switched network and
having  a  dedicated  port  in  the  telephone  exchange
equipment. This term is synonymous with the terms main
station  or  direct  exchange  line  (DEL)  which  are  com-
monly used in telecommunication documents. It may not
be  the  same  as  an  access  line  or  a  subscriber  (see
below). It is understood that — the line connected to the
telephone  exchange  may  be  either  an  exclusive
exchange line or a shared line;

— when a subscriber's equipment has several extensions
(private branch exchange), the number of main lines is
equal to the number of lines connecting the installation
to the telephone exchange, whether these lines are oper-
ated in one direction or in both directions. A distinction
should  be  noted  between  subscriber  and  main  line.
Subscribers (e.g., customers that are billed individually)
may share the same line (e.g., a party line) or use exten-
sions from private extensions. Thus one main line could
serve several subscribers.

11.15.  Number  of  main  telephone  lines
(fixed telephone only)

11.16.  Number  of 
telephone system subscribers

cellular  mobile

Number  of  lines  in 1 000

Number  of  subscribers  in 1 000

1995

1996

1997         1998          1999

1995          1996

1997        1998          1999

BG 2 562.9

2 647.5

2 681.1

2 758.0

2 833.4

BG 

(1)

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL 

347.3

366.4

386.0

404.7

424.1

2 398.1

2 815.9

3 277.2

3 741.5

3 852.8

411.7

438.8

468.6

498.6

515.5

2 157.2

2 651.2

3 095.3

3 385.1

3 609.1

723.8

941.0

170.7

750.0

992.6

180.6

772.2

819.9

830.9

1 048.2

1 109.8

1 144.6

187.0

191.5

197.8

(1)

5 728.5

6 532.4

7 619.2

8 807.8

10 076.2

RO 2 968.0

3 161.2

3 426.9

3 627.2

3 779.8

SK

SI

TR

1 125.4

1 246.5

1391.9

1 539.3

1 658.4

614.8

665.3

710.0

727.6

759.2

13 227.7

14 286.5

15 744.0

16 959.5

18 054.0

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT 

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

(2)

16.4

44.5

45.7

30.5

267.1

15.0

13.5

26.8

75.3

:

13.1

27.3

39.6

70.8

200.3

69.5

473.0

28.5

51.0

45.0

216.9

:

28.7

41.3

251.4

360.1

36.8

92.0

521.5

144.2

706.2

76.2

150.8

67.2

812.2

202.0

192.4

92.2

790.4

130.8

116.4

965.5

247.0

328.4

148.2

1944.6

387.0

1 034.0

1 620.3

167.5

267.6

130.5

278.9

343.4

209.0

1 944.5

3 956.5

552.1

496.9

195.6

:

1 125.9

662.5

625.9

:

(1) To 1996, data from the Polish Telecommunication Company PLC only. 
From 1997, data from all public network operators.

(1) Data from 1995 and 1997 are excluding GSM subscribers.
(2) Data to 1997 are from ITU source.

11

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

147

TTRRAANNSSPPOORRTT AANNDD TTEELLEECCOOMMMMUUNNIICCAATTIIOONN

11.17.  Number  of 
cellular  mobile
telephone  subscribers  in  %  of  number  of
main lines (fixed line only)

11.18. Number of Internet subscriptions

In  %  

In  1  000

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

0.6

12.8

1.9

7.4

12.4

2.1

1.4

15.7

1.3

:

1.2

4.4

1.9

1.5

19.3

7.1

15.8

17.8

3.8

5.1

24.9

3.3

:

2.3

6.2

2.5

1.4

23.8

15.9

30.8

22.8

9.9

14.4

35.9

10.7

5.9

13.8

13.0

5.0

4.7

28.8

25.8

49.5

30.5

20.4

24.1

68.1

22.1

15.2

32.3

26.9

:

11.6

35.0

50.5

75.1

44.9

33.6

30.0

105.7

39.3

29.8

39.9

82.4

:

(1)

(3)

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI

TR

:

0.2

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

1.3

40.8

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

4.6

56.9

:

:

0.6

:

:

:

:

0.8

9.5

86.5

:

:

2.2

:

:

:

:

3.2

16.8

199.0

:

(2)

137.0

:

:

:

:

:

28.0

100.0

190.0

500.0

600.0

:

:

:

0.3

:

0.9

:

1.4

:

4.4

(1) To 1998: Internet hosts.
(2) Excluding free subscriptions.
(3) Estimates of the Association of Internet Providers.

11

148

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

Chapter 12

EXTERNAL TRADE

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

149

EEXXTTEERRNNAALL TTRRAADDEE

In  terms  of  coverage,  it  is  recommended  that  interna-
tional  merchandise  trade  statistics  record  all  goods
which  add  to  or  subtract  from  the  stock  of  material
resources  of  a  country  by  entering  (imports)  or  leaving
(exports) its economic territory. Goods in transit or tem-
porarily admitted or withdrawn (except goods for inward
or outward processing) are not included in the interna-
tional  merchandise  trade  statistics.  In  many  cases  a
country's economic territory largely coincides with its cus-
toms territory. 

There are two trade systems of recording in common use
by  which  international  merchandise  trade  statistics  are
compiled: the general trade system and the special trade
system. They differ mainly in how goods entering or leav-
ing warehouses and free trade zones are recorded.

The general trade system is in use when the statistical ter-
ritory of the country coincides with its economic territory.
Under  the  general  trade  system,  imports  include  all
goods  entering  the  economic  territory  of  the  compiling
country and exports include all goods leaving the eco-
nomic territory of a compiling country.

The special trade system is in use when the definition of
statistical territory comprises only a particular part of the
economic territory, mainly, that part which coincides with
the free circulation area for goods.

There are two definitions of the special trade system: the
strict definition (statistical territory comprises only the free
circulation area) and the relaxed definition. The special
trade (relaxed definition) is in use when goods that enter
a  country  for  or  leave  it  after  inward  processing  and
goods that enter or leave an industrial-free zone are also
included in international merchandise trade statistics.

All the countries in this publication use the special trade
system except Lithuania and Malta which use the gener-
al trade system.

It is recommended that the statistical value of imported
goods  be  a  cif-type  value  and  the  statistical  value  of
exported  goods  be  a  fob-type  value.  Cif-type  values
include the transaction value of the goods and the value
of  services  (the  cost  of  transport,  loading,  unloading
charges, the cost of insurance) performed to deliver the
goods to the border of the importing country. Fob-type
values  include  the  transaction  value  of  the  goods  and
the value of services performed to deliver goods to the
border of the exporting country.

All  the  countries  in  this  publication  use  the  statistical
value  given  before,  except  Slovakia  and  the  Czech
Republic for which statistical values of both import and
export are fob-type.

TRADE AT CURRENT PRICES

12.1. Imports at current prices and % of imports from EU

Imports
In Mio euro

Imports  from  EU-115
In % of total

1995         1996          1997         1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

12

BG

CY

CZ 

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI

TR

4 325

2 268

3 962

2 475

4 348

2 544

4 423

2 736

5 140

2 816

19 316

21 828

23 956

25 680

27 082

1 835

2 283

3 107

3 508

3 221

11 824

14 289

18 724

22 930

26 279

1 391

2 792

2 249

1 827

3 591

2 200

22 225

29 253

7 955

6 705

7 244

9 097

8 761

7 437

2 402

4 981

2 250

37 348

10 077

9 092

8 262

2 851

5 174

2 379

42 021

10 583

11 661

9 014

2 769

4 543

2 667

43 113

9 875

10 603

9 322

27 319

34 365

42 866

41 009

38 229

37.2

59.0

61.1

67.5

61.5

49.9

37.1

72.7

64.6

50.5

34.8

68.8

47.2

35.1

57.3

62.4

68.3

62.3

49.2

39.8

68.6

63.9

52.3

37.3

67.5

53.0

37.7

56.3

61.5

68.5

62.8

53.1

44.3

71.4

63.8

52.5

39.4

67.4

51.2

45.1

61.9

63.5

67.7

64.1

55.2

47.2

69.3

65.9

57.7

50.1

69.4

52.4

48.4

57.3

64.0

65.1

64.4

54.5

46.5

65.4

64.9

60.4

51.7

P

68.6

52.6

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

151

EEXXTTEERRNNAALL TTRRAADDEE

12.2. Exports at current prices and % of exports to EU

Exports
In Mio euro

Exports  to  EU-115
In % of total

1995         1996          1997         1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ 

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI

TR

4 093

404

3 819

385

4 355

378

3 753

383

3 734

371

16 557

17 253

20 086

23 505

25 188

1 272

9 837

998

2 070

1 463

1 392

1 880

2 242

2 261

12 368

16 842

20 520

23 468

1 137

2 644

1 362

1 475

3 410

1 438

1 617

3 314

1 637

1 620

2 822

1 858

17 516

19 252

22 732

25 209

25 709

6 091

6 559

6 353

6 364

6 955

6 553

7 481

7 278

7 389

7 381

9 562

8 065

8 071

9 568

8 002

16 554

18 294

23 182

24 089

24 981

37.7

59.0

60.9

56.7

62.8

44.1

36.4

71.4

70.0

54.1

37.4

67.0

51.2

39.1

55.7

58.2

56.9

69.7

44.7

32.9

56.9

66.3

56.5

41.3

64.6

49.7

43.2

47.7

59.9

62.3

71.2

48.9

32.5

54.3

64.2

56.6

41.7

63.6

46.6

50.4

50.7

64.2

66.8

72.9

56.7

38.0

52.8

68.3

64.5

55.7

65.5

50.0

52.0

50.7

69.2

72.8

76.2

62.5

50.1

48.7

70.5

65.5

59.4

66.0

54.0

P

Fig. 12.a. Share of European Union in total imports and exports in % of total, 1999

Imports from EU-15

Exports to EU-15

12

80

60

40

20

0

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

152

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

EEXXTTEERRNNAALL TTRRAADDEE

12.3. Balance of trade and exports as % of imports

Balance  of  trade

In Mio euro

Exports  as  percentage  of  imports

1995         1996          1997         1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

94.6

17.8

85.7

69.3

83.2

71.7

74.1

65.1

78.8

76.6

97.8

87.7

60.6

96.4

15.6

79.0

61.0

86.6

62.2

73.6

61.9

65.8

70.0

79.4

88.1

53.2

100.2

14.9

83.8

60.5

89.9

61.4

68.5

63.9

60.9

74.2

80.0

89.4

54.1

84.9

14.0

91.5

63.9

89.5

56.7

64.1

68.8

60.0

69.7

82.0

89.5

58.7

72.6  

13.2

93.0

70.2

89.3

58.5

62.1

69.7

59.6

81.7

90.2

85.8

65.3

12

7

-2 166

-3 870

-1 227

-1 882

-927

-1 571

-812

-670

-2 353

-2 175

-1 266

-2 409

-1 234

-1 860

-742

-1 406

-2 445

-1 894

-960

-2 811

-1 149

-1 721

-809

BG

CY

CZ 

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI

TR

-232

-1 864

-2 759

-563

-143

-2 090

-4 575

-891

-1 987

-1 922

-690

-947

-838

-393

-722

-786

-4 709

-1 864

-146

-891

-10 001

-14 616

-16 811

-17 404

-2 733

-1 806

-884

-2 596

-1 815

-873

-3 202

-2 099

-949

-1 804

-1 035

-1 320

-10 765

-16 071

-19 684

-16 920

-13 248

Fig. 12.b. Exports as percentage of imports, 1999

100

80

60

40

20

0

CZ

SK

HU

SI

RO

BG

EE

MT

TR

LT

PL

LV

CY

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

153

EEXXTTEERRNNAALL TTRRAADDEE

12.4. Imports and exports as percentage of GDP

Imports

As % of GDP

Exports  

As % of GDP

1995         1996          1997         1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ 

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI

TR

43.2

33.5

48.5

67.6

34.7

40.8

60.6

90.6

22.9

29.4

47.7

50.5

21.1

51.0

35.2

48.0

66.5

40.2

45.2

57.8

83.9

25.8

32.8

56.3

50.0

24.0

48.5

34.0

51.2

75.9

46.4

48.4

58.9

76.4

29.4

32.3

50.5

51.4

25.5

40.4

33.8

51.0

75.4

54.7

52.4

54.0

76.0

29.7

28.7

61.4

51.5

23.1

44.1

33.0

54.5

66.9

58.1

44.3

45.5

78.5

29.6

30.9

57.4

49.8

22.1

40.9

6.0

41.6

46.8

28.8

29.3

44.9

58.9

18.0

22.5

46.7

44.3

12.8

49.2

5.5

37.9

40.5

34.8

28.1

42.5

51.9

17.0

22.9

44.7

44.1

12.8

48.6

5.0

43.0

45.9

41.7

29.7

40.3

48.8

17.9

24.0

40.4

46.0

13.8

34.3

4.7

46.7

48.2

48.9

29.7

34.6

52.3

17.8

20.0

50.4

46.1

13.5

32.1

4.3

50.7

47.0

51.9

25.9

28.3

54.7

17.7

25.3

51.8

42.8

14.4

VOLUME OF TRADE

12.5. Growth in volume of imports and exports

Imports

Growth in % of previous year

Exports

Growth in % of previous year

12

1995         1996          1997         1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ 

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI

TR

52.6

:

26.3

52.9

:

:

:

:

20.5

:

:

:

29.4

:

:

10.7

20.8

:

:

:

-8.0

28.0

:

:

0.4

29.3

:

:

9.5

21.5

26.4

:

24.5

-2.3

22.0

7.3

:

10.0

23.6

:

:

8.9

11.6

24.9

:

9.0

1.4

14.6

18.5

:

10.8

-2.5

:

:

3.5

-12.7

14.3

:

-13.0

8.7

4.4

-1.8

:

8.9

-1.2

48.0

:

14.5

40.1

:

:

:

:

16.7

:

:

:

6.4

:

:

2.7

6.3

:

:

15.1

-12.0

9.7

0.6

:

-0.9

9.6

:

:

15.3

20.5

29.9

:

12.8

0.8

13.7

12.0

:

11.7

13.5

:

:

12.2

17.9

22.5

:

1.3

14.7

9.4

5.9

:

8.5

9.7

:

:

7.4

-4.2

15.9

:

-16.3

6.3

2.0

10.3

:

3.7

3.1

154

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

EEXXTTEERRNNAALL TTRRAADDEE

STRUCTURE OF TRADE

The  commodity  structure  of  external  trade  flows  is
analysed  using  various  internationally  adopted  com-
modity classifications which have different levels of detail
and  are  based  on  different  classification  criteria.

The Standard International Trade Classification, Revision
3 (SITC. Rev. 3) is the commodity classification of the UN
which classifies commodities according to their stage of
production and is suitable for economic analysis.

12.6. Structure of imports and exports by SITC commodity groups (current prices)

Imports  in % of total value 

Exports  in % of total value 

1995

1996

1997          1998              1999          1995            1996            1997              1998            1999

Bulgaria

Food and live animals, beverages and tobacco
Crude materials, inedible

Mineral fuels and lubricants

Animal and vegetable oils, etc.
Chemicals and related products
Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material
Machinery and transport equipment

Miscellaneous manufactured articles

Cyprus

Food and live animals, beverages and tobacco
Crude materials, inedible

Mineral fuels and lubricants

Animal and vegetable oils, etc.
Chemicals and related products
Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material
Machinery and transport equipment

Miscellaneous manufactured articles

Czech  Republic

Food and live animals, beverages and tobacco
Crude materials, inedible

Mineral fuels and lubricants

Animal and vegetable oils, etc.
Chemicals and related products
Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material
Machinery and transport equipment

Miscellaneous manufactured articles

(1)

Estonia

Food and live animals, beverages and tobacco
Crude materials, inedible

Mineral fuels and lubricants

Animal and vegetable oils, etc.
Chemicals and related products
Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material
Machinery and transport equipment

Miscellaneous manufactured articles

7.3
6.2
27.0
0.2
12.8
18.1
19.3
5.8

19.2
1.9
7.7
0.9
8.8
19.4
27.6
13.7

6.3
4.5
7.8
0.3
11.8
20.3
36.1
11.7

12.7
3.7
10.0
0.7
9.8
20.5
29.9
12.7

7.3
5.7
33.7
0.3
11.1
16.4
16.0
5.9

23.6
1.6
8.5
0.5
7.8
17.0
24.3
16.2

6.6
3.7
8.7
0.3
11.8
19.3
38.2
11.5

13.5
3.7
8.6
0.5
10.1
20.6
30.2
12.8

8.2
7.1
30.4
0.3
10.6
18.4
16.3
6.4

26.1
1.6
8.3
0.6
8.3
15.7
21.8
17.1

6.1
3.7
8.6
0.2
12.1
19.2
38.5
11.6

11.8
3.8
7.3
0.5
9.4
19.5
35.9
11.8

7.0
7.2
22.3
0.4
12.5
19.5
20.7
7.9

19.5
1.6
6.6
0.7
9.3
17.5
29.0
15.3

5.8
3.9
6.5
0.3
12.1
20.9
39.4
11.1

10.6
4.1
5.2
0.4
8.9
19.8
39.0
12.0

5.5
5.3
21.6
0.3
10.1
18.1
29.0
8.4

18.7
1.7
8.7
0.6
9.4
15.2
27.5
17.9

5.5
3.2
6.7
0.3
12.3
21.1
39.4
11.5

10.1
4.6
5.4
0.4
9.9
18.7
38.2
12.7

19.8
5.0
6.1
0.9
16.9
28.0
11.3
9.3

43.4
1.4
1.6
2.3
10.9
9.4
4.5
26.5

5.6
5.2
4.3
0.2
9.2
32.2
29.3
12.4

15.7
12.9
5.3
0.2
8.6
18.9
18.7
19.7

17.3
5.1
6.5
0.4
18.3
26.5
12.5
11.0

40.8
1.8
2.6
2.2
12.2
10.6
5.0
24.7

5.1
4.9
4.5
0.2
9.0
28.8
32.7
14.7

14.5
11.5
4.8
0.1
9.0
21.1
18.3
20.7

12.8
5.5
7.6
0.4
17.0
29.6
11.1
12.4

34.4
2.6
1.9
2.0
13.9
13.8
6.4
25.0

4.9
4.0
3.8
0.2
8.8
26.8
37.7
13.8

11.1
14.6
3.8
0
7.3
20.8
23.0
19.4

14.3
5.5
6.5
0.5
13.1
27.6
11.8
16.7

36.8
2.4
2.6
1.8
14.6
11.6
5.4
24.8

4.4
3.5
3.2
0.2
7.7
26.5
41.3
13.3

9.5
15.1
2.0
0
5.7
20.4
27.1
20.2

13.1
7.0
8.9
0.6
10.6
23.5
11.2
21.5

37.3
2.7
3.0
1.4
16.8
11.0
5.9
22.0

3.8
3.8
2.9
0.1
7.4
26.0
42.4
13.6

7.3
17.4
1.8
0
4.4
20.0
27.2
21.9

(1) Including commodities and transactions not elsewhere classified.

12

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

155

EEXXTTEERRNNAALL TTRRAADDEE

Imports  in % of total value 

Exports  in % of total value 

1995

1996

1997          1998              1999          1995            1996            1997              1998            1999

Hungary

Food and live animals, beverages and tobacco
Crude materials, inedible

Mineral fuels and lubricants

Animal and vegetable oils, etc.
Chemicals and related products
Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material
Machinery and transport equipment

Miscellaneous manufactured articles

Latvia

Food and live animals, beverages and tobacco
Crude materials, inedible

Mineral fuels and lubricants

Animal and vegetable oils, etc.
Chemicals and related products
Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material
Machinery and transport equipment

Miscellaneous manufactured articles

Lithuania

Food and live animals, beverages and tobacco
Crude materials, inedible

Mineral fuels and lubricants

Animal and vegetable oils, etc.
Chemicals and related products
Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material
Machinery and transport equipment

Miscellaneous manufactured articles

Malta

Food and live animals, beverages and tobacco
Crude materials, inedible

Mineral fuels and lubricants

Animal and vegetable oils, etc.
Chemicals and related products
Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material
Machinery and transport equipment

Miscellaneous manufactured articles

Poland

Food and live animals, beverages and tobacco
Crude materials, inedible

Mineral fuels and lubricants

Animal and vegetable oils, etc.
Chemicals and related products
Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material
Machinery and transport equipment

Miscellaneous manufactured articles

5.1
4.0
11.6
0.3
14.2
22.9
29.5
10.6

9.7
2.4
21.2
0.6
12.7
17.1
25.4
11.1

12.4
7.1
19.4
0.5
12.5
17.5
21.7
7.1

9.8
1.4
3.9
0.3
6.8
13.9
51.6
11.5

8.8
5.4
9.1
0.7
14.9
21.5
29.9
9.3

4.9
3.6
13.5
0.3
13.8
22.2
30.2
10.6

11.9
2.6
21.6
0.8
12.3
17.6
22.6
10.5

12.0
5.0
18.0
0.4
12.2
17.1
27.2
6.9

10.5
1.3
5.3
0.3
7.4
14.1
48.2
11.9

9.2
4.7
9.2
0.6
13.8
20.1
33.2
9.3

4.2
2.8
9.7
0.5
11.3
19.8
41.8
9.9

12.4
3.2
13.5
0.8
12.5
18.8
27.5
11.3

10.1
4.3
17.0
0.4
12.2
17.3
29.8
7.6

11.6
1.3
5.3
0.3
8.0
14.3
46.7
11.5

7.5
4.2
8.7
0.6
13.8
19.6
36.0
9.6

3.7
2.5
6.6
0.5
10.3
19.2
46.5
10.7

11.8
3.3
9.9
0.8
12.5
19.2
30.7
11.9

9.7
4.6
14.3
0.4
11.9
18.1
30.8
8.6

10.9
1.4
3.8
0.3
7.7
13.8
50.3
11.0

7.0
3.5
6.4
0.6
13.7
20.8
38.3
9.7

3.0
2.1
6.1
0.2
9.6
17.8
50.2
11.1

11.5
3.2
10.7
0.7
13.4
17.6
29.9
13.0

10.2
5.0
14.7
0.5
12.8
18.9
26.1
9.7

10.3
1.2
5.2
0.2
7.3
12.4
52.3
10.5

6.3
3.1
7.2
0.4
14.3
20.7
38.2
9.8

19.6
4.6
3.0
0.4
11.2
16.7
25.2
16.1

15.9
23.8
1.8
0.1
6.9
22.9
16.3
12.2

17.3
12.6
11.4
0.5
14.3
15.7
15.7
12.5

2.1
0.3
1.6
0
2.2
5.8
66.3
21.6

9.9
4.5
8.2
0.2
7.7
27.5
21.1
20.8

18.1
4.4
3.3
0.4
10.0
17.2
25.0
17.7

16.7
20.1
2.0
0.1
6.7
24.4
14.0
15.9

15.9
8.5
14.9
0.2
12.8
14.4
19.0
14.3

3.3
0.3
2.6
0
3.0
7.1
60.2
23.6

10.6
3.4
6.9
0.2
7.7
25.8
23.4
22.0

12.9
2.9
2.7
1.0
8.6
13.4
45.1
13.5

13.8
26.0
1.1
0.1
6.8
23.4
11.3
17.0

15.4
6.6
17.2
0.1
10.9
14.6
20.0
15.1

4.1
0.4
3.1
0
3.0
7.1
58.3
24.0

12.2
3.2
6.7
0.2
7.9
26.5
21.6
21.7

10.5
2.3
1.9
0.6
7.1
12.4
52.0
13.2

9.7
29.0
1.7
0.4
6.2
25.3
9.0
18.1

13.1
6.5
18.6
0.1
10.9
14.6
18.8
17.2

3.1
0.2
1.8
0
2.3
7.2
65.0
20.3

10.4
2.9
5.5
0.1
6.7
25.2
28.4
20.8

8.0
2.0
1.6
0.4
6.2
11.5
57.2
13.0

6.2
32.6
2.9
0.2
6.1
25.8
6.6
19.6

11.5
8.2
14.4
0.1
11.0
15.5
16.7
22.4

3.1
0.2
2.9
0
2.3
6.9
63.4
20.9

8.9
3.0
5.0
0.2
6.2
25.5
30.3
20.9

12

156

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

EEXXTTEERRNNAALL TTRRAADDEE

Imports  in % of total value 

Exports  in % of total value 

1995

1996

1997          1998              1999          1995            1996            1997              1998            1999

Romania

Food and live animals, beverages and tobacco
Crude materials, inedible

Mineral fuels and lubricants

Animal and vegetable oils, etc.
Chemicals and related products
Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material
Machinery and transport equipment

Miscellaneous manufactured articles

Slovakia

Food and live animals, beverages and tobacco
Crude materials, inedible

Mineral fuels and lubricants

Animal and vegetable oils, etc.
Chemicals and related products
Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material
Machinery and transport equipment

Miscellaneous manufactured articles

Slovenia

Food and live animals, beverages and tobacco
Crude materials, inedible

Mineral fuels and lubricants

Animal and vegetable oils, etc.
Chemicals and related products
Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material
Machinery and transport equipment

Miscellaneous manufactured articles

Turkey

Food and live animals, beverages and tobacco
Crude materials, inedible

Mineral fuels and lubricants

Animal and vegetable oils, etc.
Chemicals and related products
Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material
Machinery and transport equipment

Miscellaneous manufactured articles

8.2
5.3
21.4
0.2
10.6
19.8
24.8
8.9

7.9
5.8
11.8
0.2
13.5
17.7
28.1
8.0

7.4
6.5
6.6
0.4
12.1
19.8
33.8
10.6

4.6
9.9
12.9
1.8
15.0
18.7
32.2
4.9

6.8
5.3
20.9
0.2
10.0
21.3
25.6
8.7

6.8
4.7
11.6
0.2
11.1
13.5
29.4
8.6

7.4
5.1
8.0
0.4
11.9
19.7
33.7
13.4

4.7
8.3
13.6
1.2
13.2
17.0
36.3
5.7

5.6
4.7
18.9
0.3
9.7
23.1
26.5
9.9

6.6
4.4
15.7
0.2
11.6
16.5
36.0
8.9

7.0
5.2
8.4
0.4
12.1
20.5
33.1
13.3

3.7
8.1
12.5
1.2
13.3
16.8
38.4
6.0

7.7
4.2
12.0
0.4
10.2
26.0
27.3
11.0

6.2
3.8
10.9
0.2
10.6
18.0
40.3
9.9

6.3
4.8
5.6
0.5
11.9
21.8
36.4
12.6

3.2
7.6
9.8
1.1
14.3
17.4
39.7
6.8

7.1
3.7
10.1
0.2
11.2
29.0
26.4
12.2

6.2
3.8
12.9
0.2
11.3
18.3
37.7
9.5

6.0
4.7
6.4
0.4
11.7
21.6
37.0
12.2

3.4
6.2
13.2
1.1
15.5
16.1
37.8
6.8

5.5
3.7
7.9
1.0
10.8
25.9
13.1
31.7

5.8
4.8
4.2
0.1
12.3
39.9
18.5
12.1

3.8
2.1
1.2
0.1
10.5
28.5
31.4
22.2

18.0
3.6
1.3
1.5
4.1
28.8
11.1
31.5

7.6
3.8
7.4
0.9
9.8
22.7
13.6
33.9

4.1
4.1
4.7
0.1
10.9
26.4
22.6
12.0

4.1
1.7
0.9
0.1
10.6
27.4
33.4
21.8

18.5
3.6
1.2
1.0
4.3
28.2
13.0
30.2

5.2
4.7
6.1
1.5
7.8
25.6
14.0
34.9

4.1
4.2
4.6
0.2
10.8
34.0
28.4
13.7

3.7
2.0
1.2
0.2
11.2
27.1
33.6
21.0

18.4
3.2
0.7
1.0
4.5
29.7
12.8
29.7

3.7
6.0
4.7
0.9
5.3
25.4
14.6
39.3

3.7
3.6
3.5
0.2
8.9
30.0
37.4
12.7

3.7
1.9
1.0
0.2
10.4
25.8
36.7
20.4

16.4
3.0
1.0
0.9
4.3
28.8
15.2
30.5

3.7
8.6
4.9
0.6
4.9
20.5
16.8
39.9

3.5
3.8
4.8
0.1
7.9
27.3
39.5
12.9

3.8
1.9
0.6
0.1
10.9
26.2
35.5
21.0

14.8
3.2
1.3
1.0
4.4
29.6
19.6
29.8

12

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

157

EEXXTTEERRNNAALL TTRRAADDEE

EXTERNAL TRADE BY MAIN PARTNERS

It is possible to use different criteria for partner country
attribution.  Country  of  origin  is  a  country  in  which  the
goods  have  been  wholly  produced  (obtained)  or  in
which  goods  have  undergone  substantial  transforma-
tion.

Country of the last known destination is the last country
— as it is known at the time of exportation — to which
goods are to be delivered by the exporting country.

12.7. Structure of imports by main partner countries in % of total value at current prices

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Partners

%

Partners

%

Partners

%

Partners

%

Partners

%

Bulgaria

1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

Cyprus
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

Czech  Rep.
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

Estonia

1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

Hungary
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

Russian Fed. 28.1
Germany 12.4
5.8
Italy
4.4
Greece
3.3
Ukraine
46.0

Russian Fed.
Germany
Italy
Greece
France

UK 12.7
Italy 11.5
9.2
8.3
6.8
51.5

Germany
Greece
Japan

UK
Italy
Greece
Germany
Japan

Germany 31.7
Slovakia 11.8
7.4
6.9
5.3
36.9

Russian Fed.
Austria
Italy

Germany
Slovakia
Russian Fed.
Italy
Austria

Finland 33.5
Russian Fed. 14.6
9.8
8.6
3.2
30.3

Germany
Sweden
Netherlands

Finland
Russian Fed.
Germany
Sweden
Italy

Germany 23.4
Russian Fed. 11.8
Austria 10.7
7.9
3.9
42.3

Italy
France

Germany
Russian Fed.
Austria
Italy
France

33.4
11.3
6.3
3.9
3.2
41.9

12.7
11.2
8.5
8.3
6.1
53.2

29.8
9.6
7.4
5.9
5.8
41.5

31.5
11.2
10.6
8.8
3.4
34.5

26.9
11.1
10.8
7.4
4.0
39.8

Russian Fed.
Germany
Italy
Greece
USA

UK
Italy
Greece
Germany
USA

Germany
Slovakia
Russian Fed.
Austria
Italy

Finland
Germany
Sweden
Russian Fed.
Japan

Germany
Austria
Russian Fed.
Italy
France

28.0
11.8
7.2
4.2
3.8
45.0

12.8
10.3
9.0
7.0
6.1
54.8

31.7
8.4
6.8
6.0
5.4
41.7

27.8
11.9
10.6
8.8
3.6
37.3

26.9
10.6
9.2
7.4
4.4
41.5

Germany
Italy
Greece
France
USA

UK
Italy
Greece
Germany
Japan

Germany
Slovakia
Austria
Russian Fed.
Italy

Finland
Germany
Sweden
Russian Fed.
Japan

Germany
Austria
Italy
Russian Fed.
France

13.9
7.7
5.8
4.5
4.1
64.0

11.9
11.3
9.6
9.5
6.6
51.1

34.5
7.2
5.9
5.5
5.2
41.7

25.9
11.9
10.7
7.8
5.4
38.3

28.2
9.6
7.6
6.5
4.9
43.2

Germany
Italy
Greece
France
USA

UK
Italy
Greece
Germany
Japan

Germany
Slovakia
Austria
Italy
Russian Fed.

Finland
Sweden
Germany
Russian Fed.
Japan

Germany
Austria
Italy
Russian Fed.
France

14.9
8.4
5.7
5.2
3.5
62.3

10.8
10.4
9.8
7.4
6.4
55.2

34.1
6.3
5.7
5.4
4.9
43.6

26.0
10.7
10.4
8.0
5.4
39.5

29.2
8.9
7.7
5.8
4.7
43.7

12

158

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

EEXXTTEERRNNAALL TTRRAADDEE

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Partners

%

Partners

%

Partners

%

Partners

%

Partners

%

Russian Fed. 21.7
Germany 15.4
Finland 10.4
8.0
Sweden
5.5
Latvia
39.0

Russian Fed.
Germany
Finland
Sweden
Latvia

Russian Fed. 31.2
Germany 14.3
4.2
3.7
3.6
43.0

Poland
Ukraine
Belarus

Russian Fed.
Germany
Poland
Italy
Denmark

Italy 27.4
UK 15.6
Germany 12.2
8.3
6.0
30.5

France
USA

Italy
France
UK
Germany
USA

Germany 26.6
8.5
Italy
6.7
Russian Fed.
5.2
UK
4.9
France
48.1

Germany
Italy
Russian Fed.
UK
France

Germany 17.5
Italy 13.3
Russian Fed. 12.0
5.2
France
4.1
USA
47.9

Germany
Italy
Russian Fed.
France
USA

Czech Rep. 27.7
Russian Fed. 16.6
Germany 14.3
5.1
4.6
31.7

Austria
Italy

Czeh Rep.
Russian Fed.
Germany
Italy
Austria

20.2
13.8
9.2
7.9
6.3
42.6

29.0
15.4
4.4
3.8
3.6
43.8

19.5
15.9
14.3
9.4
6.9
34.0

24.7
9.9
6.8
5.9
5.5
47.2

17.6
15.3
12.5
4.9
3.8
45.9

24.5
17.7
14.5
5.9
4.7
32.6

Germany
Russian Fed.
Finland
Sweden
Latvia

Russian Fed.
Germany
Poland
Italy
Denmark

Italy
France
UK
Germany
USA

Germany
Italy
Russian Fed.
France
UK

Germany
Italy
Russian Fed.
France
Rep. of Korea

Czech Rep.
Germany
Russian Fed.
Italy
Austria

16.0
15.6
9.7
7.7
6.4
44.6

25.3
17.5
4.9
4.1
3.8
44.4

20.2
16.6
14.7
10.0
7.9
30.6

24.1
9.9
6.3
5.9
5.5
48.3

16.4
15.8
12.0
5.7
5.1
45.0

21.3
19.7
13.9
5.8
5.0
34.3

Germany
Russian Fed.
Finland
Sweden
Estonia

Russian Fed.
Germany
Poland
Italy
Denmark

Italy
France
UK
Germany
USA

Germany
Italy
France
Russian Fed.
UK

Germany
Italy
Russian Fed.
France
HU

Germany
Czech Rep.
Russian Fed.
Italy
Austria

16.8
11.8
9.5
7.2
6.6
48.1

21.2
18.2
5.5
4.4
3.8
46.9

19.3
17.8
12.4
10.5
8.9
31.1

26.4
9.4
6.5
5.0
4.9
47.8

17.5
17.4
9.0
6.9
4.6
44.6

25.7
18.4
10.4
6.5
4.7
34.3

Germany
Russian Fed.
Finland
Latvia
Sweden

Russian Fed.
Germany
Poland
UK
Italy

France
Italy
UK
Germany
USA

Germany
Italy
France
Russian Fed.
UK

Italy
Germany
Russian Fed.
France
UK

Germany
Czech Rep.
Russian Fed.
Italy
Austria

15.2
10.5
9.1
7.3
7.2
50.7

20.1
16.5
5.7
4.2
4.1
49.4

19.1
16.7
10.9
10.0
8.4
34.9

25.2
9.4
6.8
5.9
4.6
48.1

19.6
17.1
6.8
6.7
4.2
45.6

26.2
16.7
12.0
7.1
4.8
33.2

Latvia

1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

Lithuania
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

Malta
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

Poland

1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

Romania
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

Slovakia

1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

12

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

159

EEXXTTEERRNNAALL TTRRAADDEE

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Partners

%

Partners

%

Partners

%

Partners

%

Partners

%

Germany 23.2
Italy 17.0
9.7
8.4
6.1
35.6

Austria
France
Croatia

Germany 15.5
USA 10.4
8.9
Italy
5.8
UK
5.6
France
53.7

Germany
Italy
France
Austria
Croatia

Germany
Italy
USA
France
UK

21.7
16.9
9.8
8.9
6.3
36.4

17.9
9.8
8.1
6.4
5.8
52.1

Germany
Italy
France
Austria
Croatia

Germany
USA
France
Italy
UK

20.7
16.6
10.5
8.4
5.0
38.8

16.5
8.9
6.1
5.7
5.7
57.1

Germany
Italy
France
Austria
Croatia

Germany
Italy
USA
France
UK

20.7
16.8
12.4
7.9
4.3
37.9

15.9
9.2
8.8
6.6
5.8
53.6

Germany
Italy
France
Austria
Croatia

Germany
Italy
France
USA
Russian Fed.

20.6
16.7
10.9
8.0
4.4
39.4

14.5
7.8
7.7
7.6
5.8
56.7

Slovenia
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

Turkey
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

12

160

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

EEXXTTEERRNNAALL TTRRAADDEE

12.8. Structure of exports by main partner countries in % of total value at current prices

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Partners

%

Partners

%

Partners

%

Partners

%

Partners

%

Bulgaria

1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

Cyprus
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

Czech  Rep.
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

Estonia

1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

Hungary
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

Latvia
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

Lithuania

1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

Germany
Italy

Russian Fed. 10.0
8.6
8.1
FYROM 8.1
6.9
Greece
58.3

Italy
Russian Fed.
Germany
Turkey
Greece

UK 28.0
Germany 10.0
5.4
Lebanon
5.0
Russian Fed.
4.6
Greece
47.0

UK
Germany
Lebanon
Greece
Russian Fed.

Germany 37.6
Slovakia 13.9
6.6
4.5
3.7
33.7

Austria
Poland
Italy

Germany
Slovakia
Austria
Poland
Italy

Finland 23.3
Russian Fed. 16.3
Sweden 11.8
7.4
7.3
33.9

Latvia
Germany

Finland
Russian Fed.
Sweden
Latvia
Germany

Germany 28.6
Austria 10.1
8.5
6.4
4.0
42.4

Italy
Russian Fed.
France

Germany
Austria
Italy
Russian Fed.
UK

Russian Fed. 25.3
Germany 13.6
9.3
9.1
5.5
37.2

Sweden
UK
Lithuania

Russian Fed.
Germany
UK
Lithuania
Sweden

Russian Fed. 20.4
Germany 14.4
Belarus 10.8
7.5
Ukraine
7.1
Latvia
39.8

Russian Fed.
Germany
Belarus
Latvia
Ukraine

10.1
9.8
9.0
7.9
7.1
56.1

25.4
10.1
5.7
5.3
4.4
49.1

36.0
14.2
6.4
5.5
3.3
34.6

20.8
14.2
13.2
8.2
7.3
36.3

33.7
10.9
7.0
4.9
3.9
39.6

22.8
13.8
11.1
7.4
6.6
38.3

24.0
12.8
10.2
9.2
7.7
36.1

Italy
Germany
Turkey
Greece
Russian Fed.

UK
Lebanon
Greece
Germany
Israel

Germany
Slovakia
Austria
Poland
Italy

Finland
Sweden
Russian Fed.
Latvia
Germany

Germany
Austria
Italy
Russian Fed.
France

Russian Fed.
UK
Germany
Sweden
Lithuania

Russian Fed.
Germany
Belarus
Ukraine
Latvia

11.7
9.5
9.0
8.2
8.0
53.6

19.5
11.3
7.7
7.6
3.6
50.3

35.7
12.9
6.4
5.7
3.7
35.6

20.4
18.2
9.8
9.0
7.3
35.3

37.3
11.5
6.2
5.1
3.8
36.2

21.0
14.3
13.8
8.3
7.5
35.1

24.5
11.4
10.3
8.8
8.6
36.4

Italy
Germany
Greece
Turkey
Russian Fed.

UK
Germany
Lebanon
Greece
USA

Germany
Slovakia
Austria
Poland
Italy

Finland
Sweden
Latvia
Germany
Russian Fed.

Germany
Austria
Italy
Netherlands
USA

Germany
UK
Russian Fed.
Sweden
Lithuania

Russian Fed.
Germany
Latvia
Belarus
Ukraine

13.1
10.6
8.8
8.0
5.3
54.2

19.9
9.0
8.1
7.2
3.6
52.2

38.5
10.6
6.3
5.7
3.8
35.1

23.8
20.8
9.3
6.7
5.9
33.5

36.6
10.6
5.8
4.7
4.5
37.8

15.6
13.5
12.1
10.3
7.4
41.1

16.5
13.1
11.1
8.8
7.8
42.7

Italy
Germany
Greece
Turkey
Russian Fed.

UK
Lebanon
Germany
Greece
USA

Germany
Slovakia
Austria
Poland
France

Finland
Sweden
Germany
Latvia
UK

Germany
Austria
Italy
USA
Netherlands

Germany
UK
Sweden
Lithuania
Russian Fed.

Germany
Latvia
Russian Fed.
Denmark
Belarus

13.9
9.9
8.6
7.3
4.7
55.6

18.1
8.6
8.6
8.4
4.2
52.1

41.9
8.3
6.5
5.6
3.9
33.8

23.4
22.7
8.5
8.3
5.6
31.5

38.4
9.6
5.9
5.2
5.2
35.7

16.9
16.4
10.7
7.5
6.6
41.9

16.0
12.8
7.0
6.2
5.9
52.1

12

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

161

EEXXTTEERRNNAALL TTRRAADDEE

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Partners

%

Partners

%

Partners

%

Partners

%

Partners

%

Italy 30.4
Germany 15.0
France 12.2
9.6
7.5
25.3

USA
UK

France
Germany
USA
Italy
Singapore

Russian Fed.
Netherlands
Italy
UK

Germany 38.3
5.6
5.6
4.9
4.0
41.6

Germany
Russian Fed.
Italy
Netherlands
France

Germany 18.1
Italy 15.7
5.8
4.4
3.0
53.0

France
Turkey
Netherlands

Germany
Italy
France
Turkey
Netherlands

Czech Rep. 34.5
Germany 18.4
4.9
4.7
4.3
33.2

Austria
Italy
Poland

Czech Rep.
Germany
Austria
Italy
Poland

Germany 30.2
Italy 14.6
Croatia 10.5
8.2
France
6.4
Austria
30.1

Germany
Italy
Croatia
France
Austria

Germany 23.3
7.0
USA
6.7
Italy
5.7
Russian Fed.
5.3
UK
52.0

Germany
USA
Russian Fed.
Italy
UK

15.0
14.5
13.5
12.5
12.2
32.3

34.4
6.8
5.3
4.8
4.4
44.3

18.4
17.1
5.7
4.8
4.2
49.8

31.0
21.2
6.0
4.9
4.8
32.0

30.6
13.3
10.3
7.2
6.6
32.0

22.3
7.1
6.5
6.2
5.4
52.4

France
USA
Germany
Singapore
UK

Germany
Russian Fed.
Italy
Netherlands
Ukraine

Italy
Germany
France
Turkey
USA

Czech Rep.
Germany
Austria
Poland
Italy

Germany
Italy
Croatia
Austria
France

Germany
Russian Fed.
USA
UK
Italy

19.4
14.5
13.5
10.4
8.2
34.0

32.9
8.4
5.9
4.7
4.7
43.4

19.5
16.8
5.5
4.2
3.8
50.2

25.5
23.7
7.2
6.0
5.2
32.4

29.4
14.9
10.0
6.8
5.5
33.4

20.0
7.8
7.7
5.8
5.3
53.4

France
USA
Singapore
Germany
UK

Germany
Italy
Russian Fed.
Netherlands
France

Italy
Germany
France
Turkey
USA

Germany
Czech Rep.
Austria
Italy
Poland

Germany
Italy
Croatia
France
Austria

Germany
USA
UK
Italy
Russian Fed.

20.7
18.2
14.6
12.6
7.7
26.2

36.3
5.9
5.7
4.8
4.7
42.6

22.0
19.6
5.9
3.9
3.8
44.8

28.8
20.3
7.5
7.1
5.9
30.4

28.4
13.9
9.0
8.3
6.9
33.5

20.2
8.3
5.8
5.8
5.0
54.3

USA
Singapore
France
Germany
UK

Germany
Italy
Netherlands
France
UK

Italy
Germany
France
Turkey
UK

Germany
Czech Rep.
Italy
Austria
Poland

Germany
Italy
Croatia
Austria
France

Germany
USA
UK
Italy
France

21.3
15.9
15.2
12.6
9.3
25.7

36.1
6.5
5.3
4.8
4.0
43.3

23.3
17.8
6.2
5.5
4.9
42.3

27.7
18.1
8.8
8.1
5.3
32.0

30.7
13.8
7.9
7.3
5.7
34.6

20.6
9.2
6.9
6.3
5.9
51.1

Malta

1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

Poland
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

Romania
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

Slovakia

1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

Slovenia
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

Turkey
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

12

162

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

TRADE PRICES AND TERMS OF TRADE

EEXXTTEERRNNAALL TTRRAADDEE

12.9. External trade price indices

Imports

Previous year = 100.0

Exports  

Previous year = 100.0

1995         1996          1997         1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ 

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI

TR

149.1

:

:

:

:

:

105.8

101.4

104.6

:

:

:

:

:

98.7

99.8

132.2

120.8

113.4

111.4

:

:

:

119.2

:

:

116.5

116.8

:

:

105.6

111.1

104.4

:

98.9

93.9

:

99.4

100.0

113.6

91.9

:

90.4

91.3

98.0

94.2

103.7

102.4

88.5

:

97.4

95.9

:

:

101.3

100.4

105.5

94.7

95.9

101.0

107.2

89.4

:

91.6

94.5

145.5

:

107.6

115.2

133.9

116.1

:

:

121.2

:

:

120.6

112.6

:

:

100.7

111.4

118.0

106.2

107.8

102.8

108.1

101.6

:

100.8

95.6

:

:

105.4

107.5

114.8

101.6

102.0

98.2

112.9

93.1

:

90.2

95.3

:

:

104.8

102.1

112.9

99.8

94.9

102.8

106.8

93.0

:

99.7

96.0

:

:

99.5

99.6

103.8

96.4

96.7

100.8

108.1

92.8

:

91.1

93.2

12.10. Terms of trade

Fig.  12.c.  Terms  of  trade  in  percentage  of
previous year

Previous  year  =  100.0

1997

1998

1999

1995         1996          1997         1998

1999     

CZ

EE HU LV

LT MT

PL RO SI

TR

BG

CY

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

97.6

:

:

:

:

:

101.4

100.9

100.7

:

:

:

101.3

97.7

101.2

:

:

:

101.7

:

:

103.5

96.4

:

:

97.4

97.3

97.2

:

101.9

101.7

:

102.6

98.2

99.4

101.3

:

99.8

104.4

:

:

106.2

102.3

101.3

101.9

100.7

99.1

104.3

105.1

:

102.4

100.0

:

:

98.3

99.2

98.4

101.8

100.8

99.8

100.8

103.8

:

99.4

98.6

106

104

102

100

98

12

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

163

Chapter 13

ENVIRONMENT

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

165

EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT

AIR POLLUTION

13.1. Emissions of carbon dioxide

Total  emissions
In million tonnes

Emissions  per  capita
In tonnes

1995          1996         1997         1998

1999                     1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

(1)

BG

CY 

CZ

EE  

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI 

TR 

73

0

123

21

63

10

18

:

349

127

47

15

172

66

0

129

21

67

10

19

:

373

111

47

16

191

64

0

133

21

65

9

19

:

362

105

46

16

205

64

0

125

19

62

8

19

:

338

:

45

16

204

:

:

P
118 

:

:

:

18

:

:

:

45

15

213

(1) Data refer to emissions from power stations only.

8.7

0

11.9

14.1

6.2

4.0

5.0

:

9.0

5.6

8.7

7.4

2.8

7.9

0

12.5

14.6

6.6

3.9

5.1

:

9.7

4.9

8.7

7.9

3.1

7.7

0

12.9

14.2

6.4

3.5

5.0

:

9.4

4.6

8.6

8.2

3.3

7.7

0

12.1

13.3

6.2

3.1

5.2

:

8.7

:

8.3

8.0

3.2

:

:

P
11.5 

:

:

:

4.8

:

:

:

8.3

7.7

3.3

Fig. 13.a. Per capita emissions of carbon dioxide in tonnes

1995

1998

15

10

5

0

13

BG

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

PL

RO

SK

SI

TR

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

167

EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT

13.2. Emissions of sulphur oxides

Total  emissions
In 1 000 tonnes

Emissions  per  capita
In kg

1995          1996          1997         1998

1999                     1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE  

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI 

(1)

TR 

1 477

1 420

1 365

1 251

40

1 091

118

705

61

94

:

45

946

125

673

41

93

:

47

701

119

659

44

77

:

49

443

110

592

42

94

:

2 376

2 368

2 181

1 897

932

239

125

947

751

227

112

898

202

118

:

179

123

1 105

1 160

1 288

1 279

942

:

269

:

:

:

70

:

:

:

171

104

176

55

106

80

69

24

25

:

62

41

45

63

16

170

164

152

61

92

85

66

16

25

:

61

33

42

56

18

72

68

82

65

18

21

:

56

40

38

59

19

65

43

76

59

17

25

:

49

:

33

62

20

115

:

26

:

:

:

19

:

:

:

32

52

20

(1) Data refer to emissions from power stations only.

13.3. Emissions of nitrogen oxides

Total  emissions
In 1 000 tonnes

Emissions  per  capita
In kg

1995          1996          1997         1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

13

BG

CY

CZ

EE  

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL

RO

SK 

SI 

TR 

265

19

412

42

190

42

65

:

259

21

432

44

189

35

65

:

225

21

423

45

200

44

57

:

1 120

1 154

1 115

420

182

67

786

326

130

70

857

330

125

71

850

223

22

413

46

203

42

60

:

991

:

130

64

845

:

:

390

:

:

:

54

:

:

:

118

58

935

32

26

40

28

19

17

17

:

29

19

34

34

13

31

28

42

30

19

14

18

:

30

14

24

35

14

27

32

41

31

20

18

15

:

29

15

23

36

14

27

29

40

32

20

17

16

:

26

:

24

32

13

:

:

38

:

:

:

15

:

:

:

22

29

15

168

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT

WATER

13.4. Fresh ground water abstraction

Total  abstraction

In million m

3

Abstraction  per  capita

3

In m

1995         1996          1997         1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE  

HU

(1)

LV

LT

MT

PL 

RO

SK 

SI 

TR 

942

:

719

350

896

195

304

20

1 988

1 280

578

138

:

918

:

617

257

877

181

289

22

1 942

1 300

541

136

:

838

:

587

322

851

167

234

20

1 871

1 260

498

135

:

835

:

547

316

831

155

202

18

1 701

1 208

493

135

:

815

:

557

299

:

134

183

:

1 935

1 134

465

:

:

(1) Including mining waters used for production.

112

:

70

236

88

78

82

54

52

56

108

69

:

110

:

60

175

86

73

78

59

50

57

101

68

:

101

:

57

221

84

68

63

53

48

56

93

68

:

101

:

53

218

82

63

55

47

44

54

91

68

:

99

:

54

207

:

55

49

:

50

50

86

:

:

13.5. Fresh surface water abstraction

Total  abstraction

In million m

3

Abstraction  per  capita

3

In m

1995          1996          1997         1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE  

HU

LV 

LT

MT

PL 

RO

SK 

SI 

TR 

2 034

2 531

2 251

2 645

2 076

:

2 024

1 430

5 080

222

4 278

:

:

1 953

1 373

5 134

223

5 407

:

10 078

10 066

9 020

9 150

808

121

:

830

122

:

:

1 906

1 306

4 917

196

4 552

:

9 928

8 000

812

118

:

:

1 730

1 282

4 822

189

4 923

:

9 613

7 843

733

108

:

:

1 419

1 228

:

174

4 461

:

9 339

7 436

684

:

:

242

:

196

964

497

88

303

:

189

935

504

89

271

:

185

896

484

79

320

:

168

884

477

77

253

:

138

851

:

72

1 152

1 458

1 228

1 330

1 206

:

261

398

151

61

:

:

261

405

154

61

:

:

257

355

151

59

:

:

249

348

136

54

:

:

242

331

127

:

:

13

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

169

EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT

13.6. Public sewage treatment plants

13.7.  Residential  population  connected  to
waste water treatment

1995

1996

1997                    1998                    1999

In  %  of  residential  population

Total  number  

1995          1996          1997         1998

1999     

BG

CY

CZ

EE  

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL 

RO

SK 

SI 

TR 

35

:

56

72

21

:

:

8

42

:

53

:

10

35

:

58

72

22

:

78

8

43

:

53

:

12

36

:

59

72

23

:

78

8

47

:

49

:

:

36

:

62

69

26

:

79

8

49

:

49

30

:

37

:

62

69

:

:

80

8

52

:

:

30

:

BG

CY

CZ

EE  

HU

LV 

LT

MT

PL 

RO

SK 

SI 

TR 

BG

CY

CZ

EE  

HU

LV 

LT

MT

PL 

RO

SK 

SI 

TR 

50

:

783
1 004
429

:

874

1

51

:

836
958
435

:

816

1

51

:

870
972
460

:

789

1

51

:

912
980
479

:

769

1

50

:

959
915
:

:

789

1

1 226

1 471

1 767

1 923

2 209

:

258

84

50

:

281

88

55

:

198

95

:

:

199

101

:

:

:

108

:

Design  capacity  in  1  000  m

3  

per  day  

1 829

1 829

1 853

1 886

1 919

:

:

:

:

:

3 585

3 734

3 758

3 716

3 753

:

:

:

:

2 347

2 401

2 426

2 711

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

1 189

1 185

1 370

1 278

1 496

17

17

17

17

17

6 737

7 544

8 829

9 065

9 383

:

1 851

330

1 892

:

1 874

331

2 114

:

1 981

333

:

:

1 980

338

:

:

:

341

:

13

170

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT

WASTE

13.8. Generation of hazardous waste by national classification

(1)

Total  generation
In 1 000 tonnes

Generation  per  capita
In kg

1995          1996          1997         1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

(2)

BG

CY

CZ

EE  

HU

(3)

LV

LT

MT

PL 

RO

SK 

SI 

TR 

:

50

6 005

7 273

3 424

48

153

:

3 866

5 710

1 350

170

:

1 741

1 097

53

6 669

7 679

2 585

50

101

:

5 164

3 203

1 407

:

:

52

6 436

7 361

3 630

80

132

:

4 007

2 757

1 500

:

:

:

:

3 399

6 272

3 915

106

131

:

1 105

2 299

1 400

:

:

:

:

2 380

5 860

:

:

106

:

1 134

2 174

:

:

:

:

68

581

4 901

335

19

41

:

100

252

252

86

:

208

72

647

5 227

254

20

27

:

134

142

262

:

:

132

79

625

5 049

357

32

36

:

104

122

279

:

:

:

:

330

*

4 326

387

43

35

:

29

102

260

:

:

:

:
*

231

4 063

:

:

29

:

29

97

:

:

:

(1) The data are presented by national classifications; therefore they are not suitable for
comparison between different countries.
(2) The break between 1997 and 1998 is caused by the change of legislation on waste
and a change of methodology.

(3) The break between 1997 and 1998 is caused by a change of classifica-
tion.

13.9. Generation of municipal waste

Total  generation
In 1 000 tonnes

Generation  per  capita

In kg

1995          1996          1997         1998

1999                    1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BG

CY

CZ

EE  

HU

LV

LT

MT

PL 

RO

SK 

SI 

TR 

4 495

4 031

3 628

3 197

3 213

:

:

533

4 500

657

1 546

116

:

3 200

565

5 000

650

1 445

125

:

3 280

593

4 800

621

1 510

98

:

3 017

557

4 976

597

1 578

126

:

3 365

569

4 943

584

1 236

138

11 352

11 621

12 183

11 827

12 317

7 758

1 620

1 024

7 375

1 700

:

20 570

22 816

7 347

:

:

:

6 246

1 700

:

:

7 066

:

:

:

535

:

:

359

440

261

416

314

294

342

302

515

339

482

:

310

385

491

261

390

335

301

326

316

:

371

436

:

318

407

473

252

407

262

315

326

:

:

:

387

:

293

384

492

244

426

326

306

278

315

:

:

391

:

327

394

491

240

334

357

319

314

:

:

:

13

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

171

EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT

ENVIRONMENT EXPENDITURE

13.10. Distribution of industry investment by environmental domain

Industry  investment  
In million euro

Industry  investment
In per thousand of GDP

Reference  
period

Air  and  
climate

Water
and  soil

Waste

Other
activities

BG

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

6.7

6.4

9.0

8.5

8.2

381.1

484.6

470.0

435.4

303.5

0.4

3.4

1.3

1.2

4.4

5.1

13.2

11.8

33.3

66.1

:

0.1

0.2

4.1

1.0

:

:

3.5

3.6

8.0

8.8

5.9

8.4

16.5

14.8

109.1

98.7

142.6

79.4

90.8

0.6

0.7

1.4

4.3

1.5

18.9

16.7

16.6

15.4

37.6

:

0.1

0.5

0.5

:

:

:

2.9

1.7

19.7

0.6

0.3

9.3

5.3

3.6

49.5

59.5

70.1

42.5

41.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

1.8

1.4

20.2

18.1

16.7

14.1

17.3

:

0

0

0

:

:

:

0.5

1.0

1.0

1.4

2.7

1.6

1.9

3.1

17.4

16.8

12.1

11.1

13.1

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.9

1.2

1.9

6.9

15.3

18.3

41.4

:

1.4

0.0

0.0

0.3

:

:

9.2

0.2

0.3

Total

17.5

15.2

28.2

32.3

29.7

557.1

659.6

694.8

568.3

448.4

1.4

4.5

3.0

8.1

8.4

46.1

54.8

60.4

81.0

162.4

:

1.7

0.6

4.5

1.3

:

:

16.2

6.6

29.1

Air  and  
climate

Water
and  soil

Waste

Other
activities

Total

0.67

0.82

1.00

0.78

0.70

9.58

10.66

10.05

8.64

6.11

0.15

1.00

0.32

0.26

0.91

0.15

0.37

0.29

0.79

1.46

:

0.03

0.03

0.75

0.15

:

:

0.41

0.38

0.80

0.88

0.76

0.93

1.51

1.27

2.74

2.17

3.05

1.58

1.83

0.21

0.21

0.33

0.92

0.30

0.55

0.47

0.41

0.37

0.83

:

0.03

0.09

0.08

:

:

:

0.35

0.18

1.97

0.06

0.04

1.03

0.48

0.31

1.24

1.31

1.50

0.84

0.83

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.38

0.30

0.59

0.51

0.41

0.34

0.38

:

0

0

0

:

:

:

0.06

0.10

0.10

0.14

0.34

0.18

0.18

0.27

0.44

0.37

0.26

0.22

0.26

0.12

0.06

0.04

0.19

0.24

0.06

0.19

0.38

0.44

0.91

:

0.35

0

0

0.05

:

:

1.09

0.02

0.03

1.75

1.96

3.15

2.94

2.55

14.00

14.50

14.86

11.28

9.02

0.52

1.30

0.72

1.74

1.75

1.35

1.54

1.50

1.93

3.59

:

0.43

0.12

0.84

0.20

:

:

1.92

0.68

2.92

172

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

13

EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT

Industry  investment  
In million euro

Industry  investment
In per thousand of GDP

Reference  
period

Air  and  
climate

Water
and  soil

Waste

Other
activities

Total

Air  and  
climate

Water
and  soil

Waste

Other
activities

Total

PL 

RO

SI

1995

1996

1997

488.9

944.2

911.8

1998

1 081.2

1999

856.8

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

17.1

20.7

21.2

29.5

:

41.5

24.4

30.7

23.4

:

100.5

97.5

134.2

171.8

172.2

47.2

53.0

71.7

97.8

:

5.7

5.6

6.3

2.6

:

50.8

47.1

70.2

136.2

65.9

6.3

6.5

8.3

12.8

:

6.8

3.5

6.7

4.6

:

4.7

7.8

644.9

1 096.5

14.0

1 130.2

17.7

1 406.9

15.3

1 110.1

20.2

19.1

15.9

23.5

:

7.5

5.3

5.4

3.0

:

90.8

99.2

117.0

163.6

124.0

61.6

38.8

49.0

33.6

:

5.03

8.33

7.17

7.65

5.88

0.63

0.75

0.68

0.80

:

2.90

1.64

1.91

1.34

:

1.03

0.86

1.06

1.22

1.18

1.74

1.91

2.30

2.65

:

0.40

0.38

0.39

0.15

:

0.52

0.42

0.55

0.96

0.45

0.23

0.23

0.27

0.35

:

0.47

0.24

0.42

0.26

:

0.05

0.07

0.11

0.13

0.10

0.74

0.69

0.51

0.64

:

0.52

0.35

0.33

0.17

:

6.63

9.68

8.89

9.96

7.62

3.35

3.57

3.75

4.44

3.88

4.29

2.61

3.05

1.92

:

Fig. 13.b. Distribution of industry investment by environmental domain in per thousand of
GDP, 1999

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

Air and climate

Water and soil

Waste

Other activities

LV, RO and SI: 1998.

13

BG

CZ

EE

HU

LV

LT

PL

RO

SI

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

173

EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT

13.11. Distribution of public investment by environmental domain

BG

CZ

EE

HU

13

LV

LT

Reference  
period

Public  investment  
In million euro

Public  investment
In per thousand of GDP

Air  and  
climate

Water
and  soil

Waste

Other
activities

Total

Air  and
climate

Water
and  soil

Waste

Other
activities

Total

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

0.7

0.2

0.3

0.8

0.1

111.4

126.1

125.5

108.1

108.1

3.5

5.9

2.7

5.1

5.1

:

:

0.9

:

:

0

0

0

:

:

:

0.1

0.3

0.4

0.1

3.6

3.1

3.1

10.1

15.3

175.2

192.2

192.2

149.5

150.8

7.8

29.2

29.2

20.2

11.1

:

72.0

72.0

185.6

:

3.2

3.4

1.8

1.5

6.1

:

13.8

13.8

12.7

6.9

0.3

0.2

0.8

1.1

3.1

20.5

26.6

35.4

30.5

18.4

0.4

0.6

1.1

1.9

2.4

:

:

1.0

1.1

0.9

1.8

3.6

9.3

15.3

22.9

26.3

21.8

1.4

2.8

4.3

4.1

8.9

:

:

5.6

4.7

5.1

13.8

22.0

316.4

368.8

375.9

312.8

299.1

13.1

34.5

37.3

31.0

27.4

:

:

7.0

14.4

11.9

13.1

91.7

218.8

:

0

0

0

0

0

:

0.7

1.3

1.0

1.0

:

0

0.3

0.9

1.5

0.3

:

0.8

0.9

2.1

0.8

:

3.2

3.7

2.7

3.0

6.4

:

13.8

16.2

16.2

8.8

0.07

0.02

0.03

0.07

0.01

2.80

2.77

2.68

2.15

2.18

1.29

1.72

0.65

1.09

1.05

:

:

0.02

:

:

0

0

0

:

:

:

0.01

0.03

0.04

0.01

0.36

0.39

0.34

0.92

1.31

4.40

4.23

4.11

2.97

3.04

2.87

8.51

7.13

4.34

2.30

:

2.02

1.78

4.43

:

0.94

0.84

0.37

0.28

0.97

:

2.22

1.63

1.33

0.69

0.03

0.03

0.09

0.10

0.27

0.51

0.59

0.76

0.61

0.37

0.14

0.18

0.28

0.40

0.50

:

:

0.17

0.34

:

0

0

0

0

0

:

0.12

0.15

0.11

0.10

0.10

0.14

0.10

0.16

0.31

0.23

0.34

0.49

0.52

0.44

0.53

0.82

1.05

0.89

1.85

:

:

0.29

0.31

:

0

0.07

0.18

0.28

0.05

:

0.13

0.11

0.21

0.08

0.56

0.60

0.56

1.26

1.89

7.95

8.11

8.04

6.21

6.02

4.82

10.03

9.11

6.66

5.70

:

:

2.27

5.22

:

0.94

0.92

0.55

0.56

1.03

:

2.22

1.92

1.69

0.88

174

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT

PL 

RO

SK

Reference  
period

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Public  investment  
In million euro

Public  investment
In per thousand of GDP

Air  and  
climate

Water  and
soil

Waste

Other
activities

Total

Air  and  
climate

Water  and
soil

Waste

Other
activities

Total

30.3

79.3

52.2

54.2

54.2

:

:

:

:

:

18.9

19.5

16.1

:

:

237.6

623.9

623.9

628.0

632.8

:

:

:

:

:

50.9

33.1

33.1

23.3

:

37.3

50.8

54.2

59.0

70.4

:

:

:

:

:

3.5

9.6

3.5

20.4

:

1.4

2.7

13.4

11.2

5.6

57.2

51.7

75.9

306.6

653.8

743.8

759.0

763.1

57.2

51.7

75.9

107.0

107.0

:

0

0

18.4

22.7

:

85.5

73.3

71.6

71.0

82.3

:

0.31

0.70

0.41

0.38

0.37

:

:

:

:

:

1.35

1.25

0.89

:

:

2.44

5.51

4.91

4.44

4.35

:

:

:

:

:

3.62

2.12

1.84

1.23

:

0.38

0.45

0.43

0.42

0.48

:

:

:

:

:

0.25

0.62

0.19

1.08

:

0.01

0.02

0.11

0.08

0.04

2.11

1.86

2.43

2.90

:

0

0

1.02

1.20

:

3.15

5.77

5.85

5.37

5.24

2.11

1.86

2.43

2.90

2.68

5.22

4.59

3.94

4.33

:

13

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

175

Chapter 14

SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN
COUNTRIES

In this edition of the yearbook, data on south-east European countries for the first time appears in a special chapter
separately  from  candidate  countries.  This  presentation  was  especially  chosen,  as  availability  of  data  and
comparability with EU Member States are still considerably weaker in south-east European countries than in candidate
countries. For ease of reference, the order of tables follows that of the chapters on candidate countries.

For  the  time  being,  this  chapter  covers  only  Albania,  Croatia  and  the  Former  Yugoslav  Republic  of  Macedonia.  The
coverage will be extended as and when data availability improves. The selection of countries presented in this chapter
is based exclusively on practical considerations, mainly linked to data availability, and does not reflect any opinion of
the European Commission.

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

177

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

POPULATION

14.1. Total population

In  1  000

14.3.  Proportion  of  population  by  age
groups

In  %  of  total  population

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Total  population  on  1  January

AL
HR
*
MK

3 265.9
4 597.0 
1 974.8

:
4 565.4 
1 991.4

3 354.3
4 581.9 
2 002.3

3 373.4
4 526.6 
2 012.7

3 401.2
4 567.5 
:

Number  of  women  on  1  January

AL
HR
*
MK

:
2 387.8 
986.0

:
2 371.3 
994.5

1 704.7
2 380.0 
1 000.1

1 711.4
2 351.2 
1 005.4

1 724.3
2 372.5 
:

Number  of  men  on  1  January

AL
HR
*
MK

:
2 209.2 
988.8

:
2 194.0 
996.9

1 649.6
2 202.0 
1 002.3

1 662.0
2 175.4 
1 007.3

1 676.9
2 195.1 
:

In  1  000

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Total  population  as  a  yearly  average

(1)

AL
HR 
MK

3 248.8
4 668.8
1 966.0

3 283.0
4 493.6
1 983.1

:
4 572.5
1 996.9

3 173.8
4 501.1
2 007.5

3 387.3
4 533.4
2 017.1

(1) Mid-year estimates.

0–14 years

15–24 years

25–44 years

45–64 years

65 years and more

80 years and more

0–14 years

15–24 years

25–44 years

45–64 years

65 years and more

80 years and more

0–14 years

15–24 years

25–44 years

45–64 years

65 years and more

80 years and more

(1) Mid-year estimates.

:

:

:

:

:

:

19.8

13.6

29.9

24.3

12.3

2.4

24.7

16.2

29.9

20.4

8.5

1.3

Albania

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

(1)

Croatia

19.9

13.6

29.9

24.3

12.3

2.4

FYROM

24.1

16.3

29.8

20.7

9.0

1.2

19.9

13.6

29.9

24.3

12.3

2.4

23.5

16.4

29.8

20.9

9.2

1.1

:

:

:

:

:

:

19.9

13.6

29.9

24.3

12.3

2.4

24.4

16.3

29.8

20.5

8.8

1.3

:

:

:

:

:

:

19.8

13.6

29.9

24.3

12.4

2.4

23.1

16.4

29.7

21.1

9.5

1.1

14.2. Birth and death rates

14.4. Population increase

Per  1  000  of  population

Per  1  000  of  population

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

22.2
10.7
16.4

:
10.8
8.3

Crude  birth  rate

20.8
12.0
15.8

:
12.1
14.8

Crude  death  rate

5.4
11.3
8.1

:
11.4
8.3

17.9
10.5
14.6

5.4
11.6
8.4

17.1
9.9
13.5

*
*

4.9
*
11.4  
8.3
*

Crude  rate  of  natural  increase

:
-0.1
8.0

15.5
0.7
7.7

:
0.8
6.5

17.9
-1.2
6.2

Crude  rate  of  net  migration  (including  corrections)

:
5.7
0.9

12.5
-15.7
8.9

:
7.7
0.6

:
7.4
-1.0

Crude  rate  of  increase

:
-3.7
8.4

:
1.7
5.5

-6.8
9.8
-1.0

*

5.7
*
8.7 
5.2

12.2
*
-1.5 
*
5.2

-4.0
*
4.1 
*
0.5

8.2
*
2.6 
4.7

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

14

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

179

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

14.5. Fertility

14.7. Life expectancy

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Total  fertility  rate  in children per women

2.7
1.6
2.0

2.7
1.7
1.9

2.6
1.7
1.8

2.6
1.7
1.9

:
1.4
1.8

Mean  age  of  women  at  birth  of  first  child  in years

:
25.0
23.5

:
25.0
23.7

:
25.2
23.7

:
25.4
23.9

Mean  age  of  women  at  childbearing  in years

:
27.4
25.8

:
27.6
25.9

:
27.9
29.6

:
27.9
26.1

:
25.4
24.0

:
27.8
26.1

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

Life  expectancy  in  years  

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

At  birth:  girls

(1)

:
77.0
74.5

At  birth:  boys

(1)

:
70.2
70.3

:
:
74.8

:
:
70.3

75.4
:
74.5

68.5
:
70.2

At  the  age  of  65:  women

:
:
14.9

:
:
15.0

:
:
15.1

At  the  age  of  65:  men

:
:
13.0

:
:
13.0

:
:
13.1

:
:
:

:
:
:

:
:
:

:
:
:

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

:
:
73.5

:
:
69.6

:
:
14.0

:
:
12.5

(1) Less than 1 year.

14.6. Marriages and divorces

14.8. Infant mortality rate

Per  1  000  of  population

Per  1  000  of  live  births

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

8.3
5.2
8.0

0.7
0.9
0.4

Crude  marriage  rate

:
5.4
7.0

Crude  divorce  rate

:
0.9
0.5

8.4
5.5
7.1

0.6
0.8
0.4

8.3
5.4
7.0

0.6
0.9
0.5

8.0
5.2
7.0

0.6
0.8
0.5

AL
HR
MK

:
8.9
22.7

:
8.0
16.4

22.2
8.2
15.7

15.0
8.2
:

12.2
7.7
:

14

180

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

EDUCATION

LEVEL OF EDUCATION

14.9. Percentage of pupils and students by
level of education 

14.10.  Participation  rates  in  pre-primary
education (ISCED 0) by age

Pupils  and  students  in  ISCED  0–6

Of  which  in  %

0
D
E
C
S

I

11
:
8

1
D
E
C
S

I

71
:
31

2
D
E
C
S

I

:
:
31

3
D
E
C
S

I

13
:
21

4
D
E
C
S

I

:
:
:

6
+
5
D
E
C
S

I

5
:
8

In
1998/
99

Number

in  1  000  

AL
HR
MK 

(1)

776
:
417

(1) Excluding ISCED 6.

In
1998/99

In  %

3 years

4 years      5 years      6 years       7 years

AL

HR

MK

38

:

11

37

:

14

36

:

34

:

:

51

:

:

0

Fig.  14.a.  Participation  rates  in  education
(all levels) of students aged 16 to 24 in %
of age population, 1996/97

Fig.  14.b.  Distribution  of 
students
in  tertiary  education  (ISCED  5+6)  by  gen-
der in % of total, 1998/99

69.9

42.6

31.5

16. 3

6.4

5.1

1.5

16

18

20

22

24

18.5

12.8

7.0

4.5

18–  24

18.5

AL

MK

Female students

Male students

100

50

0

40

60

45

55

AL

MK 

14

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

181

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

STUDENTS BY PROGRAMME AND FIELD

14.11.  Distribution  of  graduates  from  tertiary  education  (ISCED 5+6)  by  fields  of  study
and by sex

In

1998/99

Total  number
of  graduates
from  tertiary
education

Education Humanities

and  arts

Of  which  percentage  graduating  in:

Of  which

Social
sciences,
business
and  law

Business
and
adminis-
tration
(ISC  34)

Science

Law

(ISC  38)

Of  which

Computing

(ISC  48)

Engineering,
manufacturing
and
construction

Others

(1)

AL

HR 

MK

BG

AL

HR

MK

2 612

:

1 803

66

1 835

:

1 324

21

:

8

83

5

:

4

13

:

18

73

10

:

8

43

:

23

68

47

:

17

Female  graduates

15

:

15

10

:

5

Male  graduates

66

68

16

:

11

17

:

4

9

:

14

59

12

:

10

0

:

4

74

1

:

6

2

:

12

:

12              24

41

11

:

39

65

15            

:

21

(1) Includes agriculture, health and welfare, services and unknown or not specified.

Fig. 14.c. Proportion  in % of women among tertiary education (ISCED 5+6) graduates in
some fields of study, 1998/99

89

70

65

63

64

52

59

60

Albania

FYROM

Total graduates

Education

Humanities and arts

Social sciences, business and law

Of w hich business and administration

Of which law

Science

41

Of which computing

50

Engineering, manufacturing and construction
25

29

Others (1)

58

72

75

65

66

62

65

61

NB: Fields in light blue are sub-categories of blue fields.
(1) Includes agriculture, health and welfare, services and unknown or not specified.

14

182

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SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

LANGUAGES

Fig.  14.d.  Average  number  of  foreign
languages learnt by pupils in primary and
secondary  education 
(ISCED  1,2,3),
1996/97

14.12.  Pupils 
education  (ISCED  2+3)  by 
studied, 1996–97

in  secondary  general
language

Albania

(1)

FYROM

1.1

1.1

1.2

0.7

In  %

English

German            French            Russian            Spanish

AL

HR

MK

50

:

59

0

:

5

26

:

31

2

:

5

0

:

0

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

0.1

ISCED 1

ISCED 2

ISCED 3

(1) Including students on vocational programmes at upper secondary level.

14

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

183

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

SOCIAL INDICATORS

HEALTH

MONTHLY WAGES AND SALARIES

Fig.  14.e.  Number  of  doctors  per  100  000
inhabitants, 1999 (1)

14.14.  Monthly  gross  nominal  wages  and
salaries

Albania

Croatia

FYROM

1995

1996

In  euro

1997

1998

1999

250

200

150

100

50

0

Physicians

Dentists

(1) AL: 1997 data for physicians and 1996 for dentists.

14.13. Health care manpower

Per  100  000  inhabitants

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

141
203
230

35
56
55

Number  of  physicians

141
225
225

31
62
54

130
226
225

Number  of  dentists

:
62
55

:
229
225

:
66
57

:
229
221

:
64
56

14

AL
HR
MK

53
422
:

65
470
:

57
531
:

68
580
:

86
601
279

14.15.  Monthly  gross  wages  and  salaries
indices: total

Previous  year  =  100.0

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

:
144.5
110.7

124.4
138.5
95.7

:
112.3
102.8

119.6
107.7
100.5

Nominal

:
113.1
:

Real

77.9
108.7
100.2

:
112.6
:

99.3
105.8
:

:
110.2
103.6

:
106.5
:

Methodological note
Nominal  wages  and  salaries  

Albania:
Net wages in public sector.
Croatia:  
Gross earnings.
FYROM:  
Net.

Real  wages  and  salaries

Albania:  
Indices  of  net  nominal  wages  and  salaries  divided  by
consumer  price  indices  only  for  wages  in  the  public 
sector.
Croatia:
Indices  of  gross  nominal  earnings  divided  by  cost-of-
living indices.
FYROM:  
Indices of net nominal wages and salaries divided by the
cost-of-living index.

184

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

PENSIONS

14.16. Average monthly pensions

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

26
122
:

4.5
8.5
:

In  euro

24
162
:

In  %  of  GDP
3.9
11.1
:

25
174
:

3.6
11.2
:

29
135
:

4.6
9.4
:

32
153
:

3.8
13.1
:

Methodological note

Albania:
Data refer to average monthly pension in urban areas in
national  currency.  (There  are  two  different  contribution
systems  for  retirement  pensions  in  Albania:  one  for
urban areas and one for rural areas.) An average level
of pension for the whole country is not calculated by the
national  source.  For  information,  rural  area  pensions
displayed  a  level  equal  to  around  27  to  30  %  of  the
urban area pensions over the period 1993–97.

Croatia:
Pension beneficiary (disability, old age or survivors' pen-
sion) is a person who has been entitled to that right on
the basis of the Pension and Disability Insurance Act. The
amount of the pension at the end of the reference peri-
od  1994–98  refers  only  to  workers'  pensions.  Since
1995, the Croatian Army and Croatian Defenders pen-
sion beneficiaries have also been included in the aver-
age amount of pensions, and in 1998, pension benefi-
ciaries  from  the  former  republics  of  the  SFRY  were
included  as  well.  An  average  pension  in  1999 
comprised the pensions of workers, independent opera-
tors and farmers.
The bonus of 100.00 kuna and that of 6 % for benefici-
aries who retired by 30 June 1998 are not included in
the 1999 pensions (Narodne novine, official gazette of
the Republic of Croatia, No. 102/98).

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

14

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185

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

EMPLOYMENT

LABOUR FORCE

14.17. Employment rate (ILO methodology)

Methodological note

1995

1996

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

62.5
:
:

74.7
:
:

50.2
:
:

60.3
50.6
37.4

72.6
58.7
47.5

47.9
43.5
27.4

In  %  of  total  

1997

Total

59.5
49.6
34.4

Men

73.7
56.9
44.6

Women

45.3
42.7
24.4

1998

1999

57.5
46.8
35.9

71.5
54.2
45.4

43.4
40.4
26.3

55.7
44.3
35.9

69.1
51.3
44.6

42.3
38.2
27.2

Albania:
Total  labour  force  is  not  derived  from  a  LFS  but  from
administrative  records.  It  covers  total  employment  and
total registered unemployment. 
Working age population: population aged 15 years and
over.

Croatia:
Working  age  population:  LFS  was  carried  out  in
November 1996 for the first time and monitors the pop-
ulation aged 15–85. Starting from 1997, LFS data cover
the population aged 15 years and over.
The employed: Members of the armed forces are includ-
ed in the total number of employed persons but none of
their  characteristics  (activity,  occupation,  etc.)  are  col-
lected. 
Labour force: Conscripts on compulsory military service
are  excluded  from  the  labour  force.  All  persons  who
have found a job starting at a future date are considered
as unemployed.

UNEMPLOYMENT

14.18.  Unemployment  rate  from  LFS  (ILO
methodology)

In  %  of  labour  force

1995

1996

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

13.1
:
:

11.7
:
:

15.0
:
:

12.4
10.0
31.9

11.5
9.5
29.1

13.7
10.5
36.2

1997

Total

14.9
9.9
36.0

Men

13.9
9.5
33.0

Women

16.6
10.4
40.8

1998

1999

17.8
11.6
34.5

15.8
10.5
32.5

20.9
12.8
37.6

18.4
14.5
32.4

16.4
13.5
31.9

21.4
15.7
33.3

14

186

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

UNEMPLOYMENT BY AGE GROUP

14.19. Unemployment rate of people aged
less than 25

14.20. Unemployment rate of people aged
25 years and more

In  %  of  labour  force

In  %  of  labour  force

1995

1996

:
:
:

:
:
:

:
:
:

:
26.9
69.5

:
26.7
67.7

:
27.1
72.1

1997

Total

:
28.4
74.2

Men

:
29.8
72.0

Women

:
27.3
77.5

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

1998

1999

1995

1996

:
31.0
70.8

:
29.5
69.3

:
32.5
73.5

:
39.2
62.9

:
36.0
63.6

:
42.7
61.8

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

:
:
:

:
:
:

:
:
:

:
7.4
24.0

:
7.0
21.5

:
7.9
28.1

1997

Total

:
7.1
28.1

Men

:
6.6
25.2

Women

:
7.8
32.8

1998

1999

:
8.5
27.0

:
7.6
25.0

:
9.4
30.2

:
10.5
26.8

:
9.9
26.1

:
11.2
27.9

LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYMENT

Methodological note

14.21. Long-term unemployment

In  %    of  unemployed

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

72.7
:
:

71.3
:
:

74.3
:
:

Total

84.0
54.8
83.1

Men

83.9
53.7
82.0

Women

83.6
56.1
84.5

76.0
52.6
80.7

74.8
51.8
80.9

77.8
53.6
80.4

89.1
50.3
82.9

89.0
53.3
81.6

89.2
47.5
84.8

90.2
56.7
83.8

89.1
57.8
83.0

91.3
55.6
85.2

Albania:
Data refer to registered unemployed. 

Croatia:
Unemployed persons are those who meet the following
criteria: 
(a) did no work for payment in cash or kind during the
reference period, 
(b) were actively seeking work during four weeks prior to
the survey, and 
(c) were currently available for work within the next two
weeks. 
Those who have found a job starting at a later date are
also included. Conscripts on compulsory military service
are not included in the labour force.

FYROM:
The  LFS  monitors  only  persons  aged  15–80  and
excludes members of the armed forces.

14

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

187

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

EMPLOYMENT BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
(NACE CLASSIFICATION)

14.22.  Employment  by  economic  activity
in % of total employment

Methodological note

Croatia:
Data include all employed persons. 
LFS data refer to the reference week in November 1996
and June 1997. From 1998 onwards, LFS is carried out
continuously,  meaning  that  every  month  a  part  of  total
sampled  households  is  interviewed.  The  results  are
processed and published semi-annually.

FYROM:
All employed in civil sector aged 15–80. LFS data refer
to the reference week in April of each year.

In  %  of  total

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Agriculture

70.3
19.9
8.3

69.6
17.8
7.9

70.8
16.5
7.5

Industry  (excluding  construction)

7.6
22.9
26.7

2.0
6.2
6.0

20.1
51.0
59.1

7.9
23.9
27.1

Construction

1.4
5.7
6.0

Services

21.0
52.7
59.0

7.8
23.5
28.0

1.0
6.7
6.2

20.4
53.3
58.2

68.4
:
8.0

8.3
:
26.7

1.8
:
5.9

21.4
:
59.4

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

72.1
16.7
:

7.7
23.9
:

1.1
6.6
:

19.1
52.9
:

14.23. Dispatching of men and women by branch, in % of people employed by each branch

Women

Men

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

:

:

25.8

:

:

38.9

:

:

9.7

:

:

52.6

:

48.6

24.2

:

39.2

39.3

:

9.3

10.1

:

51.7

52.7

:

49.1

24.7

:

37.9

38.6

:

12.1

8.7

:

51.7

52.6

Agriculture

:

47.2

:

:

74.2
Industry  (excluding  construction)

:

:

36.4

:
Construction

:

10.8

:

:

52.5

:

Services

:

:

61.1

:

:

90.3

:

:

47.4

:

48.8

24.0

:

40.7

39.1

:

10.6

8.3

:

52.4

54.1

:

51.4

75.8

:

60.8

60.7

:

90.7

89.9

:

46.2

47.3

:

50.9

75.3

:

62.1

61.4

:

86.8

91.3

:

48.3

47.4

:

51.2

76.0

:

59.3

60.8

:

89.4

91.7

:

47.6

46.0

:

52.8

:

:

57.0

:

:

89.1

:

:

47.3

:

AL

HR

MK

AL

HR

MK

AL

HR

MK

AL

HR

MK

14

188

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

South-east  European  countries  are  not  integrated  into
the  Eurostat  compilation  and  verification  system  of
national  accounts  in  the  same  way  as  candidate 

countries. The figures quoted in this section are therefore
not  directly  comparable  with  candidate  countries  or
Member States.

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)

USES OF GDP

14.24. GDP at current prices

14.26.  Main  GDP  aggregates: 
consumption

final

GDP  at  current  prices  

In  %  of  GDP

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

1.9
14.4
3.4

584
3 083
1 741

3
18
10

Total  in  1  000  Mio  euro

(1)

2.1
15.7
3.5

645
3 484
1 753

2.0
17.9
3.3

2.7
19.4
3.1

Per  capita  in  euro

(1)

:
3 918
1 635

815
4 315
1 559

Per  capita    ,  EU-115  =  100

(2)

3
19
9

:
20
8

4
21
8

3.4
19.0
3.2

1 017
4 163
1 597

5
20
8

Data are from national sources.
(1) At current exchange rates.
(2) Figures  have  been  calculated  using  the  population  figures  from  national
accounts, that may differ from those used in demographic statistics.

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

:
65.1
70.4

:
28.2
18.6

Households  and  NPISH

:
62.1
72.1

:
63.8
73.7

General  government

:
25.4
18.1

:
24.2
17.2

:
60.8
73.8

:
25.0
17.6

:
58.6
72.4

:
25.6
17.0

NB: NPISH: non-profit institutions serving households.

14.25. Annual GDP growth rates 

(1)

14.27.  Main  GDP  aggregates:  gross
capital formation

In  %  over  previous  year

In  %  of  GDP

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

AL
HR
MK

13.3
6.8
-1.1

9.1
5.9
1.2

-7.0
6.8
1.4

8.0
2.5
2.9

8.0
-0.3
2.7

(1) GDP at constant prices (national currency).

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

:
15.7
16.5

:
1.9
4.2

:
38.6
33.0

:
49.5
42.8

Gross  fixed  capital  formation

:
20.5
17.4

:
1.5
2.7

:
24.2
17.4

Stock  variation

:
4.0
5.0

:
23.7
17.8

:
-0.6
5.2

Exports  of  goods  and  services

:
40.2
28.2

:
40.6
36.9

:
40.0
43.5

Imports  of  goods  and  services

:
49.7
38.5

:
56.8
50.2

:
49.0
57.8

:
22.8
17.9

:
0.4
3.1

:
40.7
44.0

:
48.1
54.4

14

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

189

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

CONTRIBUTION TO GROSS VALUE ADDED
(GVA) BY SECTORS

14.28.  Share  of  sectors  of  economic
activity in GVA

In  %  of  gross  value  added

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

54.6
10.7
13.2

11.7
28.4
23.8

10.3
5.9
6.2

23.4
57.9
56.8

Agriculture

(1)

56.0
9.6
13.1

Industry

(2)

12.4
26.9
24.7

Construction

11.2
7.4
6.4

Services

20.4
59.9
55.9

52.8
10.3
13.2

12.5
26.5
23.5

11.4
6.8
3.1

23.3
59.7
57.2

54.4
8.9
12.2

11.9
25.4
25.8

12.6
7.1
6.6

21.0
63.2
55.4

52.6
8.6
11.4

11.9
25.0
24.7

13.5
6.9
7.4

22.0
64.0
56.5

(1) Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing.
(2) Mining and quarrying, manufacturing, electricity, gas and water supply.

14

190

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SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

FINANCE

GENERAL GOVERNMENT BUDGET

14.29.  General  government  budget
deficit/surplus

14.30.  Gross  foreign  debt  of  the  whole
economy

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

-8.3
-1.1
-1.8

-11.1
-0.6
-1.4

-166.4
-163.5
-62.3

-266.1
-87.8
-50.0

%  of  GDP
-8.6
-1.0
-1.6

Mio  euro
-248.5
-186.8
-51.7

-5.9
0.0
-1.5

-8.1
-5.4
-1.3

-231.6
-1.8
-45.9

-280.1
-1 025.2
-43.1

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

17.9
10.8
13.7

358
1 549
468

%  of  GDP
13.8
35.9
26.0

Mio  euro
401
6 431
849

17.0
15.8
15.4

409
2 466
535

18.9
35.6
31.5

737
6 874
985

27.6
45.3
34.3

951
8 531
1 105

Source: IMF ( Albania 1995–98, Croatia), national authorities (Albania 1999,
FYROM).

Source: OECD.

14

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

191

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

14.31. Balance of payments

Albania

Current account

of which:  Trade balance

Exports of goods
Imports of goods

Services, net
Income, net
Current transfers, net 

of which: General government 

Capital account
Financial account

of which:  Direct investment, net 

Portfolio investment, net
Other investment, net
Reserves change ("-" increase)

Croatia

Current account

of which:  Trade balance

Exports of goods
Imports of goods

Services, net
Income, net
Current transfers, net 

of which: General government 

Capital account
Financial account

of which:  Direct investment, net 

Portfolio investment, net
Other investment, net
Reserves change ("-" increase)

FYROM

Current account

of which:  Trade balance

(1)

Exports of goods
Imports of goods

Services, net
Income, net
Current transfers, net 

of which: General government 

14

Capital account
Financial account

of which:  Direct investment, net 

Portfolio investment, net
Other investment, net
Reserves change ("-" increase)

(1) Trade balance is expressed by exports and imports in prices fob.

1995

1996

Mio  euro
1997

1998

1999

-9
-363
157
520
-44
33
365
98
298
-330
54
:
-360
-23

-1 143
-2 531
:
:
796
-22
615
:
0
819
85
4
1 062
-332

-177
-168
:
:
-153
-31
174
:
2
162
7
2
230
-77

-85
-534
192
726
-47
57
441
66
4
4
71
:
-29
-38

-863
-2 855
:
:
1 233
-56
815
:
13
1 945
379
486
1 498
-418

-227
-250
:
:
-122
-40
185
:
0
213
9
0
197
6

-240
-472
140
612
-45
44
233
25
2
99
42
:
95
-39

-2 035
-4 660
:
:
1 860
-10
775
:
19
2 463
306
510
2 035
-389

-244
-341
:
:
-130
-49
275
:
0
269
14
2
284
-31

-58
-538
186
724
-38
69
449
74
28
-33
40
:
-20
-54

-1 363
-3 709
:
:
1 862
-150
633
:
17
1 247
720
15
659
-148

-276
-373
:
:
-154
-40
292
:
-2
315
105
7
241
-38

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

-1 406
-3 116
:
:
1 553
-323
479
:
23
1 472
1 297
528
-38
-315

-111
-369
:
:
-70
-41
370
:
0
-63
28
0
33
-124

192

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

14.32. Foreign direct investment flows with
the rest of the world

Fig.  14.f.  Foreign  direct  investment  in
flows, in million euro

In  Mio  Euro

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Albania

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

:
-4
:

Direct  investment  abroad

:
-19
:

:
-166
:

:
-87
:

Direct  investment  in  the  reporting  economy

54
1 360
36

71
829
100

42
476
27

40
401
6

:
-35
:

:
88
6

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

80

60

40

20

0

Croatia

1 500
1 250
1 000
 750
 500
 250
     0

FYROM

120
100
80
60
40
20
0

MONEY, CREDIT AND INTEREST RATES

14.33. Money supply

14.34. Credit

In  Mio  euro

Mio  euro

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

489
1 205
253

700
1 520
472

700
1 645
227

1 197
5 276
394

M1

557
1 985
224

M2
1 206
7 283
412

510
1 869
247

1 460
7 858
472

759
1 804
327

2 158
7 318
621

Total  credit  to  economy

690.0
7 018.1
680.2

976.1
6 982.3
990.7

1 094.9
8 074.0
895.4

1 325.1
9 182.9
605.8

1 743.5
8 582.5
677.6

Credit  to  government  (net  of  deposits)

608.1
2 217.2
212.1

865.4
2 108.3
83.3

998.7
1 053.4
61.1

1 217.2
978.8
27.0

1 596.9
1 309.8
-48.9

14

Credit  to  other  sectors

68.9
4 800.9
468.1

110.8
4 832.9
904.8

96.2
6 940.8
832.1

107.9
8 086.4
575.8

146.5
7 128.9
723.4

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

193

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

14.35. Interest rates

Treasury  bill  rates

Annualised  percentages

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Selected  official  central  bank  rates

20.5
8.5
15.0

24.0
6.5
9.2

32.0
5.9
8.9

23.4
5.9
8.9

Interbank  daily  rates/day-tto-dday  money  rates

:
:
:

:
:
:

:
19.3
:

:
10.2
:

:
14.5
:

Treasury  bill  rates  (three  months)

17.8
:
:

32.6
:
:

27.5
:
:

Retail  bank  deposit  rates

15.3
5.5
24.1

16.8
5.6
12.8

27.3
4.3
11.6

22.6
4.6
11.7

Retail  bank  lending  rates

:
:
:

24.0
22.5
21.6

:
15.5
21.4

:
15.8
21.0

18.0
7.9
8.9

:
13.7
:

17.5
:
:

12.9
4.3
11.4

21.6
14.9
20.4

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR 
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

Albania:
Weighted average of accepted bids on the last auction
of the month.

Retail  bank  deposit  rates

Albania:
Weighted  average  interest  rates  of  the  three  largest
banks having the highest deposits.

Croatia:
Weighted  average  of  DMB's  interest  rate  on  time  and
savings deposits not indexed to foreign currency.

FYROM:
Lowest rate on households' deposits.

Retail  bank  lending  rates

Albania:
Weighted  average  interest  rates  of  the  three  largest
banks, having the highest outstanding amounts. 

Croatia:
Weighted averages of DMB's interest rates on short-term
kuna credits not indexed to foreign currency.

FYROM:
Average rate on loans on all sectors.

Methodological note

Official  central  bank  interest  rates

Albania  and  Croatia:
The  discount  rate  is  the  base  rate  at  which  the  central
bank lends to commercial banks.

FYROM:
Reference  rate  used  to  set  up  other  rates  at  which  the
central bank discounts commercial bills.

14

Day-tto-dday  money  rates

Croatia:
Short-term interbank rate.

194

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

14.36. Foreign official reserves

14.38.  Consumer  price  index  (Coicop 
classification)(1)

Mio  euro

In  %  change  over  previous  year

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Foreign  official  reserves  (monetary  gold  included)

:
:
:

407.9
2 899.4
337.0

383.3
2 803.7
313.2

446.8
3 285.3
391.3

404.3
3 038.9
460.5

AL
HR
MK

7.8
4.0
:

12.6
4.3
:

33.2
4.1
2.6

20.6
6.4
-0.1

0.4
3.5
-0.7

Foreign  official  reserves  (monetary  gold  excluded)

:
:
:

:
:
:

351.9
2 899.4
300.1

341.1
2 803.7
283.8

406.6
3 285.3
357.2

370.8
3 038.9
431.9

Monetary  gold:  value  at  market  prices

56.0
0.0
36.8

42.2
0.0
29.5

40.2
0.0
34.2

33.6
0.0
28.6

(1) For Croatia and Macedonia, the cost of living index is used.

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

14.37. Euro (ECU) exchange rates (1)

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

End  of  year  (1  euro  =..  national  currency)

123.7
7.031
50.19

129.1
6.941
51.89

164.7
6.960
61.20

164.0
7.289
60.48

Yearly  average  (1  euro  =..national  currency)

121.2
6.836
49.52

132.7
6.900
50.77

168.9
6.918
56.71

168.9
7.133
61.06

135.7
7.683
60.62

146.7
7.580
60.64

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

(1) ECU 1995–1998, Euro 1999.
Source: European Central Bank (Euro), European Commission (ECU).

14

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

195

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

AGRICULTURE

14.39. Land area by land use categories

14.40.  Gross  agricultural  production
volume indices

In  1  000  hectares

Previous  year  =  100

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2 875.0
5 661.0
2 571.0

2 875.0
5 661.0
2 571.0

Total  area

2 862.0
5 661.0
2 571.0

2 875.0
5 661.0
2 571.0

2 875.0
5 661.0
2 571.0

Utilised  agricultural  area  (UAA)

1 047.0
2 357.0
1 289.0

1 003.0
3 006.0
1 291.0

990.0
3 016.0
1 285.0

998.0
3 181.1
1 293.0

980.5
3 151.0
1 283.0

Arable  land

495.0
1 117.0
604.0

434.0
1 304.0
608.0

422.0
1 317.0
601.0

431.0
1 458.2
587.0

412.0
1 461.0
633.0

Permanent  grassland

428.0
776.0
633.0

446.0
1 138.0
632.0

445.0
1 134.0
636.0

445.0
1 564.1
636.0

446.0
1 561.0
:

Land  under  permanent  crops

124.0
116.0
52.0

123.0
125.0
50.0

123.0
125.0
48.0

122.0
129.0
48.0

122.5
129.0
45.0

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

1995

113.2
99.8
104.1

1996

102.9
101.6
98.4

1997                  1998                    1999

87.2
104.1
106.5

103.5
110.1
104.2

105.0
98.8
101.1

AL
HR
MK

Methodological note

Albania:
Constant price refers to 1994.

Croatia:
Data on agricultural land include arable land and gar-
dens,  orchards,  vineyards,  meadows,  pastures,  fish-
ponds, reeds and ponds.
Data for forest area and wooded area are aggregated. 
Data on arable land also include gardens.

Volume indices of agricultural production are calculated
on the basis of production data for 65 agricultural prod-
ucts since 1977 (until then, on the basis of 73 agricul-
tural products). The moving average of producers' prices
(purchase prices) in the last three years has been taken
as a weighting factor in index calculation.
Data on production of vegetables include cultivated veg-
etables for seeds.

14.41. Land by legal status

14

Albania

State enterprises
Cooperatives
Others

Croatia

State enterprises
Cooperatives
Others

(1)

FYROM

State enterprises
Cooperatives
Others

(1) Others refer to private family farms.

1995

1996

38.0
:
62.0

32.0
:
68.0

47.2
0.5
52.3

44.0
:
56.0

33.9
:
66.1

47.2
0.4
52.4

In  %

1997

42.0
:
58.0

33.1
:
66.9

47.8
0.3
51.9

1998

1999

41.0
:
59.0

33.8
:
66.2

47.6
0.2
52.2

41.0
:
59.0

33.8
:
66.2

46.1
0.2
53.7

196

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

14.42. Livestock breeding intensity

In  1  000  heads

In  1  000  heads

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

AL

HR

MK

AL

HR

MK

AL

HR

MK

840

494

283

100

1 175

175

2 480

453

2 320

Number  of  cattle

771

451

289
Number  of  pigs

97

1 176

184
Number  of  sheep

1 858

452

1 631

705

443

267

83

1 166

197

1 872

427

1 315

806

461

295

98

1 197

192

1 982

427

1 814

720

438

270

81

1 362

226

1 941

488

1 289

470

321

166

16

178

30

483

298

161

12

176

29

Number  of  cows

432

288

160

Number  of  sows

10

180

33

Number  of  goats

423

277

167

9

181

31

432

272

172

9

173

33

1 650

107

:

1 250

105

:

1 148

100

:

1 051

1 120

84

:

78

:

PRODUCTION OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS

14.43. Slaughtering

14.44. Sales or procurement of milk

In  1  000  tonnes  of  carcass  weight

In  1  000  tonnes  

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

35
29
8

13
110
15

3
50
2

Cattle

35
28
12

Pigs

6
112
16

Poultry

3
51
3

36
24
9

6
109
17

3
55
4

32
28
8

6
121
12

3
58
2

33
24
9

6
122
13

3
58
3

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

876
591
129

817
259
47

Cows’  production  on  the  farm

983
595
134

795
623
133

810
635
174

Collection  by  dairies  of  all  types  of  milk

882
285
42

913
327
45

:
392
56

:
621
202

:
382
79

14

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

197

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

14.45. Crop production and yields

Harvested  production  in 1 000 tonnes

Area  of  production  in 1 000 hectares

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Cereals  including  rice  

645.0

504.0

602.0

602.8

497.5

2 760.0

2 762.0

3 178.0

3 217.0

2 889.0

725.0

545.0

610.0

660.0

:

405.0

877.0

381.0

4.0

5.0

15.0

7.0

103.0

152.0

13.0

38.0

4.0

271.0

741.0

268.0

3.0

6.0

11.0

3.0

88.0

98.0

13.0

40.0

3.0

388.4

834.0

294.0

3.0

5.0

11.0

3.7

108.0

120.0

12.1

47.0

3.0

395.1

272.0

1 020.0

:

336.0

319.0

2.9

6.0

14.0

3.2

144.0

142.0

12.5

56.0

4.0

3.4

:

11.0

2.9

:

126.0

13.2

57.0

33.0

Wheat  

Rye

Barley

Oats

227.0

632.0

242.0

141.0

227.0

130.0

3.0

2.0

9.0

3.0

32.0

55.0

11.0

16.0

3.0

Grain  maize

205.0

612.0

223.0

125.0

201.0

118.0

2.0

2.0

7.0

2.0

31.0

49.0

10.0

16.0

3.0

212.2

634.0

224.0

136.0

208.0

115.0

2.3

2.0

7.0

2.6

34.0

51.0

10.3

18.0

3.0

211.3

689.0

221.0

141.0

242.0

114.0

2.0

2.0

7.0

1.7

43.0

53.0

9.6

22.0

3.0

178.0

627.0

220.0

109.0

170.0

116.0

2.0

2.0

7.0

2.0

45.0

51.0

10.0

24.0

3.0

216.0

214.0

194.8

189.1

206.0

1 736.0

1 886.0

2 183.0

1 983.0

2 135.0

166.0

142.0

158.0

141.0

161.0

69.0

354.0

42.0

66.0

361.0

42.0

61.0

371.0

40.0

57.0

378.0

40.0

55.0

384.0

39.0

134.0

692.0

156.0

67.0

691.0

55.0

2.2

96.0

12.0

132.0

666.0

157.0

74.0

906.0

78.0

2.3

76.0

14.0

126.7

620.0

158.0

145.0

663.0

180.0

161.9

665.0

165.0

50.9

55.7

39.9

931.0

1 233.0

1 114.0

72.0

58.0

67.0

2.4

87.0

10.0

2.7

162.0

9.0

3.9

221.0

14.0

Potatoes

Sugar  beets

Oilseeds

12.0

66.0

14.0

2.0

19.0

1.0

1.3

45.0

14.0

12.0

66.0

14.0

2.1

21.0

2.0

1.3

43.0

17.0

12.0

63.0

14.0

2.0

17.0

2.0

2.2

38.0

13.0

11.4

65.2

13.0

1.8

30.2

2.0

2.1

72.0

13.0

11.4

:

13.0

1.3

28.0

2.0

2.3

105.0

10.0

AL

HR

MK

AL

HR

MK

AL

HR

MK

AL

HR

MK

AL

HR

MK

AL

HR

MK

AL

HR

MK

AL

HR

MK

AL

HR

MK

14

198

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

Harvested  production  in 1 000 tonnes

Area  of  production  in 1 000 hectares

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

AL

HR

MK

AL

HR

MK

AL

HR

MK

:

324.0

620.0

:

47.0

134.0

:

51.0

70.0

:

330.0

638.0

:

49.0

146.0

:

75.0

69.0

:

347.0

581.0

:

48.0

117.0

:

58.0

77.0

:

499.0

665.0

:

62.0

126.0

:

72.0

62.0

Vegetables  —  total

:

547.0

670.0

:

71.0

128.0

Tomatoes

:

49.0

59.0

:

5.0

7.0

Apples  (including  cider  apples)

:

67.0

:

:

:

3.0

:

50.0

61.0

:

5.0

8.0

:

:

3.0

:

52.0

58.0

:

5.0

7.0

:

:

5.0

:

64.0

58.0

:

6.0

7.0

:

:

5.0

:

60.0

57.0

:

6.0

7.0

:

:

:

FISHING

14.46. Fishing

In  tonnes  of  live  weight

14.47.  Fishing  fleet  and  employment  (end
of period)

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Total  catch  of  fish

Total  tonnage  of  fishing  fleet  

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

1 379
15 402
208

2 125
17 563
78

1 013
16 752
130

2 683
22 685
126

2 752
18 876
180

Aquaculture  production

340
4 014
1 297

323
2 895
911

97
3 517
1 488

24
5 958
1 262

40
6 228
1 344

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

Methodological note

Croatia:
Since  1997,  data  on  aquaculture  production  include
production in marine water. 
The  number  of  fishers  includes  regularly  employed,
short-term seasonal workers and contractual workers.

FYROM:
Data on employment in fishery include fishers or fishing
companies  and  individual  fishermen  (so-called  subsis-
tance club).

:
26 724
:

:
29 034
:

:
23 547
:

:
25 029
:

:
32 159
:

Employment  —  total  number  of  fishers
1 294
11 211
8 149

1 350
10 328
8 069

1 402
11 909
8 446

1 280
11 861
7 387

1 400
13 423
8 205

14

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

199

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

FORESTRY

14.48. Forest resources

14.49. Removals

Period  for
FOWL
and  NAI

AL

HR

MK

1995

1986–96

1995

Forest  and
other
wooded
land  area
(FOWL)

In 1 000
hectares

1 030

2 105

988

Net  annual
increment
(NAI)

In 1 000 m3
overbark

1 004

7 543

1 010

NAI/FOWL

Removals
(average
1995–99)
/NAI

In %

0

40

16

In
m3/hectare

1.0

3.6

1.0

Source: UN-ECE/FAO Temperate and Boreal forest resource assessment 2000.

Removals  in  1  000  m

3

underbark

1995

0
2 604
1

1996

0
2 542
1

1997                  1998                    1999

0
3 050
1

0
3 398
1

0
3 486
788

AL
HR
MK

Source: Joint ECE/Eurostat/FAO/ITTO forest sector questionnaire.

14

200

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

ENERGY

14.50. Energy production and supply

14.52. 
distribution

Electricity 

generation 

and

In  1  000  toe

Electricity  generation

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Primary  production  —  all  products

1 000
3 918
1 808

1 076
3 981
1 790

912
3 771
1 700

:
3 526
1 744

Total  primary  energy  supply  —  all  products
1 048
7 457
2 841

1 204
7 202
3 126

:
7 591
2 904

1 090
6 662
2 762

1 113
3 491
1 698

1 808
7 871
2 837

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
(1)
MK 

Installed  electrical  capacity  in MW
:
3 553
1 466

:
3 572
1 556

:
3 596
1 644

:
3 592
1 659

1 670
3 751
1 466

P

Electricity  generation  output:  all  generating  stations  in GWh
5 744
5 600
12 242
9 684
6 863
6 733

:
10 897
7 048

5 926
10 548
6 641

4 414
8 862
6 132

AL
HR
MK

(1)

AL
HR
MK

(2)

(1) All products: all fuels including biomass. Total primary production + recov-
ered products
(2) Primary  production  +  recovered  products  + 
exchange — exports. All products: all fuels including biomass.

imports  +/-  stock 

(1) Primary electricity + secondary electricity.

14.51. Final energy consumption by sector
(all products)

14.53.  Derived  heat  output  from  district
heating plants

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

In  1  000  toe

In  TJ

1995

1996

1997

1998                    1999

AL
HR
MK

:
13 092
5 975

:
13 738
5 975

:
13 327
5 975

:
12 946
6 320

544
13 039
6 677

AL
HR
MK

(1)

285
1 204
336

AL
HR
MK

(1)

114
1 833
500

AL
HR
MK

(1)

314
2 059
657

Transport  sector

302
1 409
532

Industry  sector

99
2 065
539

Other  sectors

319
2 326
629

:
1 465
364

:
1 933
643

:
2 332
645

297
1 343
592

129
1 901
610

349
2 287
657

388
1 575
411

434
1 960
499

747
2 459
761

(1) All products: all fuels including biomass. 

14

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

201

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

INDUSTRY AND CONSTRUCTION

14.54. 
indices by sector

Industrial  production  volume

14.56. Steel industry

Change  in  %  over  previous  year

Change  in  %  over  previous  year

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

AL
HR
(1)
MK 

-6.6
0.3
-10.7

-17.1
3.1
3.0

Total

-36.5
6.8
1.6

-43.4
3.7
4.5

3.2
-2.4
:

-50.8
3.2
:

Mining  and  quarrying

-12.3
-3.0
:

-19.3
1.3
:

-37.9
-0.4
:

Manufacturing

:
3.8
:

Electricity,  gas  and  water

31.1
25.4
:

-11.5
24.2
:

-1.3
8.7
:

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

-2.4
2.5
:

-8.2
-0.3
:

15.9
4.9
:

14.55.  Industrial  productivity  and  price
indices

Previous  year  =  100.0

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Industrial  productivity  volumes  indices

:
111.3
129.6

:
111.9
101.6

:
108.7
104.5

Industrial  producer  price  indices
:
98.8
104.0

:
102.3
104.2

:
101.4
99.7

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

:
106.6
101.2

:
100.7
104.7

14

-27.7
-1.4
-2.6

-26.3
1.9
:

-19.3
-2.9
:

4.0
7.0
:

Number  of  persons  employed  in  steel  industry

:
*
11 983 
4 979

:
*
8 587 
4 308

:
927
4 123

:
942
3 381

Production  of  crude  steel  in 1 000 tonnes

:
46
31

:
46
22

:
71
29

:
105
49

Production  of  steel  products  in 1 000 tonnes

:
113
88

:
124
233

:
153
317

:
200
532

:
810
:

:
77
:

:
159
:

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

14.57.  Construction  production  and  cost
indices

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

:
-3.9
23.0

108.5
:
:

Change  in  %  over  the  previous  year

:
9.0
-8.2

:
16.7
-11.7

:
0.7
-2.2

Previous  year  =  100.0
110.3
:
:

102.6
:
:

122.0
:
:

:
:
30.9

108.7
:
:

:
103.9
97.4

:
102.6
99.9

14.58. Dwelling construction

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Number  of  dwellings  completed  per  1  000  inhabitants

:
1.6
2.3

:
2.8
2.7

:
2.7
2.2

:
2.8
1.6

:
2.7
2.2

Total  number  of  dwellings  completed

:
7 359
4 640

:
12 624
5 342

:
12 516
4 300

:
:
3 253

:
:
4 479

Average  useful  floor  space  of  a  dwelling  completed  in m

2

:
84.8
71.9

:
83.0
72.2

:
82.4
73.7

:
82.8
78.0

:
85.7
79.5

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

202

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

TOURISM AND RETAIL TRADE

14.59. Tourism infrastructure

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Number  of  hotels  and  similar  establishments

75
661
112

80
674
116

85
658
116

116
666
123

103
729
128

3 490
205 234
15 032

Number  of  bed  places  in  hotels
5 208
3 423
3 719
199 571
199 127
200 968
15 955
15 476
15 063

3 575
193 716
16 418

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

14.60. Number of nights spent in collective
tourist accomodation

In  1  000

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Total  nights  spent

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

192
12 045
1 305

394
18 650
1 166

108
24 655
1 133

154
25 833
1 420

:
22 470
1 429

Nights  spent  by  residents

250
4 383
910

42
4 778
880

81
4 495
1086

:
4 568
970

Nights  spent  by  non-rresidents

144
14 267
256

66
19 876
254

73
21 338
334

:
17 902
457

123
4 090
1 049

69
7 955
256

14.61.  Share  of  total  nights  spent    in
collective tourist accomodation by origin

Share  in  %

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

64.1
34.0
80.4

35.9
66.0
19.6

50.7
53.2
15.5

By  residents  in  %  of  total

63.5
23.5
78.0

38.9
19.4
77.7

52.6
17.4
76.5

By  non-rresidents  in  %  of  total

36.5
76.5
22.0

61.1
80.6
22.4

47.4
82.6
23.5

By  EU-115  residents  in  %  of  non-rresidents

35.4
53.8
21.5

48.5
54.2
24.5

63.0
57.2
22.8

:
20.3
67.9

:
79.7
32.0

:
53.0
36.3

Fig.  14.g.  Average  rate 
bed places
0

20

10

AL

31.0
32.4
31.0
32.0
20.0

HR

29.8

MK

12.9
12.4
11.5
14.0
14.4

(1)

of  utilisation  of

30

40

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

(1) AL and HR: Net rate. MK: Gross rate.

14.62. International visitor flow

Arrivals  at  the  borders  in  1  000

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

304
15 238
2 628

288
18 085
2 156

:
1 485
147

:
2 914
136

Visitors

119
22 624
2 078

Tourists
:
4 178
121

184
24 379
1 848

371
28 211
2 223

:
4 499
157

354
3 805
181

14

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

203

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

14.63. Balance of payments: travel item

14.64. Retail trade turnover indices

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

In  Mio  euro

Previous  year  =  100.0

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

76
1 020
15

82
1 572
17

8
322
21

68
698
-6

12
401
21

69
1 170
-4

Credit

23
2 303
12

Debit

4
472
24

Balance

19
1 832
-11

47
2 453
13

4
536
27

42
1 917
-13

1
:
35

0
:
30

1
:
-5

1995

:
116.5
113.8

1996

:
103.4
92.5

1997                    1998                    1999

:
114.9
108.8

:
99.6
103.2

:
95.2
115.5

AL
HR
MK

Methodological note

Croatia:
The monthly observation of retail trade refers to all busi-
ness entities (legal persons) which are engaged in retail
of  trade,  irrespective  of  their  main  activity.  Volume
indices  are  calculated  from  indices  at  current  prices
deflating with appropriate retail price indices.

FYROM:
The national classification is used. Parts of private enter-
prises are included.

14

204

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

TRANSPORT AND TELECOMMUNICATION

TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

14.65. Transport infrastructure: network

14.66. Transport infrastructure: number of
ports and commercial airports

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Ports  (handling  >  1  million  tonnes  per  year)

1
3
.

1
3
.

1
3
.

1
3
.

Airports  (with>100  000  passenger  movements  per  year)

1
2
2

1
3
2

1
3
2

1
3
2

1
4
.

1
3
2

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

In  kilometres

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Length  of  motorways

.
302
138

.
318
144

.
330
144

.
330
144

.
382
144

Length  of  railways  (lines  in  operation)

447
2 726
699

447
2 726
699

394
2 726
699

394
2 726
699

394
2 726
699

74
933
.

174
601
.

Length  of  inland  waterways

74
933
.

74
933
.

Length  of  pipelines

189
601
.

189
601
.

74
933
.

189
601
.

74
933
.

189
601
.

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

14.67. Transport equipment: road

TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Number  of  passenger  cars  in 1 000

Number  of  first  registrations  during  the  year  in 1 000

58.7

710.9

285.9

67.3

835.7

284.0

76.8

932.3

289.2

90.8

99.2

1 000.1

1 063.5

288.7

289.9

:

65.6

14.3

:

73.6

13.3

:

109.1

8.9

:

85.9

8.7

:

89.7

9.8

Number  of  motor  coaches,  buses  and  trolley  buses

Number  of  first  registrations  during  the  year

6 651

3897

2 541

25.8

69.5

19.5

3 334

4 037

3 587

7 612

4596

2 442

8 747

4771

2 430

9 227

4 814

2 478

10 316

4 743

2 479

:

548

42

:

475

45

:

455

22

:

247

93

Number  of  lorries in 1 000

27.8

90.3

30.1

104.5

34.4

110.4

19.4
Number  of  road  tractors

19.8

20.1

2 638

4 665

3 557

3 151

5 208

3 471

2 731

5 408

3 365

37.9

118.7

20.0

3 018

5 447

3 459

Number  of  first  registrations  during  the  year  in 1 000

:

15.9

1.1

:

14.2

0.8

:

15.7

0.7

:

7.7

0.7

Number  of  first  registrations  during  the  year

:

489

367

:

566

115

:

715

50

:

452

82

:

192

54

:

6.2

0.6

:

369

184

AL

HR

MK

AL

HR

MK

AL

HR

MK

AL

HR

MK

14

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

205

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

14.68. Transport equipment: air and sea

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

AL
HR
MK 

AL
HR
MK 

:
9
17

4
119
:

Number  of  commercial  aircraft

(1)

:
15
15

4
131
:

:
15
12

Number  of  ships

(2)

1
148
:

:
18
10

1
131
:

:
18
:

1
141
:

(1) Commercial aircraft, empty weight > 9 tonnes.
(2) Total (sea) fleet controlled with a DWT > 1 000 tonnes.

FREIGHT TRANSPORT

14.69. Railways — freight

14.70. Oil pipelines — freight

In  Mio  tonne-kkm

In  Mio  tonne-kkm

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

AL
(1)
HR 
(1)
MK 

(1)

AL
HR
(1)
MK 

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

14

53
458
43

0
405
45

0
374
81

53
1 974
169

42
1 717
271

25
2 001
408

27
1 849
380

Total

23
1 876
279

National

23
625
22

42
575
25

International  loaded

0
359
27

0
276
52

International  unloaded

0
435
197

0
526
182

25
685
13

0
326
58

0
410
272

27
613
15

0
320
65

0
361
272

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

10
278
.

10
146
.

0
132
.

0
.
.

Total

6
725
.

National

6
144
.

7
653
.

7
209
.

International  loaded

0
444
.

0
581
.

International  unloaded

0
.
.

0
.
.

8
951
.

6
166
.

0
785
.

0
.
.

7
623
.

7
246
.

0
377
.

0
.
.

(1) Transit included in total.

206

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SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

14.71. Road — freight

14.73. Sea — freight

In  Mio  tonne-kkm

In  1  000  tonnes

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

AL
HR 
(1)
MK 

:
1 222
1 174

AL
HR
(1)
MK 

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

:
574
458

:
333
251

:
315
372

Total

1 340
1 981
896

National

693
1 294
419

:
1 999
796

:
1 322
382

1 830
2 517
894

:
1 813
435

International  loaded

:
350
165

9
355
165

International  unloaded

:
327
160

101
332
232

:
349
167

:
355
220

:
2 342
839

:
1 607
354

:
385
182

:
350
224

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

(1) Transit included in total.

14.72. Air — freight

In  1  000  tonnes

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

1
10
9

0
3
0

0
3
1

0
4
8

Total

1
9
5

National

0
3
0

1
9
4

0
4
.

International  loaded

0
2
1

0
2
3

International  unloaded

1
3
3

1
4
2

1
9
5

0
3
0

0
2
3

1
4
2

1
9
11

0
3
0

0
2
1

1
4
10

186
14 891
.

217
13 975
.

418
15 711
.

432
16 283
.

Total

391
15 461
.

National

0
3 042
.

0
3 160
.

45
3 952
.

141
7 779
.

0
3 011
.

0
3 094
.

27
3 586
.

International  loaded

35
3 003
.

25
3 381
.

International  unloaded

182
7 961
.

366
9 038
.

391
9 031
.

0
3 136
.

11
4 833
.

421
8 314
.

14

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207

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

PASSENGER TRANSPORT

14.74. Railways

14.76. Sea

In  Mio  passenger-kkm

In  1  000  passengers

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Total

95
981
141

National

95
943
139

International

0
33
2

168
1029
120

168
991
115

0
34
5

116
921
150

116
877
148

0
36
2

(1)

AL
HR 
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

197
943
65

197
913
58

0
27
7

(1) Transit included in total.

121
943
150

121
897
149

0
38
1

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

363
9 494
.

0
9 339
.

166
76
.

197
79
.

Total

271
12 532
.

National

0
12 209
.

389
10 602
.

0
10 392
.

417
12 751
.

681
13 125
.

0
12 420
.

0
12 888
.

International  embarked

166
101
.

128
159
.

219
153
.

International  disembarked

223
109
.

143
164
.

198
178
.

315
115
.

366
122
.

14.75. Air

14.77. Bus 

In  1  000  passengers

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

In  Mio  passenger-kkm

213
1 533
623

283
1 718
536

295
1 970
577

357
1 821
1 052

1995

196
4 052
971

1996

223
4 552
888

1997

1998                1999

190
4 692
877

190
4 216
864

:
3 625
889

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

14

0
668
0

109
446
309

104
419
307

Total

242
1 872
482

National

0
701
0

0
669
0

0
705
0

152
634
281

International  embarked

149
527
268

124
595
235

International  disembarked

134
522
259

118
576
233

144
631
280

0
643
0

184
598
575

173
580
466

208

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

ROAD ACCIDENTS

14.78. Persons killed in road accidents

Number  of  persons  killed

Fig. 14.h. Number of persons killed in road
accidents per 100 000 inhabitants

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998                  1999

AL
HR
MK

306
800
179

257
721
154

266
714
178

308
646
187

274
662
216

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Methodological note

The indicators are based on glossary for transport statis-
tics (second edition) definitions. For cases in which coun-
tries do not have data available respecting these defini-
tions, they were asked to fill in with data they have avail-
able and add a note explaining the collection methods.
The  individual  notes  per  chapter  and  country  are  as 
follows:

Infrastructure  

Albania:
No motorways, national highways 1998: 7 450 km.

Croatia:
Total number of sea ports 1998: 21.

Freight  transport
International  transport:  cabotage  and  cross  trade  not
included.
Road  transport:  vehicles  registered  in  national  vehicles
register. These data may differ from those published by
Eurostat  in  the  publication,  Statistics  on  transport  of
goods by road in the central European countries, due to
the use of different concepts and definitions.
Air  transport:  main  data  sources  are  airport  authorities
or air transport companies.

AL

HR

MK

Albania:
Air:  data  consist  of  domestic  and  foreign  companies.
Source: Ministry of transport. 
Sea: data cover domestic companies. Source: Ministry of
transport.

Croatia:  
Road: 1995 excludes own account transport. Data cover
transport performed by legal entities engaged in public
transport with 5 and more goods vehicles.
Air: mail included.

FYROM:
Road: excluding own account transport.
Passenger transport
International  transport: cabotage  and  cross  trade  not
included. 

Albania:
Air: including domestic and foreign companies. Source:
Ministry of transport.
Sea: including domestic and foreign companies. Source:
Ministry of transport. 

FYROM:
Air:  including domestic and foreign companies.

14

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SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

TELECOMMUNICATION

14.79. Telephone

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Number  of  telephone  subscribers  (fixed  telephone  only)

44 287

AL
:
HR 1 254 444 1 358 134 1 476 725 1 572 615 1 640 857
470 982
MK

407 491

456 980

114 784

367 955

348 024

107 741

60 457

Number  of  cellular  mobile  telephone  system  subscribers

0
32 948
:

2 250
59 789
:

3 337
120 593
:

5 599
176 716
:

:
361 244
47 737

Cellular  mobile  telephone  subscribers  in  %  of  number  of  
telephone  subscribers  (fixed  only)

0.0
2.6
:

3.7
4.4
:

3.1
8.2
:

4.9
11.2
:

:
22.0
10.1

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

14

210

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SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

EXTERNAL TRADE

14.80. Trade at current prices

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

AL

HR

MK

AL

HR

MK

AL

HR

MK

AL

HR

MK

498

5 746

1 315

155

3 545

921

Imports  in Mio euro

716

6 135

1 282

547

8 037

1 570

Exports  in Mio euro

166

3 554

903

124

3 682

1 092

749

7 486

1 710

185

4 055

1 171

Balance  of  trade  in Mio euro

848

7 328

1 669

331

4 042

1 119

-343

-550

-423

-564

-517

-2 201

-2 581

-4 355

-3 431

-3 286

-394

-379

-478

-539

-550

Imports  as  %  of  GDP

26.3

39.9

38.4

33.8

39.2

36.9

27.0

44.9

48.1

27.4

38.5

54.6

24.6

38.7

51.8

Imports  from  EU-115  in % of total

76.3

59.4

38.7

83.0

59.4

37.0

78.5

59.4

36.3

Exports  to  EU-115  in % of total

85.8

51.0

42.7

86.9

49.7

37.3

Exports  as  %  of  imports

23.2

57.9

70.4

22.7

45.8

69.6

Exports  as  %  of  GDP

7.8

22.7

26.0

6.1

20.6

33.4

92.3

47.6

44.1

24.7

54.2

68.5

6.8

20.9

37.4

76.8

62.1

40.1

79.3

57.6

33.9

31.1

61.7

70.0

8.2

24.6

26.9

79.9

56.6

40.7

94.9

49.0

45.3

39.0

55.2

67.0

9.6

21.3

34.7

14.81.  Growth  in  volume  of  imports  and
exports

14.82. Trade prices and terms of trade

Growth  in  %  of  previous  year

Previous  year  =  100.0

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

:
20.5
43.4

:
-6.8
14.1

Imports

:
23.2
46.3

Exports

:
-4.8
11.8

:
3.3
35.7

:
-3.7
8.7

:
-4.4
:

:
11.7
:

:
-4.2
:

:
-2.8
:

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

AL
HR
MK

:
119.2
:

:
116.8
:

:
98.0
:

Import  price  indices

:
100.4
105.6

:
94.9
94.7

Export  price  indices

:
101.1
102.8

:
100.7
97.3

:
97.1
95.5

Terms  of  trade

:
102.3
100.8

:
96.3
103.7

:
97.5
104.7

:
101.2
100.1

:
97.1
:

:
97.4
:

:
100.3
:

14

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211

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

14.83. Structure of trade by SITC commodity groups (current prices)

Imports  in % of total value 

Exports  in % of total value 

1995

1996

1997          1998              1999          1995            1996            1997              1998            1999

Albania

Food and live animals, beverages and tobacco
Crude materials, inedible

Mineral fuels and lubricants

Animal and vegetable oils, etc.
Chemicals and related products
Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material
Machinery and transport equipment

Miscellaneous manufactured articles

Croatia

Food and live animals, beverages and tobacco
Crude materials, inedible

Mineral fuels and lubricants

Animal and vegetable oils, etc.
Chemicals and related products
Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material
Machinery and transport equipment

Miscellaneous manufactured articles

FYROM

Food and live animals, beverages and tobacco
Crude materials, inedible

Mineral fuels and lubricants

Animal and vegetable oils, etc.
Chemicals and related products
Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material
Machinery and transport equipment

Miscellaneous manufactured articles

25.5
2.1
8.6
2.4
7.2
15.6
22.0
16.4

11.3
2.6
11.6
0.3
10.8
17.4
26.8
13.5

17.3
4.6
11.6
0.2
11.9
15.7
19.5
9.0

32.0
1.2
2.6
2.6
5.9
18.4
22.5
14.4

10.6
2.8
11.0
0.5
10.9
17.8
27.3
14.3

14.5
4.8
9.1
1.2
10.5
18.9
22.3
10.7

23.7
1.6
3.3
3.0
6.9
24.3
21.6
15.7

9.8
3.0
9.3
0.3
10.6
16.6
33.6
12.9

14.8
3.9
11.1
0.9
10.8
19.3
17.0
12.0

24.2
1.4
4.0
3.4
8.7
25.8
15.7
16.8

8.8
2.7
7.1
0.5
11.7
16.7
35.2
12.7

14.8
3.5
8.5
1.3
10.6
14.5
19.1
4.9

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

8.0
2.2
11.0
0.3
12.1
16.1
35.0
11.8

13.7
3.2
9.1
1.3
10.4
15.4
20.0
5.5

7.5
24.7
2.9
0.7
1.2
14.1
1.4
45.6

10.5
5.4
8.4
0.2
17.6
14.5
16.8
26.6

18.0
7.7
0.4
0.0
5.5
36.6
12.9
18.3

8.9
16.9
4.1
2.2
1.4
13.8
1.7
51.1

11.2
5.5
9.2
0.2
14.3
13.2
21.4
25.1

21.1
5.9
0.9
0.0
6.1
30.5
7.7
27.8

11.0
20.8
1.7
0.0
1.9
12.0
5.7
46.8

12.1
6.3
10.2
0.3
13.7
14.2
18.0
25.2

20.0
5.6
0.4
0.0
5.9
34.2
7.8
26.0

9.6
19.2
1.2
0.2
0.4
9.3
2.8
57.3

10.9
5.1
5.8
0.4
12.0
12.9
30.4
22.5

16.0
4.3
0.8
0.0
5.0
34.2
7.5
32.0

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

9.1
5.6
7.9
0.2
12.0
13.3
29.3
22.5

19.0
4.3
1.9
0.0
4.6
29.7
7.0
31.3

14

212

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

14.84. Structure of external trade by main partner countries (in % of total value at current
prices)

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Partners

%

Partners

%

Partners

%

Partners

%

Partners

%

Italy
Greece
Bulgaria
Germany
Turkey

Germany
Italy
Slovenia
Austria
UK

Bulgaria
Germany
Italy
Yugoslavia
Slovenia

Italy
Greece
Germany
Turkey
Belgium

Albania

1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

Croatia

1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

FYROM

1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

Albania

1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

Croatia

Italy
Germany
Slovenia

1st
2nd
3rd
4th            Bosnia-Herz.
5th
Others

Austria

FYROM

1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Others

Bulgaria
Germany
Italy
Russian Fed.
Yugoslavia

37.9
26.8
8.0
4.6
4.1
18.6

20.1
18.2
10.7
7.7
6.1
37.2

14.9
16.5
10.4
9.4
6.8
42.0

51.5
9.9
6.1
6.1
4.1
22.3

23.7
21.5
13.1
8.3
4.3
29.1

21.3
12.7
9.8
7.2
7.0
43.2

Italy
Greece
Turkey
Germany
Bulgaria

Germany
Italy
Slovenia
Austria
Libya

Germany
Yugoslavia
Slovenia
Russian Fed.
Italy

Italy
Greece
Germany
Turkey
FYROM

Italy
Germany
Slovenia
Bosnia-Herz.
Liberia

Yugoslavia
Germany
Slovenia
Greece
Italy

41.7
21.2
4.4
4.1
4.0
24.6

20.6
18.2
9.9
7.7
3.1
40.5

14.8
10.3
7.8
7.7
7.1
52.3

57.9
13.0
6.9
3.1
3.1
16.0

21.0
18.6
13.6
12.2
5.9
28.7

27.2
12.9
8.2
7.1
4.8
39.8

Imports

Italy
Greece
Turkey
Germany
Bulgaria

Germany
Italy
Slovenia
Austria
Russian Fed.

Germany
Yugoslavia
Slovenia
Greece
Bulgaria

46.5
26.6
4.4
4.2
2.7
15.6

20.2
18.7
8.3
7.8
5.0
40.0

13.4
11.6
7.7
7.3
5.6
54.4

Exports

Italy
Greece
Germany
Netherlands
Croatia

Italy
Germany
Bosnia-Herz.
Slovenia
Austria

Yugoslavia
Germany
USA
Greece
Switzerland

49.4
20.5
6.9
5.6
4.2
13.4

18.9
17.9
15.6
12.1
5.3
30.2

22.1
16.1
9.5
8.0
5.7
38.6

Italy
Greece
Germany
Turkey
Bulgaria

Germany
Italy
Slovenia
Austria
France

Germany
Yugoslavia
Slovenia
Ukraine
Greece

Italy
Greece
Germany
USA
Austria

Italy
Germany
Bosnia-Herz.
Slovenia
Liberia

Germany
Yugoslavia
USA
Italy
Greece

46.1
29.2
3.8
3.4
2.8
14.7

19.3
17.9
8.6
7.3
4.8
42.1

13.3
12.8
7.8
6.2
5.9
54.0

60.1
19.8
5.7
1.7
1.6
11.1

17.7
16.9
14.4
9.5
7.4
34.1

21.4
18.3
13.3
7.0
6.3
33.7

:
:
:
:
:

Germany
Italy
Russian Fed.
Slovenia
Austria

Germany
Yugoslavia
Greece
Slovenia
Ukraine

:
:
:
:
:

Italy
Germany
Bosnia-Herz.
Slovenia
Austria

Yugoslavia
Germany
USA
Greece
Italy

:
:
:
:
:
:

18.5
15.9
8.6
7.9
7.1
42.0

13.8
10.4
9.3
8.8
6.5
51.3

:
:
:
:
:
:

18.0
15.7
12.7
10.6
6.4
36.6

21.4
21.3
11.4
7.2
6.5
32.2

14

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

213

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

ENVIRONMENT

14.85. Air pollution

Total  emissions

Emissions  per  capita

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

AL

HR

MK 

AL

HR

MK

AL

HR

MK

:

80

:

:

18

:

:

66

:

Sulphur  oxides  in 1 000 tonnes

Carbon  dioxide  in million tonnes

:

66

:

:

80

:

:

18

:

:

20

:

:

69

:

:

73

:

:

89

20

:

:

:

:

76

:

Nitrogen  oxides  in 1 000 tonnes

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

17

:

:

3.8

:

:

14

:

Sulphur  oxides  in kg

:

15

:

17

:

20

:
:
Carbon  dioxide  in tonnes

:
Nitrogen  oxides in kg

:

4.0

:

:

15

:

:

4.3

:

16

:

:

:

:

:

4.5

17

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

14.86. Water abstraction

Total  abstraction  in  million  m

3

Abstraction  per  capita  in  m

3

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

AL

HR

MK

AL

HR

MK 

:

248

202

:

223

1 811

:

262

190

:

240

955

:

268

72

:

237

2 774

:

265

150

:

238

2 086

Fresh  ground  water

:

262

139

:

53

103

Fresh  surface  water

:

205

2 346

:

48

921

:

58

96

:

53

:

59

36

:

52

:

59

75

:

53

:

58

69

:

45

482

1 389

1 039

1 163

14.87. Generation of municipal waste

In  1  000  tonnes

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

In  kg

1997

1998

1999

14

Total  generation

Generation  per  capita

AL

HR

MK

:

:

771

:

3 111

:

:

:

:

:

:

582

:

1 990

:

:

:

392

:

692

:

:

:

:

:

:

290

:

439

:

214

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

SSOOUUTTHH-EEAASSTT EEUURROOPPEEAANN CCOOUUNNTTRRIIEESS

14.88. Environment expenditure

HR

MK

HR

MK

Reference  
period

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

In  million  ECU

In  per  thousand  of  GDP

Air  and  
climate

Water  and
soil

Waste

Other
activities

Total

Air  and  
climate

Water  and
soil

Waste

Other
activities

Total

:

2.3

0.2

2.3

0

:

0.1

0.6

1.2

:

:

0

0

0

0

0.5

0.1

0.7

1.2

:

:

9.6

16.4

8.8

5.7

:

:

0.1

0

:

:

4.1

4.6

5.4

8.1

0.3

0.7

0.8

1.0

:

:

1.9

3.0

8.4

0.9

:

0

0

0

:

:

6.8

4.5

3.1

2.0

0.7

0.9

1.2

0.5

:

Industry  investment

4.9

14.0

19.9

20.0

8.5

:

0.2

0.6

1.2

:

:

0.15

0.01

0.12

0

:

0.03

0.18

0.38

:

Public  investment

10.4

11.5

9.5

9.9

12.6

1.7

2.6

2.8

2.8

:

:

0

0

0

0

0.15

0.03

0.21

0.38

:

:

0.61

0.92

0.45

0.30

:

:

0.03

0

:

:

0.26

0.26

0.28

0.43

0.09

0.20

0.24

0.32

:

:

0.3

0.3

0.6

1.9

:

0.1

:

0

:

:

0.5

0.4

1.3

2.5

0.1

0.8

0.0

0.1

:

:

0.12

0.17

0.43

0.05

:

0

0

0

:

:

0.43

0.25

0.16

0.11

0.20

0.26

0.37

0.16

:

:

0.02

0.02

0.03

0.10

:

0.03

:

0

:

:

0.03

0.02

0.07

0.13

0.03

0.23

0.00

0.03

:

0.34

0.89

1.11

1.03

0.45

:

0.06

0.18

0.38

:

0.72

0.73

0.53

0.51

0.66

0.50

0.75

0.86

0.89

:

14

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

215

ANNEXES

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

217

AABBBBRREEVVIIAATTIIOONNSS -  AANNNNEEXX

ABBREVIATIONS

accom.
BIS
cif
CNB
Coicop

CPI
CSO
DEL
DWF
ECU
e.g.
ELFS
ESA

EU 
EU-12

EU-15

Eurostat

excl.
FAO
Fed.
fig.
FISIM

fob
FYROM

Gd

GDP
GFS
GSM

GVA
GWh

Italy, 

individual

integrated

system  of 

Luxembourg, 

accommodation
Bank for International Settlements
cost, insurance, freight
Croatian National Bank
Classification 
of 
consumption by purpose
consumer price index
Central Statistical Office of Poland
direct exchange line
deadweight tonnes
European currency unit
exempli gratia (for example)
Estonian Labour Force Survey
European 
economic accounts
European Union
Total  of  12  Member  States  of  the
European  Union  (Belgium,  Denmark,
Germany,  Greece,  Spain,  France,
Ireland, 
the
Netherlands,  Portugal  and  the  United
Kingdom)
Total  of  15  Member  States  of  the
European  Union  (Belgium,  Denmark,
Germany,  Greece,  Spain,  France,
the 
Ireland, 
Netherlands, 
Portugal,
Finland,  Sweden  and  the  United 
Kingdom)
Statistical  Office  of  the  European 
Communities
excluding
Food and Agriculture Organisation
Federation
figure
financial 
indirectly measured
free on board
former 
Macedonia
number of bed days actually available
for use during the month (year)
gross domestic product
Government financial statistics
global 
system 
communications
gross value added 
gigawatt hour (1 million kWh)

intermediation 

Luxembourg, 

Yugoslav 

Republic 

services 

Austria, 

mobile

Italy, 

for 

of 

ha
Herz.
HICP
HS

i.e.
incl.
ILO
IMF
ISCED

kg
km
km2
LFS
M1

M2

Mio
mon.
MW
MWh
m2
m3
NACE

NBH
n.e.c.
n.e.s.
NLMC
NPISH

NORB
NSI
OECD 

P
PHARE

PPI
PPP
PPS
Rep.
Rev.

hectare
Herzegovina
Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices
Harmonised  commodity  description
and coding system
id est (that is to say)
including
International Labour Organisation
International Monetary Fund
International  standard  classification  of
education
kilogramme
kilometre
square kilometre
Labour Force Survey
Money:  notes  and  coins  in  circulation
plus bank sight deposits
Money:  M1  plus  saving  deposits  and 
other short-term claims on banks
million
monetary
megawatt
megawatt hour
square metre
cubic metre
Nomenclature  statistique  des  activités
des  Communautés 
européennes 
(Statistical  classification  of  economic 
activities in the European Union)
National Bank of Hungary
not elsewhere counted 
not elsewhere specified
National Labour Methodology Centre 
non-profit 
serving
households
Net occupancy rate of bed places
National Statistical Institute
Organisation 
Cooperation and Development
number of registered overnight stays
Community programme for assistance
for  economic  restructuring  in  the
countries of central Europe
producer price index
purchasing power parity
purchasing power standard
Republic
revision 

institutions 

Economic 

for 

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

219

AANNNNEEXX -  AABBBBRREEVVIIAATTIIOONNSS

SITC

SNA
tkm
T-bill
TJ
Toe

TV
UAA
UK
UN
UN-ECE 

US
USA
VAT

trade

international 

standard 
classification
system of national accounts
tonne-kilometre
Treasury bill
terajoule (1012 joules)
tonne  of  oil  equivalent  (conventional
standardised unit defined on the basis
of  a  tonne  of  oil  with  a  net  calorific
value  of  41  868 
joules  per
kilogramme)
television
utilised agricultural area
United Kingdom
United Nations
United Nations Economic Commission
for Europe
United States
United States of America
value added tax

AL
BG
CY
CZ
EE
HR
HU
LT
LV
MK
MT
PL
RO
SI
SK
TR

Albania
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Estonia
Croatia
Hungary
Lithuania
Latvia
former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
Malta
Poland
Romania
Slovenia
Slovakia
Turkey

220

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

NNAATTIIOONNAALL SSTTAATTIISSTTIICCAALL IINNSSTTIITTUUTTEESS -  AANNNNEEXX

NATIONAL STATISTICAL INSTITUTES

Albania
Institute of Statistics
Rr. Leke Dukagjini 5
Tirana

Bulgaria
National Statistical Institute
2, P. Volov Str.
1504 Sofia
http://www.nsi.bg/

Croatia
Croatian Bureau of Statistics
Ilica 3 
10000 Zagreb 
http://www.dzs.hr/

Cyprus
Statistical Service of Cyprus
13, Andreas Araouzos Str.
1444 Nicosia
http://www.pio.gov.cy/dsr/

Czech  Republic
Czech Statistical Office
Sokolovska 142
186 04 Praha 8 
http://www.czso.cz/

Estonia
State Statistical Office of Estonia
15 Endla Str. 
15174 Tallinn 
http://www.stat.ee/

Former  Yugoslav  Republic  of  Macedonia
State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia
Dame Gruev 4
Skopje
http://www.sinf.gov.mk/

Hungary
Hungarian Central Statistical Office
Keleti Karoly Str. 5–7
PO Box 51
1525 Budapest 
http://www.ksh.hu/

Latvia
Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia
1 Lacplesa Str.
1301 Riga
http://www.csb.lv/

Lithuania
Statistics Lithuania
29 Gedimino av.
2600 Vilnius
http://www.std.lt/ 

Malta
National Statistics Office
Lascaris
Valletta CMR02
http://www.nso.gov.mt

Poland
Central Statistical Office
Al. Niepodleglosci 208
00925 Warszawa
http://www.stat.gov.pl/ 

Romania
National Institute of Statistics
16, Libertatii Avenue, Sector 5
70542 Bucharest 
http://www.insse.ro/

Slovakia
Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic
Mileticova 3
824 67 Bratislava
http://www.statistics.sk/

Slovenia
Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia
Vozarski pot 12
1000 Ljubljana
http://www.sigov.si/zrs/

Turkey
State Institute of Statistics
115 Necatibey Caddesi
06100 Ankara
http://www.die.gov.tr/english/index.html

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

221

AANNNNEEXX -  SSIITTCC

SITC: CLASSIFICATION OF COMMODITIES

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

01
02
03

04
05
06
07

08

09

24
25
26

27

28
29

34
35

Food and live animals
00

and 

marine 

than  animals  of

mammals),
aquatic

Live  animals  other 
division 03
Meat and meat preparations
Dairy products and birds' eggs
Fish 
(not 
crustaceans,  mollusc 
invertebrates, and preparations thereof
Cereals and cereal preparations
Vegetables and fruit
Sugars, sugar preparations and honey
Coffee, 
manufactures thereof
Feeding  stuff  for  animals  (not  including
unmilled cereals)
Miscellaneous  edible  products  and
preparations

spices,  and

cocoa, 

tea, 

Beverages and tobacco
Beverages
11
Tobacco and tobacco manufactures
12

Crude materials, inedible, except fuels
21
22
23

Hides, skins and fur skins, raw
Oilseeds and oleaginous fruits
Crude  rubber  (including  synthetic  and
reclaimed)
Cork and wood
Pulp and waste paper
Textile  fibres  (other  than  wool  tops  and
other  combed  wool)  and  their  wastes 
(not manufactured into yarn or fabric)
Crude  fertilizers,  other  than  those  of
crude  minerals 
division  56,  and 
(excluding 
and
petroleum 
precious stones)
Metalliferous ores and metal scrap
Crude  animal  and  vegetable  materials, 
n.e.s.

coal, 

lubricants  and  related

Mineral  fuels, 
materials
32
33

Coal, coke and briquettes
Petroleum,  petroleum  products  and
related materials
Gas, natural and manufactured
Electric current

Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes
41
42

Animal oils and fats
Fixed  vegetable  fats  and  oils,  crude,
refined or fractionated
fats  and  oils, 
Animal  or  vegetable 
processed;  waxes 
or
animal 
vegetable  origin;  inedible  mixtures  or
preparations  of  animal  or  vegetable
fats and oils, n.e.s.

43

of 

Chemicals and related products, n.e.s.
51
52
53
54
55

Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Dyeing, tanning and colouring materials
Medical and pharmaceutical products
Essential  oils  and  resinoids  and  perfume
materials;  toilet,  polishing  and  cleaning 
preparations
Fertilizers (other than those of group 272)
Plastics in primary forms
Plastics in non-primary forms
Chemical materials and products, n.e.s.

56
57
58
59

Manufactured  goods  classified  chiefly  by
material
60

Machinery and transport equipment
70

paperboard 

leather  manufactures,  n.e.s.,

Complete  industrial  plant  appropriate
to section 6
Leather, 
and dressed fur skins
Rubber manufactures
Cork  and  wood  manufactures  (excluding
furniture)
articles 
Paper, 
of  paper  pulp,  of  paper  or  of  paper
board
Textile  yarn,  fabrics,  made-up  articles,
n.e.s., and related products
Non-metallic  mineral  manufactures,
n.e.s.
Iron and steel
Non-ferrous metals
Manufactures of metals, n.e.s.

and 

and

specialised 

for  particular

industrial  machinery 

generating  machinery 

Complete  industrial  plant  appropriate  to
section 7
Power 
equipment
Machinery 
industries
Metal working machinery
General 
and
equipment, n.e.s. and machine parts, n.e.s.
Office  machines 
automatic
data-processing machines
Telecommunications  and  sound  recording
and reproducing apparatus and equipment
Electrical  machinery,  apparatus  and
appliances,  n.e.s.  and  electrical  parts 
thereof 
non-electrical
counterparts, n.e.s. of electrical household
type equipment)
Road  vehicles 
vehicles)
Other transport equipment

(including  air-cushion

(including 

and 

61

62
63

64

65

66

67
68
69

71

72

73
74

75

76

77

78

79

222

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

SSIITTCC  -  AANNNNEEXX

9

Commodities 
classified elsewhere in SITC
91

and 

transactions 

not

93

94

96

97

Postal packages not classified according to
kind
Special  transactions  and  commodities  not 
classified according to kind
Complete  industrial  plant,  not  elsewhere
specified
Coin (other than gold coin), not being legal 
tender
Gold,  non-monetary  (excluding  gold  ores
and concentrates)

8

Miscellaneous manufactured articles
80

Complete  industrial  plant  appropriate  to
section 8
Prefabricated buildings; sanitary plumbing, 
heating  and  lighting  fixtures  and  fittings, 
n.e.s.
Furniture  and  parts  thereof;  bedding,
mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and
similar stuffed furnishings
Travel  goods,  handbags  and  similar
containers
Articles of apparel and clothing accessories
Footwear
Professional,  scientific  and  controlling
instruments and apparatus, n.e.s.
Photographic  apparatus,  equipment  and
supplies and optical goods, n.e.s.; watches
and clocks
Miscellaneous manufactured articles, n.e.s.

81

82

83

84
85
87

88

89

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

223

AANNNNEEXX -  NNAACCEE

NACE REV.1: CLASSIFICATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

A
B
C
D
E
F
G

H
I

Agriculture, hunting and forestry
Fishing
Mining and quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricity, gas and water supply
Construction
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles, 
motorcycles and personal and household goods
Hotels and restaurants
Transport, storage and communication

J
K
L

M
N
O

P
Q

Financial intermediation
Real estate, renting and business activities
Public administration and defence; compulsory social
security
Education
Health and social work
Other  community,  social  and  personal  service
activities
Private households with employed persons
Extra-territorial organisations and bodies

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SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF ISCED 97

IISSCCEEDD  -  AANNNNEEXX

ISCED is the International Standard Classification of Education (i.e., the internationally agreed system used for classify-
ing statistics on education).

ISCED 0 Pre-primary education

This  is  the  initial  stage  of  organised  instruction  designed  primarily  to  introduce  very  young  children  to 
a  school-type  environment.  Such  programmes  are  school-  or  centre-based  (which  distinguishes  them
from childcare programmes) and are designed for children aged at least 3 years. 

ISCED 1Primary education (or the first stage of basic education) 

This  stage  marks  the  beginning  of  systematic  studies  in  reading,  writing  and  mathematics.  Programmes  are
normally designed on a unit or project basis (often with one teacher for all or most of the time) rather than on
a subject basis (with different teachers for different subjects). The customary or legal entry age to this level is
usually not less than 5 years and not more than 7 years.

ISCED 2 Lower secondary education (or the second stage of basic education)

This stage usually marks the beginning of subject-based teaching (with different teachers for different subjects).
It is designed to complete the provision of basic education which began in ISCED 1 and to lay the foundation
for lifelong learning. The full implementation of basic skills occurs at this level.

This stage is further subdivided according to the destination for which the programmes have been designed:

ISCED 2A programmes are designed for direct access to ISCED 3 in a sequence that would ultimately lead to
tertiary education.

ISCED 2B programmes are designed for direct access to ISCED 3C.

ISCED  2C  programmes  are  designed  primarily  for  direct  access  to  the  labour  market.  It  is  not  possible  for
students in these programmes to progress to ISCED 3 unless they also complete ISCED 2A or 2B.

ISCED 3 (Upper) secondary education

Even more specialisation is observed at this level than at ISCED 2. Teachers usually need to be more highly
qualified  than  those  teaching  in  ISCED  2.  This  stage  often  begins  at  the  end  of  compulsory  schooling.  The
entrance age is typically 15 or 16. The entrance requirement is usually successful completion of ISCED 2.

This stage is further subdivided according to the destination for which the programmes have been designed:

ISCED 3A programmes are designed for direct access to ISCED 5A.

ISCED 3B programmes are designed for direct access to ISCED 5B (but not ISCED 5A).

ISCED 3C programmes do not lead directly to tertiary education. It is not possible for students in these 
programmes to progress to either ISCED 5A or 5B unless they also complete ISCED 3A, 3B or 4A.

ISCED 4 Post-secondary non-tertiary education

This  stage  captures  programmes  that  straddle  the  boundary  between  upper  secondary  and  post-secondary
education. In some countries such programmes may be regarded as upper secondary education and in others 
post-secondary.  The  content  of  such  programmes  is  not  sufficient  for  them  to  be  regarded  as  tertiary 

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225

AANNNNEEXX -  IISSCCEEDD

broaden the knowledge of students who have already completed an ISCED 3 programme. ISCED 4 includes
programmes  designed  to  prepare  students  for  entry  to  tertiary  education  who  may,  for  example,  have 
programme  of  their  choice.  It  also
completed an ISCED 3 programme that did not give access to the
vocational  area)
includes  programmes  designed 
gained at ISCED 3 but whose theoretical content is insufficient to be regarded as tertiary education.

to  broaden 

knowledge 

in  a 

(often 

This stage is further subdivided according to the destination for which the programmes have been designed:

ISCED 4A programmes are designed for direct access to ISCED 5.

ISCED 4B programmes are designed primarily for direct access to the labour market and do not give access
to ISCED 5 (although, in some cases, the ISCED 3 qualifications of participants may give access to ISCED 5).

ISCED 5 First stage of tertiary education

This level consists of programmes whose educational content is more advanced than that offered at ISCED 3.
Entry to these programmes requires the successful completion of programmes at ISCED 3A, 3B or 4A. 

This stage is further subdivided according to the destination for which the programmes have been designed:

ISCED 5A programmes are largely theoretically based and are intended to give access either to the advanced
research programmes found in ISCED 6 or to professions with high skills requirements (e.g., medical doctors).
It may be necessary to take more than one qualification at ISCED 5A (e.g., a Bachelor's and then a Master's)
before entering ISCED 6. 

ISCED 5B programmes focus on occupationally specific skills geared for direct access to the labour market.
They are often, but not always, shorter than programmes at ISCED 5A. Although their theoretical content is 
significantly  beyond  that  offered  at  ISCED  3  it  is  usually  insufficient  to  give  access  to  advanced  research 
programmes (without first completing a programme at ISCED 5A). 

ISCED 6 Second stage of tertiary education 

This level is reserved for programmes that lead to the award of an advanced research qualification (usually at 
the doctorate level or beyond). The programmes are devoted to advanced study and original research and are
not based on course-work alone.

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ISCED — CLASSIFICATION OF FIELDS OF STUDY

IISSCCEEDD  -  AANNNNEEXX

0 General programmes

01  BASIC PROGRAMMES

Basic general programmes, pre-primary, elementary, primary, secondary, etc.

08  LITERACY AND NUMERACY 

Simple and functional literacy and numeracy.

09  PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT

Enhancing  personal  skills,  e.g.,  behavioural  capacities,  mental  skills,  personal  organisational 
capacities and life orientation programmes.

1 Education 

14 TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION SCIENCE

Teacher  training  for  pre-school,  kindergarten,  elementary  school,  vocational,  practical, 
non-vocational  subject,  adult  education,  teacher  trainers  and  for  disabled  children.  General  and 
specialised teacher training programmes. 
Education  science:  curriculum  development  in  non-vocational  and  vocational  subjects.  Educational 
assessment, testing and measurement, educational research and other education science.

2 Humanities and Arts

21  ARTS

Fine arts: drawing, painting, sculpture.
Performing arts: music, drama, dance, circus.
Graphic  and  audiovisual  arts:  photography,  cinematography,  music  production,  radio  and  TV 
production, printing and publishing.
Design; craft skills.

22  HUMANITIES

Religion and theology; foreign languages and cultures: living or 'dead' languages and their literature, 
area studies.
Native languages: current or vernacular language and its literature.
Other  humanities:  interpretation  and  translation,  linguistics,  comparative  literature,  history, 
archaeology, philosophy, ethics.

3 Social sciences, business and law 

31  SOCIAL AND BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCE

Economics, economic history, political science, sociology, demography, anthropology (except physical
anthropology), ethnology, futurology, psychology, geography (except physical geography), peace and
conflict studies, human rights.

32  JOURNALISM AND INFORMATION

Journalism; library technician and science; technicians in museums and similar repositories.
Documentation techniques.
Archival sciences.

34  BUSINESS AND ADMINISTRATION

Retailing, marketing, sales, public relations, real estate.
Finance, banking, insurance, investment analysis.
Accounting, auditing, bookkeeping.

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227

AANNNNEEXX -  IISSCCEEDD

Management, public administration, institutional administration, personnel administration.
Secretarial and office work.

38  LAW

Local magistrates, 'notaires', law (general, international, labour, maritime, etc.), jurisprudence, history
of law.

4 Science

42  LIFE SCIENCES

Biology,  botany,  bacteriology,  toxicology,  microbiology,  zoology,  entomology,  ornithology,  genetics,
biochemistry, biophysics, other allied sciences, excluding clinical and veterinary sciences.

44  PHYSICAL SCIENCES

Astronomy and space sciences, physics and other allied subjects, chemistry and other allied subjects,
geology, geophysics, mineralogy, physical anthropology, physical geography and other geosciences,
meteorology  and  other  atmospheric  sciences  including  climatic  research,  marine  science, 
vulcanology, palaeoecology.
46  MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS

Mathematics,  operations  research,  numerical  analysis,  actuarial  science,  statistics  and  other  allied
fields.

48  COMPUTING

Computer  sciences:  system  design,  computer  programming,  data  processing,  networks,  operating 
systems  —  software  development  only  (hardware  development  should  be  classified  with  the 
engineering fields).

5 Engineering, manufacturing and construction

52  ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TRADES

Engineering drawing, mechanics, metal work, electricity, electronics, telecommunications, energy and
chemical engineering, vehicle maintenance, surveying.

54  MANUFACTURING AND PROCESSING

Food and drink processing, textiles, clothes, footwear, leather, materials (wood, paper, plastic, glass,
etc.), mining and extraction.
58  ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING

Architecture and town planning: structural architecture, landscape architecture, community planning,
cartography.
Building, construction.
Civil engineering.

6 Agriculture 

62  AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERY

Agriculture, crop and livestock production, agronomy, animal husbandry, horticulture and gardening,
forestry  and  forest  product  techniques,  natural  parks,  wildlife,  fisheries,  fishery  science  and 
technology.

64  VETERINARY

Veterinary medicine, veterinary assisting.

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STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

IISSCCEEDD  -  AANNNNEEXX

7 Health and welfare

72  HEALTH 

Medicine:  anatomy,  epidemiology,  cytology,  physiology,  immunology  and  immunoaematology, 
pathology,  anaesthesiology,  paediatrics,  obstetrics  and  gynaecology,  internal  medicine,  surgery, 
neurology, psychiatry, radiology, ophthalmology.
Medical  services:  public  health  services,  hygiene,  pharmacy,  pharmacology,  therapeutics, 
rehabilitation, prosthetics, optometry, nutrition.
Nursing: basic nursing, midwifery.
Dental services: dental assisting, dental hygienist, dental laboratory technician, odontology.

76  SOCIAL SERVICES 

Social care: care of the disabled, child care, youth services, gerontological services.
Social work: counselling, welfare n.e.c.

8 Services

81  PERSONAL SERVICES

Hotel and catering, travel and tourism, sports and leisure, hairdressing, beauty treatment and other
personal services: cleaning, laundry, dry-cleaning, cosmetic services, domestic science. 

84  TRANSPORT SERVICES

Seamanship, ship's officer, nautical science, air crew, air traffic control, railway operations, road motor
vehicle operations, postal service. 

85  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Environmental conservation, control and protection, air and water pollution control, labour protection
and security. 

86  SECURITY SERVICES

Protection  of  property  and  persons:  police  work  and  related  law  enforcement,  criminology, 
fire protection and fire fighting, civil security. 
Military. 

99 Not known or unspecified 

This  category  is  not  part  of  the  classification  itself  but  for  data  collection  1999  it  is  needed  for  'fields  of 
education not known or unspecified'.

STATISTICAL YEARBOOK ON CANDIDATE AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES 2001

229