R & D and innovation statistics in candidate countries and the Russian Federation : data 19990-99.
Date: 2002-04-04
Institutions: Eurostat
Subjects: European Patent Office, Eurostat, Russia, economic statistics, enlargement of the Union, exchange of information, production statistics, statistics

N
O

I
T
I

D
E

1
0
0
2

R & D and innovation
statistics
in candidate 
countries and the
Russian Federation

Data  1990-99

9

THEME 9
Science
and technology

E U R O P E A N
C O M M I S S I O N

 
A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet.
It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int).

Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.

Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2002

ISBN 92-894-1747-1 

© European Communities, 2002

Printed in Luxembourg

PRINTED ON WHITE CHLORINE-FREE PAPER

R&D AND INNOVATION STATISTICS
IN CANDIDATE COUNTRIES
AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

INTRODUCTION

Since the first edition of R&D and Innovation Statistics in Candidate Countries and
the  Russian  Federation  was  published  in  2000,  very  significant  progress  has  been
achieved  in  the  enlargement  process.  For  several  candidate  countries  more  than  two
thirds  of  the  negotiating  chapters  have  been  provisionally  closed.  As  a  result  of  the
dynamic  political  developments,  requests  for  data  on  candidate  countries  from  inside
and outside the European Union kept increasing.

This second edition tries to meet the ever increasing demand for more up to date and
comprehensive  information  on  R&D  and  Innovation  activities  in  the  candidate
countries. Hence, an effort has been made to further extend the data coverage of this
publication.  A  number  of  indicators  were  added  most  notably  by  presenting  R&D
expenditure in PPS and by introducing a gender dimension in R&D personnel data.

The  preparation  of  large  publications  like  this  edition  requires  constant  commitment
and  cooperation  between  a  large  number  of  contributors.  Eurostat  would  like
especially to express sincere thanks to all colleagues in the candidate countries and the
Russian Federation for their contributions.

This  second  edition  was  prepared  under  the  direction  of  Photis  Nanopoulos,
Directorate A - Statistical information system, research and data analysis, technical co-
operation  with  Phare  and  Tacis  countries,  Harald  Sonnberger,  Head  of  Unit  A4  -
Research  and  development,  methods  and  data  analysis.  It  has  been  co-ordinated  by
Ibrahim  LAAFIA  and  prepared  by  György  Farkas,  trainee  from  the  Hungarian
Central Statistical Office.

3

CONTENTS

          Page No

PART I: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

GENERAL COMPARISONS FOR 1999

CHAPTER A: R&D EXPENDITURE

A1.GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GERD)

A.1.1.

A.1.2.

A.1.3.
A.1.4.

A.1.5.

A.1.6.

A.1.7.

GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GERD) - in million national currencies at
current prices
GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GERD) - in million ECU/EUR at current
prices and current exchange rates
GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D AS A PERCENTAGE OF GDP
GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D PER CAPITA POPULATION - in
ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates
PERCENTAGE OF GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GERD)  BY
SECTOR OF PERFORMANCE  - in percent
GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D BY SOURCE OF FUNDS - in million
national currencies at current prices
GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D BY SOURCE OF FUNDS - in million
ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates

A.2. BUSINESS ENTERPRISE INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D  (BERD)

A.2.1.

A.2.2.

A.2.3.

A.2.4.

A.2.5.

A.2.6.

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D  (BERD) - in
million national currencies at current prices
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D  (BERD) - in
million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D BY SOURCE OF
FUNDS - in million national currencies at current prices
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D BY SOURCE OF
FUNDS - in million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D BY ECONOMIC
ACTIVITY - in million national currencies at current prices
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D BY ECONOMIC
ACTIVITY - in million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates

A.3. GOVERNMENT INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D  (GOVERD)

A.3.1.

A.3.2.

A.3.3.

A.3.4.

GOVERNMENT INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D  (GOVERD) - in million
national currencies at current prices
GOVERNMENT INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D  (GOVERD) - in million
ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates
GOVERNMENT INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D BY SOURCE OF FUNDS -
in million national currencies at current prices
GOVERNMENT INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D BY SOURCE OF FUNDS -
in million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates

A.4. HIGHER EDUCATION INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D  (HERD)

A.4.1.

A.4.2.

A.4.3.

A.4.4.

HIGHER  EDUCATION  INTRAMURAL  EXPENDITURE  ON  R&D   (HERD) - in
million national currencies at current prices
HIGHER  EDUCATION  INTRAMURAL  EXPENDITURE  ON  R&D   (HERD - in
million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates
HIGHER EDUCATION INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D BY SOURCE OF
FUNDS - in million national currencies at current prices
HIGHER EDUCATION INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D BY SOURCE OF
FUNDS - in million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates

7

8

8

9
9

10

12

15

18

18

19

21

23

25

27

27

28

30

32

32

33

36

4

A.5. GOVERNMENT BUDGET APPROPRIATIONS OR OUTLAYS FOR R&D
(GBAORD)

Page No

A.5.1.

A.5.2.

A.5.3.

GOVERNMENT  BUDGET  APPROPRIATIONS  OR OUTLAYS FOR R&D BY SOCIO-
ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES - in million national currencies at current prices
GOVERNMENT  BUDGET  APPROPRIATIONS  OR OUTLAYS FOR R&D BY SOCIO-
ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES - in million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange
rates
GOVERNMENT BUDGET APPROPRIATIONS OR OUTLAYS FOR R&D AS A
PERCENTAGE OF GDP

CHAPTER B: R&D PERSONNEL

B.1. TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL

B.1.1.
B.1.1.a
B.1.2.
B.1.2.a
B.1.3.
B.1.4.
B.1.4.a
B.1.5.
B.1.5.a

TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL BY OCCUPATION - head count
TOTAL R&D FEMALE PERSONNEL BY OCCUPATION - head count
TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL BY OCCUPATION - full-time equivalent
TOTAL R&D FEMALE PERSONNEL BY OCCUPATION - full-time equivalent
TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL PER THOUSAND LABOUR FORCE (in head count)
TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL BY FORMAL QUALIFICATION- head count
TOTAL R&D FEMALE PERSONNEL BY FORMAL QUALIFICATION- head count
TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL BY FORMAL QUALIFICATION - full-time equivalent
TOTAL R&D FEMALE PERSONNEL BY FORMAL QUALIFICATION - full-time
equivalent

B.2. BUSINESS ENTERPRISE R&D PERSONNEL

B.2.1.
B.2.2.
B.2.3.

B.2.4.

B.2.5.

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE R&D PERSONNEL BY OCCUPATION - head count
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE R&D PERSONNEL BY OCCUPATION- full-time equivalent
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE R&D PERSONNEL BY FORMAL QUALIFICATION - head
count
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE R&D PERSONNEL BY FORMAL QUALIFICATION - full-
time equivalent
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE R&D PERSONNEL BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY - full-time
equivalent

B.3. GOVERNMENT  R&D PERSONNEL

B.3.1.
B.3.2.
B.3.3.
B.3.4.

GOVERNMENT R&D PERSONNEL BY OCCUPATION - head count
GOVERNMENT R&D PERSONNEL BY OCCUPATION - full-time equivalent
GOVERNMENT R&D PERSONNEL BY FORMAL QUALIFICATION - head count
GOVERNMENT  R&D  PERSONNEL  BY  FORMAL QUALIFICATION - full-time
equivalent

B.4. HIGHER EDUCATION  R&D PERSONNEL

B.4.1.
B.4.2.
B.4.3.

B.4.4.

HIGHER EDUCATION R&D PERSONNEL BY OCCUPATION - head count
HIGHER EDUCATION R&D PERSONNEL BY OCCUPATION - full-time equivalent
HIGHER  EDUCATION  R&D PERSONNEL BY FORMAL QUALIFICATION - head
count
HIGHER  EDUCATION  R&D PERSONNEL BY FORMAL QUALIFICATION - full-
time equivalent

39

41

43

44
46
48
50
52
53
55
57
59

61
63
65

67

69

71
73
75
77

79
81
83

85

5

PART II: INNOVATION

Page No

CHAPTER C: INNOVATION IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR

C.1.

C.2.

C.3.

C.4.

C.5.

C.6.

C.7.

C.8.

INNOVATIVE  ENTERPRISES  IN  MANUFACTURING  SECTOR  BY  ECONOMIC
ACTIVITY - in number and relative shares
INNOVATIVE  ENTERPRISES IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR BY  ENTERPRISE
SIZE- in number and relative shares
INNOVATION EXPENDITURE IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR  BY ECONOMIC
ACTIVITY - in million national currencies at current prices
INNOVATION EXPENDITURE IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR  BY ECONOMIC
ACTIVITY - in million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates
INNOVATION EXPENDITURE IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR  BY ENTERPRISE
SIZE - in million national currencies at current prices
INNOVATION EXPENDITURE IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR  BY ENTERPRISE
SIZE - in million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates
SOURCES   OF   INFORMATION   FOR   INNOVATION   IN  MANUFACTURING
SECTOR BY ENTERPRISE SIZE - in  percent
OBJECTIVES OF INNOVATION IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR BY ENTERPRISE
SIZE - in  percent

CHAPTER D: INNOVATION IN SERVICE SECTOR

D.1.

D.2.

D.3.

D.4.

D.5.

D.6.

D.7.

D.8.

INNOVATIVE ENTERPRISES IN SERVICE SECTOR  BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY -
in number and relative shares
INNOVATIVE ENTERPRISES  IN  SERVICE SECTOR  BY ENTERPRISE SIZE - in
number and relative shares
INNOVATION EXPENDITURE IN SERVICE SECTOR  BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY -
in million national currencies at current prices
INNOVATION EXPENDITURE IN SERVICE SECTOR  BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY -
in million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates
INNOVATION EXPENDITURE IN SERVICE SECTOR  BY ENTERPRISE SIZE - in
million national currencies at current prices
INNOVATION EXPENDITURE IN SERVICE SECTOR  BY ENTERPRISE SIZE - in
million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates
SOURCES OF INFORMATION FOR INNOVATION IN SERVICE SECTOR BY
ENTERPRISE SIZE - in  percent
OBJECTIVES OF INNOVATION IN SERVICE SECTOR BY ENTERPRISE SIZE - in
percent

REFERENCE DATA

R.1.
R.2.
R.3.
R.4.
R.5.

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) - in  million national currencies at current prices
IMPLICIT GDP PRICE INDEX  (1995=100)
POPULATION - in thousands
LABOUR FORCE - in thousands
EXCHANGE RATES -  1 ECU/EUR=… - annual average

METHODOLOGICAL EXPLANATORY  NOTES

DEFINITIONS

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

87

92

93

98

103

104

105

107

109

110

111

112

113

113

114

116

118
118
119
119
120

121

142

146

6

GENERAL COMPARISONS FOR 1999

R&D 

R&D 
expenditure                     

expenditure                     
(mio PPS)

as % of GDP

(mio 
ECU/EUR)

personnel                        

personnel                               

(head count)

(FTE)

personnel as % 
of labour force 
(head count)

 R&D expenditure                    

R&D                   

R&D                      

R&D                   

EU - 15 1
EUR - 12 1

153 336 7
116 123 7

148 179 7
113 938 7

1.92 7
1.86 7

2 273 133 7
1 728 731 7

1667513 7
1298420 7

1.33 7
1.28 7

4 720
2 769 8
44 882 8
1 022 5
5 971
27 720
1 021 5,8
12 960 8
7 862 6
3 447 8
1 195
3 535
7 290
24 264

189
26
1 444
75
660
51
106
2 123
472
338
403

10 993

1.98
2.06
2.43
0.68 5
0.89
2.19
1.39 5,8
1.03
2.02 6
1.83
0.76
3.19
3.80
1.87

0.59
0.25
1.25
0.75
0.69
0.40
0.52
0.75
0.41
0.68
1.51

1.01

50 834 3
54 854
584 909 6
57 241 5
178 189
381 098 6
15 201 5
185 641 4
109 416 5
52 956 6
36 898
66 965
107 520
362 518 2

18 451
1 520
47 043
6 559
42 088
6 245
15 296
126 000
48 113
22 467
12 286

49 476
35 822 7
465 550
26 494 5
102 237
307 310 6
12 030 5
141 737 5
85 485 6
31 308 6
20 830
50 605
66 674
277 500 2

16 087
681.0
24 106
4 545
21 329
4 301
12 794
82 368
44 091
14 849
8 495

872 363

989 291

1.22 3,7
1.92
1.49 6,7
1.28 5
1.09
1.49 6
0.99 5,7
0.82 4
1.44 5,7
1.38 6
0.73
2.54
2.45
1.28 2

0.89 4
0.52
0.90
0.94
1.03
0.54
0.82
0.74
0.42
0.88
1.28

1.25

Member States
BELGIUM
DENMARK
GERMANY
GREECE
SPAIN
FRANCE
IRELAND
ITALY
NETHERLANDS
AUSTRIA
PORTUGAL
FINLAND
SWEDEN
UNITED KINGDOM
----------
Candidate Countries
BULGARIA 
CYPRUS
CZECH REPUBLIC
ESTONIA 
HUNGARY
LATVIA 
LITHUANIA
POLAND
ROMANIA
SLOVAK REPUBLIC 
SLOVENIA 
----------
RUSSIAN FEDERATION 

4 618
3 405 8
48 191 8
795 5

4 995
29 529

979 5,8
11 426 8
7 564 6
3 600 8
816
3 879
8 608
25 300

69
21
641
37
309
26
52
1 086
134
126
284

2 681

1   Luxembourg not included.
2   Data for 1993.
3   Data for 1995.
4   Data for 1996.
5   Data for 1997.
6   Data for 1998.
7   Eurostat estimation.
8   Estimated by other than Eurostat.

7

Table A.1.1
GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GERD)
In million national currencies at current prices

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BGN

3 303

3 539

4 601

5 447

9 148  |

88 591

127 598  |

CYP

5.58  

:

:

:

:

10.78  

134

12.42

CZECH REPUBLIC

CZK 14 499 R

12 320 R

12 983 R

13 983  |

EEK

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

19 478

22 865

23 647

:

451

573

HUF 30 988  *

34 686  *

38 852  |

41 201

44 889

61 749

68 620

78 188

LVL

LTL

PLN

5.90  

7.14  

:

:

956  *

1 295  *

8.66  

87.28   

1 721

12.31  

114.92  

13.06  

13.89  

16.03  

164.87  |

217.22   

244.49  

2 133

2 761

3 361

4 005

15.51

220.34

4 591

ROL 51 148  |

183 140 U

385 482 U

577 148  |

768 349

1 465 004

1 833 389

2 195 810

BULGARIA

CYPRUS

ESTONIA

HUNGARY

LATVIA

LITHUANIA

POLAND

ROMANIA

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

RUR 140 591

1 317 200

5 146 102

12 149 459

19 393 892

24 449 691

25 082 066

48 050 525

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

SKK

:

:

4 473

5 374

5 905

7 744

6 154

5 552

SLOVENIA

SIT

19 455

22 990 |

32 621 O

37 653 O

36 816

41 329

48 015

55 189

Table A.1.2
GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GERD)
In million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates

BULGARIA 

CYPRUS

1992

109.1

9.6   

109.4

:

71.5

:

62.0

:

CZECH REPUBLIC

395.2 R 

360.9 R 

379.2 R 

402.8  |

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

40.6  |

46.4

:

:

:

:

541.7  |

:

64.8

18.7   

629.5

28.6

285.2

24.3   

54.5   

68.7

21.5   

641.1

36.6

309.3

25.5   

51.7   

:

:

:

:

302.2  *

322.3 *

310.7  |

250.5

231.7

291.8

6.2  

:

540.4  * 

128.1  |

9.0   

:

609.8 * 

206.7 U

13.0  

18.4  

636.6

195.5 U

17.8   

22.2   

672.4

195.8  |

18.7  

32.9  |

806.8

195.9

21.1   

48.0   

904.4

1 022.2

1 085.9

180.6  |

183.6

134.3

ESTONIA 

HUNGARY

LATVIA 

LITHUANIA

POLAND

ROMANIA

RUSSIAN FEDERATION 

562.6

1 206.2

1 967.2

2 025.9

2 984.1

3 727.0

2 303.2

2 680.7

SLOVAK REPUBLIC 

:

:

SLOVENIA 

184.6

173.5 |

117.3

210.1 O

138.3

243.1 O

149.9

214.3

203.2

228.3 O

155.6

258.2

125.8

283.8

O    Overestimated data.
R  

Including non-R&D activities.
U    Including only current expenditure. 
*    Data do not exactly correspond  to international standards (Frascati Manual). 

8

Table A.1.3
GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GERD)
AS A % OF GDP

BULGARIA  

CYPRUS  

CZECH REPUBLIC 

ESTONIA  

HUNGARY  

LATVIA  

LITHUANIA  

POLAND  

ROMANIA 

RUSSIAN FEDERATION  

SLOVAK REPUBLIC  

1992

1.64

0.18

1.83

:

1.05

0.58

:

0.83

:

0.74

:

1993

1.18

:

1.35

:

0.98

0.48

:

0.83

0.91 U

0.77

:

SLOVENIA  

1.91

1.60

Table A.1.4
GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GERD)
PER CAPITA POPULATION
In  ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates

1994

0.88

:

1.25

:

0.89

0.42

0.52

0.77

0.77 U

0.84

1.02

1.77

1995

0.62

:

1.15

:

0.74

0.52

0.48

0.70

0.80

0.77

1.04

1.71

1996

0.52

:

:

:

0.66

0.46

0.52

0.72

0.71

0.88

1.02

1.44

1997

0.52

:

1.16

:

0.74

0.43

0.57

0.72

0.58

0.94

1.18

1.42

1998

1999

0.59

0.23

1.24

0.61

0.68

0.45

0.57

0.72

0.49

0.92

0.82

1.48

0.59

0.25

1.25

0.75

0.69

0.40

0.52

0.75

0.41

1.01

0.68

1.51

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BULGARIA 

CYPRUS

CZECH REPUBLIC

ESTONIA 

HUNGARY

LATVIA 

LITHUANIA

POLAND

ROMANIA

RUSSIAN FEDERATION 

SLOVAK REPUBLIC 

1992

12.8

13.5

38.3

:

29.3

2.3

:

1993

12.9

:

34.9

:

31.3

3.5

:

8.5

:

36.7

:

30.3

5.1

5.0

14.1

15.8

16.5

5.6  U 

9.1  U 

8.6  U 

3.8

:

8.1

:

13.3

21.9

7.4

:

39.0

:

24.5

7.1

6.0

17.4

8.6

13.7

25.8

4.8

:

:

:

22.7

7.5

8.9

20.9

8.6

20.2

27.9

5.5

:

52.9

:

29.2

8.5

12.9

23.4

8.0

25.2

38.0

7.8

28.3

61.2

19.7

28.1

9.9

14.7

26.4

8.2

15.7

28.9

8.4

32.3

62.3

25.4

30.7

10.7

14.0

28.1

6.0

18.4

23.3

SLOVENIA 

92.5

87.1

105.6

122.3

107.6

114.9

130.2

142.9

 U 

Including only current expenditure. 

9

Table A.1.5
GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GERD)
BY SECTOR OF PERFORMANCE 
As a % of total expenditure

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BULGARIA 
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
       GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

CYPRUS 
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
       GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

CZECH REPUBLIC  
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
       GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ESTONIA  
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
       GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

HUNGARY 
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
       GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

LATVIA 
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
       GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

LITHUANIA 
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
       GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

POLAND  
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
       GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

100
49.4
42.3
8.3
:

:
:
:
:
:

100
65.1
26.4
8.5
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

100
28.1
47.2
24.7
:

:
:
:
:
:

100
38.7
35.0
26.3
0.0

100
58.9
32.8
7.9
0.4

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

100
27.1
43.8
29.1
0.0

100
3.6
64.0
31.4
1.0

100
40.9
31.2
27.8
0.1

100
22.9
69.1
7.3
0.7

:
:
:
:
:

100
62.8
26.6
9.1
1.5

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

100
23.8
38.1
38.1
0.0

100
5.5
56.9
36.9
0.7

100
39.4
32.0
28.6
0.0

100
18.6
75.6
5.1
0.7

100
14.1
56.1
24.9
4.8

100
64.6
25.7
9.5
0.2

100
19.7
23.8
56.0
0.4

100
38.4
31.2
25.2
:

100
21.0
31.4
47.5
0.0

100
1.9
59.0
38.7
0.4

100
41.5
30.8
27.6
0.1

100
20.6
73.2
6.1
0.1

100
20.2
49.4
24.0
6.4

100
62.9
24.3
12.3
0.5

100
23.9
24.4
51.2
0.4

100
40.2
32.3
22.3
:

100
17.2
33.5
49.3
0.0

100
4.4
57.9
37.3
0.3

100
41.3
30.8
27.8
0.1

100
50.8
41.1
8.1
:

100
14.5
83.6
0.2
1.7

100
75.0
24.0
1.0
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

100
50.1
41.8
8.1
:

:
:
:
:
:

100
73.2
23.6
3.2
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

100
55.2
23.9
20.9
:

100
42.9
36.5
20.6
:

100
49.8
42.0
8.2
:

:
:
:
:
:

100
67.0
28.5
4.5
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

100
41.3
35.1
23.6
0.0

10

     
      
     
      
     
      
     
      
     
      
     
      
     
      
     
      
Table A.1.5
GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GERD)
BY SECTOR OF PERFORMANCE 
As a % of total expenditure

(CONTINUED)

ROMANIA 
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
       GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

RUSSIAN FEDERATION 
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
       GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

SLOVAK REPUBLIC  
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
       GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

SLOVENIA  
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
       GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

100
77.6
19.9
2.5
:

100
68.5
26.1
5.4
0.0

100
53.9
40.2
5.9
:

100
46.6
25.2
27.6
0.6

100
73.5
23.2
3.3
:

100
69.2
25.9
4.8
0.1

100
55.8
39.1
5.1
:

100
50.7
26.6
21.6
1.1

100
81.4
15.8
2.8
:

100
66.3
28.2
5.4
0.1

100
75.6
17.7
6.7
0.0

100
53.0
28.2
17.4
1.4

100
76.7
18.7
4.6
:

100
69.0
25.8
5.2
0.1

100
65.8
24.8
9.4
0.0

100
52.0
30.4
16.6
0.9

100
74.4
18.6
7.0
:

100
69.9
25.2
4.8
0.1

100
62.6
27.5
9.9
0.0

100
55.0
28.5
15.9
0.6

:
:
:
:
:

100
77.5
16.8
5.7
:

:
:
:
:
:

100
33.6
39.3
27.1
:

100
80.0
17.6
2.4
:

100
70.6
23.8
5.6
:

:
:
:
:
:

100
41.0
31.0
27.5
0.5

100
84.0
14.1
1.9
:

100
66.0
28.1
5.9
0.0

100
52.7
42.4
4.9
:

100
42.3
29.3
27.6
0.8

11

     
      
     
      
     
      
     
      
Table A.1.6
GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GERD)
BY SOURCE OF FUNDS
In million national currencies at current prices

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

5 447
3 135
:
:
2 129
181
0
2

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

13 983  |
8 824  |
4 513  |

:

4 513  |
137
41
468

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

9 148  |
5 522  |

:
:

3 215  |
351  |
37  |
23  |

88 591
20 627
:
:
60 025
2 128
769
5 042

127 598  |
30 132  |

:
:

88 889  |
3 415  |
253  |
4 909  |

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

19 478
11 652
5 997
:
5 997
1 410
48
371

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

10.78
1.48
5.90
2.06
7.96
0.08
0.40
0.87

22 865
13 763
8 423
-
8 423
69
14
596

451
105
:
:
286
12
21
28

134
31
:
:
94
4
0
5

12.42
2.16
6.30
2.21
8.51
0.23
0.57
0.52

23 647
12 440
10 077

10 077
169
17
945

573
139
:
:
371
4
9
50

BULGARIA - (BGN)

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

DIRECT GOVERNMENT

GUF

SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

CYPRUS - (CYP)

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

DIRECT GOVERNMENT

GUF

SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

CZECH REPUBLIC - (CZK)

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

DIRECT GOVERNMENT

GUF

SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

ESTONIA - (EEK)

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

DIRECT GOVERNMENT

GUF

SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

E         Estimated data.
R         Including non-R&D activities.

3 303
2 405
:
:
898
:
:
:

5.58
0.79
4.61
0.00
4.61
0.00
0.07
0.11

3 539
2 396
:
:
1 143
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

4 601
2 976
:
:
1 625
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

14 499 R
11 349 R
3 150 R

:

3 150 R

12 320 R

..
2 782 R

:

2 782 R

12 983 R
9 356 R
3 627 R

:

3 627 R

:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

12

Table A.1.6
A.1.6. GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GERD)
BY SOURCE OF FUNDS
In million national currencies at current prices

15 512

(CONTINUED)

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

HUNGARY - (HUF)

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

DIRECT GOVERNMENT

GUF

SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

30 988 *,K
16 278
:
:
12 877
:
77
911

34 686 *,K
18 406
:
:
14 035
:
126
855

38 852  |
14 760
:
:
20 731
:
57
1 433

LATVIA - (LVL)

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

DIRECT GOVERNMENT

GUF

SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

LITHUANIA - (LTL)

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

DIRECT GOVERNMENT

GUF

SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

POLAND - (PLN)

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

DIRECT GOVERNMENT

GUF

SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

5.90  
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

956 *
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

7.14  
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

1 295 *

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

8.66  
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

87.28  
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

1 721
680
986
0
986
26
6
23

41 201 K
15 811
:
:
21 880
:
193
1 997

12.31  
2.98  
6.53  
:
6.53  
:
:
2.80  

114.92  
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 133
767
1 285
0
1 285
37
8
36

44 889 K
17 442
:
:
22 458
:
241
2 076

13.06  
2.30  
7.33  
:
7.33  
:
3.07  
3.13  

164.87  |

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 761
1 073
1 596
0
1 596
43
9
40

61 749 K
22 570
:
:
33 852
:
293
2 655

13.89  
1.95  
8.20  
:
8.20  
:
:
3.74  

217.22  
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

3 361
1 179
2 073
0
2 073
44
10
55

68 620 K
24 768
:
:
38 583
:
302
3 375

16.03  
2.56  
8.66  
:
8.66  
:
0.86  
3.95  

244.49  
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

4 005
1 515
2 363
0
2 363
54
14
60

78 188 K
30 070
:
:
41 624
:
207
4 363

15.51  
2.44  
8.62  
:
8.62  
:
1.11  
3.35  

220.34  
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

4 591
1 751
2 687
0
2 687
64
13
76

K        The breakdown of R&D expenditure by source of funds is incomplete.
*          Data do not  exactly correspond to international standards (Frascati Manual). 

13

Table A.1.6
GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GERD)
BY SOURCE OF FUNDS
In million national currencies at current prices

(CONTINUED)

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

ROMANIA - (ROL)

51 148  |

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

DIRECT GOVERNMENT

GUF

SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

183 140 U
62 420 U
119 168 U

:

119 168 U
410 U
78 U
1 064 U

385 482 U
149 380 U
230 948 U
1 870 U
232 818 U
705 U
130 U
2 449 U

577 148  |
225 817  |
327 121  |
4 249  |
331 370  |
2 142  |
76  |
17 743  |

768 349
322 839
415 952
5 660
421 612
1 418
2 049
20 431

1 465 004
778 775
607 127
13 979
621 106
22 167
8
42 948

1 833 389
776 501
919 167
50 820
969 987
55 085
0
31 816

2 195 810
1 102 427
976 872
47 770
1 024 642
14 833
0
53 908

140 591

1 317 200

5 146 102

12 149 459

19 393 892

24 449 691

25 082 066

48 050 525

RUSSIAN              
FEDERATION - (RUR)

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

DIRECT GOVERNMENT

GUF

SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

SLOVAK REPUBLIC - (SKK)

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

DIRECT GOVERNMENT

GUF

SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

SLOVENIA - (SIT)

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

DIRECT GOVERNMENT

GUF

SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

19 455
7 119
9 380
201
9 581
2 050
0
705

22 990  |
8 743  |
10 939  |
170  |
11 109  |
2 378  |
23  |
737  |

O        Overestimated data.
U         Including only current expenditure. 

1 814 324
3 179 357
26 256
3 205 613
19 767
5 583
100 814

4 076 707
7 442 795
33 973
7 476 768
30 543
3 672
561 769

6 112 238
11 981 578
58 730
12 040 308
52 232
107 187
1 081 927

7 487 192
14 821 086
78 851
14 899 938
50 443
203 703
1 808 417

8 755 162
13 363 720
72 148
13 435 868
86 546
231 318
2 573 172

15 171 015
24 507 870
62 986
24 570 856
178 658
23 621
8 106 376

4 473
2 680
1 727
:
1 727
0
7
59

32 621 O
13 181 O
14 472 O
302 O
14 774 O
3 788 O
43 O
835 O

5 374
3 247
2 033
:
2 033
0
7
87

37 653 O
17 270 O
14 503 O
791 O
15 294 O
3 953 O
30 O
1 106 O

5 905
3 388
2 334
:
2 334
0
5
178

36 816
18 067
15 303
675
15 978
1 649
130
992

7 744
4 921
2 675
:
2 675
0
4
144

41 329
22 176
14 849
464
15 313
338
93
3 409

6 154
3 188
2 790
:
2 790
0
5
171

48 015
25 231
18 619
543
19 162
374
20
3 228

5 552
2 768
2 658
:
2 658
0
1
125

55 189
31 410
19 514
769
20 283
351
37
3 108

14

Table A.1.7
GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GERD)
BY SOURCE OF FUNDS
In million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BULGARIA 

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

DIRECT GOVERNMENT

GUF

SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

CYPRUS 

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

DIRECT GOVERNMENT

GUF

SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

CZECH REPUBLIC 

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

DIRECT GOVERNMENT

GUF

SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

ESTONIA

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

DIRECT GOVERNMENT

GUF

SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

R         Including non-R&D activities.

109.1
79.5
 :
 :
29.7
 :
 :
 :

9.6  
1.4  
7.9  
0.0
7.9  
0.0
0.1  
0.2  

395.2 R
309.3 R
85.9 R
:
85.9 R
 :
 :
 :

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

109.4
74.1
 :
 :
35.3
 :
 :
 :

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

360.9 R
 :
81.5 R
:
81.5 R
 :
 :
 :

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

40.6  |
24.5  |
 :
 :
14.3  |
1.6  |
0.2  |
0.1  |

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

46.4
10.8
 :
 :
31.5
1.1
0.4
2.6

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

541.7
324.1
166.8
:
166.8
39.2
1.3
10.3

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

64.8
15.3
 :
 :
45.1
1.7
0.1
2.5

18.7  
2.6  
10.2  
3.6  
13.8  
0.1  
0.7  
1.5  

629.5
378.9
231.9
:
231.9
1.9
0.4
16.4

28.6
6.6
 :
 :
18.1
0.7
1.3
1.8

68.7
15.7
 :
 :
47.9
2.2
0.2
2.8

21.5   
3.7  
10.9  
3.8  
14.7  
0.4  
1.0  
1.6  

641.1
337.2
273.2
:
273.2
4.6
0.5
25.6

36.6
8.9
 :
 :
23.7
0.2
0.6
3.2

71.5
46.3
 :
 :
25.3
 :
 :
 :

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

62.0
35.7
 :
 :
24.2
2.1
0.0
0.0

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

379.2 R
273.2 R
105.9 R

:

105.9 R
 :
 :
 :

402.8  |
254.2  |
130.0  |

:

130.0  |
4.0
1.2
13.5

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

15

Table A.1.7
GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GERD)
BY SOURCE OF FUNDS
In million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates

(CONTINUED)

HUNGARY

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

DIRECT GOVERNMENT

GUF

SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

LATVIA 

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

DIRECT GOVERNMENT

GUF

SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

LITHUANIA

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

DIRECT GOVERNMENT

GUF

SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

POLAND

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

DIRECT GOVERNMENT

GUF

SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
ABROAD

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

302.2 *,K
158.8
 :
 :
125.6
 :
0.8
8.9

322.3 *,K
171.0
 :
 :
130.4
 :
1.2
7.9

310.7  |
118.0
 :
 :
165.8
 :
0.5
11.5

6.2  
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

9.0  
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

540.4 *
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :

609.8 *
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :

13.0  
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :

18.4  
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :

636.6
251.4
364.9
0.0
364.9
9.4
2.4
8.6

250.5 K
96.2
 :
 :
133.1
 :
1.2
12.1

17.8  
4.3  
9.5  
 :
9.5  
:
:
4.1  

22.2  
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :

672.4
241.8
405.1
0.0
405.1
11.8
2.4
11.3

231.7 K
90.0
 :
 :
115.9
 :
1.2
10.7

18.7  
3.3  
10.5  
 :
10.5  
:
0.4  
4.5  

32.9  |
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :

806.8
313.5
466.2
0.0
466.2
12.7
2.8
11.6

291.8 K
106.6
 :
 :
159.9
 :
1.4
12.5

285.2 K
102.9
 :
 :
160.4
 :
1.3
14.0

21.1  
3.0  
12.5  
 :
12.5  
:
:
5.7  

48.0  
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :

24.3  
3.9  
13.1  
 :
13.1  
:
1.3  
6.0  

54.5  
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :

309.3 K
119.0
 :
 :
164.7
 :
0.8
17.3

25.5  
4.0  
14.2  
 :
14.2  
:
1.8  
5.5  

51.7  
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :

904.4
317.3
557.7
0.0
557.7
11.9
2.8
14.7

1 022.2
386.7
603.1
0.0
603.1
13.7
3.5
15.3

1 085.9
414.2
635.5
0.0
635.5
15.2
3.0
18.0

K        The breakdown of R&D expenditure by source of funds is incomplete.
*          Data do not exactly correspond exactly to international standards (Frascati Manual). 

16

Table A.1.7
GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GERD)
BY SOURCE OF FUNDS
In million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates

(CONTINUED)

ROMANIA

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

DIRECT GOVERNMENT

GUF

SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

RUSSIAN FEDERATION
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

DIRECT GOVERNMENT

GUF

SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

DIRECT GOVERNMENT

GUF

SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

SLOVENIA

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

DIRECT GOVERNMENT

GUF

SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

128.1  |
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :

562.6
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

184.6
67.5
89.0
1.9
90.9
19.4
0.0
6.7

206.7 U
70.5 U
134.5 U
:
134.5 U
0.5 U
0.1 U
1.2 U

1 206.2
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :
 :

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

195.5 U
75.8 U
117.1 U
0.9 U
118.1 U
0.4 U
0.1 U
1.2 U

195.8  |
76.6  |
111.0  |
1.4  |
112.4  |
0.7  |
0.0  |
6.0  |

1 967.2
693.5
1 215.4
10.0
1 225.4
7.6
2.1
38.5

117.3
70.3
45.3
:
45.3
0.0
0.2
1.5

2 025.9
679.8
1 241.1
5.7
1 246.8
5.1
0.6
93.7

138.3
83.5
52.3
:
52.3
0.0
0.2
2.2

173.5  |
66.0  |
82.6  |
1.3  |
83.8  |
17.9  |
0.2  |
5.6  |

210.1 O
84.9 O
93.2 O
1.9 O
95.2 O
24.4 O
0.3 O
5.4 O

243.1 O
111.5 O
93.6 O
5.1 O
98.7 O
25.5 O
0.2 O
7.1 O

195.9
82.3
106.1
1.4
107.5
0.4
0.5
5.2

2 984.1
940.5
1 843.6
9.0
1 852.6
8.0
16.5
166.5

149.9
86.0
59.3
:
59.3
0.0
0.1
4.5

214.3
105.2
89.1
3.9
93.0
9.6
0.8
5.8

180.6
96.0
74.8
1.7
76.6
2.7
0.0
5.3

3 727.0
1 141.3
2 259.2
12.0
2 271.3
7.7
31.1
275.7

203.2
129.1
70.2
:
70.2
0.0
0.1
3.8

228.3
122.5
82.0
2.6
84.6
1.9
0.5
18.8

183.6
77.8
92.1
5.1
97.1
5.5
0.0
3.2

2 303.2
804.0
1 227.2
6.6
1 233.8
7.9
21.2
236.3

155.6
80.6
70.6
:
70.6
0.0
0.1
4.3

258.2
135.7
100.1
2.9
103.0
2.0
0.1
17.4

134.3
67.4
59.8
2.9
62.7
0.9
0.0
3.3

2 680.7
846.4
1 367.2
3.5
1 370.8
10.0
1.3
452.2

125.8
62.7
60.2
:
60.2
0.0
0.0
2.8

283.8
161.5
100.3
4.0
104.3
1.8
0.2
16.0

O        Overestimated data.
U         Including only current expenditure. 

17

Table A.2.1
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (BERD)  
In million national currencies at current prices

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BULGARIA

CYPRUS

BGN

CYP

1 678

1 773

2 291

2 691

5 385  |

20 311

23 781  |

0.81  

:

:

:

:

:

1.52

28

2.51

CZECH REPUBLIC

CZK

10 880 R

9 024 R

8 699 R

9 099  |

9 747

12 232

14 760

14 862

ESTONIA

HUNGARY

LATVIA

LITHUANIA

POLAND

ROMANIA

RUSSIAN 
FEDERATION

EEK

HUF

LVL

LTL

PLN

ROL

:

:

:

:

:

:

89

137

11 297 *

11 273 *

13 704  |

17 896

19 385

25 628

26 380

31 458

:

:

:

:

:

:

528 *

555 *

710

3.46  

:

826

3.54  

5.90  

1 130

3.31  

11.88  

1 325

3.37

4.70

1 661

2.66

9.79

1 897

:

146 558 U

323 980 U

447 605  |

564 817

1 192 210

1 406 739

1 633 443

RUR 108 936

930 474

3 396 725

8 323 908

13 419 232

16 216 889

17 296 581

33 607 490

SLOVAK REPUBLIC SKK

:

:

2 358

2 897

3 296

5 854

SLOVENIA

SIT

6 543

9 421  |

13 806

17 543

18 648

21 921

4 050

24 988

3 473

30 339

Table A.2.2
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (BERD)  
In million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BULGARIA 

CYPRUS 

55.4

1.4

54.8

:

35.6

:

30.6

:

23.9  |

:

10.6

:

CZECH REPUBLIC 

296.5 R 

264.3 R 

254.1 R 

262.1  |

282.8

340.2

ESTONIA 

HUNGARY 

LATVIA 

LITHUANIA 

POLAND 

ROMANIA 

:

:

:

:

:

:

110.2 *

104.7 *

109.6  |

108.8

100.0

121.1

:

:

:

:

:

:

5.0

:

298.5 *

261.3 *

262.6

260.4

:

165.4 U

164.3 U

151.9  |

5.1

1.2

330.2

144.0

5.0

2.6

356.6

147.0

12.1

2.6

406.4

5.6

109.6

5.1

1.0

424.0

140.9

14.1

4.3

402.9

8.8

124.5

4.4

2.3

448.8

99.9

RUSSIAN FEDERATION 

436.0

852.1

1 298.4

1 388.0

2 064.8

2 472.0

1 588.3

1 874.9

SLOVAK REPUBLIC 

:

:

SLOVENIA 

62.1

71.1  |

61.9

88.9

74.5

113.3

83.7

108.6

153.6

121.1

102.4

134.4

78.7

156.0

R         Including non-R&D activities.
U         Including only current expenditure.
*          Data do not exactly correspond to international standards (Frascati Manual). 

18

Table A.2.3
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (BERD)
BY SOURCE OF FUNDS
In million national currencies at current prices

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BULGARIA - (BGN)

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

CYPRUS - (CYP)

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

1 678
1 678
0
:
:
:

0.81
0.79
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00

1 773
1 741
32
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

2 291
2 250
41
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

2 691
2 639
52
0
0
0

:
:
:
:
:
:

CZECH REPUBLIC - (CZK)

10 880 R

9 024 R
:
368 R
:
:
:

8 699 R
:
260 R
:
:
:

9 099  |
8 384

407  |
3
18
287

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
339 R
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

5 385  |
5 348  |
28  |
0  |
1  |
8  |

20 311
17 904
1 290
71
0
1 046

23 781  |
21 997  |
970  |
455  |
0  |
359  |

:
:
:
:
:
:

9 747
8 840
715
3
23
167

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

12 232
11 096
962
4
3
167

:
:
:
:
:
:

1.52
1.40
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.06

14 760
13 197
1 208
0
10
345

89
75
6
3
:
5

28
22
4
0
0
1

2.51
2.09
0.17
0.00
0.02
0.23

14 862
11 944
2 102
95
3
718

137
97
26
0
0
14

11 297 *,K 11 273 *,K 13 704  |
9 181
9 372
1 280
1 039
:
:
:
:
370
616

9 402
3 143
:
:
446

17 896 K
14 011
2 907
:
:
733

19 385 K
15 182
2 665
:
4
545

25 628 K
20 195
3 744
:
2
743

26 380 K
22 142
2 479
:
6
1 479

31 458 K
27 158
1 782
:
6
1 991

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

3.46
1.27
0.15
:
:
2.04

3.54
0.90
0.07
:
0.16
2.41

3.31
0.50
0.11
:
:
2.70

3.37
0.19
0.13
:
0.13
2.93

2.66
0.33
0.17
:
0.21
1.96

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

ESTONIA - (EEK)

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

HUNGARY - (HUF)

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

LATVIA - (LVL)

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

K        The breakdown of R&D expenditure by source of funds is incomplete.
R         Including non-R&D activities.
*          Data do not exactly correspond to international standards (Frascati Manual). 

19

Table A.2.3
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (BERD)
BY SOURCE OF FUNDS
In million national currencies at current prices

(CONTINUED)

LITHUANIA - (LTL)

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

POLAND - (PLN)

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

ROMANIA - (ROL)

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

:
:
:
:
:
:

528 *
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

555 *
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

710
462
241
1
0
6

:
:
:
:
:
:

826
534
280
1
0
11

5.90
:
:
:
:
:

1 130
799
319
1
0
11

11.88
:
:
:
:
:

1 325
922
387
1
1
14

4.70
:
:
:
:
:

1 661
1 196
447
1
1
16

9.79
:
:
:
:
:

1 897
1 369
503
1
1
23

:
:
:
:
:
:

146 558 U
60 431 U
85 018 U
72 U
73 U
964 U

323 980 U
145 697 U
176 706 U
166 U
59 U
1 352 U

447 605  |
211 400  |
220 449  |
248  |
0

15 508  |

564 817
286 016
257 941
1 288
2 022
17 550

1 192 210
726 198
409 919
21 832
8
34 253

1 406 739
723 254
612 261
51 532
0
19 692

1 633 443
983 901
616 953
781
0
31 808

RUSSIAN           FEDERATION - 
(RUR)

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

SLOVAK REPUBLIC - (SKK)

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

SLOVENIA - (SIT)

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

108 936

930 474

3 396 725

8 323 908

13 419 232

16 216 889

17 296 581

33 607 490

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

6 543
5 387
640
15
0
501

9 421  |
8 251  |
834  |
6  |
0
330  |

1 580 668
1 747 325
1 622
4 172
62 939

3 639 140
4 256 825
822
487
426 633

5 488 079
7 093 663
8 101
7 377
822 012

6 696 702
8 130 560
8 862
7 438
1 373 328

7 908 035
7 437 913
13 213
21 525
1 915 895

13 224 150
13 697 956
13 190
11 300
6 660 893

2 358
1 985
324
0
5
44

13 806
12 259
1 142
3
0
402

2 897
2 540
312
0
0
45

17 543
15 638
1 407
7
0
491

3 296
2 768
406
0
0
122

18 648
16 908
1 358
1
0
381

5 854
4 787
967
0
3
97

21 921
18 416
1 614
0
0
1 891

4 050
3 019
910
0
2
119

24 988
21 177
1 635
1
0
2 175

3 473
2 564
848
0
0
61

30 339
26 084
2 180
0
0
2 075

U         Including only current expenditure. 
*          Data do not exactly correspond to international standards (Frascati Manual). 

20

Table A.2.4
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (BERD)
BY SOURCE OF FUNDS
In million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates

BULGARIA 

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

CYPRUS 

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

CZECH REPUBLIC

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

ESTONIA

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

HUNGARY 

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

LATVIA 

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

55.4
55.4
0.0
:
:
:

1.4
1.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

296.5 R
:
92.0 R
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

54.8
53.8
1.0
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

264.3 R
:

108.0 R

:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

35.6
35.0
0.6
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

30.6
30.0
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.0

:
:
:
:
:
:

239.0  |
237.0  |
1.0  |
0.0
0.0  |
0.0  |

:
:
:
:
:
:

254.1 R
:
76.0 R
:
:
:

262.1  |
241.5
117.0  |
0.1
0.5
8.3

282.8
256.5
20.7
0.1
0.7
4.8

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

10.6
9.4
0.7
0.0
0.0
0.5

:
:
:
:
:
:

340.2
308.6
26.8
0.1
0.1
4.7

:
:
:
:
:
:

12.1
11.2
0.5
0.2
0.0
0.2

2.6
2.4
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1

406.4
363.4
33.3
0.0
0.3
9.5

5.6
4.7
0.4
0.2
:
0.3

14.1
11.3
2.3
0.0
0.0
0.5

4.3
3.6
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.4

402.9
323.8
57.0
2.6
0.1
19.5

8.8
6.2
1.7
0.0
:
0.9

110.2 *,K
91.4
10.1
:
:
6.0

104.7 *,K
85.3
11.9
:
:
3.4

109.6  |
75.2
25.1
:
:
3.6

108.8 K
85.2
17.7
:
:
4.5

100.0 K
78.3
13.8
:
0.0
2.8

121.1 K
95.4
17.7
:
0.0
3.5

109.6 K
92.0
10.3
:
0.0
6.1

124.5 K
107.4
7.0
:
0.0
7.9

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

5.0
1.8
0.2
:
:
3.0

5.1
1.3
0.1
:
0.2
3.5

5.0
0.8
0.2
:
:
4.1

5.1
0.3
0.2
:
0.2
4.4

4.4
0.5
0.3
:
0.3
3.2

K        The breakdown of R&D expenditure by source of funds is incomplete.
R         Including non-R&D activities.
*          Data do not exactly correspond to international standards (Frascati Manual). 

21

Table A.2.4
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (BERD)
BY SOURCE OF FUNDS
In million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

(CONTINUED)

LITHUANIA 

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

POLAND 

298.5 *

261.3 *

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

ROMANIA 

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

RUSSIAN FEDERATION 

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

SLOVENIA 

BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

GOVERNMENT

HIGHER EDUCATION

PRIVATE NON-PROFIT

ABROAD

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

436.0
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

62.1
51.1
6.1
0.1
0.0
4.8

:
:
:
:
:

165.4 U
68.2 U
96.0 U
0.1 U
0.1 U
1.1 U

852.1
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

71.1  |
62.3  |
6.3  |
0.0  |
0.0
2.5  |

:
:
:
:
:
:

262.6
170.8
89.1
0.2
0.2
2.3

164.3 U
73.9 U
89.6 U
0.1 U
0.0 U
0.7 U

:
:
:
:
:
:

260.4
168.4
88.1
0.4
0.1
3.4

151.9  |
71.7  |
74.8  |
0.1  |
0.0
5.3  |

1.2
:
:
:
:
:

330.2
233.4
93.2
0.2
0.2
3.1

144.0
72.9
65.8
0.3
0.5
4.5

2.6
:
:
:
:
:

356.6
248.0
104.1
0.3
0.3
3.8

147.0
89.5
50.5
2.7
0.0
4.2

1.0
:
:
:
:
:

424.0
305.2
114.2
0.3
0.2
4.2

140.9
72.4
61.3
5.2
0.0
2.0

2.3
:
:
:
:
:

448.8
323.9
119.1
0.3
0.1
5.4

99.9
60.2
37.7
0.0
0.0
1.9

1 298.4
604.2
667.9
0.6
1.6
24.1

1 388.0
606.8
709.8
0.1
0.1
71.1

2 064.8
844.4
1 091.5
1.2
1.1
126.5

2 472.0
1 020.8
1 239.4
1.4
1.1
209.3

1 588.3
726.2
683.0
1.2
2.0
175.9

1 874.9
737.8
764.2
0.7
0.6
371.6

61.9
52.1
8.5
0.0
0.1
1.2

88.9
79.0
7.4
0.0
0.0
2.6

74.5
65.4
8.0
0.0
0.0
1.2

113.3
101.0
9.1
0.0
0.0
3.2

83.7
70.3
10.3
0.0
0.0
3.1

108.6
98.4
7.9
0.0
0.0
2.2

153.6
125.6
25.4
0.0
0.1
2.5

121.1
101.7
8.9
0.0
0.0
10.4

102.4
76.4
23.0
0.0
0.1
3.0

134.4
113.9
8.8
0.0
0.0
11.7

78.7
58.1
19.2
0.0
0.0
1.4

156.0
134.1
11.2
0.0
0.0
10.7

U         Including only current expenditure. 
*          Data do not exactly correspond to international standards (Frascati Manual). 

22

Table A.2.5
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (BERD)
BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
In million national currencies at current prices

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2 291
181
110
1 528
:
87
385

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

8 699 R
0
37 R
5 615 R
9 R
41 R
2 997 R

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 691
118
94
1 878
:
86
515

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

9 099  |
20  |
124  |
6 878  |
9  |
64  |
2 004  |

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

17 896
2 918
39
13 650
401
84
804

3.46
:
:
:
:
:
:

5 385  |
13  |
40  |
3 401  |
80  |
446  |
1 405  |

20 311
558
444
11 282
978
1 513
5 536

23 781  |
218  |
443  |
14 446  |
587  |
923  |
7 164  |

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

19 385
2 457
3
14 534
712
26
1 653

3.54
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

12 232
37
87
9 175
5
101
2 827

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

25 629
2 388
6
20 013
760
21
2 441

3.31
:
:
:
:
:
:

1.52
0.15
0.00
0.97
0.00
0.00
0.40

14 760
65
95
11 210
2
119
3 268

89
0.3
0.1
39.6
1
0
47,3

26 380
1 239
0
22 185
316
25
2 615

3.37
:
:
:
:
:
:

28
1
0
15
0
1
10

2.51
0.14
0.00
1.29
0.00
0.00
1.08

14 862
70
65
10 408
18
174
4 127

89
1
19
2
1
0
47,3

31 458
691
11
25 718
340
40
4 658

2.66
:
:
:
:
:
:

BULGARIA - (BGN)
    AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY
    MINING  
    MANUFACTURING
    ELECTRICITY, GAS & WATER SUPPLY
    CONSTRUCTION
    SERVICES SECTOR     

CYPRUS - (CYP)
    AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY
    MINING  
    MANUFACTURING
    ELECTRICITY, GAS & WATER SUPPLY
    CONSTRUCTION
    SERVICES SECTOR     

1 678
310
134
1 017
:
63
154

0.81
0.02
0.07
0.64
0.00
0.00
0.07

1 773
232
112
1 149
:
73
207

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

CZECH REPUBLIC - (CZK)
    AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY
    MINING  
    MANUFACTURING
    ELECTRICITY, GAS & WATER SUPPLY
    CONSTRUCTION
    SERVICES SECTOR     

10 880 R

0
144 R
6 454 R
6 R
53 R
4 223 R

9 024 R
0
68 R
5 471 R
1 R
37 R
3 447 R

ESTONIA - (EEK)
    AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY
    MINING  
    MANUFACTURING
    ELECTRICITY, GAS & WATER SUPPLY
    CONSTRUCTION
    SERVICES SECTOR     

HUNGARY - (HUF)
    AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY
    MINING  
    MANUFACTURING
    ELECTRICITY, GAS & WATER SUPPLY
    CONSTRUCTION
    SERVICES SECTOR     

LATVIA - (LVL)
    AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY
    MINING  
    MANUFACTURING
    ELECTRICITY, GAS & WATER SUPPLY
    CONSTRUCTION
    SERVICES SECTOR     

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

11 273 *
1 969 *
52 *
7 175 *
347 *
29 *
1 701 *

13 704  |
2 678  |
14  |
9 813  |
417  |
65  |
717  |

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

R         Including non-R&D activities.
*          Data do not correspond exactly to international standard (Frascati Manual). 

23

Table A.2.5
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (BERD)
BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
In million national currencies at current prices

(CONTINUED)

LITHUANIA - (LTL)
    AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY
    MINING  
    MANUFACTURING
    ELECTRICITY, GAS & WATER SUPPLY
    CONSTRUCTION

    SERVICES SECTOR     

POLAND - (PLN)
    AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY
    MINING  
    MANUFACTURING
    ELECTRICITY, GAS & WATER SUPPLY
    CONSTRUCTION
    SERVICES SECTOR     

ROMANIA - (ROL)
    AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY
    MINING  
    MANUFACTURING
    ELECTRICITY, GAS & WATER SUPPLY
    CONSTRUCTION
    SERVICES SECTOR     

RUSSIAN FEDERATION - (RUR)
    AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY
    MINING  
    MANUFACTURING
    ELECTRICITY, GAS & WATER SUPPLY
    CONSTRUCTION
    SERVICES SECTOR     

SLOVAK REPUBLIC - (SKK)
    AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY
    MINING  
    MANUFACTURING
    ELECTRICITY, GAS & WATER SUPPLY
    CONSTRUCTION
    SERVICES SECTOR     

SLOVENIA - (SIT)
    AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY
    MINING  
    MANUFACTURING
    ELECTRICITY, GAS & WATER SUPPLY
    CONSTRUCTION
    SERVICES SECTOR     

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

:
:
:
:
:
:

:

528 *
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

:

555 *
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

:

710
8
54
511
4
30
103

:
:
:
:
:
:

:

826
16
39
610
8
25
128

5.90
0.00
0.00
5.03
0.00
0.00

0.87

1 130
37
51
804
9
26
203

11.88
0.00
0.00
9.89
0.00
0.00

1.99

1 325
35
61
970
15
29
215

4.70
0.00
0.00
3.14
0.00
0.00

1.57

1 661
35
66
1 277
20
43
220

146 558 U
12 842 U
9 086 U
100 868 U
19 156 U
2 240 U
2 366 U

323 980 U
38 046 U
7 561 U
228 551 U
38 350 U
3 909 U
7 563 U

447 605  |
56 033  |
25 646  |
262 659  |
50 147  |
10 838  |
42 282  |

564 817
77 399
33 807
338 209
68 567
12 810
34 025

1 192 210
155 589
60 752
745 958
166 324
20 937
42 650

1 406 739
173 833
81 257
936 385
138 401
17 387
59 476

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

3 323 636 U 8 008 363 U 12 869 967 U 15 532 026 U 16 745 584
179 638 U
:
214 405 U
:
5 215 108 U
:
52 713 U
:
141 927 U
:
7 066 177 U
:

199 716 U
319 099 U
5 718 009 U
71 266 U
132 250 U
9 091 686 U

140 687 U
116 588 U
3 391 887 U
43 429 U
120 108 U
4 195 664 U

:
:
:
:
:
:

2 358
:
:
:
:
:
:

13 806
120
125
9 535
0
78
3 948

2 897 F

3 296 F

:
0
1 503
0
:
1 376

17 542
117
393
13 400
0
193
3 439

:
0
1 757
:
19
1 488

18 648
177
377
15 443
16
212
2 423

5 854 F
24
:
1 332
:
13
4 453

21 921
136
377
16 883
0
0
4 525

4 050
392
:
2 477
:
34
926

24 988
72
345
19 522
:
:
5 048

6 543
:
:
:
:
:
:

9 422  |
65
0
5 768
0
104
3 485

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

9.79
0.00
0.00
7.73
0.00
0.00

2.06

1 897
42
67
1 452
20
52
266

1 633 443
180 470
109 981
1 095 429
159 998
26 359
61 206

32 340 989
553 603
304 281
13 100 087
94 030
284 992
18 003 996

3 473
465
:
2 016
:
29
812

30 339
6
1 285
23 061
:
:
5 987

U         Including only current expenditure. 
F         Total data are not equal to the sum of breakdown due to data protection.
*          Data do not correspond exactly to international standard (Frascati Manual). 

24

Table A.2.6
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (BERD)
BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
In million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates

BULGARIA
    AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY
    MINING  
    MANUFACTURING
    ELECTRICITY. GAS & WATER SUPPLY
    CONSTRUCTION
    SERVICES SECTOR     

CYPRUS
    AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY
    MINING  
    MANUFACTURING
    ELECTRICITY. GAS & WATER SUPPLY
    CONSTRUCTION
    SERVICES SECTOR     

CZECH REPUBLIC
    AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY
    MINING  
    MANUFACTURING
    ELECTRICITY. GAS & WATER SUPPLY
    CONSTRUCTION
    SERVICES SECTOR     

ESTONIA
    AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY
    MINING  
    MANUFACTURING
    ELECTRICITY. GAS & WATER SUPPLY
    CONSTRUCTION
    SERVICES SECTOR     

HUNGARY
    AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY
    MINING  
    MANUFACTURING
    ELECTRICITY. GAS & WATER SUPPLY
    CONSTRUCTION
    SERVICES SECTOR     

LATVIA
    AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY
    MINING  
    MANUFACTURING
    ELECTRICITY. GAS & WATER SUPPLY
    CONSTRUCTION
    SERVICES SECTOR     

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

55.4
10.2
4.4
33.6
:
2.1
5.1

1.4
0.0
0.1
1.1
0.0
0.0
0.1

54.8
7.2
3.5
35.5
:
2.3
6.4

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

35.6
2.8
1.7
23.7
:
1.4
6.0

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

30.6
1.3
1.1
21.4
:
1.0
5.9

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

296.5 R
0.0
3.9 R
175.9 R
0.2 R
1.4 R
115.1 R

264.3 R
0.0
2.0 R
160.3 R
0.0 R
1.1 R
101.0 R

254.1 R
0.0
1.1 R
164.0 R
0.3 R
1.2 R
87.5 R

262.1  |
0.6  |
3.6  |
198.1  |
0.3  |
1.8  |
57.7  |

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

104.7 *
18.3 *
0.5 *
66.7 *
3.2 *
0.3 *
15.8 *

109.6  |
21.4  |
0.1  |
78.5  |
3.3  |
0.5  |
5.7  |

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

108.8
17.7
0.2
83.0
2.4
0.5
4.9

5.0
:
:
:
:
:
:

23.9  |
0.1  |
0.2  |
15.1  |
0.4  |
2.0  |
6.2  |

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

100.0
12.7
0.0
75.0
3.7
0.1
8.5

5.1
:
:
:
:
:
:

10.6
0.3
0.2
5.9
0.5
0.8
2.9

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

340.2
1.0
2.4
255.2
0.1
2.8
78.6

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

121.1
11.3
0.0
94.6
3.6
0.1
11.5

5.0
:
:
:
:
:
:

12.1
0.1
0.2
7.3
0.3
0.5
3.6

2.6
0.3
0.0
1.7
0.0
0.0
0.7

406.4
1.8
2.6
308.7
0.0
3.3
90.0

5.6
0.0
0.0
2.5
0.1
0.0
3.0

109.6
5.1
0.0
92.2
1.3
0.1
10.9

5.1
:
:
:
:
:
:

14.1
0.5
0.0
7.8
0.0
0.4
5.3

4.3
0.2
0.0
2.2
0.0
0.0
1.9

402.9
1.9
1.8
282.2
0.5
4.7
111.9

5.7
0.1
1.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
3.0

124.5
2.7
0.0
101.7
1.3
0.2
18.4

4.4
:
:
:
:
:
:

R         Including non-R&D activities.
*          Data do not exactly correspond to international standards (Frascati Manual). 

25

Table A.2.6
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (BERD)
BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
In million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates

(CONTINUED)

LITHUANIA 
    AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY
    MINING  
    MANUFACTURING
    ELECTRICITY. GAS & WATER SUPPLY
    CONSTRUCTION

    SERVICES SECTOR     

POLAND

AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY

    MINING  
    MANUFACTURING
    ELECTRICITY. GAS & WATER SUPPLY
    CONSTRUCTION
    SERVICES SECTOR     

ROMANIA
    AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY
    MINING  
    MANUFACTURING
    ELECTRICITY. GAS & WATER SUPPLY
    CONSTRUCTION
    SERVICES SECTOR     

RUSSIAN FEDERATION
    AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY
    MINING  
    MANUFACTURING
    ELECTRICITY. GAS & WATER SUPPLY
    CONSTRUCTION
    SERVICES SECTOR     

SLOVAK REPUBLIC
    AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY
    MINING  
    MANUFACTURING
    ELECTRICITY. GAS & WATER SUPPLY
    CONSTRUCTION
    SERVICES SECTOR     

SLOVENIA 
    AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY
    MINING  
    MANUFACTURING
    ELECTRICITY. GAS & WATER SUPPLY
    CONSTRUCTION
    SERVICES SECTOR     

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

:
:
:
:
:
:

:

:
:
:
:
:
:

:

298.5 *

261.3 *

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

165.4 U
14.5 U
10.3 U
113.9 U
21.6 U
2.5 U
2.7 U

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

62.1
:
:
:
:
:
:

71.1  |
0.5
0.0
43.5
0.0
0.8
26.3

:
:
:
:
:
:

:

262.6
3.1
20.1
188.8
1.6
11.1
37.9

164.3 U
19.3 U
3.8 U
115.9 U
19.5 U
2.0 U
3.8 U

:
:
:
:
:
:

:

260.4
5.1
12.4
192.4
2.6
7.8
40.1

151.9  |
19.0  |
8.7  |
89.1  |
17.0  |
3.7  |
14.3  |

1.2
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.0

0.2

330.2
10.8
15.0
234.9
2.6
7.5
59.3

144.0
19.7
8.6
86.2
17.5
3.3
8.7

2.6
0.0
0.0
2.2
0.0
0.0

0.4

356.6
9.5
16.3
261.1
4.1
7.9
57.8

147.0
19.2
7.5
92.0
20.5
2.6
5.3

1.0
0.0
0.0
0.7
0.0
0.0

0.4

424.0
9.0
16.8
325.9
5.1
11.1
56.2

140.9
17.4
8.1
93.8
13.9
1.7
6.0

1 270.5 U 1 335.4 U
23.5 U
19.4 U
565.6 U
7.2 U
20.0 U
699.6 U

:
:
:
:
:
:

1 980.3 U
27.6 U
33.0 U
802.4 U
8.1 U
21.8 U
1 087.3 U

2 367.6 U
30.4 U
48.6 U
871.6 U
10.9 U
20.2 U
1 385.9 U

1 537.7
:
:
:
:
:
:

61.9
:
:
:
:
:
:

88.9
0.8
0.8
61.4
0.0
0.5
25.4

74.5 F
:
0.0
38.7
0.0
:
35.4

113.3
0.8
2.5
86.5
0.0
1.2
22.2

83.7 F
:
0.0
44.6
:
0.5
37.8

108.6
1.0
2.2
89.9
0.1
1.2
14.1

153.6 F
0.6
:
35.0
:
0.3
116.9

121.1
0.8
2.1
93.3
0.0
0.0
25.0

102.4
9.9
:
62.6
:
0.9
23.4

134.4
0.4
1.9
105.0
:
:
27.1

2.3
0.0
0.0
1.8
0.0
0.0

0.5

448.8
9.8
15.8
343.4
4.7
12.2
62.9

99.9
11.0
6.7
67.0
9.8
1.6
3.7

1 804.2
30.9
17.0
730.8
5.2
15.9
1 004.4

78.7
10.5
:
45.7
:
0.7
18.4

156.0
0.0
6.6
118.6
:
:
30.8

U         Including only current expenditure. 
F         Total data are not equal to the sum of breakdown due to data protection.
*          Data do not exactly correspond to international standards (Frascati Manual). 

26

Table A.3.1
GOVERNMENT INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GOVERD)  
In million national currencies at current prices

BULGARIA

CYPRUS

CZECH REPUBLIC

ESTONIA

HUNGARY

LATVIA

LITHUANIA

POLAND

ROMANIA

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BGN

CYP

CZK

EEK

HUF

LVL

LTL

PLN

ROL

1 357

1 479

1 933

2 304

3 004  |

61 254

96 423  |

4.67

:

:

:

3 474 R

2 907 R

3 704 R

3 698  |

:

:

43

96

158

180

163

:

5 188

140

6.05

5 878

107

98

6.13

5 737

140

7 834

8 923

10 579

10 537

12 724

15 516

21 392

25 247

:

:

:

:

:

:

228 *

473 *

604

5.81

:

746

5.72

105

859

5.29

124

5.03

144

5.19

128

1 074

1 235

1 413

:

32 285 U

54 217 U

114 849  |

177 896

231 038

342 976

407 600

RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUR

23 580

313 489

1 445 128

3 165 439

5 028 338

6 902 516

6 465 935

12 094 360

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

SKK

:

:

SLOVENIA

SIT

7 636

7 132  |

1 896

9 571

2 162

9 491

2 307

9 807

1 370

1 524

1 528

11 658

14 611

15 756

Table A.3.2
GOVERNMENT INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GOVERD)  
In million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BULGARIA

CYPRUS

44.8

8.0

45.7

:

30.0

:

26.2

:

CZECH REPUBLIC

94.7 R 

85.2 R 

108.2 R 

106.5  |

ESTONIA

HUNGARY

LATVIA

LITHUANIA

POLAND

ROMANIA

2.5

76.4

:

:

5.9

82.9

:

:

10.7

84.6

:

:

12.0

64.1

8.4

:

128.9 *

222.7 *

223.3

235.1

:

36.4 U

27.5 U

39.0  |

:

:

10.7

65.7

8.2

21.0

251.1

45.4

:

8.9

73.3

8.0

27.3

289.0

28.5

13.3  |

32.1

144.3

161.8

49.0

10.5

6.8

88.9

7.6

32.2

315.1

34.3

593.7

38.5

78.6

50.3

10.6

155.5

8.9

99.9

8.5

29.9

334.3

24.9

674.7

34.6

81.0

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

94.4

287.1

552.4

527.8

773.7

1 052.2

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

:

:

SLOVENIA

72.4

53.8  |

49.7

61.7

55.6

61.3

58.6

57.1

36.0

64.4

R         Including non-R&D activities.
U         Including only current expenditure. 
*          Data do not exactly correspond to international standards (Frascati Manual). 

27

Table A.3.3
GOVERNMENT INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GOVERD)
BY SOURCE OF FUNDS
In million national currencies at current prices

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2 304
444
1 860
0
0
0

:
:
:
:
:
:

3 698  |
417
3 128  |
21
20
112

180
26
132
0
6
16

3 004  |
123  |
2 871  |
0
0
10  |

61 254
2 079
56 802
10
240
2 123

96 423  |
6 412  |
86 793  |
424  |
159  |
2 635  |

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

163
16
118
0
13
16

:
:
:
:
:
:

5 188
505
4 504
46
42
91

140
8
85
0
8
39

6.05
5.00
5.71
0.00
0.00
0.34

5 878
481
5 265
5
2
124

107
11
83
0
5
8

98
6
89
0
0
3

6.13
0.00
5.84
0.00
2.00
0.29

5 737
395
5 211
8
1
123

140
12
109
0
4
16

25 247 K
1 847
20 864
:
58
1 297

5.19
0.74
3.23
:
0.46
0.76

7 834 K
1 573
5 700
:
:
195

8 923 K
2 526
5 673
:
:
246

10 579 K
1 414
7 769
:
:
705

10 537 K
1 587
7 247
:
:
875

12 724 K
1 935
8 680
:
:
993

15 516 K
2 104
11 449
:
26
1 230

21 392 K
1 694
17 959
:
67
916

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

5.81
0.79
4.49
:
:
0.53

5.72
0.75
4.39
:
0.11
0.46

5.29
0.78
3.92
:
:
0.59

5.03
0.81
3.35
:
0.38
0.49

BULGARIA - (BGN)
      BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
      GOVERNMENT
      HIGHER EDUCATION
      PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
      ABROAD

CYPRUS - (CYP)
      BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
      GOVERNMENT
      HIGHER EDUCATION
      PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
      ABROAD

1 357
607
750
:
:
:

4.67
0.00
4.60
0.00
0.00
0.07

1 479
551
928
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

1 933
607
1 326
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

3 474 R
:

2 670 R

2 907 R
:

2 108 R

3 704 R
:

2 818 R

:
:
:

43
1
35
0
0
7

:
:
:

96
15
71
0
6
4

:
:
:

158
15
123
0
7
13

CZECH REPUBLIC - (CZK)
      BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
      GOVERNMENT
      HIGHER EDUCATION
      PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
      ABROAD

ESTONIA - (EEK)
      BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
      GOVERNMENT
      HIGHER EDUCATION
      PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
      ABROAD

HUNGARY - (HUF)
      BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
      GOVERNMENT
      HIGHER EDUCATION
      PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
      ABROAD

LATVIA - (LVL)
      BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
      GOVERNMENT
      HIGHER EDUCATION
      PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
      ABROAD

K        The breakdown of R&D expenditure by source of funds is incomplete
R         Including non-R&D activities

28

Table A.3.3
GOVERNMENT INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GOVERD)
BY SOURCE OF FUNDS
In million national currencies at current prices

(CONTINUED)

LITHUANIA - (LTL)
      BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
      GOVERNMENT
      HIGHER EDUCATION
      PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
      ABROAD

POLAND - (PLN)
      BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
      GOVERNMENT
      HIGHER EDUCATION
      PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
      ABROAD

ROMANIA - (ROL)
      BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
      GOVERNMENT
      HIGHER EDUCATION
      PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
      ABROAD

RUSSIAN  FEDERATION - 
(RUR)

      BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
      GOVERNMENT
      HIGHER EDUCATION
      PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
      ABROAD

SLOVAK  REPUBLIC - 
(SKK)
      BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
      GOVERNMENT
      HIGHER EDUCATION
      PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
      ABROAD

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

:
:
:
:
:
:

228 *
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

473 *
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

604
172
415
1
3
13

:
:
:
:
:
:

746
169
558
1
4
14

105
:
:
:
:
:

859
187
654
1
4
13

124
:
:
:
:
:

1 074
157
886
2
4
25

144
:
:
:
:
:

1 235
211
989
2
8
26

:
:
:
:
:
:

32 285 U
735 U
31 437 U
13 U
0
100 U

54 217 U
1 756 U
51 434 U

0
0
1 027 U

114 849  |
10 875  |
101 897  |

0
0
2 077  |

177 896
29 148
145 956
9
3
2 780

231 038
39 931
182 589
89
0
8 429

342 976
43 007
295 805
92
0
4 072

128
:
:
:
:
:

1 413
256
1 115
4
7
32

407 600
92 715
300 756
94
0
14 035

23 580

313 489

1 445 128

3 165 439

5 028 338

6 902 516

6 465 935

12 094 360

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

151 323
1 256 045
772
1 213
35 775

255 799
2 779 222
2 313
821
127 284

399 006
4 289 444
2 037
95 858
241 994

484 756
5 818 862
1 717
192 624
404 558

520 682
5 149 793
4 034
205 103
586 323

1 392 262
9 317 087
73 807
3 579
1 307 626

1 896
693
1 189
0
2
12

9 571
461
8 865
94
0
151

2 162
704
1 415
0
7
36

9 491
1 219
7 868
101
6
297

2 307
618
1 639
0
5
45

9 807
831
8 690
127
1
158

1 370
132
1 204
0
1
33

11 658
2 746
8 179
173
9
551

1 524
166
1 315
0
3
40

14 611
2 959
10 853
270
0
529

1 528
199
1 281
0
1
47

15 756
4 344
10 737
245
2
428

SLOVENIA - (SIT)
      BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
      GOVERNMENT
      HIGHER EDUCATION
      PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
      ABROAD

7 636
1 483
5 867
96
0
190

7 132  |
271  |
6 702  |
15  |
0
144  |

U         Including only current expenditure. 
*          Data do not exactly correspond to international standards (Frascati Manual). 

29

Table A.3.4
GOVERNMENT INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GOVERD)
BY SOURCE OF FUNDS
In million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates

BULGARIA 
      BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
      GOVERNMENT
      HIGHER EDUCATION
      PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
      ABROAD

CYPRUS
      BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
      GOVERNMENT
      HIGHER EDUCATION
      PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
      ABROAD

CZECH REPUBLIC
      BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
      GOVERNMENT
      HIGHER EDUCATION
      PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
      ABROAD

ESTONIA 
      BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
      GOVERNMENT
      HIGHER EDUCATION
      PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
      ABROAD

HUNGARY 
      BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
      GOVERNMENT
      HIGHER EDUCATION
      PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
      ABROAD

LATVIA 
      BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
      GOVERNMENT
      HIGHER EDUCATION
      PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
      ABROAD

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

44.8
20.1
24.8
:
:
:

8.0
0.0
7.9
0.0
0.0
0.1

94.7 R
:
72.8 R
:
:
:

2.5
0.1
2.1
0.0
0.0
0.4

76.4 K
15.3
55.6
:
:
1.9

:
:
:
:
:
:

45.7
17.0
28.7
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

85.2 R
:
61.7 R
:
:
:

5.9
0.9
4.4
0.0
0.4
0.3

82.9 K
23.5
52.7
:
:
2.3

:
:
:
:
:
:

30.0
9.4
20.6
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

108.2 R
:
82.3 R
:
:
:

10.7
1.0
8.3
0.0
0.5
0.9

84.6 K
11.3
62.1
:
:
5.6

:
:
:
:
:
:

26.2
5.1
21.2
0.0
0.0
0.0

:
:
:
:
:
:

106.5  |
12.0
90.1  |
0.6
0.6
3.2

12.0
1.7
8.8
0.0
0.4
1.1

64.1 K
9.7
44.1
:
:
5.3

8.4
1.1
6.5
:
:
0.8

13.3  |
0.5  |
12.7  |
0.0
0.0
0.0  |

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

10.7
1.0
7.7
0.0
0.9
1.1

65.7 K
10.0
44.8
:
:
5.1

8.2
1.1
6.3
:
0.2
0.7

32.1
1.1
29.8
0.0
0.1
1.1

:
:
:
:
:
:

144.3
14.0
125.3
1.3
1.2
2.5

8.9
0.5
5.4
0.0
0.5
2.5

73.3 K
9.9
54.1
:
0.1
5.8

8.0
1.2
6.0
:
:
0.9

49.0
3.3
44.1
0.2
0.1
1.3

10.5
0.0
9.9
0.0
0.0
0.6

161.8
13.2
145.0
0.1
0.1
3.4

6.8
0.7
5.3
0.0
0.3
0.5

88.9 K
7.0
74.6
:
0.3
3.8

7.6
1.2
5.1
:
0.6
0.7

50.3
3.2
45.3
0.2
0.1
1.5

10.6
0.0
10.1
0.0
0.0
0.5

155.5
10.7
141.3
0.2
0.0
3.3

8.9
0.8
7.0
0.0
0.2
1.0

99.9 K
7.3
82.5
:
0.2
5.1

8.5
1.2
5.3
:
0.8
1.2

K        The breakdown of R&D expenditure by source of funds is incomplete.
R         Including non-R&D activities.

30

Table A.3.4
GOVERNMENT INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GOVERD)
BY SOURCE OF FUNDS
In million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates

(CONTINUED)

LITHUANIA 
      BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
      GOVERNMENT
      HIGHER EDUCATION
      PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
      ABROAD

POLAND 
      BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
      GOVERNMENT
      HIGHER EDUCATION
      PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
      ABROAD

ROMANIA
      BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
      GOVERNMENT
      HIGHER EDUCATION
      PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
      ABROAD

RUSSIAN FEDERATION 
      BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
      GOVERNMENT
      HIGHER EDUCATION
      PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
      ABROAD

SLOVAK REPUBLIC 
      BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
      GOVERNMENT
      HIGHER EDUCATION
      PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
      ABROAD

SLOVENIA
      BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 

GOVERNMENT
      HIGHER EDUCATION
      PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
      ABROAD

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

128.9 *

222.7 *

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

94.4
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

72.4
14.1
55.7
0.9
0.0
1.8

:
:
:
:
:

36.4 U
0.8 U
35.5 U
0.0 U
0.0
0.1 U

287.1
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

53.8  |
2.0  |
50.6  |
0.1  |
0.0
1.1  |

:
:
:
:
:
:

223.3
63.5
153.5
0.4
1.1
4.9

27.5 U
0.9 U
26.1 U
0.0
0.0
0.5 U

552.4
57.8
480.1
0.3
0.5
13.7

49.7
18.2
31.2
0.0
0.1
0.3

61.7
3.0
57.1
0.6
0.0
1.0

:
:
:
:
:
:

235.1
53.2
176.1
0.2
1.1
4.4

39.0  |
3.7  |
34.6  |
0.0
0.0
0.7  |

527.8
42.7
463.4
0.4
0.1
21.2

55.6
18.1
36.4
0.0
0.2
0.9

61.3
7.9
50.8
0.7
0.0
1.9

21.0
:
:
:
:
:

251.1
54.5
191.2
0.4
1.0
3.9

45.4
7.4
37.2
0.0
0.0
0.7

773.7
61.4
660.0
0.3
14.7
37.2

58.6
15.7
41.6
0.0
0.1
1.1

57.1
4.8
50.6
0.7
0.0
0.9

27.3
:
:
:
:
:

289.0
42.3
238.5
0.4
1.1
6.7

28.5
4.9
22.5
0.0
0.0
1.0

1 052.2
73.9
887.0
0.3
29.4
61.7

36.0
3.5
31.6
0.0
0.0
0.9

64.4
15.2
45.2
1.0
0.0
3.0

32.2
:
:
:
:
:

315.1
53.8
252.5
0.4
2.0
6.5

34.3
4.3
29.6
0.0
0.0
0.4

593.7
47.8
472.9
0.4
18.8
53.8

38.5
4.2
33.3
0.0
0.1
1.0

78.6
15.9
58.4
1.5
0.0
2.8

29.9
:
:
:
:
:

334.3
60.6
263.7
1.0
1.6
7.5

24.9
5.7
18.4
0.0
0.0
0.9

674.7
77.7
519.8
4.1
0.2
73.0

34.6
4.5
29.0
0.0
0.0
1.1

81.0
22.3
55.2
1.3
0.0
2.2

U         Including only current expenditure.
*          Data do not exactly correspond to international standards (Frascati Manual). 

31

Table A.4.1
HIGHER EDUCATION INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (HERD)
In million national currencies at current prices

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BULGARIA

CYPRUS

CZECH REPUBLIC

ESTONIA

HUNGARY

LATVIA

LITHUANIA

POLAND

ROMANIA

BGN

CYP

CZK

EEK

HUF

LVL

LTL

PLN

ROL

268

0.01

287

:

377

:

452

:

145 R

389 R

580 R

1 186  |

57

34

58

71

103

723  |

6 422

6 521  |

:

:

:

1 778

220

2.69

2 170

253

8

2.98

2 918

294

6 628

7 843

10 271

10 200

11 127

14 199

17 283

17 472

:

:

:

:

:

:

200 *

267 *

407

3.04

:

561

3.80

51.72

769

5.29

80.14

962

7.62

94.68

1 107

7.66

82.25

1 274

:

4 297 U

7 285 U

14 694  |

25 636

41 756

83 674

154 767

RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUR

8 075

73 236

303 810

657 374

935 910

1 314 774

1 297 112

2 292 508

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

SLOVENIA

SKK

SIT

:

:

219

315

5 276

6 323  |

8 991 O

10 389 O

302

7 956

520

7 191

580

7 993

551

8 767

Table A.4.2
HIGHER EDUCATION INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (HERD)
In million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BULGARIA

CYPRUS

8.9

0.0

8.9

:

5.9

:

5.1

:

CZECH REPUBLIC

4.0 R

11.4 R

16.9 R

34.2  |

ESTONIA

HUNGARY

LATVIA

LITHUANIA

POLAND

ROMANIA

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

3.4

64.6

:

:

2.1

72.9

:

:

4.0

82.1

:

:

4.7

62.0

4.4

:

113.1 *

125.7 *

150.5

176.9

224.5

:

32.3

:

4.9 U 

3.7 U 

5.0  |

6.5

67.1

116.1

109.6

144.0

:

5.7

8.1

3.2  |

:

:

6.8

57.4

5.4

10.3

7.7

46.3

3.4

:

49.5

14.0

67.1

8.0

17.7

258.8

5.1

200.4

13.6

39.7

3.3

4.7

59.8

16.0

71.8

11.5

21.1

282.5

8.4

119.1

14.7

43.0

4.2

5.2

79.1

18.8

69.1

12.6

19.3

301.4

9.5

127.9

12.5

45.1

SLOVENIA

50.1

47.7  |

57.9 O

67.1 O

R         Including non-R&D activities.
U         Including only current expenditure. 
O        Overestimated data.
*          Data do not exactly correspond to international standards (Frascati Manual). 

32

Table A.4.3
HIGHER EDUCATION INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (HERD)
BY SOURCE OF FUNDS
In million national currencies at current prices

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

452
52
:
:
217
181
0
2

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

1 186  |
23
978  |
:
978  |
113
3
69

71
6
:
:
57
0
0
8

723  |
51  |
:
:
316  |
351  |
0
5  |

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

103
13
:
:
77
0
1
12

6 422
633
:
:
1 933
2 047
486
1 323

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

1 778
26
527
:
527
1 110
2
113

220
20
:
:
164
9
11
16

6 521  |
1 663  |

:
:

1 126  |
2 536  |
17  |
1 179  |

2.69
0.07
0.14
2.06
2.20
0.08
0.06
0.28

2 170
44
1 933
:
1 933
64
2
127

253
19
:
:
194
9
16
15

8
2
:
:
1
4
0
1

2.98
0.07
0.26
2.21
2.47
0.23
0.02
0.20

2 918
37
2 709
:
2 709
65
7
100

294
29
:
:
235
4
5
20

BULGARIA - (BGN)
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
              DIRECT GOVERNMENT
              GUF
       SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT
       HIGHER EDUCATION
       PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
       ABROAD

CYPRUS - (CYP)
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
              DIRECT GOVERNMENT
              GUF
       SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT
       HIGHER EDUCATION
       PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
       ABROAD

CZECH REPUBLIC - (CZK)
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
              DIRECT GOVERNMENT
              GUF
       SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT
       HIGHER EDUCATION
       PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
       ABROAD

ESTONIA - (EEK)
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
              DIRECT GOVERNMENT
              GUF
       SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT
       HIGHER EDUCATION
       PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
       ABROAD

R         Including non-R&D activities.

268
120
:
:
148
:
:
:

0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00

145 R
:
141 R
:
141 R
:
:
:

57
0
:
:
54
0
0
3

287
104
:
:
183
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

389 R
:
306 R
:
306 R
:
:
:

34
4
:
:
30
0
0
0

377
119
:
:
258
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

580 R
:
549 R
:
549 R
:
:
:

58
6
:
:
50
0
0
2

33

Table A.4.3
HIGHER EDUCATION INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (HERD)
BY SOURCE OF FUNDS
In million national currencies at current prices

(CONTINUED)

HUNGARY - (HUF)
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
              DIRECT GOVERNMENT
              GUF
       SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT
       HIGHER EDUCATION
       PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
       ABROAD

LATVIA - (LVL)
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
              DIRECT GOVERNMENT
              GUF
       SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT
       HIGHER EDUCATION
       PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
       ABROAD

LITHUANIA - (LTL)
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
              DIRECT GOVERNMENT
              GUF
       SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT
       HIGHER EDUCATION
       PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
       ABROAD

POLAND - (PLN)
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
              DIRECT GOVERNMENT
              GUF
       SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT
       HIGHER EDUCATION
       PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
       ABROAD

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

6 628 K
710
:
:
5 532
:
:
100

7 843 K
726
:
:
6 408
:
:
239

10 271 K
241
:
:
9 224
:
:
282

10 200 K
213
:
:
9 158
:
:
388

11 127 K
325
:
:
9 460
:
210
538

14 199 K
272
:
:
12 223
:
265
682

17 283 K
933
:
:
14 579
:
229
979

17 472 K
1 064
:
:
14 581
:
143
1 075

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

200 *
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

267 *
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

407
46
330
0
330
24
3
4

3.04
0.91
1.90
:
1.90
:
:
0.23

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

561
64
447
0
447
35
4
11

3.80
0.65
2.86
:
2.86
:
0.03
0.25

51.72
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

769
87
622
0
622
41
4
15

5.29
0.67
4.17
:
4.17
:
:
0.45

80.14
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

962
100
800
0
800
41
5
16

7.62
1.57
5.18
:
5.18
:
0.35
0.53

94.68
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

1 107
108
926
0
926
51
5
18

7.66
1.36
5.22
:
5.22
:
0.44
0.63

82.25
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

1 274
125
1 066
0
1 066
58
5
21

K        The breakdown of R&D expenditure by source of funds is incomplete.
*          Data do not exactly correspond to international standards (Frascati Manual). 

34

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

25 636
7 675
12 055
5 660
17 715
121
24
101

935 910
221 646
594 142
58 730
652 872
42 094
2 608
16 690

302
2
289
:
289
0
0
11

7 956
227
5 114
675
5 789
1 519
1
420

41 756
12 646
14 619
13 979
28 598
246
0
266

83 674
10 240
11 101
50 820
61 921
3 461
0
8 052

1 314 774
300 273
864 119
78 851
942 971
39 864
2 638
29 029

1 297 112
320 285
764 444
72 148
836 592
69 299
2 804
68 132

154 767
25 811
59 163
47 770
106 933
13 958
0
8 065

2 292 508
545 926
1 458 187
62 986
1 521 173
91 661
3 874
129 874

520
2
504
:
504
0
0
14

7 191
752
4 887
464
5 351
164
14
910

580
3
565
:
565
0
0
12

7 993
903
5 941
543
6 484
103
0
503

551
5
529
:
529
0
0
17

8 767
804
6 486
769
7 255
105
6
597

Table A.4.3
HIGHER EDUCATION INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (HERD)
BY SOURCE OF FUNDS
In million national currencies at current prices

(CONTINUED)

ROMANIA - (ROL)
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
              DIRECT GOVERNMENT
              GUF
       SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT
       HIGHER EDUCATION
       PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
       ABROAD

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

4 297 U
1 254 U
2 713 U
:
2 713 U
325 U
5 U
0

7 285 U
1 927 U
2 808 U
1 870 U
4 678 U
539 U
71 U
70 U

14 694  |
3 542  |
4 775  |
4 249  |
9 024  |
1 894  |
76  |
158  |

RUSSIAN FEDERATION - (RUR)
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
              DIRECT GOVERNMENT
              GUF
       SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT
       HIGHER EDUCATION
       PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
       ABROAD

8 075
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

73 236
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

303 810
82 078
175 804
26 256
202 060
17 374
198
2 101

657 374
181 015
406 457
33 973
440 430
27 408
1 279
7 242

SLOVAK REPUBLIC - (SKK)
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
              DIRECT GOVERNMENT
              GUF
       SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT
       HIGHER EDUCATION
       PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
       ABROAD

SLOVENIA - (SIT)
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
              DIRECT GOVERNMENT
              GUF
       SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT
       HIGHER EDUCATION
       PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
       ABROAD

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

219
2
214
:
214
0
0
3

315
3
306
:
306
0
0
6

5 276
249
2 873
201
3 074
1 939
0
14

6 323  |
165  |
3 371  |
170  |
3 541  |
2 357  |
0
260  |

8 991 O
352 O
4 370 O
302 O
4 672 O
3 688 O
0
279 O

10 389 O
328 O
5 108 O
791 O
5 899 O
3 844 O
0
318 O

O        Overestimated data.
U         Including only current expenditure. 

35

Table A.4.4
HIGHER EDUCATION INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (HERD)
BY SOURCE OF FUNDS
In million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

8.9
4.0
:
:
4.9
:
:
:

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

4.0 R
:
3.8 R
:
3.8 R
:
:
:

3.4
0.0
:
:
3.2
0.0
0.0
0.2

8.9
3.2
:
:
5.7
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

11.4 R
:
9.0 R
:
9.0 R
:
:
:

2.1
0.2
:
:
1.9
0.0
0.0
0.0

5.9
1.8
:
:
4.0
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

16.9 R
:
16.0 R
:
16.0 R
:
:
:

4.0
0.4
:
:
3.4
0.0
0.0
0.1

5.1
0.6
:
:
2.5
2.1
0.0
0.0

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

34.2  |
0.7
28.2  |
:
28.2  |
3.3
0.1
2.0

4.7
0.4
:
:
3.8
0.0
0.0
0.5

3.2  |
0.2  |
:
:
1.4  |
1.6  |
0.0
0.0

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

6.8
0.9
:
:
5.0
0.0
0.1
0.8

3.4
0.3
:
:
1.0
1.1
0.3
0.7

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

49.5
0.7
14.6
:
14.6
30.9
0.1
3.1

14.0
1.3
:
:
10.5
0.6
0.7
1.0

3.3
0.8
:
:
0.6
1.3
0.0
0.6

4.7
0.1
0.2
3.6
3.8
0.1
0.1
0.5

59.8
1.2
53.2
:
53.2
1.8
0.0
3.5

16.0
1.2
:
:
12.3
0.6
1.0
0.9

4.2
1.1
:
:
0.3
2.0
0.1
0.7

5.2
0.1
0.4
3.8
4.3
0.4
0.0
0.3

79.1
1.0
73.4
:
73.4
1.8
0.2
2.7

18.8
1.8
:
:
15.0
0.2
0.3
1.3

BULGARIA
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
              DIRECT GOVERNMENT
              GUF
       SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT
       HIGHER EDUCATION
       PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
       ABROAD

CYPRUS
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
              DIRECT GOVERNMENT
              GUF
       SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT
       HIGHER EDUCATION
       PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
       ABROAD

CZECH REPUBLIC
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
              DIRECT GOVERNMENT
              GUF
       SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT
       HIGHER EDUCATION
       PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
       ABROAD

ESTONIA
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
              DIRECT GOVERNMENT
              GUF
       SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT
       HIGHER EDUCATION
       PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
       ABROAD

R         Including non-R&D activities.

36

Table A.4.4
HIGHER EDUCATION INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (HERD)
BY SOURCE OF FUNDS
In million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates

(CONTINUED)

HUNGARY
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
              DIRECT GOVERNMENT
              GUF
       SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT
       HIGHER EDUCATION
       PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
       ABROAD

LATVIA
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
              DIRECT GOVERNMENT
              GUF
       SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT
       HIGHER EDUCATION
       PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
       ABROAD

LITHUANIA
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
              DIRECT GOVERNMENT
              GUF
       SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT
       HIGHER EDUCATION
       PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
       ABROAD

POLAND
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
              DIRECT GOVERNMENT
              GUF
       SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT
       HIGHER EDUCATION
       PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
       ABROAD

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

64.6 K
6.9
:
:
54.0
:
:
1.0

72.9 K
6.7
:
:
59.5
:
:
2.2

82.1 K
1.9
:
:
73.8
:
:
2.3

62.0 K
1.3
:
:
55.7
:
:
2.4

57.4 K
1.7
:
:
48.8
:
1.1
2.8

67.1 K
1.3
:
:
57.8
:
1.3
3.2

71.8 K
3.9
:
:
60.6
:
1.0
4.1

69.1 K
4.2
:
:
57.7
:
0.6
4.3

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

4.4
1.3
2.7
:
2.7
:
:
0.3

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

113.1 *

125.7 *

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

150.5
17.1
122.2
0.0
122.2
8.8
1.1
1.4

176.9
20.2
140.8
0.0
140.8
11.1
1.2
3.5

5.4
0.9
4.1
:
4.1
:
0.0
0.4

10.3
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

224.5
25.4
181.7
0.0
181.7
12.1
1.1
4.2

8.0
1.0
6.3
:
6.3
:
:
0.7

17.7
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

258.8
27.0
215.2
0.0
215.2
11.1
1.3
4.1

11.5
2.4
7.8
:
7.8
-
0.5
0.8

21.1
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

282.5
27.5
236.2
0.0
236.2
13.0
1.2
4.6

12.6
2.2
8.6
:
8.6
-
0.7
1.0

19.3
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

301.4
29.5
252.2
0.0
252.2
13.8
1.1
4.9

K        The breakdown of R&D expenditure by source of funds is incomplete.
*          Data do not exactly correspond to international standards (Frascati Manual). 

37

Table A.4.4
HIGHER EDUCATION INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (HERD)
BY SOURCE OF FUNDS
In million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates

(CONTINUED)

ROMANIA
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
              DIRECT GOVERNMENT
              GUF
       SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT
       HIGHER EDUCATION
       PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
       ABROAD

RUSSIAN FEDERATION
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
              DIRECT GOVERNMENT
              GUF
       SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT
       HIGHER EDUCATION
       PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
       ABROAD

SLOVAK REPUBLIC
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
              DIRECT GOVERNMENT
              GUF
       SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT
       HIGHER EDUCATION
       PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
       ABROAD

SLOVENIA
       BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
              DIRECT GOVERNMENT
              GUF
       SUBTOTAL GOVERNMENT
       HIGHER EDUCATION
       PRIVATE NON-PROFIT
       ABROAD

O        Overestimated data.
U         Including only current expenditure. 

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

32.3
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

50.1
2.4
27.3
1.9
29.2
18.4
0.0
0.1

4.9 U
1.4 U
3.1 U
:
3.1 U
0.4 U
0.0
0.0

3.7 U
1.0 U
1.4 U
0.9 U
2.4 U
0.3 U
0.0
0.0

5.0  |
1.2  |
1.6  |
1.4  |
3.1  |
0.6  |
0.0
0.1  |

67.1
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

116.1
31.4
67.2
10.0
77.2
6.6
0.1
0.8

5.7
0.1
5.6
:
5.6
0.0
0.0
0.1

109.6
30.2
67.8
5.7
73.4
4.6
0.2
1.2

8.1
0.1
7.9
:
7.9
0.0
0.0
0.2

47.7  |
1.2  |
25.4  |
1.3  |
26.7  |
17.8  |
0.0
2.0  |

57.9 O
2.3 O
28.1 O
1.9 O
30.1 O
23.8 O
0.0
1.8 O

67.1 O
2.1 O
33.0 O
5.1 O
38.1 O
24.8 O
0.0
2.1 O

6.5
2.0
3.1
1.4
4.5
0.0
0.0
0.0

144.0
34.1
91.4
9.0
100.5
6.5
0.4
2.6

7.7
0.1
7.3
:
7.3
0.0
0.0
0.3

46.3
1.3
29.8
3.9
33.7
8.8
0.0
2.4

5.1
1.6
1.8
1.7
3.5
0.0
0.0
0.0

200.4
45.8
131.7
12.0
143.7
6.1
0.4
4.4

13.6
0.1
13.2
:
13.2
0.0
0.0
0.4

39.7
4.2
27.0
2.6
29.6
0.9
0.1
5.0

8.4
1.0
1.1
5.1
6.2
0.3
0.0
0.8

119.1
29.4
70.2
6.6
76.8
6.4
0.3
6.3

14.7
0.1
14.3
:
14.3
0.0
0.0
0.3

43.0
4.9
31.9
2.9
34.9
0.6
0.0
2.7

9.5
1.6
3.6
2.9
6.5
0.9
0.0
0.5

127.9
30.5
81.3
3.5
84.9
5.1
0.2
7.2

12.5
0.1
12.0
:
12.0
0.0
0.0
0.4

45.1
4.1
33.4
4.0
37.3
0.5
0.0
3.1

38

Table A.5.1
GOVERNMENT BUDGET APPROPRIATIONS OR OUTLAYS FOR R&D (GBAORD)
BY SOCIO-ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES
In million national currencies at current prices

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

ROMANIA - (ROL)
EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION OF EARTH

INFRASTRUCTURE AND GENERAL PLANNING OF LAND-USE

CONTROL AND CARE OF THE ENVIRONMENT

PROTECTION AND IMPROVEMENT OF HUMAN HEALTH

PRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION AND RATIONAL UTILISATION OF ENERGY

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY

INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY 

SOCIAL STRUCTURES AND RELATIONSHIPS

EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION OF SPACE

RESEARCH FINANCED FROM  GENERAL UNIVERSITY FUNDS (GUF)

NON-ORIENTED RESEARCH

OTHER CIVIL RESEARCH

DEFENCE

RUSSIAN FEDERATION - (RUR)
EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION OF EARTH

INFRASTRUCTURE AND GENERAL PLANNING OF LAND-USE

CONTROL AND CARE OF THE ENVIRONMENT

PROTECTION AND IMPROVEMENT OF HUMAN HEALTH

PRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION AND RATIONAL UTILISATION OF ENERGY

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY

INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY 

SOCIAL STRUCTURES AND RELATIONSHIPS

EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION OF SPACE

RESEARCH FINANCED FROM  GENERAL UNIVERSITY FUNDS (GUF)

NON-ORIENTED RESEARCH

OTHER CIVIL RESEARCH

DEFENCE

U         

Including only current expenditure. 

677 036
29 801
68 116
19 462
10 947
16 421
81 496
266 992
6 082
13 380
10 653
117 924
13 867
21 895

881 427
31 378
77 091
26 418
21 665
20 337
97 410
288 351
8 665
12 850
24 382
217 186
33 474
22 220

796 318
35 743
69 245
20 336
14 668
16 721
84 404
249 777
10 094
11 620
26 517
196 918
42 701
17 574

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

11 170 300
169 092
181 988
168 916
461 172
318 334
844 682
2 031 581
392 802
1 212 917
0
1 302 426
4 443
4 081 948

23 940 800
456 407
431 090
370 905
608 493
607 557
1 005 470
4 126 997
563 856
2 917 075
0
3 079 230
197 420
9 576 300

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

111 918
15 407
10 045
3 315
6 220
3 730
8 735
37 699
2 032
:
:
16 090
3 100
5 545

206 088
8 343
15 170
5 701
2 812
3 556
22 674
91 879
2 450
586
3 258
33 251
9 777
6 631

177 860 U 1 560 600 U 4 034 200
60 149
76 199
185 720
172 268
77 844
881 577
466 061
70 564
372 950

328 432
13 221
27 771
7 314
3 637
10 308
36 745
133 041
4 866
1 402
3 943
53 886
24 494
7 804

8 940 600
117 313
118 223
149 046
390 834
157 654
655 640
1 649 005
350 298
1 026 778

394 482
17 561
39 943
8 608
7 231
10 674
45 452
149 786
5 854
5 854
7 102
67 457
18 630
10 330

18 039 800
247 903
249 825
314 960
825 899
333 150
1 385 480
3 484 631
740 239
2 169 758

407 473
2 835
1 260 560

808 827
3 146
3 513 836

1 709 191
6 648
6 572 117

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

39

Table A.5.1
A.5.1. GOVERNMENT BUDGET APPROPRIATIONS OR OUTLAYS FOR R&D (GBAORD)
BY SOCIO-ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES
In million national currencies at current prices

(CONTINUED)

SLOVAK REPUBLIC - (SKK)
EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION OF EARTH

INFRASTRUCTURE AND GENERAL PLANNING OF LAND-USE

CONTROL AND CARE OF THE ENVIRONMENT

PROTECTION AND IMPROVEMENT OF HUMAN HEALTH

PRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION AND RATIONAL UTILISATION OF ENERGY

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY

INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY 

SOCIAL STRUCTURES AND RELATIONSHIPS

EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION OF SPACE

RESEARCH FINANCED FROM  GENERAL UNIVERSITY FUNDS (GUF)

NON-ORIENTED RESEARCH

OTHER CIVIL RESEARCH

DEFENCE

SLOVENIA - (SIT)
AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHING

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

ENERGY

Transport and Telecommunications

Urban and Rural Planning

SUB-TOTAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Prevention of Pollution

Identificat. and Treatment of Pollution

SUB-TOTAL ENVIRONMENT

HEALTH

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND SERVICES

EARTH AND ATMOSPHERE

Advancement of Research

General University Funds

SUB-TOTAL ADVANCEMENT OF KNOWLEDGE

CIVIL SPACE

DEFENCE

NON ELSEWHERE CLASSIFIED

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

1 853
:
62
42
132
59
282
401
111
:
221
482
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 242
:
57
44
161
16
448
342
125
:
303
746
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 675
:
70
65
192
86
481
450
147
:
345
839
:
:

13 580
454
1 403
73
226
105
331
95
45
140
296
487
194
9 589
456
10 045
0
59
98

2 916
:
48
58
194
92
478
380
197
:
542
927
:
:

16 350
523
2 260
202
141
109
250
238
53
291
329
453
135
11 403
472
11 875
0
32
0

3 259
:
43
51
185
122
460
363
172
:
584
1 052
:
:

17 828
651
2 025
172
382
204
586
206
129
335
548
537
136
12 190
508
12 698
0
5
135

3 384
:
39
49
183
62
450
454
252
:
624
1 028
:
:

21 855
861
3 566
193
348
168
516
55
295
350
480
664
141
14 356
726
15 082
:
5
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

40

Table A.5.2
GOVERNMENT BUDGET APPROPRIATIONS OR OUTLAYS FOR R&D (GBAORD)
BY SOCIO-ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES
In million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

ROMANIA

EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION OF EARTH

INFRASTRUCTURE AND GENERAL PLANNING OF LAND-USE

CONTROL AND CARE OF THE ENVIRONMENT

PROTECTION AND IMPROVEMENT OF HUMAN HEALTH

PRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION AND RATIONAL UTILISATION OF ENERGY

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY

INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY 

SOCIAL STRUCTURES AND RELATIONSHIPS

EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION OF SPACE

RESEARCH FINANCED FROM  GENERAL UNIVERSITY FUNDS (GUF)

NON-ORIENTED RESEARCH

OTHER CIVIL RESEARCH

DEFENCE

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION OF EARTH

INFRASTRUCTURE AND GENERAL PLANNING OF LAND-USE

CONTROL AND CARE OF THE ENVIRONMENT

PROTECTION AND IMPROVEMENT OF HUMAN HEALTH

PRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION AND RATIONAL UTILISATION OF ENERGY

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY

INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY 

SOCIAL STRUCTURES AND RELATIONSHIPS

EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION OF SPACE

RESEARCH FINANCED FROM  GENERAL UNIVERSITY FUNDS (GUF)

NON-ORIENTED RESEARCH

OTHER CIVIL RESEARCH

DEFENCE

U         

Including only current expenditure.

126.3
17.4
11.3
3.7
7.0
4.2
9.9
42.6
2.3
:
:
18.2
3.5
6.3

1 429.1 U

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

104.5
4.2
7.7
2.9
1.4
1.8
11.5
46.6
1.2
0.3
1.7
16.9
5.0
3.4

1 542.1
23.0
29.1
71.0
65.9
29.8
337.0
178.2
27.0
142.6
0.0
155.8
1.1
481.9

111.4
4.5
9.4
2.5
1.2
3.5
12.5
45.1
1.7
0.5
1.3
18.3
8.3
2.6

1 490.8
19.6
19.7
24.9
65.2
26.3
109.3
275.0
58.4
171.2
0.0
134.9
0.5
585.9

100.6
4.5
10.2
2.2
1.8
2.7
11.6
38.2
1.5
1.5
1.8
17.2
4.7
2.6

2 775.8
38.1
38.4
48.5
127.1
51.3
213.2
536.2
113.9
333.9
0.0
263.0
1.0
1 011.3

83.5
3.7
8.4
2.4
1.3
2.0
10.0
32.9
0.7
1.6
1.3
14.5
1.7
2.7

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

88.3
3.1
7.7
2.6
2.2
2.0
9.8
28.9
0.9
1.3
2.4
21.8
3.4
2.2

1 025.7
15.5
16.7
15.5
42.3
29.2
77.6
186.6
36.1
111.4
0.0
119.6
0.4
374.8

48.7
2.2
4.2
1.2
0.9
1.0
5.2
15.3
0.6
0.7
1.6
12.0
2.6
1.1

1 335.6
25.5
24.0
20.7
33.9
33.9
56.1
230.2
31.5
162.7
0.0
171.8
11.0
534.2

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

711.8 U
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

41

Table A.5.2
GOVERNMENT BUDGET APPROPRIATIONS OR OUTLAYS FOR R&D (GBAORD)
BY SOCIO-ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES
In million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates

(CONTINUED)

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION OF EARTH

INFRASTRUCTURE AND GENERAL PLANNING OF LAND-USE

CONTROL AND CARE OF THE ENVIRONMENT

PROTECTION AND IMPROVEMENT OF HUMAN HEALTH

PRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION AND RATIONAL UTILISATION OF ENERGY

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY

INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY 

SOCIAL STRUCTURES AND RELATIONSHIPS

EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION OF SPACE

RESEARCH FINANCED FROM  GENERAL UNIVERSITY FUNDS (GUF)

NON-ORIENTED RESEARCH

OTHER CIVIL RESEARCH

DEFENCE

SLOVENIA

AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHING

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

ENERGY

Transport and Telecommunications

Urban and Rural Planning

SUB-TOTAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Prevention of Pollution

Identificat. and Treatment of Pollution

SUB-TOTAL ENVIRONMENT

HEALTH

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND SERVICES

EARTH AND ATMOSPHERE

Advancement of Research

General University Funds

SUB-TOTAL ADVANCEMENT OF KNOWLEDGE

CIVIL SPACE

DEFENCE

NON ELSEWHERE CLASSIFIED

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

48.6
:
1.6
1.1
3.5
1.5
7.4
10.5
2.9
:
5.8
12.6
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

57.7
:
1.5
1.1
4.1
0.4
11.5
8.8
3.2
:
7.8
19.2
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

67.9
:
1.8
1.7
4.9
2.2
12.2
11.4
3.7
:
8.8
21.3
:
:

79.1
2.6
8.2
0.4
1.3
0.6
1.9
0.6
0.3
0.8
1.7
2.8
1.1
55.8
2.7
58.5
0.0
0.3
0.6

76.5
:
1.3
1.5
5.1
2.4
12.5
10.0
5.2
:
14.2
24.3
:
:

90.3
2.9
12.5
1.1
0.8
0.6
1.4
1.3
0.3
1.6
1.8
2.5
0.7
63.0
2.6
65.6
0.0
0.2
0.0

82.4
:
1.1
1.3
4.7
3.1
11.6
9.2
4.4
:
14.8
26.6
:
:

95.9
3.5
10.9
0.9
2.1
1.1
3.2
1.1
0.7
1.8
2.9
2.9
0.7
65.6
2.7
68.3
0.0
0.0
0.7

76.7
:
0.9
1.1
4.1
1.4
10.2
10.3
5.7
:
14.1
23.3
:
:

112.4
4.4
18.3
1.0
1.8
0.9
2.7
0.3
1.5
1.8
2.5
3.4
0.7
73.8
3.7
77.6
:
0.0
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

42

Table A.5.3
GOVERNMENT BUDGET APPROPRIATIONS OR OUTLAYS FOR R&D (GBAORD)
As a % of GDP

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

CZECH REPUBLIC 

LATVIA

LITHUANIA

POLAND

ROMANIA

:

:

:

0.56

:

0.40

0.22

:

0.51

0.56

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

0.94 U 

0.91 U 

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

SLOVENIA

:

:

:

:

U 

Including only current expenditure. 

0.37

0.27

:

0.52

0.41

0.66

0.42

:

0.36

0.28

:

0.47

0.46

0.58

0.43

:

:

:

:

0.26

0.26

:

0.48

0.36

0.84

0.46

0.53

:

0.46

0.27

:

0.45

0.56

0.24

0.35

0.42

0.24

0.38

0.43

0.55

:

0.22

:

0.43

0.15

0.50

0.42

0.60

43

Table B.1.1
TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL 
BY OCCUPATION
Head count

BULGARIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

CYPRUS

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

CZECH REPUBLIC

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

ESTONIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

HUNGARY

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

LATVIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

LITHUANIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

POLAND

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

ROMANIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

21766
14045
5439
2282

1292
568
391
333

45 806
23 298
13 893
8 615

6 562
4 458
939
1 165

41 317
23 547
9 209
8 561

6 101
3 753
1 063
1 285

15 561
10 651
2 260
2 650

18451
12335
4438
1678

1520
665
441
414

47 043
24 874
13 768
8 401

6 559
4 563
948
1 048

42 088
24 609
9 036
8 443

6 245
4 114
1 001
1 130

15 296
10 688
2 080
2 528

128 231
85 679
24 305
18 247

57 125
30 723
12 148
14 254

126 000
86 318
22 011
17 671

48 113
26 492
9 316
12 305

57 655
37 825
10 752
9 078

54 324
37 179
10 642
6 503

31 924
18 497
9 971
3 456

30 663
17 523
9 772
3 368

31 942
18 579
10 125
3 238

21 908
14 573
5 240
2 095

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

43 879
24 110
11 449
8 320

7 234
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

40 999
23 012
9 761
8 226

8 737
5 067
1 894
1 776

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

76 001
40 092
18 335
17 574

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

37 779
13 325
:
:

44 716
21 317
13 418
9 981

47 057
23 431
13 753
9 873

47 027
23 909
13 876
9 242

:
:
:
:

38 088
20 859
9 612
7 617

6 850
4 061
1 439
1 350

:
:
:
:

120 004
74 748
25 610
19 646

63 329
34 260
14 609
14 460

:
:
:
:

37 286
20 485
9 244
7 557

6 056
3 708
1 186
1 162

16 067
10 006
2 893
3 168

128 211
81 611
26 887
19 713

62 297
31 783
14 125
16 389

:
:
:
:

39 626
21 999
9 375
8 252

6 046
3 768
1 157
1 121

15 436
10 057
2 581
2 798

128 396
86 309
25 711
16 376

57 714
30 663
12 576
14 475

:
:
:
:

39 810
22 401
9 691
7 718

6 918
3 952
1 445
1 521

:
:
:
:

117 823
71 701
26 577
19 545

65 114
35 231
14 988
14 895

44

Table B.1.1
TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL 
BY OCCUPATION
Head count

(CONTINUED)

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

1 532 618
804 043
180 687
547 888

1 315 008
644 881
133 907
536 220

1 106 250
525 319
115 474
465 457

1 061 044
518 690
101 371
440 983

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

SLOVENIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

12 448
5 584
4 615
2 249

10 359  |
4 900  |
2 337  |
3 122  |

24 896
16 220
5 331
3 345

12 097
5 909
2 727
3 461

23 942
15 810
5 166
2 966

12 416
6 094
2 744
3 578

990 743
484 796
87 769
418 178

24 113
15 832
5 426
2 855

12 717
6 220
2 862
3 635

934637
455108
80339
399190

24 818
16 564
5 522
2 732

11 586
6 072
2 491
3 023

855190
416958
74835
363397

24 718
17 033
5 248
2 437

11 908
6 425
2 443
3 040

872363
420212
72442
379709

22 467
15 425
4 814
2 228

12 286
6 721
2 547
3 018

45

Table B.1.1.a
TOTAL R&D FEMALE PERSONNEL 
BY OCCUPATION
Head count

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

29 523
17 362
6 555
5 606

28 968
16 966
7 493
4 509

16 848
7 498
6 912
2 438

16 510
7 220
6 907
2 383

16 924
7 669
7 043
2 212

11 736
6 590
3 665
1 481

11 436
6 213
3 691
1 532

BULGARIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

CYPRUS

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

CZECH REPUBLIC

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

ESTONIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

HUNGARY

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

LATVIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

LITHUANIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

POLAND

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

ROMANIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

9 638
5 440
3 058
1 140

559
177
163
219

18 753
7 528
6 784
4 441

3 310
1 920
649
741

:
:
:
:

3 224
2 021
594
609

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

478
153
158
167

:
:
:
:

3 272
1 850
636
786

:
:
:
:

3 059
1 770
615
674

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

3 504
1 836
851
817

3 108
1 719
736
653

2 951
1 759
638
554

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

30 786
14 030
8 317
8 439

27 893
13 579
7 320
6 994

27 055
13 420
7 245
6 390

22 803
11 443
5 403
5 957

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

37 878
17 480
11 044
9 354

32 380
15 401
9 229
7 750

46

Table B.1.1.a
TOTAL R&D FEMALE PERSONNEL 
BY OCCUPATION
Head count

(CONTINUED)

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

SLOVENIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

4 389
1 573
1 281
1 535

:
256 328
:
:

:
250 901
:
:

:
229 959
:
:

:
210 662
:
:

:
188 464
:
:

:
186 264
:
:

:
:
:
:

5 030
1 875
1 376
1 779

:
:
:
:

5 088
1 900
1 374
1 814

:
:
:
:

5 317
2 004
1 413
1 900

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

4 659
2 047
1 184
1 428

4 716
2 183
1 120
1 413

:
:
:
:

4 804
2 323
1 130
1 351

47

Table B.1.2
TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL 
BY OCCUPATION
Full time equivalent

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BULGARIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

CYPRUS

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

CZECH REPUBLIC

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

ESTONIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

HUNGARY

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

LATVIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

LITHUANIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

POLAND

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

:
:
:
:

366
147
165
54

41 606 O
27 292
7 811
6 503 N

23 729 O
12 608
7 665
3 456 N

25 055 O
13 990
7 697
3 368 N

26 158 O
14 751
8 169
3 238 N

18 625 O
11 980
4 550
2 095 N

19 116 O
11 972
4 862
2 282 N

16 087 O
10 580
3 829
1 678 N

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

60 292 H
20 084 H

40 793 H
13 627 H

37 779 H
13 325 H

22 678  |
11 935  |
7 154
3 589

23 501
12 963
7 026
3 512

23 230
12 580
7 298
3 352

:
:

:
:
:
:

24 192
12 311
7 152
4 729

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:

41 440 *

:
:

:
:

:
:
:
:

22 609
11 818
6 003
4 788

6 552
3 999
1 066
1 487

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:

:
:
:
:

22 008
11 752
5 922
4 334

5 239
3 010
944
1 285

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

19 585
10 499
5 207
3 879

5 238
3 072
1 008
1 158

:
:
:
:

79 248
47 433
18 936
12 879

83 591
50 426
19 653
13 512

:
:
:
:

19 776
10 408
5 114
4 254

4 744
2 839
850
1 055

12 569
7 532
2 344
2 693

83 348
52 474
18 836
12 038

:
:
:
:

20 758
11 154
5 205
4 399

4 437
2 610
872
955

12 171
7 800
2 204
2 167

83 803
55 602
17 895
10 306

564.0
236.7
168.0
159.3

22 740
12 566
7 015
3 159

4 600
2 978
758
864

20 315
11 731
4 907
3 677

4 437
2 557
777
1 103

12 847
8 436
2 104
2 307

84 510
56 179
16 939
11 392

681.0
278.0
197.8
205.2

24 106
13 535
7 403
3 168

4 545
3 002
750
793

21 329
12 579
5 037
3 713

4 301
2 626
726
949

12 794
8 539
1 983
2 272

82 368
56 433
15 362
10 573

H         FTE includes R&D activities but also other activities non R&D related. 
N         Personnel are not expressed in FTE, only in head count.
O         Overestimated data.
*          Data do not exactly correspond to international standard (Frascati Manual). 

48

Table B.1.2
TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL 
BY OCCUPATION
Full time equivalent

(CONTINUED)

ROMANIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

SLOVENIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

73 611
38 612
18 067
16 932

62 724
33 751
14 720
14 253

60 939
32 780
14 341
13 818

59 907
30 303
13 857
15 747

54 436
28 431
12 114
13 891

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

8 866 O
3 745 O
2 337 N
2 784 N

1 264 138
621 790
130 452
511 896

1 210 589
610 357
114 380
485 852

1 113 244
562 070
96 922
454 252

1 053 013
532 469
89 003
431 541

17 256
10 249
4 244
2 763

9 924 O
4 767 O
2 323
2 834

16 182
9 711
4 081
2 390

9 879 O
4 897 O
2 183
2 799

16 613
10 010
4 244
2 359

8 882
4 489
2 048
2 345

16 365
9 993
4 318
2 054

7 985
4 022
1 723
2 240

52 454
27 494
11 511
13 449

967 499
492 494
83 499
391 506

16 461
10 145
4 331
1 985

8 290
4 285
1 739
2 266

44 091
23 473
8 843
11 775

989 291
497 030
80 498
411 763

14 849
9 204
3 858
1 787

8 495
4 427
1 783
2 285

N         Personnel are not expressed in FTE, only in head count.
O         Overestimated data.

49

Table B.1.2.a
TOTAL R&D FEMALE PERSONNEL 
BY OCCUPATION
Full time equivalent

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

22 332 O
12 120
5 703
4 509 N

12 842 O
5 220
5 184
2 438 N

13 404 O
5 723
5 298
2 383 N

13 788 O
6 114
5 462
2 212 N

10 078 O
5 431
3 166
1 481 N

10 148 O
5 321
3 295
1 532 N

BULGARIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

CYPRUS

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

CZECH REPUBLIC

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

ESTONIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

HUNGARY

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

LATVIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

LITHUANIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

POLAND

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

O         Overestimated data.
N         Personnel are not expressed in FTE, only in head count.

8 374 O
4 656
2 578
1 140 N

255.1
81.4
71.0
102.7

:
:
:
:

2 346
1 252
529
565

:
:
:
:

2 212
1 277
419
516

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

2 720
1 413
603
704

2 415
1 324
512
579

2 135
1 197
470
468

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

193.5
69.2
60.2
64.1

:
:
:
:

2 335
1 206
527
602

:
:
:
:

2 202
1 201
422
579

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

50

Table B.1.2.a
TOTAL R&D FEMALE PERSONNEL 
BY OCCUPATION
Full time equivalent

(CONTINUED)

ROMANIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

SLOVENIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

O         Overestimated data.

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

3 914 O
1 260
1 281
1 373

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

7 090
3 540
2 270
1 280

4 109 O
1 534
1 158
1 417

6 943
3 420
2 198
1 325

4 050 O
1 569
1 107
1 374

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

7 163
3 601
2 349
1 213

3 493
1 486
961
1 046

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

6 998
3 618
2 343
1 037

3 019
1 329
730
960

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

7 277
3 778
2 478
1 021

3 151
1 430
751
970

21 196
10 335
5 155
5 706

:
:
:
:

6 691
3 517
2 198
976

3 184
1 487
758
939

51

Table B.1.3
TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL 
PER THOUSAND LABOUR FORCE
Head count

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BULGARIA

CYPRUS

CZECH REPUBLIC

ESTONIA

HUNGARY

LATVIA

LITHUANIA

POLAND

ROMANIA

:

:

:

:

14.3

:

:

:

9.7

9.4

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

6.8

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

20.2

17.4

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

SLOVENIA

:

:

:

11.1

8.8

:

7.2

:

9.5

:

:

6.9

5.5

14.9

10.2

12.9

8.6

:

8.5

:

9.3

5.7

:

7.0

5.2

8.9

:

:

:

9.2

5.1

:

7.5

5.3

:

:

10.1

:

9.9

5.1

8.5

7.5

4.9

:

4.5

8.8

9.2

:

5.2

9.0

9.4

10.3

10.3

5.2

8.4

7.5

4.9

5.4

8.2

7.4

4.2

14.5

13.5

13.7

12.8

12.5

9.7

9.6

9.9

9.8

8.8

13.0

13.4

12.0

12.1

12.8

52

Table B.1.4
TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL 
BY FORMAL QUALIFICATION
Head count

BULGARIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

CYPRUS

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

CZECH REPUBLIC

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

ESTONIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

HUNGARY

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

LATVIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

21 766
:
:
15 937
2 728
3 101
:

1 292
331
386
717
123
330
122

45 806
9 014
16 658
25 672
2 184
12 592
5 358

6 562
1 969
3 314
5 283
425
720
134

41 317
:
:
:
:
:
:

6 101
:
:
:
:
:
:

18 451
:
:
13 784
2 316
2 351
:

1 520
339
501
840
130
410
140

47 043
10 141
17 172
27 313
1 546
13 448
4 736

6 559
1 961
3 353
5 314
460
661
124

41 317
:
:
:
:
:
:

6 245
:
:
:
:
:
:

57 655
:
:
:
:
:
:

54 324
:
:
39 644
2 560
12 120
:

31 924
:
:
22 911
1 695
7 318
:

30 663
:
:
21 728
1 806
7 129
:

31 942
:
:
22 987
2 004
6 951
:

21 908
:
:
16 547
2 383
2 978
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

43 879
:
:
:
:
:
:

7 234
:
:
:
:
:
:

40 999
:
:
:
:
:
:

8 737
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

37 779
5 320
8 005
13 325
:
8 797
15 657

44 716
8 399
14 815
23 214
:
13 374
8 128

47 057
8 644
17 162
25 806

:  

13 437
7 814

47 027
9 870
16 286
26 156
:
13 662
7 209

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

38 088
:
:
:
:
:
:

6 850
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

37 286
:
:
:
:
:
:

6 056
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

39 626
:
:
:
:
:
:

6 046
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

39 810
:
:
:
:
:
:

6 918
:
:
:
:
:
:

53

 
Table B.1.4
TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL 
BY FORMAL QUALIFICATION
Head count

(CONTINUED)

LITHUANIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

POLAND

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

ROMANIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

117 823
37 437
43 346
80 783
:

120 004
39 968
43 935
83 903
:

16 067
5 472
7 218
12 690
1 205
1 482
690

128 211
45 139
46 632
91 771
:

15 436
5 200
7 237
12 437
1 127
1 354
518

128 396
46 317
46 763
93 080
:

15 561
5 298
7 556
12 854
1 005
1 239
465

15 296
5 367
7 258
12 625
1 011
1 139
521

128 231
47 245
47 259
94 504

126 000
48 726
45 904
94 630

26 002 b
11 038

25 520 b
10 581

26 187 b
10 253

25 872 b
9 444

25 680 b
8 047

24 652 b
6 718

76 001
:
:
40 906
8 631
18 763
7 701

65 114
:
:
36 045
6 795
15 580
6 694

63 329
4 709
31 116
35 825
5 518
14 450
7 536

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

1 532 618
:
:
:
:
:
:

1 315 008
:
:
:
:
:
:

1 106 250
:
:
:
:
:
:

1 061 044
:
:
:
:
:
:

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

SLOVENIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

b         Including other post-secondary. 

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

12 448
1 756
5 287
7 043
1 090
3 310
1 005

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

10 359  |
1 737  |
4 539  |
6 276  |
874  |
2 284  |
925  |

23 942
16 568
33
16 601
0
6 627
714

12 416
2 155
5 405
7 560
1 124
2 731
1 001

24 896
16 692
57
16 749
0
7 251
896

12 097
1 988
5 398
7 386
1 114
2 635
962

54

62 297
4 224
31 299
35 523
5 652
14 653
6 469

990 743
:
:
:
:
:
:

24 113
16 621
43
16 664
0
6 802
647

12 717
2 330
5 443
7 773
1 120
2 847
977

57 714
4 328
28 711
33 039
5 060
13 447
6 168

934 637
110 924
448 194
559 118
147 149
228 370
0

24 818
17 440
31
17 471
0
6 749
598

11 586
2 176
5 150
7 326
1 063
2 606
591

57 125
5 830
28 413
34 243
4 837
12 546
5 499

855 190
106 898
407 641
514 539
133 287
207 364
0

24 718
17 893
22
17 915
0
6 200
603

11 908
2 451
5 309
7 760
1 075
2 543
530

48 113
5 116
22 665
27 781
3 193
10 746
6 393

872 363
106 659
413 779
520 438
141 220
210 705
0

22 467
16 290
17
16 307
0
5 719
441

12 286
2 629
5 452
8 081
1 119
2 561
525

Table B.1.4.a
TOTAL R&D FEMALE PERSONNEL 
BY FORMAL QUALIFICATION
Head count

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BULGARIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

CYPRUS

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

CZECH REPUBLIC

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

ESTONIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

HUNGARY

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

LATVIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

11 436
:
:
7 393
1 952
2 091
:

478
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

3 272
617
1 815
2 432
279
470
91

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

3 059
:
:
:
:
:
:

9 638
:
:
6 336
1 703
1 599
:

559
:
:
:
:
:
:

18 753
2 604
6 040
8 644
570
7 668
1 871

3 310
561
1 887
2 448
316
465
81

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

3 224
:
:
:
:
:
:

28 968
:
:
18 095
2 328
8 545
:

16 848
:
:
10 134
1 613
5 101
:

16 510
:
:
9 755
1 717
5 038
:

16 924
:
:
10 187
1 888
4 849
:

11 736
:
:
7 833
1 770
2 133
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

3 504
:
:
:
:
:
:

3 108
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 951
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

55

Table B.1.4.a
TOTAL R&D FEMALE PERSONNEL 
BY FORMAL QUALIFICATION
Head count

(CONTINUED)

LITHUANIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

POLAND

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

ROMANIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

SLOVENIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

37 878
:
:
17 730
4 942
11 918
3 288

32 380
:
:
15 651
4 100
9 826
2 803

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

30 786
1 221
14 445
15 666
3 203
8 985
2 932

27 893
1 111
13 463
14 574
2 716
8 159
2 444

27 055
1 838
13 168
15 006
2 822
7 068
2 159

22 803
1 701
10 472
12 173
1 807
6 205
2 618

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

4 389
367
1 806
2 173
450
1 269
497

5 030
414
2 110
2 524
562
1 440
504

5 088
449
2 114
2 563
516
1 465
544

5 317
512
2 213
2 725
535
1 516
541

4 659
513
2 052
2 565
481
1 318
295

4 716
590
2 140
2 730
418
1 297
271

4 804
687
2 161
2 848
442
1 258
256

56

Table B.1.5
TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL 
BY FORMAL QUALIFICATION
Full time equivalent

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

41 606 O

23 729 O

25 055 O

26 158 O

18 625 O

19 116 O

16 087 O

:
:

16 242 O
860 O
6 627 O
:

:
:

17 513 O
956 O
6 586 O
:

:
:

18 617 O
1 112 O
6 429 O
:

:
:

:
:

13 686 O
2 054 O
2 885 O
:

13 680 O
2 392 O
3 044 O
:

:
:

11 840 O
1 969 O
2 278 O
:

BULGARIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

CYPRUS

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

366
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:

29 322 O
1 606 O
10 678 O

:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

CZECH REPUBLIC

60 292 H

40 793 H

37 779 H

22 678  |

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

ESTONIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

HUNGARY

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

LATVIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

24 192
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

22 609
:
:
:
:
:
:

6 552
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

22 008
:
:
:
:
:
:

5 239
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

19 585
:
:
:
:
:
:

5 238
:
:
:
:
:
:

H         FTE includes R&D activities but also other activities non R&D related. 
O         Overestimated data.

57

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

23 501
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

19 776
:
:
:
:
:
:

4 744
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

23 230
4 702
8 437
13 139
:
6 857
3 234

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

20 758
:
:
:
:
:
:

4 437
:
:
:
:
:
:

564.0
144.0
137.1
281.1
25.7
167.0
90.2

22 740
4 413
8 478
12 891
1 135
6 360
2 354

4 600
1 333
2 318
3 651
307
546
96

20 315
:
:
:
:
:
:

4 437
:
:
:
:
:
:

681.0
148.8
196.7
345.5
35.2
211.1
89.2

24 106
5 007
9 141
14 148
831
7 002
2 125

4 545
1 312
2 293
3 605
332
514
94

21 329
:
:
:
:
:
:

4 301
:
:
:
:
:
:

Table B.1.5
TOTAL R&D PERSONNEL 
BY FORMAL QUALIFICATION
Full time equivalent

(CONTINUED)

LITHUANIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

POLAND

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

ROMANIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

SLOVENIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

O         Overestimated data.

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

12 847
:
:
:
:
:
:

84 510
:
:
:
:
:
:

52 454
4 854
26 220
31 074
4 425
11 966
4 989

967 499
:
:
:
:
:
:

16 421
10 785
16
10 801
0
5 141
519

8 290
1 313
3 949
5 262
729
1 896
403

12 794
:
:
:
:
:
:

82 368
:
:
:
:
:
:

44 091
3 998
20 685
24 683
3 097
10 112
6 199

989 291
:
:
:
:
:
:

14 849
9 874
11
9 885
0
4 591
373

8 495
1 437
3 989
5 426
754
1 906
409

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

73 611
:
:
39 223
8 544
18 332
7 512

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

8 866 O
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

79 248
:
:
:
:
:
:

62 724
:
:
34 362
6 708
15 149
6 505

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

83 591
:
:
:
:
:
:

60 939
3 856
30 286
34 142
5 431
14 019
7 347

12 569
:
:
:
:
:
:

83 348
:
:
:
:
:
:

59 907
3 670
30 170
33 840
5 565
14 222
6 280

12 171
:
:
:
:
:
:

83 803
:
:
:
:
:
:

54 436
3 641
27 138
30 779
4 854
12 975
5 828

1 264 138
:
:
:
:
:
:

1 210 589
:
:
:
:
:
:

1 113 244
:
:
:
:
:
:

1 053 013
:
:
:
:
:
:

16 182
10 235
12
10 247
0
5 370
565

9 879 O
:
:
:
:
:
:

16 613
10 592
21
10 613
0
5 443
557

8 882
:
:
:
:
:
:

16 365
10 524
25
10 549
0
5 315
501

7 983
1 162
3 755
4 917
703
1 905
458

17 256
10 608
35
10 643
0
5 862
751

9 924 O
:
:
:
:
:
:

58

Table B.1.5.a
TOTAL R&D FEMALE PERSONNEL 
BY FORMAL QUALIFICATION
Full time equivalent

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

BULGARIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

CYPRUS

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

CZECH REPUBLIC

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

ESTONIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

HUNGARY

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

LATVIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

O         Overestimated data

8 374 O
:
:
5 446 O
1 460 O
1 468 O
:

255.1
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 346
369
1 314
1 683
233
367
63

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 212
:
:
:
:
:
:

22 332 O

12 842 O

13 404 O

13 788 O

10 078 O

10 148 O

:
:
6 397 O
1 703 O
2 048 O
:

193.5
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 335
396
1 292
1 688
209
372
66

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 202
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:

13 389 O
1 402 O
7 541 O
:

:
:
7 452 O
793 O
4 597 O
:

:
:
7 888 O
879 O
4 637 O
:

:
:
8 316 O
1 008 O
4 464 O
:

:
:
6 493 O
1 519 O
2 066 O
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 720
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 415
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 135
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

59

Table B.1.5.a
TOTAL R&D FEMALE PERSONNEL 
BY FORMAL QUALIFICATION
Full time equivalent

(CONTINUED)

LITHUANIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

POLAND

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

ROMANIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

SLOVENIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

6 943
3 631
9
3 640
0
3 016
287

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

7 163
3 811
10
3 821
0
3 033
309

8 882
:
:
:
:
:
:

6 998
3 729
9
3 738
0
3 037
223

3 019
280
1 398
1 678
264
872
205

7 277
3 944
3
3 947
0
3 072
258

3 151
321
1 493
1 814
245
892
200

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

21 196
1 381
9 683
11 064
1 755
5 869
2 508

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

6 691
3 683
4
3 687
0
2 793
211

3 184
380
1 479
1 859
251
876
198

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

7 090
3 700
6
3 706
0
3 000
384

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

60

Table B.2.1
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE R&D PERSONNEL 
BY OCCUPATION
Head count

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BULGARIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

CYPRUS

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

CZECH REPUBLIC

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

ESTONIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

HUNGARY

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

LATVIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

LITHUANIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

POLAND

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

ROMANIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

16 370
9 346
4 044
2 980

11 196
6 471
3 073
1 652

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

12 254
4 920
4 926
2 408

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

10 469
4 504
3 794
2 171

2 438
1 384
354
700

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

56 035
27 527
14 887
13 621

4 155
2 020
1 622
513

:
:
:
:

19 707
6 695
7 912
5 100

:
:
:
:

9 075
3 844
3 504
1 727

746
355
126
265

536
177
105
254

31 469
12 602
10 429
8 438

43 451
20 695
10 791
11 965

3 909
2 224
1 286
399

:
:
:
:

20 265
7 056
8 329
4 880

:
:
:
:

9 059
4 135
3 403
1 521

635
244
121
270

621
224
122
275

30 217
13 790
9 913
6 514

41 386
20 323
9 616
11 447

3 751
2 004
1 287
460

285
136
82
67

19 761
7 015
7 831
4 915

786
468
173
145

7 696
3 831
2 519
1 346

550
222
101
227

548
177
87
284

28 782
12 483
9 172
7 127

38 635
19 683
9 364
9 588

2 806
1 435
1 155
216

426
189
142
95

20 971
8 375
8 077
4 519

1 114
651
235
228

7 682
4 063
2 623
996

506
211
104
191

444
146
105
193

26 315
12 492
7 541
6 282

33 595
16 279
7 103
10 213

4 423
2 092
1 694
637

:
:
:
:

20 175
6 673
8 059
5 443

:
:
:
:

9 800
4 119
3 907
1 774

921
415
133
373

:
:
:
:

30 838
11 848
9 910
9 080

45 635
22 897
11 562
11 176

5 055
2 298
1 964
793

:
:
:
:

23 114
6 628
:
:

:
:
:
:

10 032
4 086
4 046
1 900

1 022
453
112
457

:
:
:
:

32 887
12 620
10 764
9 503

47 604
24 193
11 886
11 525

61

Table B.2.1
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE R&D PERSONNEL 
BY OCCUPATION
Head count

(CONTINUED)

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

:
643 000
:
:

:
502 100
:
:

759 810
343 346
79 371
337 093

726 568
336 671
70 180
319 717

671 061
310 372
59 106
301 583

621584
285645
51160
284779

558547
257470
45681
255396

572624
260558
44078
267988

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

SLOVENIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

:
:
:
:

4 422
1 909
2 075
438

:
:
:
:

3 370  |
1 145  |
991  |
1 234  |

7 234
3 206
2 376
1 652

4 338
1 506
1 326
1 506

6 151
2 541
2 181
1 429

4 484
1 559
1 359
1 566

6 686
2 676
2 476
1 534

4 305
1 523
1 298
1 484

9 130
3 900
3 205
2 025

4 499
1 594
1 385
1 520

7 927
3 325
2 945
1 657

4 726
1 675
1 374
1 677

6 969
2 955
2 648
1 366

4 939
1 772
1 489
1 678

62

Table B.2.2
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE R&D PERSONNEL 
BY OCCUPATION
Full time equivalent

BULGARIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

CYPRUS

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

CZECH REPUBLIC

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

ESTONIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

HUNGARY

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

LATVIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

LITHUANIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

POLAND

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

4 278 O
1 882
1 603

793 N

4 009 O
1 865
1 507

637 N

3 700 O
1 752
1 435

513 N

3 322 O
1 771
1 152

399 N

3 700 O
1 752
1 435

513 N

3 322 O
1 771
1 152

399 N

3 402 O
1 783
1 159

460 N

2 443 O
1 249
978
216 N

51
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

39 063 H
10 565 H

27 253  |
7 583  |

23 114 H
6 628 H
:
:

11 346  |
4 935  |
4 413
1 998

11 167
4 863
4 351
1 953

11 464
5 120
4 475
1 869

:
:
:
:

6 112
2 626
2 224
1 262

678
318
112
248

325
89
64
172

:
:
:
:

6 545
3 049
2 378
1 118

599
234
114
251

297
128
74
95

:
:
:
:

6 112
2 626
2 224
1 262

678
318
112
248

325
89
64
172

:
:
:
:

6 545
3 049
2 378
1 118

599
234
114
251

297
128
74
95

:
:

:
:
:
:

6 792
2 926
2 516
1 350

786
349
120
317

:
:
:
:

77.2
41.8
20.4
15.0

11 287
5 067
4 267
1 953

440
291
99
50

5 593
3 044
1 787
762

507
205
95
207

382
93
51
238

134.6
64.1
46.6
23.9

12 283
5 811
4 592
1 880

440
291
99
50

5 899
3 261
1 899
739

462
191
93
178

399
121
102
176

26 283
11 156
8 593
6 534

23 536
10 365
7 585
5 586

23 181
11 039
7 614
4 528

23 536
10 365
7 585
5 586

23 181
11 039
7 614
4 528

21 914
10 173
6 735
5 006

20 314
10 327
5 756
4 231

:
:

:
:
:
:

7 782
3 330
2 918
1 534

833
377
76
380

:
:
:
:

25 531
10 629
8 309
6 593

H         FTE includes R&D activities but also other activities non R&D related. 
N         Personnel are not expressed in FTE, only in head count.
O         Overestimated data.

63

Table B.2.2
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE R&D PERSONNEL 
BY OCCUPATION
Full time equivalent

(CONTINUED)

ROMANIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

SLOVENIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

55 182
27 375
14 718
13 089

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

3 254 O
1 055

991 N
1 208 N

46 751
23 841
11 717
11 193

815 326
366 982
85 120
363 224

5 695
2 648
1 721
1 326

4 005
1 367
1 232
1 406

44 782
22 545
11 415
10 822

787 614
368 299
75 454
343 861

4 859
2 103
1 611
1 145

3 916
1 399
1 146
1 371

42 598
20 343
10 622
11 633

714 551
331 424
62 312
320 815

5 295
2 259
1 812
1 224

3 716
1 371
1 085
1 260

39 569
19 339
9 243
10 987

659 289
304 590
54 316
300 383

7 408
3 387
2 546
1 475

3 775
1 368
1 146
1 261

36 141
18 499
8 815
8 827

590 830
273 623
48 259
268 948

6 708
2 903
2 477
1 328

4 000
1 457
1 150
1 393

32 013
15 436
6 767
9 810

607 231
279 418
46 311
281 501

5 692
2 522
2 094
1 076

4 184
1 542
1 218
1 424

N         Personnel are not expressed in FTE, only in head count.
O         Overestimated data.

64

Table B.2.3
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE R&D PERSONNEL 
BY FORMAL QUALIFICATION
Head count

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

4 423
:
:
2 722
133
1 568
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

20 175
781
6 161
6 942
:
8 085
5 148

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

9 800
:
:
:
:
:
:

921
:
:
:
:
:
:

4 155
:
:
2 760
134
1 261
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

3 909
:
:
2 732
610
567
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

19 707
825
6 431
7 256

:  

7 710
4 741

20 265
850
6 980
7 830
:
7 965
4 470

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

9 075
:
:
:
:
:
:

746
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

9 059
:
:
:
:
:
:

635
:
:
:
:
:
:

3 751
:
:
2 581
606
564
:

285
30
128
158
49
67
11

19 761
787
6 832
7 619
1 430
7 193
3 519

786
83
474
557
98
118
13

7 696
:
:
:
:
:
:

550
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 806
:
:
1 942
472
392
:

426
37
203
240
58
104
24

20 971
1 247
7 832
9 079
1 122
7 662
3 108

1 114
89
705
794
153
145
22

7 682
:
:
:
:
:
:

506
:
:
:
:
:
:

BULGARIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

CYPRUS

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

CZECH REPUBLIC

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

ESTONIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

HUNGARY

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

LATVIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

16 370
:
:
:
:
:
:

11 196
:
:
7 109
212
3 875
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

12 254
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

10 469
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 438
:
:
:
:
:
:

5 055
:
:
3 162
114
1 779
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

23 114
1 459
5 169
6 628
:
6 103
10 383

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

10 032
:
:
:
:
:
:

1 022
:
:
:
:
:
:

65

 
Table B.2.3
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE R&D PERSONNEL 
BY FORMAL QUALIFICATION
Head count

(CONTINUED)

LITHUANIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

POLAND

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

ROMANIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

SLOVENIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

b         Including other post-secondary. 

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

32 887
2 324
12 752
15 076
:

11 849 b
5 962

30 838
2 201
12 020
14 221
:

11 194 b
5 423

536
81
298
379
52
57
48

31 469
2 506
12 555
15 061
:

621
77
363
440
71
75
35

30 217
2 373
12 164
14 537
:

548
65
258
323
76
88
61

444
39
230
269
44
51
80

28 782
2 348
12 073
14 421

26 315
2 330
11 476
13 806

11 233 b
5 175

10 691 b
4 989

10 912 b
3 449

9 617 b
2 892

56 035
:
:
28 013
7 405
14 652
5 965

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

45 635
1 502
21 975
23 477
4 322
11 490
6 346

726 568
:
:
:
:
:
:

6 151
2 778
0
2 778
0
3 035
338

4 484
95
2 067
2 162
505
1 453
364

43 451
891
21 889
22 780
4 573
10 944
5 154

671 061
:
:
:
:
:
:

6 686
3 049
1
3 050
0
3 343
293

4 305
115
2 024
2 139
492
1 376
298

41 386
980
20 400
21 380
4 031
10 796
5 179

621 584
37 336
315 154
352 490
104 857
164 237
0

9 130
4 229
13
4 242
0
4 447
441

4 499
120
2 087
2 207
563
1 526
203

38 635
965
19 486
20 451
3 946
9 634
4 604

558 547
35 693
284 143
319 836
92 943
145 768
0

7 927
3 779
10
3 789
0
3 796
342

4 726
128
2 199
2 327
640
1 541
218

33 595
1 059
15 852
16 911
2 457
8 368
5 859

572 624
35 378
288 731
324 109
98 793
149 722
0

6 969
3 428
12
3 440
0
3 290
239

4 939
141
2 277
2 418
676
1 591
254

47 604
:
:
24 479
5 773
11 924
5 428

759 810
:
:
:
:
:
:

7 234
3 320
4
3 324
0
3 482
428

4 336
93
1 951
2 044
490
1 417
385

66

4 422
216
1 969
2 185
577
1 434
226

3 370  |
61  |
1 507  |
1 568  |
307  |
1 163  |
332  |

Table B.2.4
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE R&D PERSONNEL 
BY FORMAL QUALIFICATION
Full time equivalent

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

9 684 O
:
:
5 680 O
197 O
3 807 O
:

4 278 O
:
:
2 593 O
92 O
1 593 O
:

4 009 O
:
:
2 421 O
118 O
1 470 O
:

3 700 O
:
:
2 395 O
121 O
1 184 O
:

3 322 O
:
:
2 210 O
559 O
553 O
:

3 402 O
:
:
2 288 O
555 O
559 O
:

2 443 O
:
:
1 667 O
405 O
371 O
:

BULGARIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

CYPRUS

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

51
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

CZECH REPUBLIC

39 063 H

27 253 H

23 114 H

11 346  |

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

ESTONIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

HUNGARY

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

LATVIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

8 980
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

8 017
:
:
:
:
:
:

1 941
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

7 782
:
:
:
:
:
:

833
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

6 792
:
:
:
:
:
:

786
:
:
:
:
:
:

H         FTE includes R&D activities but also other activities non R&D related. 
O         Overestimated data.

67

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

11 167
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

6 112
:
:
:
:
:
:

678
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

11 464
614
4 502
5 116
:
4 236
2 112

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

6 545
:
:
:
:
:
:

599
:
:
:
:
:
:

77.2
7.2
37.9
45.1
12.7
13.9
5.5

11 287
564
4 346
4 910
810
3 848
1 719

440
51
285
336
48
51
5

5 593
:
:
:
:
:
:

507
:
:
:
:
:
:

134.6
12.5
71.7
84.2
18.0
24.8
7.6

12 283
792
5 028
5 820
614
4 277
1 572

618
52
401
453
79
75
11

5 899
:
:
:
:
:
:

462
:
:
:
:
:
:

Table B.2.4
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE R&D PERSONNEL 
BY FORMAL QUALIFICATION
Full time equivalent

(CONTINUED)

LITHUANIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

POLAND

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

ROMANIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

SLOVENIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

O         Overestimated data.

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

26 283
:
:
:
:
:
:

44 782
1 162
21 968
23 130
4 255
11 185
6 212

787 614
:
:
:
:
:
:

4 859
2 278
1
2 279
0
2 327
253

3 916
:
:
:
:
:
:

325
:
:
:
:
:
:

23 536
:
:
:
:
:
:

42 598
850
21 583
22 433
4 506
10 639
5 020

714 551
:
:
:
:
:
:

5 295
2 566
1
2 567
0
2 472
256

3 716
:
:
:
:
:
:

297
:
:
:
:
:
:

23 181
:
:
:
:
:
:

39 569
952
19 432
20 384
3 895
10 399
4 891

659 289
:
:
:
:
:
:

7 408
3 619
10
3 629
0
3 407
372

3 775
120
1 740
1 860
458
1 281
176

382
:
:
:
:
:
:

21 914
:
:
:
:
:
:

36 141
929
18 337
19 266
3 622
9 123
4 130

590 830
:
:
:
:
:
:

6 708
3 288
9
3 297
0
3 117
294

4 000
129
1 875
2 004
514
1 297
185

399
:
:
:
:
:
:

20 314
:
:
:
:
:
:

32 013
1 025
15 033
16 058
2 375
7 906
5 674

607 231
:
:
:
:
:
:

5 692
2 909
8
2 917
0
2 577
198

4 184
141
1 946
2 087
552
1 330
215

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

55 182
:
:
27 666
7 338
14 347
5 831

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

3 254 O
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

25 531
:
:
:
:
:
:

46 751
:
:
24 132
5 706
11 619
5 294

815 326
:
:
:
:
:
:

5 695
2 681
3
2 684
0
2 649
362

4 005
:
:
:
:
:
:

68

Table B.2.5
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE R&D PERSONNEL 
BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
Full time equivalent

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

9 684 O
1 191 O
30 O
6 486 O
49 O
767 O
1 161 O

4 278 O
161 O
4 O
3 009 O
187 O
176 O
741 O

4 009 O
183 O
30 O
2 892 O
104 O
95 O
705 O

3 700 O
164 O
42 O
2 391 O
77 O
241 O
785 O

3 322 O
265 O
30 O
1 821 O
164 O
141 O
901 O

3 402 O
43 O
34 O
2 092 O
53 O
101 O
1 079 O

2 443 O
151 O
5 O
1 586 O
36 O
53 O
612 O

BULGARIA

AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY

MINING  

MANUFACTURING

ELECTRICITY, GAS & WATER SUPPLY

CONSTRUCTION

SERVICES SECTOR     

CYPRUS

AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY

MINING  

MANUFACTURING

ELECTRICITY, GAS & WATER SUPPLY

CONSTRUCTION

SERVICES SECTOR     

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

51
3
3
37
0
0
8

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

CZECH REPUBLIC

39 063 H 27 253 H

23 114 H

AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY

MINING  

MANUFACTURING

ELECTRICITY, GAS & WATER SUPPLY

CONSTRUCTION

SERVICES SECTOR     

HUNGARY

AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY

MINING  

MANUFACTURING

ELECTRICITY, GAS & WATER SUPPLY

CONSTRUCTION

SERVICES SECTOR     

LITHUANIA

AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY

MINING  

MANUFACTURING

ELECTRICITY, GAS & WATER SUPPLY

CONSTRUCTION

SERVICES SECTOR     

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

8 017
1 838
54
4 178
318
85
1 544

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

7 782
1 864
6
5 036
267
49
560

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

H         FTE includes R&D activities but also other activities non R&D related. 
O         Overestimated data.

69

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

11 346  |
37
43
7 812
10
93
3 351

6 792
1 613
8
4 492
194
63
422

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

11 167
127
17
7 637
3
125
3 258

6 112
1 235
4
4 133
227
70
443

325
0
0
259
0
0
66

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

11 464
99
17
7 793
4
112
3 439

6 545
1 075
4
4 545
254
7
660

297
0
0
136
0
0
161

77
10
0
49
0
0
18

11 287
130
17
7 776
2
119
3 243

5 593
326
0
4 356
121
18
772

382
0
0
267
0
0
115

135
11
0
63
0
0
61

12 283
118
15
7 963
13
116
4 058

5 899
195
3
4 386
198
16
1 101

399
0
0
288
0
0
111

Table B.2.5
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE R&D PERSONNEL 
BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
Full time equivalent

(CONTINUED)

POLAND

AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY

MINING  

MANUFACTURING

ELECTRICITY, GAS & WATER SUPPLY

CONSTRUCTION

SERVICES SECTOR     

ROMANIA

AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY

MINING  

MANUFACTURING

ELECTRICITY, GAS & WATER SUPPLY

CONSTRUCTION

SERVICES SECTOR     

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY

MINING  

MANUFACTURING

ELECTRICITY, GAS & WATER SUPPLY

CONSTRUCTION

SERVICES SECTOR     

SLOVENIA

AGRICULTURE, HUNTING & FORESTRY

MINING  

MANUFACTURING

ELECTRICITY, GAS & WATER SUPPLY

CONSTRUCTION

SERVICES SECTOR     

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

55 182
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

3 254 O
23 O
0
1 875 O
0
42 O
1 314 O

25 531
557
1 805
18 811
226
1 054
3 078

46 751
:
:
:
:
:
:

26 282
517
1 352
20 495
253
794
2 871

44 782
6 933
2 422
26 540
3 130
889
4 868

23 536
543
1 501
17 090
253
682
3 467

42 598
6 773
2 359
26 051
2 663
918
3 834

5 695 F

4 859 F

5 295 F

:
:
2 688
0
26
2 971

4 005
62
51
3 156
0
30
706

:
0
2 637
0
:
2 173

3 916
64
41
3 185
0
63
563

:
0
2 591
:
25
2 581

3 718
40
38
3 079
4
54
503

23 181
524
1 463
17 045
350
622
3 177

39 569
7 117
1 672
25 337
1 980
710
2 753

7 408 F
86
:
2 161
:
22
5 086

3 775
15
34
2 929
0
0
797

21 914
438
1 264
16 653
384
540
2 635

36 141
5 849
1 382
23 732
2 396
552
2 230

6 708 F
929  |
:

3 264  |

:
77  |
1 784  |

4 000
11
38
3 169
0
0
782

20 314
432
1 239
15 197
335
521
2 590

32 013
3 912
1 104
23 297
1 406
512
1 782

5 692
1 119
:
2 478
:
39
1 422

4 184
12
39
3 257
0
0
876

F         Total data are not equal to the sum of breakdown due to data protection.
O         Overestimated data.

70

Table B.3.1
GOVERNMENT R&D PERSONNEL 
BY OCCUPATION
Head count

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BULGARIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

CYPRUS

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

CZECH REPUBLIC

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

ESTONIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

HUNGARY

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

LATVIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

LITHUANIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

POLAND

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

ROMANIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

13 409
8 080
3 612
1 717

602
156
246
200

12 263
6 625
3 371
2 267

1 280
765
206
309

8 871
4 832
2 257
1 782

1 720
971
220
529

5 819
2 934
1 477
1 408

23 238
12 811
5 843
4 584

10 646
6 741
2 293
1 612

11 544
7 577
2 594
1 373

634
160
231
243

11 638
6 393
2 877
2 368

1 199
758
168
273

9 995
5 090
2 463
2 442

1 588
899
232
457

5 572
2 836
1 278
1 458

22 230
12 179
5 388
4 663

8 931
5 855
1 711
1 365

19 359
12 560
3 669
3 130

19 863
12 842
3 881
3 140

15 262
8 177
5 060
2 025

14 974
7 795
5 163
2 016

16 695
8 876
5 555
2 264

12 990
8 178
3 276
1 536

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

3 530
2 153  |
433
944

9 329
4 895
2 804
1 630

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

3 827
2 054
522
1 251

8 501
4 634
2 114
1 753

3 320
1 815
643
862

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

16 737
9 968
3 172
3 597

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

11 268
4 966
:
:

12 557
5 977
3 389
3 191

14 113
7 168
3 584
3 361

13 202
6 886
3 398
2 918

3 088
1 769
552
767

7 589
4 075
1 913
1 601

2 644
1 579
372
693

:
:
:
:

24 519
12 336
6 515
5 668

14 294
8 623
2 682
2 989

2 590
1 565
371
654

8 126
4 392
1 972
1 762

2 377
1 478
307
592

6 233
3 014
1 607
1 612

24 260
12 332
6 436
5 492

13 894
7 599
2 814
3 481

1 493
893
235
365

8 133
4 395
1 975
1 763

1 994
1 225
287
482

6 024
3 034
1 451
1 539

23 414
13 600
5 919
3 895

10 701
6 472
2 084
2 145

3 931
2 056
642
1 233

8 013
4 418
2 014
1 581

2 723
1 538
473
712

:
:
:
:

24 567
12 293
6 639
5 635

14 827
8 922
2 846
3 059

71

Table B.3.1
GOVERNMENT R&D PERSONNEL 
BY OCCUPATION
Head count

(CONTINUED)

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

:
109 000
:
:

:
102 800
:
:

289 424
143 685
31 706
114 033

282 166
146 342
27 178
108 646

270 696
141 083
24 898
104 715

266970
137659
25486
103825

255147
130939
25793
98415

258639
131267
24787
102585

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

SLOVENIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

:
:
:
:

3 683
1 771
1 025
887

:
:
:
:

3 067  |
1 735  |
561  |
771  |

8 402
4 534
2 285
1 583

3 203
1 821
625
757

7 819
4 200
2 196
1 423

3 046
1 756
599
691

7 849
4 437
2 210
1 202

3 182
1 669
762
751

4 383
2 732
1 124
527

3 400
1 864
717
819

4 725
2 815
1 256
654

3 318
1 934
663
721

4 586
2 720
1 159
707

3 230
1 963
631
636

72

Table B.3.2
GOVERNMENT R&D PERSONNEL 
BY OCCUPATION
Full time equivalent

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

17 998 O
11 757
3 101
3 140 N

13 726 O
7 243
4 458
2 025 N

13 802 O
7 198
4 588
2 016 N

15 272 O
8 007
5 001
2 264 N

11 861 O
7 425
2 900
1 536 N

12 518 O
7 501
3 300
1 717 N

10 728 O
7 060
2 295
1 373 N

BULGARIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

CYPRUS

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

CZECH REPUBLIC

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

ESTONIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

HUNGARY

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

LATVIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

LITHUANIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

POLAND

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

:
:
:
:

307
116
145
46

:
:
:
:

19 448 H
8 329 H
:
:

10 799 H
4 656 H
:
:

:
1 971

433 N
:

:
1 942

522 N
:

7 295
3 833
2 034
1 428

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:

7 120 *

:
:

6 816
3 769
1 527
1 520

2 840
1 589
520
731

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

11 268 H
4 966 H
:
:

:
1 829

642 N
:

6 615
3 833
1 500
1 282

2 381
1 344
386
651

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

7 643  |
4 315  |
2 076
1 252

2 802 O
1 483

552 N
767 N

6 483
3 529
1 542
1 412

2 283
1 349
303
631

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

7 906
4 574
2 071
1 261

2 177
1 339
296
542

7 106
3 925
1 661
1 520

2 112
1 302
267
543

5 978
2 915
1 495
1 568

:
:
:
:

7 751
4 597
2 034
1 120

1 215
699
197
319

7 003
3 911
1 605
1 487

1 694
1 031
247
416

5 800
3 004
1 387
1 409

346.5
81.7
132.9
131.9

7 390
4 596
1 922
872

1 069
632
168
269

7 161
4 289
1 839
1 033

1 490
821
187
482

5 761
2 949
1 407
1 405

373.8
82.7
132.1
159.0

6 963
4 281
1 757
925

1 005
620
141
244

7 978
4 550
2 034
1 394

1 355
752
185
418

5 528
2 838
1 240
1 450

20 964
10 751
5 653
4 560

21 687
11 244
5 773
4 670

20 744
10 954
5 534
4 256

19 645
11 717
4 837
3 091

20 102
11 570
5 040
3 492

19 085
10 811
4 689
3 585

H         FTE includes R&D activities but also other activities non R&D related. 
N         Personnel are not expressed in FTE, only in head count.
O         Overestimated data.
*          Data do not exactly correspond to international standard (Frascati Manual). 

73

Table B.3.2
GOVERNMENT R&D PERSONNEL 
BY OCCUPATION
Full time equivalent

(CONTINUED)

ROMANIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

SLOVENIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

16 438
9 828
3 095
3 515

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

2 802 O
1 477

561 N
764 N

14 218
8 690
2 754
2 774

315 379
156 934
34 020
124 425

7 276
3 903
2 013
1 360

2 894
1 604
579
711

13 808
8 431
2 674
2 703

306 222
157 784
30 099
118 339

6 780
3 654
1 947
1 179

2 796
1 607
523
666

13 755
7 496
2 795
3 464

291 330
151 777
26 932
112 621

6 797
3 851
1 892
1 054

3 059
1 581
712
766

10 549
6 356
2 072
2 121

290 259
152 161
26 637
111 461

3 916
2 468
996
452

2 647
1 400
473
774

10 487
6 592
2 292
1 603

279 069
147 333
27 231
104 505

4239
2 557
1 108
574

2 670
1 500
495
675

8 763
5 703
1 707
1 353

278 443
143 519
25 999
108 925

4094
2 428
1 049
617

2 620
1 510
469
641

N         Personnel are not expressed in FTE, only in head count.
O         Overestimated data.

74

Table B.3.3
GOVERNMENT R&D PERSONNEL 
BY FORMAL QUALIFICATION
Head count

BULGARIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

CYPRUS

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

CZECH REPUBLIC

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

ESTONIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

HUNGARY

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

LATVIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

19 359
:
:
:
:
:
:

19 863
:
:
14 202
780
4 881
:

15 262
:
:
10 781
290
4 191
:

14 974
:
:
10 391
312
4 271
:

16 695
:
:
11 495
566
4 634
:

12 990
:
:
9 258
1 591
2 141
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

12 557
3 031
3 565
6 596
:
3 526
2 435

3 088
803
1 377
2 180
309
484
115

7 589
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 644
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

14 113
3 499
4 294
7 793
:
3 904
2 416

2 590
716
1 147
1 863
268
363
96

8 126
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 377
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

13 202
3 426
4 005
7 431
:
3 654
2 117

1 493
357
698
1 055
164
215
59

8 133
:
:
:
:
:
:

1 994
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

3530
:
:
:
:
:
:

9 329
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

3 827
873
1 554
2 427
455
752
193

8 501
:
:
:
:
:
:

3 320
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

11 268
2 746
2 220
4 966
:
2 507
3 795

3 931
905
1 634
2 539
460
726
206

8 013
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 723
:
:
:
:
:
:

75

13 409
:
:
9 191
1 915
2 303
:

602
68
146
214
40
239
109

12 263
3 139
3 912
7 051
450
3 471
1 291

1 280
313
610
923
120
184
53

8 871
:
:
:
:
:
:

1 720
:
:
:
:
:
:

11 544
:
:
8 196
1 581
1 767
:

634
63
150
213
33
273
115

11 638
3 056
3 803
6 859
244
3 403
1 132

1 199
301
588
889
102
164
44

9 995
:
:
:
:
:
:

1 588
:
:
:
:
:
:

Table B.3.3
GOVERNMENT R&D PERSONNEL 
BY FORMAL QUALIFICATION
Head count

(CONTINUED)

LITHUANIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

POLAND

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

ROMANIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

SLOVENIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

b        Including other post-secondary. 

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

24 567
6 329
8 203
14 532
:

24 519
6 523
8 115
14 638
:

7 146 b
2 889

7 015 b
2 866

6 233
1 770
2 369
4 139
729
915
450

24 260
6 760
7 944
14 704
:

6 846 b
2 710

6 024
1 714
2 361
4 075
737
846
366

23 414
6 551
7 775
14 326
:

6 739 b
2 349

5 819
1 683
2 320
4 003
685
851
280

23 238
6 662
7 801
14 463

5 572
1 637
2 168
3 805
670
791
306

22 230
6 534
7 174
13 708

6 829 b
1 946

6 648 b
1 874

16 737
:
:
10 412
1 171
3 625
1 529

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

14 294
2 078
7 499
9 577
1 163
2 703
851

282 166
:
:
:
:
:
:

7 819
4 378
7
4 385
0
3 065
369

3 046
568
1 390
1 958
191
614
283

13 894
1 855
6 707
8 562
1 005
3 231
1 096

270 696
:
:
:
:
:
:

7 849
4 630
21
4 651
0
2 847
351

3 182
571
1 360
1 931
204
768
279

10 701
1 749
5 278
7 027
747
2 256
671

266 970
60 419
109 779
170 198
37 478
59 294
0

4 383
2 868
14
2 882
0
1 363
138

3 400
658
1 516
2 174
279
692
255

10 646
1 715
5 394
7 109
712
2 095
730

255 147
58 762
103 166
161 928
35 850
57 369
0

4 725
2 953
5
2 958
0
1 547
220

3 318
756
1 534
2 290
213
627
188

8 931
1 834
4 220
6 054
627
1 766
484

258 639
59 144
104 401
163 545
37 851
57 243
0

4 586
2 886
3
2 889
0
1 514
183

3 230
819
1 474
2 293
214
557
166

14 827
:
:
9 584
973
3 160
1 110

289 424
:
:
:
:
:
:

8 402
4 740
10
4 750
0
3 196
456

3 203
574
1 465
2 039
270
612
282

76

3 683
345
1 491
1 836
263
1 090
494

3 067 |
536 |
1 419 |
1 955 |
248 |
582 |
282 |

Table B.3.4
GOVERNMENT R&D PERSONNEL 
BY FORMAL QUALIFICATION
Full time equivalent

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

17 998 O

13 726 O

13 802 O

15 272 O

11 861 O

12 518 O

10 728 O

:
:

13 009 O
623 O
4 366 O
:

:
:
9 532 O
234 O
3 960 O
:

:
:
9 492 O
261 O
4 049 O
:

:
:

10 396 O
462 O
4 414 O
:

:
:
8 397 O
1 371 O
2 093 O
:

:
:
8 544 O
1 698 O
2 276 O
:

:
:
7 617 O
1 374 O
1 375 O
:

BULGARIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

CYPRUS

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

307
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

CZECH REPUBLIC

19 448 H

10 799 H

11 268 H

7 643  |

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

ESTONIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

HUNGARY

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

LATVIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

7 295
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

6 816
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 840
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

6 615
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 381
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:

2 802 O
674
1220
1894
309
484
115

6 483
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 283
:
:
:
:
:
:

H         FTE includes R&D activities but also other activities non R&D related. 
O         Overestimated data.

77

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

7 906
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 177
618
966
1 584
220
298
75

7 106
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 112
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

7 751
2 388
2 437
4 825
:
2 010
916

1 215
280
559
839
140
186
50

7 003
:
:
:
:
:
:

1 694
:
:
:
:
:
:

346.5
43.3
63.5
106.8
6.2
149.2
84.3

7 390
2 291
2 433
4 724
243
1 930
493

1 069
260
510
770
101
154
44

7 161
:
:
:
:
:
:

1 490
:
:
:
:
:
:

373.8
38.9
66.2
105.1
6.1
181.2
81.4

6 963
2 176
2 292
4 468
151
1 912
432

1 005
249
485
734
89
143
39

7 978
:
:
:
:
:
:

1 355
:
:
:
:
:
:

Table B.3.4
GOVERNMENT R&D PERSONNEL 
BY FORMAL QUALIFICATION
Full time equivalent

(CONTINUED)

LITHUANIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

POLAND

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

ROMANIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

SLOVENIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

O         Overestimated data.

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

21 687
:
:
:
:
:
:

13 808
2 034
7 092
9 126
1 161
2 670
851

306 222
:
:
:
:
:
:

6 780
3 866
5
3 871
0
2 601
308

2 796
:
:
:
:
:
:

5 978
:
:
:
:
:
:

20 744
:
:
:
:
:
:

13 755
1 811
6 647
8 458
1 003
3 198
1 096

5 800
:
:
:
:
:
:

19 646
:
:
:
:
:
:

10 549
1 665
5 272
6 937
713
2 238
661

5 761
:
:
:
:
:
:

20 102
:
:
:
:
:
:

10 487
1 620
5 341
6 961
712
2 092
722

5 528
:
:
:
:
:
:

19 085
:
:
:
:
:
:

8 763
1 748
4 150
5 898
624
1 762
479

291 330
:
:
:
:
:
:

290 259
:
:
:
:
:
:

279 069
:
:
:
:
:
:

278 443
:
:
:
:
:
:

6 797
3 982
16
3 998
0
2 499
300

3 059
:
:
:
:
:
:

3 916
2 582
13
2 595
0
1 207
114

2 647
575
1 115
1 690
188
516
253

4 239
2 679
4
2 683
0
1 362
194

2 670
682
1 137
1 819
160
505
186

4 094
2 568
2
2 570
0
1 363
161

2 620
736
1 100
1 836
148
468
168

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

16 438
:
:
10 148
1 169
3 592
1 529

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 802 O
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

20 964
:
:
:
:
:
:

14 218
:
:
9 010
971
3 127
1 110

315 379
:
:
:
:
:
:

7 276
4 177
9
4 186
0
2 703
387

2 894
:
:
:
:
:
:

78

Table B.4.1
HIGHER EDUCATION R&D PERSONNEL 
BY OCCUPATION
Head count

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

21 926
15 919
3 039
2 968

23 265
17 866
3 688
1 711

11 579
7 998
2 943
638

11 214
7 598
2 901
715

10 800
7 481
2 879
440

BULGARIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

CYPRUS

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

CZECH REPUBLIC

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

ESTONIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

HUNGARY

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

LATVIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

LITHUANIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

POLAND

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

ROMANIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

4 821
3 989
673
159

:
:
:
:

13 505
9 940
2 126
1 439

4 339
3 294
336
709

22 434
13 469
3 997
4 968

3 416
2 298
749
369

8 729
6 772
993
964

74 765
58 919
9 879
5 967

5 627
3 868
876
883

4 449
3 808
536
105

300
246
17
37

13 730
9 632
2 671
1 427

4 475
3 210
558
707

24 750
14 884
4 433
5 433

3 829
2 558
742
529

9 144
7 509
685
950

76 177
60 363
9 284
6 530

7 844
4 299
491
3 054

4 020
3 244
687
89

321
278
8
35

14 169
9 980
2 713
1 476

4 220
3 134
543
543

24 411
15 456
3 950
5 005

4 149
3 002
665
482

9 235
7 679
687
869

77 376
61 604
9 071
6 701

5 587
4 358
502
727

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

5 026 I
2 952
138
1 936 I

22 296
14 295
3 719
4 282

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

4 979 I
2 942
169
1 868 I

22 029
13 874
3 853
4 302

2 979
1 868
897
214

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

3 229
2 597
276
356

:
:
:
:

11 984
8 667
1 970
1 347

3 325  |
2 734
173
418  |

20 699
12 665
3 792
4 242

3 285
2 067
934
284

:
:
:
:

64 647
50 564
9 185
4 898

3 400
2 740
365
295

:
:
:
:

13 190
9 528
2 252
1 410

3 378
2 781
166
431

20 085
12 249
3 768
4 068

2 932
1 874
753
305

9 213
6 757
1 172
1 284

72 459
56 654
10 022
5 783

4 952
3 489
520
943

:
:
:
:

3 397
1 731
:
:

5 169 I
3 023
206
1 940 I

21 765
13 897
3 631
4 237

3 173
1 961
860
352

:
:
:
:

60 349
46 788
9 174
4 387

2 683
2 116
256
311

79

I          Including personnel not directly involved in R&D.

Table B.4.1
HIGHER EDUCATION R&D PERSONNEL 
BY OCCUPATION
Head count

(CONTINUED)

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

SLOVENIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

:
52 100
:
:

:
:
:
:

4 343
1 904
1 515
924

:
40 000
:
:

:
:
:
:

3 840  |
1 950  |
778  |
1 112  |

56 818
38 190
4 385
14 243

9 260
8 480
670
110

4 435
2 474
770
1 191

52 065
35 508
4 010
12 547

9 972
9 069
789
114

4 746
2 651
782
1 313

48 684
33 172
3 729
11 783

9 578
8 719
740
119

5 099
2 909
797
1 393

45837
31653
3673
10511

11 305
9 932
1 193
180

3 564
2 499
383
682

41164
28320
3330
9514

12 066
10 893
1 047
126

3 756
2 718
401
637

40781
28175
3559
9047

10 912
9 750
1 007
155

4 026
2 918
425
683

80

Table B.4.2
HIGHER EDUCATION R&D PERSONNEL 
BY OCCUPATION
Full time equivalent

BULGARIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

CYPRUS

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

CZECH REPUBLIC

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

ESTONIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

HUNGARY

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

LATVIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

LITHUANIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

POLAND

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

ROMANIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

:
:
:
:

2
1
1
0

1 781 H
1 190 H
:
:

:
1 925

138 N
:

7 917
4 754
1 565
1 598

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:

15 210 *

:
:

:
:
:
:

13 924 O
10 364
1 849
1 711 N

5 699 O
3 460
1 601

638 N

7 208 O
4 905
1 588

715 N

6 967 O
4 847
1 680

440 N

3 308 O
2 654
495
159 N

3 081 O
2 576
400
105 N

2 855 O
2 212
554
89 N

:
:
:
:

2 741 H
1 388 H
:
:

:
1 870

169 N
:

7 776
4 546
1 660
1 570

1 771
1 278
325
168

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

1 991
1 409
254
328

:
:
:
:

3 397 H
1 731 H
:
:

:
1 415

206 N
:

7 611
4 589
1 504
1 518

2 025
1 289
482
254

:
:
:
:

32 745
26 053
4 974
1 718

1 755
1 220
249
286

:
:
:
:

3 689  |
2 685  |
665
339

2 217 O
1 626

173 N
418 N

6 310
4 044
1 149
1 117

2 169
1 374
585
210

:
:
:
:

35 621
28 026
5 287
2 308

2 349
1 804
252
293

:
:
:
:

4 404
3 505
601
298

2 209
1 669
153
387

6 558
3 857
1 229
1 472

1 953
1 218
471
264

6 192
4 479
778
935

39 046
31 133
5 717
2 196

3 554
2 464
440
650

:
:
:
:

3 981
2 848
772
361

3 043
2 185
295
563

7 210
4 194
1 222
1 794

2 143
1 344
511
288

6 020
4 646
729
645

40 977
32 846
5 444
2 687

4 318
2 736
799
783

115
104
5
6

4 026
2 884
812
330

3 077
2 044
489
544

7 561
4 398
1 281
1 882

2 439
1 530
495
414

6 659
5 367
635
657

42 478
34 425
5 162
2 891

5 826
2 403
404
3 019

126
119
1
6

4 736
3 380
1 009
347

2 907
1 991
486
430

7 452
4 768
1 104
1 580

2 483
1 682
448
353

6 827
5 556
632
639

42 948
35 284
4 915
2 749

3 315
2 334
369
612

H          FTE includes R&D activities but also other activities non R&D related. 
N          Personnel are not expressed in FTE, only in head count.
O          Overestimated data.
*          Data do not exactly correspond to international standard (Frascati Manual). 

81

Table B.4.2
HIGHER EDUCATION R&D PERSONNEL 
BY OCCUPATION
Full time equivalent

(CONTINUED)

RUSSIAN FEDERATION
RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

SLOVAK REPUBLIC
RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

SLOVENIA

RESEARCHERS

TECHNICIANS

OTHER

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

2 725 O
1 139 O
778 N
808 N

133 170
97 738
11 290
24 142

116 404
84 030
8 811
23 563

106 344
78 245
7 545
20 554

102 627
75 237
7 970
19 420

4 285
3 698
510
77

2 898 O
1 683 O
508
707

4 543
3 954
523
66

3 022 O
1 757 O
511
754

4 521
3 900
540
81

1 969
1 411
246
312

5 041
4 138
776
127

1 443
1 142
98
203

96 507
70 672
7 945
17 890

5 514
4 685
746
83

1 516
1 232
89
195

102 037
72 721
8 145
21 170

5 063
4 254
715
94

1 606
1 304
94
208

N          Personnel are not expressed in FTE, only in head count.
O          Overestimated data.

82

Table B.4.3
HIGHER EDUCATION R&D PERSONNEL 
BY FORMAL QUALIFICATION
Head count

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BULGARIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

CYPRUS

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

CZECH REPUBLIC

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

ESTONIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

HUNGARY

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

LATVIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

4 821
:
:
4 375
177
269
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

13 505
5 590
5 276
10 866
:
2 021
618

4 339
1 623
2 040
3 663
243
371
62

22 434
:
:
:
:
:
:

3 416
:
:
:
:
:
:

4 449
:
:
4 011
206
232
:

300
207
68
275
10
15
0

13 730
5 088
5 901
10 989
298
1 910
533

4 475
1 563
2 221
3 784
207
417
67

24 750
:
:
:
:
:
:

3 829
:
:
:
:
:
:

4 020
:
:
3 566
262
192
:

321
214
77
291
5
25
0

14 169
5 755
5 460
11 215
164
2 313
477

4 220
1 562
2 044
3 606
205
351
58

24 411
:
:
:
:
:
:

4 149
:
:
:
:
:
:

21 926
:
:
:
:
:
:

23 265
:
:
18 333
1 568
3 364
:

11 579
:
:
8 943
1 291
1 345
:

11 214
:
:
8 566
1 361
1 287
:

10 800
:
:
8 508
1 296
996
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

5 026 I
:
:
:
:
:
:

22 296
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

4 979 I
1 412
2 280
3 692
887
108
292

22 029
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 979
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

11 984
4 587
5 089
9 676
:
1 763
545

3 325  |
1 344
1 589
2 933
152
228
12

20 699
:
:
:
:
:
:

3 285
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

13 190
4 316
6 402
10 718
:
1 815
657

3 378
1 307
1 681
2 988
161
218
11

20 085
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 932
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

3 397
1 115
616
1 731
:
187
1 479

5 169 I
1 463
2 386
3 849
285
699
336

21 765
:
:
:
:
:
:

3 173
:
:
:
:
:
:

83

I         Including personnel, not directly involved in R&D.

Table B.4.3
HIGHER EDUCATION R&D PERSONNEL 
BY FORMAL QUALIFICATION
Head count

(CONTINUED)

LITHUANIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

POLAND

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

ROMANIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

SLOVENIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

b         Including other post-secondary. 

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

3 229
:
:
2 481
55
486
207

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

4 343
1 195
1 827
3 022
250
786
285

3 840  |
1 130  |
1 564  |
2 694  |
309  |
527  |
310  |

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

60 349
28 777
22 386
51 163
:

64 647
31 244
23 800
55 044
:

9 213
3 609
4 495
8 104
422
505
182

72 459
35 865
26 118
61 983
:

8 729
3 402
4 478
7 880
314
419
116

74 765
37 393
26 824
64 217
:

9 144
3 541
4 946
8 487
238
298
121

76 177
38 225
27 373
65 598

9 235
3 684
4 830
8 514
295
291
135

77 376
39 844
27 208
67 052

7 003 b
2 183

7 311 b
2 292

8 108 b
2 368

8 442 b
2 106

7 927 b
2 652

8 373 b
1 951

3 400
1 129
1 642
2 771
33
257
339

52 065
:
:
:
:
:
:

9 972
9 412
26
9 438
0
527
7

4 746
1 461
1 879
3 340
409
647
350

4 952
1 478
2 703
4 181
74
478
219

48 684
:
:
:
:
:
:

9 578
8 942
21
8 963
0
612
3

5 099
1 616
1 982
3 598
413
691
397

5 627
1 599
3 033
4 632
282
395
318

45 837
13 120
23 105
36 225
4 778
4 834
0

11 305
10 343
4
10 347
0
939
19

3 564
1 374
1 469
2 843
215
374
132

7 844
3 150
3 533
6 683
179
817
165

41 164
12 351
20 144
32 495
4 452
4 217
0

12 066
11 161
7
11 168
0
857
41

3 756
1 548
1 500
3 048
218
367
123

5 587
2 223
2 593
4 816
109
612
50

40 781
12 045
20 481
32 526
4 535
3 720
0

10 912
9 976
2
9 978
0
915
19

4 026
1 659
1 631
3 290
226
407
103

2 683
:
:
1 982
49
496
156

56 818
:
:
:
:
:
:

9 260
8 632
43
8 675
0
573
12

4 435
1 307
1 907
3 214
344
586
291

84

Table B.4.4
HIGHER EDUCATION R&D PERSONNEL 
BY FORMAL QUALIFICATION
Full time equivalent

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BULGARIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

CYPRUS

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

CZECH REPUBLIC

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

ESTONIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

HUNGARY

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

LATVIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

2
:
:
:
:
:
:

13 924 O

:
:

10 633 O
786 O
2 505 O
:

5 699 O
:
:
4 094 O
534 O
1 071 O
:

7 208 O
:
:
5 567 O
577 O
1 064 O
:

6 967 O
:
:
5 664 O
522 O
781 O
:

3 308 O
:
:
2 949 O
121 O
238 O
:

3 081 O
:
:
2 735 O
138 O
208 O
:

2 855 O
:
:
2 496 O
189 O
170 O
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

1 781 H
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 741 H
:
:
:
:
:
:

3 397 H
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

7 917
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

7 776
:
:
:
:
:
:

1 771
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

7 611
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 025
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

3 689  |

:
:
:
:
:
:

2 217 O
800
1025
1825
152
228
12

6 310
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 169
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

4 404
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 209
785
1 070
1 855
148
196
10

6 558
:
:
:
:
:
:

1 953
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

3 981
1 697
1 486
3 183
:
596
202

3 043
1 090
1 407
2 497
199
301
46

7 210
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 143
:
:
:
:
:
:

115
88
24
112
1
2
0

4 026
1 558
1 692
3 250
78
568
130

3 077
1 015
1 517
2 532
158
340
47

7 561
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 439
:
:
:
:
:
:

126
90
31
121
1
4
0

4 736
2 005
1 783
3 788
59
779
110

2 907
1 006
1 398
2 404
164
295
44

7 452
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 483
:
:
:
:
:
:

H         FTE includes R&D activities but also other activities non R&D related. 
O         Overestimated data.

85

Table B.4.4
HIGHER EDUCATION R&D PERSONNEL 
BY FORMAL QUALIFICATION
Full time equivalent

(CONTINUED)

LITHUANIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

POLAND

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

ROMANIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

SLOVENIA

UNIVERSITY PhD DEGREES

OTHER UNIVERSITY DEGREES

SUBTOTAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES

OTHER POST SECONDARY

SECONDARY 

OTHER          

O         Overestimated data.

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

35 621
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 349
660
1 226
1 886
15
164
284

116 404
:
:
:
:
:
:

6 192
:
:
:
:
:
:

39 046
:
:
:
:
:
:

3 554
1 009
1 940
2 949
56
385
164

6 020
:
:
:
:
:
:

40 977
:
:
:
:
:
:

4 318
1 024
2 434
3 458
246
338
276

106 344
:
:
:
:
:
:

102 627
:
:
:
:
:
:

4 543
4 091
6
4 097
0
442
4

3 022 O
:
:
:
:
:
:

4 521
4 044
4
4 048
0
472
1

1 969
:
:
:
:
:
:

5 041
4 323
2
4 325
0
701
15

1 441
444
822
1 266
51
96
28

6 659
:
:
:
:
:
:

42 478
:
:
:
:
:
:

5 826
2 305
2 542
4 847
91
751
137

96 507
:
:
:
:
:
:

5 514
4 818
3
4 821
0
662
31

1 516
478
867
1 345
54
86
31

6 827
:
:
:
:
:
:

42 948
:
:
:
:
:
:

3 315
1 225
1 502
2 727
98
444
46

102 037
:
:
:
:
:
:

5 063
4 397
1
4 398
0
651
14

1 606
545
883
1 428
52
102
24

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

1 991
:
:
1 409
37
393
152

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

2 725 O
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

32 745
:
:
:
:
:
:

1 755
:
:
1 220
31
403
101

133 170
:
:
:
:
:
:

4 285
3 750
23
3 773
0
510
2

2 898 O
:
:
:
:
:
:

86

Table C.1
INNOVATIVE ENTERPRISES IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR 
BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
In number and in percent

TOTAL 
SURVEY 
POPULA-     

TION

REALISED 
SAMPLE

L
A
T
O
T

INNOVATIVE ENTERPRISES

SHARE OF INNOVATIVE 
ENTERPRISES

D
N
A
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
H
T
O
B

S
S
E
C
O
R
P

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

T
C
U
D
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

S
S
E
C
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

D
N
A
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
H
T
O
B

S
S
E
C
O
R
P

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

T
C
U
D
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

S
S
E
C
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

NUMBER

PERCENT

LATVIA (Year: 1996:1998)

MANUFACTURE OF FOOD PRODUCTS AND BEVERAGES 

MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILES 

MANUFACTURE OF WEARING APPAREL:DRESSING AND DYEING OF 
FUR

MANUFACTURE OF LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF WOOD AND WOODEN PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF PULP, PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS

PUBLISHING, PRINTING AND REPRODUCTION OF RECORDED MEDIA

MANUFACTURE OF COKE, REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND 
NUCLEAR FUEL

MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS & CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF RUBBER AND PLASTIC PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER NON-METAL MINERAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF BASIC METALS

MANUFACTURE OF FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS, EXCEPT 
MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT  N.E.C.

MANUFACTURE OF OFFICE MACHINERY AND COMPUTERS

MANUFACTURE  OF ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND APPARATUS  N.E.C.

MANUFACTURE  OF RADIO, TELEVISON AND COMMUNICATION 
EQUIPMENT AND APPARATUS

MANUFACTURE  OF MEDICAL, PRECISION AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS, 
WATCHES AND CLOCKS

MANUFACTURE OF  MOTOR VEHICLES, TRAILERS AND SEMI-TRAILORS

MANUFACTURE  OF OTHER TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF FURNITURE; N.E.C.

RECYCLING

LITHUANIA (Year: 1997:1998)

MANUFACTURE OF FOOD PRODUCTS AND BEVERAGES

MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILES 

875
226
2
30

57
16
168
18

65

1
25
23
31
3

53
42
4

16

13

7

4
17
44
10

321
60
2
13

21
7
53
8

24

1
12
9
14
3

23
15
4

7

7

4

2
7
19
6

153
35
3
6

10
0
20
2

5

1
9
3
4
3

16
13
3

4

2

0

1
3
10
0

120
29
2
6

7
0
16
1

3

1
8
2
4
2

12
9
2

4

2

0

1
2
7
0

19
5
1
0

1
0
3
1

0

0
0
1
0
0

1
3
1

0

0

0

0
0
2
0

1 500
353
1
87

825
173
0
49

559
137
0
37

413
100
0
26

109
29
0
7

MANUFACTURE OF WEARING APPAREL: DRESSING                                                                                                                                                                   
AND DYEING OF FUR 

PUBLISHING, PRINTING AND REPRODUCTION OF RECORDED MEDIA

70

27

MANUFACTURE OF COKE, REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS                                                                                                
AND NUCLEAR FUEL

MANUFACTURE OF LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF WOOD AND WOODEN PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF PULP, PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS & CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF RUBBER AND PLASTIC PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER NON-METAL MINERAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF BASIC METALS

MANUFACTURE OF MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT  N.E.C.

169
30
185
12

2
39
52
85
10

100
65

47
6
39
7

29
5
30
5

17

1
29
19
41
6

12

1
23
16
30
3

33
22

26
16

94
14
108
10

1
28
27
54
5

60
37

87

6
1
4
1

2

0
6
3
9
2

7
6

MANUFACTURE OF FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS,                                                                                                                                                                              
EXCEPT MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT

14
1
0
0

2
0
1
0

2

0
1
0
0
1

3
1
0

0

0

0

0
1
1
0

37
8
0
4

12
0
5
1

3

0
0
0
2
1

0
0

79
83
67
100

70
0
80
50

60

100
89
67
100
67

75
69
67

100

100

0

100
67
70
0

74
73
0
70

62
83
77
71

71

100
79
84
73
50

79
73

12
14
33
0

10
0
15
50

0

0
0
33
0
0

6
23
33

0

0

0

0
0
20
0

19
21
0
19

13
17
10
14

12

0
21
16
22
33

21
27

9
3
0
0

20
0
5
0

40

0
11
0
0
33

19
8
0

0

0

0

0
33
10
0

7
6
0
11

26
0
13
14

18

0
0
0
5
17

0
0

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table C.1
INNOVATIVE ENTERPRISES IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR 
BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
In number and in percent

(CONTINUED)

TOTAL 
SURVEY 
POPULA-     

TION

REALISED 
SAMPLE

L
A
T
O
T

INNOVATIVE ENTERPRISES

SHARE OF INNOVATIVE 
ENTERPRISES

D
N
A
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
H
T
O
B

S
S
E
C
O
R
P

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

T
C
U
D
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

S
S
E
C
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

D
N
A
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
H
T
O
B

S
S
E
C
O
R
P

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

T
C
U
D
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

S
S
E
C
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

NUMBER

PERCENT

LITHUANIA (continued)

MANUFACTURE OF OFFICE MACHINERY AND COMPUTERS

3

2

3

MANUFACTURE  OF ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND APPARATUS  N.E.C.

9
MANUFACTURE OF RADIO, TELEVISION AND COMMUNICATION                                                                                                     
11
EQUIPMENT AND APPARATUS 
MANUFACTURE OF RADIO, TELEVISION AND COMMUNICATION                                                                                                     
16
EQUIPMENT AND APPARATUS 

22

15

17

12

26

14

MANUFACTURE OF WEARING APPAREL: DRESSING                                                                                                                                                                   
AND DYEING OF FUR 

MANUFACTURE OF  MOTOR VEHICLES, TRAILERS AND SEMI-TRAILORS

MANUFACTURE  OF OTHER TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF FURNITURE; N.E.C.

RECYCLING

POLAND (Year: 1997:1999)

MANUFACTURE OF FOOD AND BEVERAGES

MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILES

8
32
124
8

7 527
1 509
10
369

MANUFACTURE OF LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF WOOD AND WOODEN PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF PULP, PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS

PUBLISHING, PRINTING & REPRODUCTION OF RECORD MEDIA 

MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS & CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF RUBBER AND PLASTIC PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER NON-METAL MINERAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF BASIC METALS

911
230
330
122
227

19
259
288
487
144

7
14
69
5

6
7
66
0

6 338
1 286
7
320

2 283
452
4
94

1 452
290
3
67

722
187
280
102
172

14
210
243
417
121

44
32
57
35
22

10
154
113
129
67

9
117
68
70
46

MANUFACTURE OF COKE, REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS                                                                                                
AND NUCLEAR FUEL

MANUFACTURE OF FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS,                                                                                                                                                                              
EXCEPT MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT N.E.C.

MANUFACTURE OF OFFICE MACHINERY AND COMPUTERS

171
377
1
136
MANUFACTURE OF RADIO, TELEVISION AND COMMUNICATION                                                                                                     
45
EQUIPMENT AND APPARATUS 

MANUFACTURE OF ELECTRICAL MACHINERY & APPARATUS N.E.C.

457
713
7
215

537
800
11
242

113

88

MANUFACTURE OF MEDICAL, PRECISION & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS, 
WATCHES AND CLOCKS

MANUFACTURE OF MOTOR VEHICLES, TRAILERS & SEMI-TRAILERS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF  FURNITURE N.E.C.

RECYCLING

ROMANIA (Year: 1996:1997)

MANUFACTURE OF FOOD AND BEVERAGES

MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILES

112
164
137
482
24

2 298
637
14
287

99
141
115
406
16

1 320
287
10
155

65
72
56
146
1

733
112
3
79

MANUFACTURE OF WEARING APPAREL: DRESSING                                                                                                                                                                   
AND DYEING OF FUR 

MANUFACTURE OF LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS

110
57

59
32

26
12

88

2

7

10

13

5
5
49
0

25
22
30
20
14

106
218
1
91

32

44
54
34
90
1

610
112
3
79

26
12

1

1

1

3

1
2
17
0

626
106
1
21

12
9
12
5
4

1
30
41
42
8

42
134
0
40

13

20
17
17
51
0

69
12
1
10

0
1

0

1

0

0

0
0
0
0

205
56
0
6

7
1
15
10
4

0
7
4
17
13

23
25
0
5

0

1
1
5
5
0

54
13
0
6

6
1

67

78

91

81

83
71
74
0

64
64
75
71

57
69
53
57
64

90
76
60
54
69

62
58
100
67

71

68
75
61
62
100

83
78
67
80

77
83

33

11

9

19

17
29
26
0

27
24
25
22

27
28
21
14
18

10
19
36
33
12

25
36
0
29

29

31
24
30
35
0

9
11
33
13

0
8

0

11

0

0

0
0
0
0

9
12
0
6

16
3
26
29
18

0
5
4
13
19

13
7
0
4

0

2
1
9
3
0

7
12
0
8

23
8

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table C.1
INNOVATIVE ENTERPRISES IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR 
BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
In number and in percent

(CONTINUED)

TOTAL 
SURVEY 
POPULA-     

TION

REALISED 
SAMPLE

L
A
T
O
T

INNOVATIVE ENTERPRISES

SHARE OF INNOVATIVE 
ENTERPRISES

D
N
A
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
H
T
O
B

S
S
E
C
O
R
P

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

T
C
U
D
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

S
S
E
C
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

D
N
A
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
H
T
O
B

S
S
E
C
O
R
P

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

T
C
U
D
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

S
S
E
C
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

NUMBER

PERCENT

ROMANIA (continued)

MANUFACTURE OF WOOD AND WOODEN PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF PULP, PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS

PUBLISHING, PRINTING & REPRODUCTION OF RECORD MEDIA 

99
21
67

48
19
38

MANUFACTURE OF COKE, REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS                                                                                                
AND NUCLEAR FUEL

MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS & CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF RUBBER AND PLASTIC PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER NON-METAL MINERAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF BASIC METALS

14
86
49
140
63

9
66
33
85
49

22
13
6

9
51
26
50
34

22
13
6

9
51
26
50
34

MANUFACTURE OF FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS,                                                                                                                                                                              
EXCEPT MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT N.E.C.

MANUFACTURE OF OFFICE MACHINERY AND COMPUTERS

36
108
1
31
MANUFACTURE OF RADIO, TELEVISION AND COMMUNICATION                                                                                                     
10
EQUIPMENT AND APPARATUS 

MANUFACTURE OF ELECTRICAL MACHINERY & APPARATUS N.E.C.

68
155
3
32

109
213
4
41

15

17

MANUFACTURE OF MEDICAL, PRECISION & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS, 
WATCHES AND CLOCKS

MANUFACTURE OF MOTOR VEHICLES, TRAILERS & SEMI-TRAILERS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF  FURNITURE N.E.C.

RECYCLING

RUSSIAN FEDERATION (Year:1999)

MANUFACTURE OF FOOD AND BEVERAGES

MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILES

25
38
42
136
29

22 502
6 426
39
698

17
29
25
79
7

:
:
:
:

MANUFACTURE OF LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF WOOD AND WOODEN PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF PULP, PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS

PUBLISHING, PRINTING & REPRODUCTION OF RECORD MEDIA 

MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS & CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF RUBBER AND PLASTIC PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER NON-METAL MINERAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF BASIC METALS

1 618
419
1 192
197
1 750

121
686
433
2 263
365

MANUFACTURE OF COKE, REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS                                                                                                
AND NUCLEAR FUEL

MANUFACTURE OF WEARING APPAREL: DRESSING                                                                                                                                                                   
AND DYEING OF FUR 

36
94
1
29

10

14
24
13
40
1

29
14
19
15
41

14
27
16
46
1

58
31
39
32
82

3 233
618
12
60

1 495
298
6
30

50
293
84
174
134

20
127
37
83
61

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

89

MANUFACTURE OF FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS,                                                                                                                                                                              
EXCEPT MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT N.E.C.

MANUFACTURE OF OFFICE MACHINERY AND COMPUTERS

115
549
17
238
MANUFACTURE OF RADIO, TELEVISION AND COMMUNICATION                                                                                                     
111
EQUIPMENT AND APPARATUS 

958
1 814
54
684

MANUFACTURE OF ELECTRICAL MACHINERY & APPARATUS N.E.C.

:
:
:
:

290

:

52
247
7
108

53

40 1

3
2
:

0
5
1
6
3

4
13
:
1

0

0
2
1
4
0

973 1
212 1
3 1
17 1

10 1
9 1
6 1
6 1
11 1

15 1
86 1
32 1
39 1
25 1

30 1
183 1
6 1
78 1

3
2
1

0
3
1
5
3

3
1
:
1

0

0
1
2
2
0

765 2
108 2
3 2
13 2

19 2
8 2
14 2
11 2
30 2

15 2
80 2
15 2
52 2
48 2

33 2
119 2
4 2
52 2

18 2

73
69
83

100
84
92
78
82

81
87
100
94

100

100
89
81
87
100

46
48
50
50

50
45
49
47
50

40
43
44
48
46

45
45
41
45

48

14
15
0

0
10
4
12
9

11
12
0
3

0

0
7
6
9
0

30 1
34 1
25 1
28 1

17 1
29 1
15 1
19 1
13 1

30 1
29 1
38 1
22 1
19 1

26 1
33 1
35 1
33 1

36 1

14
15
17

0
6
4
10
9

8
1
0
3

0

0
4
13
4
0

24 2
17 2
25 2
22 2

33 2
26 2
36 2
34 2
37 2

30 2
27 2
18 2
30 2
36 2

29 2
22 2
24 2
22 2

16 2

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table C.1
INNOVATIVE ENTERPRISES IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR 
BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
In number and in percent

(CONTINUED)

TOTAL 
SURVEY 
POPULA-     

TION

REALISED 
SAMPLE

L
A
T
O
T

INNOVATIVE ENTERPRISES

SHARE OF INNOVATIVE 
ENTERPRISES

D
N
A
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
H
T
O
B

S
S
E
C
O
R
P

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

T
C
U
D
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

S
S
E
C
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

D
N
A
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
H
T
O
B

S
S
E
C
O
R
P

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

T
C
U
D
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

S
S
E
C
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

NUMBER

PERCENT

RUSSIAN FEDERATION (continued)

MANUFACTURE OF MEDICAL, PRECISION & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS, 
WATCHES AND CLOCKS

MANUFACTURE OF MOTOR VEHICLES, TRAILERS & SEMI-TRAILERS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF  FURNITURE N.E.C.

RECYCLING

SLOVAK REPUBLIC (Year: 1997:1999)

MANUFACTURE OF FOOD AND BEVERAGES

MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILES

654
283
585
853
120
2 248
387
2
102

:
:
:
:
:
880
90
:
58

154
97
187
94
4
566
179
:
16

71
44
85
46
2
380
114
: I
11

44 1
33 1
62 1
25 1
1 1

118
41
: I
5

MANUFACTURE OF WEARING APPAREL: DRESSING                                                                                                                                                                   
AND DYEING OF FUR 

MANUFACTURE OF LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF WOOD AND WOODEN PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF PULP, PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS

PUBLISHING, PRINTING & REPRODUCTION OF RECORD MEDIA 

MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS & CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF RUBBER AND PLASTIC PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER NON-METAL MINERAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF BASIC METALS

147
88
131
32
92

4
50
98
120
42

49
16
69
20
38

2
38
41
46
22

5
0
0
4
25

4
12
0
50
0

2
6
0
36
0

MANUFACTURE OF COKE, REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS                                                                                                
AND NUCLEAR FUEL

MANUFACTURE OF FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS,                                                                                                                                                                              
EXCEPT MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT N.E.C.

MANUFACTURE OF OFFICE MACHINERY AND COMPUTERS

68
89
0
45
MANUFACTURE OF RADIO, TELEVISION AND COMMUNICATION                                                                                                     
5
EQUIPMENT AND APPARATUS 

MANUFACTURE OF ELECTRICAL MACHINERY & APPARATUS N.E.C.

278
270
9
106

105
84
13
34

36

21

MANUFACTURE OF MEDICAL, PRECISION & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS, 
WATCHES AND CLOCKS

MANUFACTURE OF MOTOR VEHICLES, TRAILERS & SEMI-TRAILERS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF  FURNITURE N.E.C.

RECYCLING

SLOVENIA (Year: 1997:1998)

MANUFACTURE OF FOOD AND BEVERAGES

MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILES

48
43
0
128
13
1 017
99
1
63

29
28
5
66
6
1 017
99
1
63

22
18
0
24
0
390
:
:
28

MANUFACTURE OF WEARING APPAREL: DRESSING                                                                                                                                                                   
AND DYEING OF FUR 

MANUFACTURE OF LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF WOOD AND WOODEN PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF PULP, PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS

PUBLISHING, PRINTING & REPRODUCTION OF RECORD MEDIA 

51
21
68
25
44

51
21
68
25
44

7
5
11
7
3

5
0
0
4
19

45
62
0
28

5

18
9
0
16
0
324
:
:
23

4
4
10
4
3

0
0
0
0
0

2
0
0
6
0

7
27
0
17

0

4
9
0
0
0
51
:
:
2

:
1
1
3
:

39 2
20 2
40 2
23 2
1 2
68
24
: I
0

0
0
0
0
6

0
6
0
8
0

16
0
0
0

0

0
0
0
8
0
15
:
:
3

3
:
:
:
:

46
45
45
49
50
67
64
:
69

100
0
0
100
76

50
50
0
72
0

66
70
0
62

100

82
50
0
67
0
83
:
:
82

57
80
91
57
100

29 1
34 1
33 1
27 1
25 1
21
23
:
31

0
0
0
0
0

50
0
0
12
0

10
30
0
38

0

18
50
0
0
0
13
:
:
7

:
20
9
43
:

25 2
21 2
21 2
24 2
25 2
12
13
:
0

0
0
0
0
24

0
50
0
16
0

24
0
0
0

0

0
0
0
33
0
4
:
:
:

43
:
:
:
:

90

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table C.1
INNOVATIVE ENTERPRISES IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR 
BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
In number and in percent

(CONTINUED)

TOTAL 
SURVEY 
POPULA-     

TION

REALISED 
SAMPLE

L
A
T
O
T

INNOVATIVE ENTERPRISES

SHARE OF INNOVATIVE 
ENTERPRISES

D
N
A
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
H
T
O
B

S
S
E
C
O
R
P

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

T
C
U
D
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

S
S
E
C
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

D
N
A
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
H
T
O
B

S
S
E
C
O
R
P

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

T
C
U
D
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

S
S
E
C
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

NUMBER

PERCENT

SLOVENIA (continued)

MANUFACTURE OF COKE, REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS                                                                                                
AND NUCLEAR FUEL

:
3
1
2
:

2
14
2
3

3

3
3
:
2
:

:
:
1
1
1

1
:
:
:

1

:
1
:
2
1

:
89
88
81
88

91
93
50
88

82

83
78
100
82
50

:
11
6
13
:

6
25
50
12

14

17
17
:
9
:

:
:
6
6
13

3
:
:
:

5

:
6
:
9
50

MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS & CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF RUBBER AND PLASTIC PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER NON-METAL MINERAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF BASIC METALS

2
47
56
53
23

2
47
56
53
23

:
28
17
16
8

:
25
15
13
7

MANUFACTURE OF FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS,                                                                                                                                                                              
EXCEPT MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT N.E.C.

MANUFACTURE OF OFFICE MACHINERY AND COMPUTERS

33
55
4
25
MANUFACTURE OF RADIO, TELEVISION AND COMMUNICATION                                                                                                     
22
EQUIPMENT AND APPARATUS 

MANUFACTURE OF ELECTRICAL MACHINERY & APPARATUS N.E.C.

123
118
12
39

123
118
12
39

30

30

MANUFACTURE OF MEDICAL, PRECISION & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS, 
WATCHES AND CLOCKS

MANUFACTURE OF MOTOR VEHICLES, TRAILERS & SEMI-TRAILERS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF  FURNITURE N.E.C.

RECYCLING

33
31
3
69
6

33
31
3
69
6

18
18
1
22
2

30
51
2
22

18

15
14
1
18
1

1

2

 Including enterprises engaged in product innovations as well as in process innovations.
 Including enterprises engaged in process innovations as well as in product innovations.

I  Data are not provided because of individual data protection.

91

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table C.2
INNOVATIVE ENTERPRISES IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR
BY ENTERPRISE SIZE
In number and in percent

*

TOTAL 
SURVEY 
POPULA-     

TION

REALISED 
SAMPLE

L
A
T
O
T

INNOVATIVE ENTERPRISES

SHARE OF INNOVATIVE ENTERPRISES

D
N
A
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
H
T
O
B

S
S
E
C
O
R
P

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

T
C
U
D
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

S
S
E
C
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

D
N
A
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
H
T
O
B

S
S
E
C
O
R
P

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

T
C
U
D
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

S
S
E
C
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

NUMBER

PERCENT

LATVIA (Year: 1996:1998)
            SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 10 - 49 )
            MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ( 50 - 249 )
            LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

LITHUANIA (Year: 1997:1998)

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ( 50 - 249 )

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

POLAND (Year: 1997:1999)
            SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )
            MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ( 50 - 249 )
            LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

ROMANIA (Year: 1996-1997)
            SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )
            MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ( 50 - 249 )
            LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

875
326
440
109

1 500
:
:
:

7 527
:
:
:

2 298
:
:
:

RUSSIAN FEDERATION (Year: 1999)
            SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )
            MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ( 50 - 199 )
            LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 200 + )

43 941
:
:
:

SLOVAK REPUBLIC (Year: 1997:1999)
            SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )
            MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ( 50 - 249 )
            LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

SLOVENIA (Year: 1997:1998)
            SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )
            MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ( 50 - 249 )
            LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

2 248
904
979
365

1 017
347
492
178

321
103
174
44

825
:
:
:

6 338
:
:
:

1 320
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

1 017
347
492
178

153
32
85
36

559
:
:
:

2 283
:
:
:

733
:
:
:

3 953
199
796
2 958

566
109
249
216

390
75
196
119

120
24
66
30

413
:
:
:

1 452
:
:
:

610
:
:
:

2 017
142
444
1 431

380
66
165
157

324
56
162
106

19
5
11
3

109
:
:
:

626
:
:
:

69
:
:
:

14
3
8
3

37
:
:
:

205
:
:
:

54
:
:
:

1 017 1
21 1
196 1
800 1

919 2
36 2
156 2
727 2

118
37
46
35

51
14
29
8

68
6
38
24

15
5
5
5

79
75
78
84

74
:
:
:

64
:
:
:

83
:
:
:

51 1
71 1
56 1
48 1

67
61
66
73

83
74
82
89

12
16
13
8

19
:
:
:

27
:
:
:

9
:
:
:

26 1
11 1
25 1
27 1

21
34
19
16

13
19
15
7

9
9
9
8

7
:
:
:

9
:
:
:

7
:
:
:

23 2
18 2
19 2
25 2

12
5
15
11

4
7
3
4

* Russian Federation Including …Mining(cid:129) and …Electricity. gas and water supply(cid:129) and "Services".
1

 Including enterprises engaged in product innovations as well as in process innovations.
 Including enterprises engaged in process innovations as well as in product innovations.

2

92

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table C.3
INNOVATION EXPENDITURE IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR 
BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
In million national currencies at current prices

POLAND (Year: 1998)

MANUFACTURE OF FOOD AND BEVERAGES

MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILES

MANUFACTURE OF WEARING APPAREL: DRESSING AND DYEING OF FUR 

MANUFACTURE OF LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF WOOD AND WOODEN PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF PULP, PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS

PUBLISHING, PRINTING AND REPRODUCTION OF RECORD MEDIA 

MANUFACTURE OF COKE, REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND NUCLEAR FUEL

MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF RUBBER AND PLASTIC PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER NON-METAL MINERAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF BASIC METALS

MANUFACTURE OF FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS, EXCEPT MACHINERY AND 
EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT N.E.C.

MANUFACTURE OF OFFICE MACHINERY AND COMPUTERS

MANUFACTURE OF ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND APPARATUS N.E.C.

MANUFACTURE OF RADIO, TELEVISION AND COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT AND  
APPARATUS 

MANUFACTURE OF MEDICAL, PRECISION AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS, WATCHES 
AND CLOCKS

MANUFACTURE OF MOTOR VEHICLES, TRAILERS AND SEMI-TRAILERS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF  FURNITURE N.E.C.

RECYCLING

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
X
E

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

D
N
A
Y
R
E
N
I
H
C
A
M

T
N
E
M
P
I
U
Q
E

OF WHICH

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

L
A
N
R
E
T
X
E
R
E
H
T
O

Y
G
O
L
O
N
H
C
E
T

.

N
G
I
S
E
D
L
A
I
R
T
S
U
D
N
I

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
R
E
H
T
O

N
O
I
T
A
R
A
P
E
R
P

G
N
I
N
I
A
R
T

T
E
K
R
A
M

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
T
N
I

274.1
1.6
:
0.4
25.3
:
63.5
:
:
18.6

24.8
1.1
14.9
5.6
8.7

30.6
0.5
26.7
12.2

3.9

23.7
10.5
1.0
0.6

5 445.3
891.7
10.7
122.5
149.4
59.5
226.2
114.6
40.1
353.4

401.6
242.0
646.8
544.9
300.3

306.7
2.2
223.7
82.8

24.4

519.5
66.3
116.1
0.0

337.2
7.9
:
0.1
5.7
0.0
1.8
2.8
1.4
152.9

31.1
0.2
4.8
5.9
12.5

5.4
12.7
32.3
0.9

2.2

22.7
13.2
20.7
0.0

1 524.4
53.1
0.3
3.4
0.9
0.9
3.6
5.2
19.4
687.6

25.5
18.4
27.2
439.1
37.0

68.4
0.0
36.8
13.0

5.6

51.1
24.1
3.6
0.0

60.1
1.1
1.5
0.1
4.0
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.1
1.8

2.5
1.8
0.9
2.0
1.1

29.6
0.0
2.8
0.7

0.3

6.7
1.9
0.6
0.0

768.6
136.3
32.3
1.8
2.1
0.2
3.0
7.7
0.1
1.3

112.1
4.8
3.0
3.1
4.4

25.1
2.8
6.3
1.3

2.6

404.5
7.3
6.1
0.0

TOTAL

10 627.3
1 315.5
46.3
142.5
218.2
63.8
320.4
142.7
68.9
1 276.8

901.8
363.7
882.0
1 194.0
536.1

744.1
21.8
497.0
193.1

91.0

1 175.3
228.1
202.2
2.0

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
N
I

1 094.4
24.0
0.1
6.5
25.7
0.6
0.3
0.2
:
3.2

160.5
52.4
20.3
22.7
144.8

188.9
3.3
134.4
75.6

46.9

107.0
68.0
8.1
0.6

93

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table C.3
INNOVATION EXPENDITURE IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR 
BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
In million national currencies at current prices

(CONTINUED)

ROMANIA (Year: 1996-1997)

MANUFACTURE OF FOOD AND BEVERAGES

MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILES

MANUFACTURE OF WEARING APPAREL: DRESSING AND DYEING OF FUR 

MANUFACTURE OF LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF WOOD AND WOODEN PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF PULP, PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS

PUBLISHING, PRINTING AND REPRODUCTION OF RECORD MEDIA 

MANUFACTURE OF COKE, REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND NUCLEAR FUEL

MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF RUBBER AND PLASTIC PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER NON-METAL MINERAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF BASIC METALS

MANUFACTURE OF FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS, EXCEPT MACHINERY AND 
EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT N.E.C.

MANUFACTURE OF OFFICE MACHINERY AND COMPUTERS

MANUFACTURE OF ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND APPARATUS N.E.C.

MANUFACTURE OF RADIO, TELEVISION AND COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT AND  
APPARATUS 

MANUFACTURE OF MEDICAL, PRECISION AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS, WATCHES 
AND CLOCKS

MANUFACTURE OF MOTOR VEHICLES, TRAILERS AND SEMI-TRAILERS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF  FURNITURE N.E.C.

RECYCLING

5 Cover also the expenses with preparation for launching of the market.

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
N
I

104 537.0
243.0
0.0
3 167.0
2 439.0
548.0
74.0
59.0
79.0
639.0

11 577.0
1 391.0
1 726.0
3 998.0
1 530.0

30 660.0
567.0
15 932.0
2 126.0

TOTAL

1 781 606.0
110 381.0
20 595.0
67 343.0
38 606.0
9 110.0
21 430.0
40 370.0
3 636.0
96 266.0

344 734.0
91 463.0
41 279.0
243 279.0
31 478.0

127 780.0
567.0
51 761.0
3 940.0

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
X
E

47 985.0
338.0
0.0
225.0
145.0
:
125.0
468.0
:
2 274.0

5 563.0
844.0
1 121.0
4 851.0
531.0

2 325.0
0.0
860.0
1 128.0

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

D
N
A
Y
R
E
N
I
H
C
A
M

T
N
E
M
P
I
U
Q
E

1 574 930.0
105 824.0
20 595.0
62 325.0
35 215.0
8 518.0
20 004.0
39 516.0
3 410.0
91 438.0

321 679.0
89 165.0
37 885.0
216 731.0
28 583.0

91 036.0
0.0
34 075.0
672.0

12 147.0

9 775.0

141.0

1 919.0

344 264.0
20 554.0
60 614.0
9.0

14 743.0
2 536.0
719.0
9.0

94

25 420.0
1 511.0
115.0
0.0

292 134.0
15 402.0
58 804.0
0.0

OF WHICH

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

L
A
N
R
E
T
X
E
R
E
H
T
O

Y
G
O
L
O
N
H
C
E
T

29 783.0
1 420.0
0.0
668.0
440.0
:
60.0
0.0
28.0
1 785.0

2 810.0
57.0
0.0
8 054.0
172.0

1 351.0
0.0
374.0
14.0

26.0

11 592.0
803.0
129.0
0.0

.

N
G
I
S
E
D
L
A
I
R
T
S
U
D
N
I

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
R
E
H
T
O

N
O
I
T
A
R
A
P
E
R
P

24 371.0 5
2 556.0
0.0
958.0 5
367.0 5
44.0 5
1 167.0 5
327.0 5
119.0 5
130.0 5

3 105.0 5
6.0 5
547.0 5
9 645.0 5
662.0 5

2 408.0 5
0.0
520.0 5
0.0

286.0 5

375.0 5
302.0 5
847.0 5
0.0

G
N
I
N
I
A
R
T

T
E
K
R
A
M

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
T
N
I

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:

:
:
:

:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:

:
:
:

:

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table C.3
INNOVATION EXPENDITURE IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR 
BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
In million national currencies at current prices

(CONTINUED)

RUSSIAN FEDERATION (Year: 1999)

MANUFACTURE OF FOOD AND BEVERAGES

MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILES

MANUFACTURE OF WEARING APPAREL: DRESSING AND DYEING OF FUR 

MANUFACTURE OF LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF WOOD AND WOODEN PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF PULP, PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS

PUBLISHING, PRINTING AND REPRODUCTION OF RECORD MEDIA 

MANUFACTURE OF COKE, REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND NUCLEAR FUEL

MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF RUBBER AND PLASTIC PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER NON-METAL MINERAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF BASIC METALS

MANUFACTURE OF FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS, EXCEPT MACHINERY AND 
EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT N.E.C.

MANUFACTURE OF OFFICE MACHINERY AND COMPUTERS

MANUFACTURE OF ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND APPARATUS N.E.C.

MANUFACTURE OF RADIO, TELEVISION AND COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT AND  
APPARATUS 

MANUFACTURE OF MEDICAL, PRECISION AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS, WATCHES 
AND CLOCKS

MANUFACTURE OF MOTOR VEHICLES, TRAILERS AND SEMI-TRAILERS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF  FURNITURE N.E.C.

RECYCLING

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
X
E

1 027.8
89.0
0.0
0.3
0.0
:
0.0
40.7
:

58.6
326.0
14.2
6.5
72.1
5.7

105.2
0.3
92.3
8.4

10.6

117.4
80.3
0.0
:

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

D
N
A
Y
R
E
N
I
H
C
A
M

T
N
E
M
P
I
U
Q
E

10 834.2
1 413.3
247.2
116.8
33.4
1.7
93.9
1 264.6
46.2

1 189.0
1 063.6
169.4
173.5
1 880.0
83.0

470.1
0.3
209.0
65.3

45.7

2 020.1
165.5
77.7
5.0

OF WHICH

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

L
A
N
R
E
T
X
E
R
E
H
T
O

Y
G
O
L
O
N
H
C
E
T

.

N
G
I
S
E
D
L
A
I
R
T
S
U
D
N
I

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
R
E
H
T
O

N
O
I
T
A
R
A
P
E
R
P

G
N
I
N
I
A
R
T

T
E
K
R
A
M

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
T
N
I

1 455.1
19.8
0.0
0.1
0.1
3.2
1.3
1.0
237.8

446.7
196.7
3.6
376.4
67.8
0.8

15.5
19.2
16.3
21.2

5.6

18.4
3.0
0.7
:

2 291.2
142.1
1.0
131.4
0.3
5.0
1.6
9.6
3.0

77.0
147.4
27.4
10.6
169.4
84.1

540.7
6.7
173.6
56.9

165.4

281.8
251.1
5.2
:

91.2
3.5
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
11.0
0.1
0.2

14.3
13.6
2.2
3.4
15.6
2

8.3
0.8
1.0
2

1

2.7
8.0
0.3
:

127.5
11.2
10.6
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.0
3.4

:
22.0
1.2
1.7
11.5
7

20.8
0.2
5.3
5

3

7.8
15.0
1.1
:

TOTAL

21 394.4
1 961.8
260.7
265.4
34.8
45.2
113.5
1 462.7
372.3

1 928.4
2 258.5
271.8
681.7
4 319.2
222.7

2 143.6
34.0
705.3
287.9

275.0

2 751.5
896.2
97.2
5.0

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
N
I

2 281.8
70.9
1.5
13.6
0.1
10.0
:
0.7
75.6

10.0
259.2
2.2
2.1
279.6
25.9

746.3
5.4
156.3
8.0

18.4

266.3
323.3
6.2
:

95

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table C.3
C.3. INNOVATION EXPENDITURE IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR 
BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
In million national currencies at current prices

(CONTINUED)

SLOVAK REPUBLIC (Year: 1999)

MANUFACTURE OF FOOD AND BEVERAGES

MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILES

MANUFACTURE OF WEARING APPAREL: DRESSING AND DYEING OF FUR 

MANUFACTURE OF LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF WOOD AND WOODEN PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF PULP, PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS

PUBLISHING, PRINTING AND REPRODUCTION OF RECORD MEDIA 

MANUFACTURE OF COKE, REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND NUCLEAR FUEL

MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF RUBBER AND PLASTIC PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER NON-METAL MINERAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF BASIC METALS

MANUFACTURE OF FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS, EXCEPT MACHINERY AND 
EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT N.E.C.

MANUFACTURE OF OFFICE MACHINERY AND COMPUTERS

MANUFACTURE OF ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND APPARATUS N.E.C.

MANUFACTURE OF RADIO, TELEVISION AND COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT AND  
APPARATUS 

MANUFACTURE OF MEDICAL, PRECISION AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS, WATCHES 
AND CLOCKS

MANUFACTURE OF MOTOR VEHICLES, TRAILERS AND SEMI-TRAILERS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF  FURNITURE N.E.C.

RECYCLING

TOTAL

3 170.1
500.5
:
660.1
16.5
:
:
517.4
261.5
21.2

10.8
:
80.8
:
224.0

127.0
:
181.9
1.5

42.7

500.9
:
23.5
:

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
N
I

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
X
E

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

D
N
A
Y
R
E
N
I
H
C
A
M

T
N
E
M
P
I
U
Q
E

OF WHICH

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

L
A
N
R
E
T
X
E
R
E
H
T
O

Y
G
O
L
O
N
H
C
E
T

.

N
G
I
S
E
D
L
A
I
R
T
S
U
D
N
I

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
R
E
H
T
O

N
O
I
T
A
R
A
P
E
R
P

G
N
I
N
I
A
R
T

T
E
K
R
A
M

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
T
N
I

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:

:
:
:
:

96

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table C.3
C.3. INNOVATION EXPENDITURE IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR 
BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
In million national currencies at current prices

(CONTINUED)

SLOVENIA (Year: 1998)

MANUFACTURE OF FOOD AND BEVERAGES

MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILES

MANUFACTURE OF WEARING APPAREL: DRESSING AND DYEING OF FUR 

MANUFACTURE OF LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF WOOD AND WOODEN PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF PULP, PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS

PUBLISHING, PRINTING AND REPRODUCTION OF RECORD MEDIA 

MANUFACTURE OF COKE, REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND NUCLEAR FUEL

MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF RUBBER AND PLASTIC PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER NON-METAL MINERAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF BASIC METALS

MANUFACTURE OF FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS, EXCEPT MACHINERY AND 
EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT N.E.C.

MANUFACTURE OF OFFICE MACHINERY AND COMPUTERS

MANUFACTURE OF ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND APPARATUS N.E.C.

MANUFACTURE OF RADIO, TELEVISION AND COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT AND  
APPARATUS 

MANUFACTURE OF MEDICAL, PRECISION AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS, WATCHES 
AND CLOCKS

MANUFACTURE OF MOTOR VEHICLES, TRAILERS AND SEMI-TRAILERS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF  FURNITURE N.E.C.

RECYCLING

2

Including …Manufacture of tobacco products(cid:129).

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
X
E

2 245.9

24.4 2
:
4.6
3.4
5.7
6.5
26.5
9.0
:

1 154.1
8.9
51.3
54.5
32.3

128.4
2.0
69.3
244.8

64.2

346.1
:
10.0
:

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

D
N
A
Y
R
E
N
I
H
C
A
M

T
N
E
M
P
I
U
Q
E

OF WHICH

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

L
A
N
R
E
T
X
E
R
E
H
T
O

Y
G
O
L
O
N
H
C
E
T

.

N
G
I
S
E
D
L
A
I
R
T
S
U
D
N
I

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
R
E
H
T
O

N
O
I
T
A
R
A
P
E
R
P

2 277.5

104.8 2

2 180.0

180.5 2

:
5.1
:
:
10.0
:
27.4
:

57.4
893.9
299.2
2.4
21.4

103.2
:
21.9
184.1

2.1

500.9
:
43.7
:

:
125.3
255.1
2.1
25.5
44.7
17.0
:

24.6
58.6
63.2
91.5
157.6

292.1
:
30.2
474.5

152.5

113.5
:
71.6
:

1 055.8

26.5 2
:
27.5
20.2
0.5
8.6
281.3
24.0
:

28.0
97.7
8.1
0.4
6.3

44.2
:
8.6
107.3

29.0

325.5
0.1
11.9
:

G
N
I
N
I
A
R
T

T
E
K
R
A
M

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
T
N
I

16 204.6
1 103.5 2

4 428.5

803.7 2

:
351.7
72.6
17.6
17.0
0.1
97.0
:

278.4
5 273.5
752.8
295.0
330

1 538.6
:
379.0
521

147

4 869.2
2.0
158.5
:

:
28.7
133.9
5.3
29.9
27.4
9.4
:

593.3
193.1
29.1
5.0
13

1 873.9
0.5
31.9
260

25

297.2
0.0
67.4
:

TOTAL

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
N
I

47 906.8
2 900.7 2

19 514.5

657.3 2

:
1 239.8
555.5
183.6
172.2
415.2
217.8
:

8 077.0
7 415.0
1 500.7
672.4
1 383.5

7 187.8
30.0
1 730.9
5 084.6

1 881.4

6 666.7
3.0
589.0
:

:
696.8
70.3
152.3
74.7
35.3
34.0
:

5 941.3
889.4
296.9
223.6
822.3

3 207.4
27.5
1 189.9
3 293.0

1 461.4

214.3
0.9
225.9
:

97

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table C.4
INNOVATION EXPENDITURE IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR 
BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
In million ECU/EUR at current prices

POLAND (Year: 1998)

MANUFACTURE OF FOOD AND BEVERAGES

MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILES

MANUFACTURE OF WEARING APPAREL: DRESSING AND DYEING OF FUR 

MANUFACTURE OF LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF WOOD AND WOODEN PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF PULP, PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS

PUBLISHING, PRINTING & REPRODUCTION OF RECORD MEDIA 

MANUFACTURE OF COKE, REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND NUCLEAR FUEL

MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS & CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF RUBBER AND PLASTIC PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER NON-METAL MINERAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF BASIC METALS

MANUFACTURE OF FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS, EXCEPT MACHINERY & 
EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT N.E.C.

MANUFACTURE OF OFFICE MACHINERY AND COMPUTERS

MANUFACTURE OF ELECTRICAL MACHINERY & APPARATUS N.E.C.

MANUFACTURE OF RADIO, TELEVISION AND COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT &  
APPARATUS 
MANUFACTURE OF MEDICAL, PRECISION & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS, WATCHES & 
CLOCKS

MANUFACTURE OF MOTOR VEHICLES, TRAILERS & SEMI-TRAILERS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF  FURNITURE N.E.C.

RECYCLING

TOTAL

2 712.5
335.8
11.8
36.4
55.7
16.3
81.8
36.4
17.6
325.9

230.2
92.8
225.1
304.8
136.8

189.9
5.6
126.9
49.3

23.2

300.0
58.2
51.6
0.5

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
N
I

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
X
E

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

D
N
A
Y
R
E
N
I
H
C
A
M

T
N
E
M
P
I
U
Q
E

OF WHICH

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

L
A
N
R
E
T
X
E
R
E
H
T
O

Y
G
O
L
O
N
H
C
E
T

.

N
G
I
S
E
D
L
A
I
R
T
S
U
D
N
I

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
R
E
H
T
O

N
O
I
T
A
R
A
P
E
R
P

G
N
I
N
I
A
R
T

T
E
K
R
A
M

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
T
N
I

70.0
0.4
:
0.1
6.5
:
16.2
:
:
4.8

6.3
0.3
3.8
1.4
2.2

7.8
0.1
6.8
3.1

1.0

6.1
2.7
0.3
0.1

1 389.9
227.6
2.7
31.3
38.1
15.2
57.7
29.3
10.2
90.2

102.5
61.8
165.1
139.1
76.6

78.3
0.6
57.1
21.1

6.2

132.6
16.9
29.6
0.0

86.1
2.0
:
0.0
1.5
0.0
0.5
0.7
0.4
39.0

7.9
0.0
1.2
1.5
3.2

1.4
3.2
8.2
0.2

0.6

5.8
3.4
5.3
0.0

389.1
13.5
0.1
0.9
0.2
0.2
0.9
1.3
5.0
175.5

6.5
4.7
7.0
112.1
9.4

17.5
0.0
9.4
3.3

1.4

13.0
6.1
0.9
0.0

15.3
0.3
0.4
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.5

0.6
0.5
0.2
0.5
0.3

7.6
0.0
0.7
0.2

0.1

1.7
0.5
0.2
0.0

196.2
34.8
8.2
0.5
0.5
0.1
0.8
2.0
0.0
0.3

28.6
1.2
0.8
0.8
1.1

6.4
0.7
1.6
0.3

0.7

103.3
1.9
1.6
0.0

279.3
6.1
0.0
1.7
6.6
0.1
0.1
0.0
:
0.8

41.0
13.4
5.2
5.8
37.0

48.2
0.9
34.3
19.3

12.0

27.3
17.4
2.1
0.2

98

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table C.4
INNOVATION EXPENDITURE IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR 
BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
In million ECU/EUR at current prices

(CONTINUED)

TOTAL

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
N
I

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
X
E

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

D
N
A
Y
R
E
N
I
H
C
A
M

T
N
E
M
P
I
U
Q
E

OF WHICH

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

L
A
N
R
E
T
X
E
R
E
H
T
O

Y
G
O
L
O
N
H
C
E
T

.

N
G
I
S
E
D
L
A
I
R
T
S
U
D
N
I

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
R
E
H
T
O

N
O
I
T
A
R
A
P
E
R
P

G
N
I
N
I
A
R
T

T
E
K
R
A
M

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
T
N
I

ROMANIA (Year: 1996-1997)

MANUFACTURE OF FOOD AND BEVERAGES

MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILES

MANUFACTURE OF WEARING APPAREL: DRESSING AND DYEING OF FUR 

MANUFACTURE OF LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF WOOD AND WOODEN PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF PULP, PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS

PUBLISHING, PRINTING & REPRODUCTION OF RECORD MEDIA 

MANUFACTURE OF COKE, REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND NUCLEAR FUEL

MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS & CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF RUBBER AND PLASTIC PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER NON-METAL MINERAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF BASIC METALS

MANUFACTURE OF FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS, EXCEPT MACHINERY & 
EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT N.E.C.

MANUFACTURE OF OFFICE MACHINERY AND COMPUTERS

MANUFACTURE OF ELECTRICAL MACHINERY & APPARATUS N.E.C.

MANUFACTURE OF RADIO, TELEVISION AND COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT &  
APPARATUS 
MANUFACTURE OF MEDICAL, PRECISION & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS, WATCHES & 
CLOCKS

MANUFACTURE OF MOTOR VEHICLES, TRAILERS & SEMI-TRAILERS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF  FURNITURE N.E.C.

RECYCLING

5 Cover also the expenses with preparation for launching of the market

454.2
28.1
5.3
17.2
9.8
2.3
5.5
10.3
0.9

24.5
87.9
23.3
10.5
62.0
8.0

32.6
0.1
13.2
1.0

3.1

87.8
5.2
15.5
0.0

26.7
0.1
0.0
0.8
0.6
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0

0.2
3.0
0.4
0.4
1.0
0.4

7.8
0.1
4.1
0.5

2.5

3.8
0.6
0.2
0.0

99

12.2
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0

0.6
1.4
0.2
0.3
1.2
0.1

0.6
0.0
0.2
0.3

0.0

6.5
0.4
0.0
0.0

401.5
27.0
5.3
15.9
9.0
2.2
5.1
10.1
0.9

23.3
82.0
22.7
9.7
55.3
7.3

23.2
0.0
8.7
0.2

0.5

74.5
3.9
15.0
0.0

7.6
0.4
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

0.5
0.7
0.0
0.0
2.1
0.0

0.3
0.0
0.1
0.0

0.0

3.0
0.2
0.0
0.0

6.2 5
0.7 5
0.0 5
0.2 5
0.1 5
0.0 5
0.3 5
0.1 5
0.0 5

0.0 5
0.8 5
0.0 5
0.1 5
2.5 5
0.2 5

0.6 5
0.0
0.1 5
0.0

0.1 5

0.1 5
0.1 5
0.2 5
0.0

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:

:
:
:
:
:

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table C.4
INNOVATION EXPENDITURE IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR 
BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
In million ECU/EUR at current prices

(CONTINUED)

TOTAL

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
N
I

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
X
E

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

D
N
A
Y
R
E
N
I
H
C
A
M

T
N
E
M
P
I
U
Q
E

OF WHICH

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

L
A
N
R
E
T
X
E
R
E
H
T
O

Y
G
O
L
O
N
H
C
E
T

.

N
G
I
S
E
D
L
A
I
R
T
S
U
D
N
I

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
R
E
H
T
O

N
O
I
T
A
R
A
P
E
R
P

G
N
I
N
I
A
R
T

T
E
K
R
A
M

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
T
N
I

RUSSIAN FEDERATION (Year: 1999)

MANUFACTURE OF FOOD AND BEVERAGES

MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILES

MANUFACTURE OF WEARING APPAREL: DRESSING AND DYEING OF FUR 

MANUFACTURE OF LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF WOOD AND WOODEN PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF PULP, PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS

PUBLISHING, PRINTING & REPRODUCTION OF RECORD MEDIA 

MANUFACTURE OF COKE, REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND NUCLEAR FUEL

MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS & CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF RUBBER AND PLASTIC PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER NON-METAL MINERAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF BASIC METALS

MANUFACTURE OF FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS, EXCEPT MACHINERY & 
EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT N.E.C.

MANUFACTURE OF OFFICE MACHINERY AND COMPUTERS

MANUFACTURE OF ELECTRICAL MACHINERY & APPARATUS N.E.C.

MANUFACTURE OF RADIO, TELEVISION AND COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT &  
APPARATUS 
MANUFACTURE OF MEDICAL, PRECISION & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS, WATCHES & 
CLOCKS

MANUFACTURE OF MOTOR VEHICLES, TRAILERS & SEMI-TRAILERS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF  FURNITURE N.E.C.

RECYCLING

789.5
72.4
9.6
9.8
1.3
1.7
4.2
54.0
13.7
71.2

83.3
10.0
25.2
159.4
8.2

79.1
1.3
26.0
10.6

10.1

101.5
33.1
3.6
0.2

37.9
3.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
:
0.0
1.5
:
2.2

12.0
0.5
0.2
2.7
0.2

3.9
0.0
3.4
0.3

0.4

4.3
3.0
0.0
:

399.8
52.2
9.1
4.3
1.2
0.1
3.5
46.7
1.7
43.9

39.2
6.2
6.4
69.4
3.1

17.3
0.0
7.7
2.4

1.7

74.5
6.1
2.9
0.2

53.7
0.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
8.8
16.5

7.3
0.1
13.9
2.5
0.0

0.6
0.7
0.6
0.8

0.2

0.7
0.1
0.0
:

84.5
5.2
0.0
4.8
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.4
0.1
2.8

5.4
1.0
0.4
6.3
3.1

20.0
0.2
6.4
2.1

6.1

10.4
9.3
0.2
:

3.4
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.5

0.5
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.1

0.3
0.0
0.0
0.1

0.0

0.1
0.3
0.0
:

4.7
0.4
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
:

0.8
0.0
0.1
0.4
0.3

0.8
0.0
0.2
0.2

0.1

0.3
0.6
0.0
:

84.2
2.6
0.1
0.5
0.0
0.4
:
0.0
2.8
0.4

9.6
0.1
0.1
10.3
1.0

27.5
0.2
5.8
0.3

0.7

9.8
11.9
0.2
:

100

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table C.4
C.4. INNOVATION EXPENDITURE IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR 
BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
In million ECU/EUR at current prices

(CONTINUED)

TOTAL

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
N
I

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
X
E

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

D
N
A
Y
R
E
N
I
H
C
A
M

T
N
E
M
P
I
U
Q
E

OF WHICH

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

L
A
N
R
E
T
X
E
R
E
H
T
O

Y
G
O
L
O
N
H
C
E
T

.

N
G
I
S
E
D
L
A
I
R
T
S
U
D
N
I

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
R
E
H
T
O

N
O
I
T
A
R
A
P
E
R
P

G
N
I
N
I
A
R
T

T
E
K
R
A
M

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
T
N
I

SLOVAK REPUBLIC (Year: 1999)

MANUFACTURE OF FOOD AND BEVERAGES

MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILES

MANUFACTURE OF WEARING APPAREL: DRESSING AND DYEING OF FUR 

MANUFACTURE OF LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF WOOD AND WOODEN PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF PULP, PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS

PUBLISHING, PRINTING & REPRODUCTION OF RECORD MEDIA 

MANUFACTURE OF COKE, REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND NUCLEAR FUEL

MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS & CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF RUBBER AND PLASTIC PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER NON-METAL MINERAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF BASIC METALS

MANUFACTURE OF FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS, EXCEPT MACHINERY & 
EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT N.E.C.

MANUFACTURE OF OFFICE MACHINERY AND COMPUTERS

MANUFACTURE OF ELECTRICAL MACHINERY & APPARATUS N.E.C.

MANUFACTURE OF RADIO, TELEVISION AND COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT &  
APPARATUS 
MANUFACTURE OF MEDICAL, PRECISION & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS, WATCHES & 
CLOCKS

MANUFACTURE OF MOTOR VEHICLES, TRAILERS & SEMI-TRAILERS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF  FURNITURE N.E.C.

RECYCLING

71.8
11.3
:
15.0
0.4
:
:
11.7
5.9
0.5

0.2
:
1.8
:
5.1

2.9
:
4.1
0.0

1.0

11.4
:
0.5
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:

:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

:
:
:
:

:

:
:
:
:

101

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table C.4
C.4. INNOVATION EXPENDITURE IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR 
BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
In million ECU/EUR at current prices

(CONTINUED)

TOTAL

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
N
I

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
X
E

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

D
N
A
Y
R
E
N
I
H
C
A
M

T
N
E
M
P
I
U
Q
E

OF WHICH

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

L
A
N
R
E
T
X
E
R
E
H
T
O

Y
G
O
L
O
N
H
C
E
T

.

N
G
I
S
E
D
L
A
I
R
T
S
U
D
N
I

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
R
E
H
T
O

N
O
I
T
A
R
A
P
E
R
P

G
N
I
N
I
A
R
T

T
E
K
R
A
M

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
T
N
I

SLOVENIA (Year: 1998)

MANUFACTURE OF FOOD AND BEVERAGES

MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF TEXTILES

MANUFACTURE OF WEARING APPAREL: DRESSING AND DYEING OF FUR 

MANUFACTURE OF LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF WOOD AND WOODEN PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF PULP, PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS

PUBLISHING, PRINTING & REPRODUCTION OF RECORD MEDIA 

MANUFACTURE OF COKE, REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND NUCLEAR FUEL

MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS & CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF RUBBER AND PLASTIC PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER NON-METAL MINERAL PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE OF BASIC METALS

MANUFACTURE OF FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS, EXCEPT MACHINERY & 
EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT N.E.C.

MANUFACTURE OF OFFICE MACHINERY AND COMPUTERS

MANUFACTURE OF ELECTRICAL MACHINERY & APPARATUS N.E.C.

MANUFACTURE OF RADIO, TELEVISION AND COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT &  
APPARATUS 
MANUFACTURE OF MEDICAL, PRECISION & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS, WATCHES & 
CLOCKS

MANUFACTURE OF MOTOR VEHICLES, TRAILERS & SEMI-TRAILERS

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURE OF  FURNITURE N.E.C.

RECYCLING

2

Including …Manufacture of tobacco products(cid:129)

257.6
15.6 2
:
6.7
3.0
1.0
0.9
2.2
1.2
:

43.4
39.9
8.1
3.6
7.4

38.7
0.2
9.3
27.3

10.1

35.9
0.0
3.2
:

104.9

3.5 2
:
3.7
0.4
0.8
0.4
0.2
0.2
:

31.9
4.8
1.6
1.2
4.4

17.2
0.1
6.4
17.7

7.9

1.2
0.0
1.2
:

102

12.1
0.1 2
:
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
:

6.2
0.0
0.3
0.3
0.2

0.7
0.0
0.4
1.3

0.3

1.9
:
0.1
:

12.2
0.6 2
:
0.0
:
:
0.1
:
0.1
:

0.3
4.8
1.6
0.0
0.1

0.6
:
0.1
1.0

0.0

2.7
:
0.2
:

11.7
1.0 2
:
0.7
1.4
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
:

0.1
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.8

1.6
:
0.2
2.6

0.8

0.6
:
0.4
:

5.7
0.1 2
:
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
1.5
0.1
:

0.2
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0

0.2
:
0.0
0.6

0.2

1.8
0.0
0.1
:

87.1
5.9 2
:
1.9
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.5
:

1.5
28.4
4.0
1.6
1.8

8.3
:
2.0
2.8

0.8

26.2
0.0
0.9
:

23.8
4.3 2
:
0.2
0.7
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.1
:

3.2
1.0
0.2
0.0
0.1

10.1
0.0
0.2
1.4

0.1

1.6
0.0
0.4
:

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table C.5
INNOVATION EXPENDITURE IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR 
BY ENTERPRISE SIZE
In million national currencies at current prices

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
N
I

1 094
:
265
829

104 537
:
:
:

2 783 1
28 1
129 1
2 627 1

:
:
:
:

19 514
334
3 145
16 035

TOTAL

10 627
:
1 838
8 789

1 781 606
:
:
:

29 354 1
185 1
880 1
28 289 1

3 170
145
369
2 657

47 907
1 369
10 187
36 351

POLAND (Year:1998) - (PLN)

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ( 50 - 249 )

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

ROMANIA (Year:1996) - (ROL)

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ( 50 - 249 )

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

RUSSIAN FEDERATION (Year:1999) - (RUR)

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ( 50 - 199 )

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 200 + )

SLOVAK REPUBLIC (Year:1999) - (SKK)

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ( 50 - 249 )

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

SLOVENIA (Year:1998) - (SIT)

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ( 50 - 249 )

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

1

Including …Mining(cid:129) and …Electricity, gas and water supply(cid:129).

5 Cover also the expenses with preparation for launching of the market.

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
X
E

274
:
45
229

47 985
:
:
:

1 379 1
3 1
84 1
1 292 1

:
:
:
:

2 246
53
481
1 712

103

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

D
N
A
Y
R
E
N
I
H
C
A
M

T
N
E
M
P
I
U
Q
E

5 445
:
1 175
4 270

1 574 930
:
:
:

15 280 1
132 1
337 1
14 810 1

:
:
:
:

2 278
322
675
1 280

OF WHICH

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

L
A
N
R
E
T
X
E
R
E
H
T
O

Y
G
O
L
O
N
H
C
E
T

.

N
G
I
S
E
D
L
A
I
R
T
S
U
D
N
I

R
E
H
T
O

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
P

N
O
I
T
A
R
A
P
E
R
P

G
N
I
N
I
A
R
T

T
E
K
R
A
M

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
T
N
I

337
:
54
283

29 783
:
:
:

113 1
0 1
3 1
110 1

:
:
:
:

2 180
79
607
1 493

1 524
:
53
1 472

24 371 5

:
:
:

1 916 1
0 1
38 1
1 878 1

:
:
:
:

1 056
18
359
679

60
:
8
52

:
:
:
:

2 503 1
6 1
55 1
2 442 1

:
:
:
:

16 205
4 679
506
11 020

769
:
24
745

:
:
:
:

113 1
0
3 1
110 1

:
:
:
:

4 428
56
242
4 131

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table C.6
INNOVATION EXPENDITURE IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR 
BY ENTERPRISE SIZE
In million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates

TOTAL

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
N
I

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
X
E

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

D
N
A
Y
R
E
N
I
H
C
A
M

T
N
E
M
P
I
U
Q
E

OF WHICH

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

L
A
N
R
E
T
X
E
R
E
H
T
O

Y
G
O
L
O
N
H
C
E
T

.

N
G
I
S
E
D
L
A
I
R
T
S
U
D
N
I

R
E
H
T
O

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
P

N
O
I
T
A
R
A
P
E
R
P

G
N
I
N
I
A
R
T

T
E
K
R
A
M

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
T
N
I

POLAND (Year:1998)

10 627.3

1 094.4

274.1

5 445.3

337.2

1 524.4

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ( 50 - 249 )

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

ROMANIA (Year:1996)

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ( 50 - 249 )

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

RUSSIAN FEDERATION (Year:1999)

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ( 50 - 199 )

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 200 + )

SLOVAK REPUBLIC(Year:1999) 

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ( 50 - 249 )

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

SLOVENIA (Year:1998)

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ( 50 - 249 )

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

1 838.2
8 789.1

454.2
:
:
:

1 083.2 1
6.8 1
32.5 1
1 043.9 1

71.8
3.3
8.4
60.2

257.6
7.4
54.8
195.5

265.0
829.4

26.7
:
:
:

102.7 1
1.0 1
4.7 1
96.9 1

:
:
:
:

104.9
1.8
16.9
86.2

1

Including …Mining(cid:129) and …Electricity, gas and water supply(cid:129).

5 Cover also the expenses with preparation for launching of the market.

1 174.9
4 270.4

54.0
283.3

52.5
1 471.9

401.5
:
:
:

563.8 1
4.9 1
12.5 1
546.5 1

:
:
:
:

12.2
1.7
3.6
6.9

7.6
:
:
:

4.2 1
0.0 1
0.1 1
4.1 1

:
:
:

11.7
0.4
3.3
8.0

6.2 5
:
:
:

70.7 1
0.0 1
1.4 1
69.3 1

:
:
:
:

5.7
0.1
1.9
3.7

45.0
229.2

12.2
:
:
:

50.9 1
0.1 1
3.1 1
47.7 1

:
:
:
:

12.1
0.3
2.6
9.2

104

60.1

8.2
51.9

:
:
:
:

92.4 1
0.2 1
2.0 1
90.1 1

:
:
:
:

87.1
25.2
2.7
59.3

768.6

23.9
744.7

:
:
:
:

4.2 1
0.0 1
0.1 1
4.1 1

:
:
:
:

23.8
0.3
1.3
22.2

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table C.7
SOURCES OF INFORMATION FOR INNOVATION IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR
BY ENTERPRISE SIZE
In percent

PERCENTAGE OF INNOVATORS CONSIDERING THE FOLLOWING SOURCES OF

PERCENTAGE OF INNOVATORS CONSIDERING THE FOLLOWING SOURCES OF

INFORMATION FOR INNOVATION   AS VERY IMPORTANT

INFORMATION FOR INNOVATION   AS  MODERATELY IMPORTANT

I

I

E
S
R
P
R
E
T
N
E
N
H
T
W
S
E
C
R
U
O
S

I

I

I

I

E
H
T
N
H
T
W
S
E
S
R
P
R
E
T
N
E
R
E
H
T
O

I

S
E
S
R
P
R
E
T
N
E
Y
C
N
A
T
L
U
S
N
O
C

F
O
S
T
N
E
N
O
P
M
O
C

.

I

S
L
A
R
E
T
A
M

.

I

T
N
E
M
P
U
Q
E
F
O
S
R
E
I
L
P
P
U
S

E
R
A
W
T
F
O
S

S
R
E
M
O
T
S
U
C
R
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T
N
E
I
L
C

P
U
O
R
G
E
S
R
P
R
E
T
N
E

I

I

S
R
O
T
T
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P
M
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C

I

R
E
H
G
H
R
E
H
T
O
R
O
S
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T
S
R
E
V
N
U

I

I

I

-

I

N
O
N
E
T
A
V
R
P
R
O
T
N
E
M
N
R
E
V
O
G

S
E
T
U
T
T
S
N

I

I

H
C
R
A
E
S
E
R
T
F
O
R
P

I

S
E
T
U
T
T
S
N

I

I

I

N
O
T
A
C
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D
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S
E
R
U
S
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L
C
S
D
T
N
E
T
A
P

I

.

S
E
C
N
E
R
E
F
N
O
C
L
A
N
O
S
S
E
F
O
R
P

I

S
L
A
N
R
U
O
J

.

I

S
G
N
T
E
E
M

I

N
O
T
A
M
R
O
F
N

I

D
E
S
A
B
R
E
T
U
P
M
O
C

S
K
R
O
W
T
E
N

I

S
N
O
T
B
H
X
E

I

I

.

S
R
A
F

I

I

I

E
S
R
P
R
E
T
N
E
N
H
T
W
S
E
C
R
U
O
S

I

I

I

I

E
H
T
N
H
T
W
S
E
S
R
P
R
E
T
N
E
R
E
H
T
O

I

S
E
S
R
P
R
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T
N
E
Y
C
N
A
T
L
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S
N
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F
O
S
T
N
E
N
O
P
M
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C

.

I

S
L
A
R
E
T
A
M

.

I

T
N
E
M
P
U
Q
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F
O
S
R
E
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L
P
P
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S

E
R
A
W
T
F
O
S

S
R
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M
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T
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L
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P
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T
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E

I

I

S
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T
T
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P
M
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I

R
E
H
G
H
R
E
H
T
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T
S
R
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V
N
U

I

I

I

-

I

N
O
N
E
T
A
V
R
P
R
O
T
N
E
M
N
R
E
V
O
G

S
E
T
U
T
T
S
N

I

I

H
C
R
A
E
S
E
R
T
F
O
R
P

I

S
E
T
U
T
T
S
N

I

I

I

N
O
T
A
C
U
D
E

S
E
R
U
S
O
L
C
S
D
T
N
E
T
A
P

I

.

S
E
C
N
E
R
E
F
N
O
C
L
A
N
O
S
S
E
F
O
R
P

I

S
L
A
N
R
U
O
J

.

I

S
G
N
T
E
E
M

I

N
O
T
A
M
R
O
F
N

I

D
E
S
A
B
R
E
T
U
P
M
O
C

S
K
R
O
W
T
E
N

I

S
N
O
T
B
H
X
E

I

I

.

S
R
A
F

I

LATVIA
(Year: 1996-1998)

65.1

22.8

38.8

63.5

18.2

44.1

5.5

5.2

5.3

25.2

: 35.3

21.4

37.6

34.4

18.7

24.1

32.4

7.5

12.4

10

33.9

: 42.8

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (50-249)

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

71.5
64.7
60.3

21.8
24.7
18.7

30.3
41.7
39.2

63.7
66
57

3.3
24.2
19.3

39.9
43.4
51.1

5.1
7.1
0

12.6
3.4
0

8.9
5.2
0

13.8
30
24.5

: 28.1
: 36.6
: 39.1

LITHUANIA 
(Year: 1997-1998)

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (50-249)

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

:

:
:
:

:

:
:
:

:

:
:
:

:

:
:
:

:

:
:
:

:

:
:
:

:

:
:
:

:

:
:
:

:

:
:
:

16.9
21.2
26.2

25.8

19.6
23.8
43.4

27.6
40.4
40.5

3.7

2.4
3.5
7.2

31.4
36.5
31.3

15.5
18.6
22.3

25
17.5
44.7

31.1
36.3
22.1

8.8

20.3

3.7

22.7

7.4
9.4
10.5

14.6
18.9
35.5

2.4
3.5
7.2

17
19.2
42.1

5.6
8.5
6.7

2.8

2.1
1.4
7.2

7
13.4
17.8

3.6

1.8
4.2
6.6

15.7
6.7
12.7

32.9
33.6
35.3

: 38.2
: 42.5
: 48.4

1.7

15.4

8.4 29.2

0.6
1.4
4.6

6.5
13.9
37.5

6.8 18.1
5.9 26.9
16.4 57.9

:

:
:
:

:

:
:
:

RUSSIAN FEDERATION 
(Year: 1999)

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (50-199)

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 200 + )

SLOVAK REPUBLIC
(Year: 1999)

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (50-249)

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

SLOVENIA
(Year: 1994-1996)

24.5

7.4

6.1

16.3

1.2

8.6

0.9

1.4

3.4

: 13.9

26.4

19.6

22.3

25.5

9.4

24.9

6.3

5.2

15.4

24.0

: 35.3

14.8
17.1
27.7

41.6

51.1
33.6
46.5

7.7
7.2
7.4

:

:
:
:

4.9
7.4
5.9

7.0
15.3
17.5

1.4
0.7
1.3

6.3
8.3
8.9

0.7
0.7
1.0

44.5

42.3

12.2

28.5

14.6

52.3
37.5
48.9

52.3
23.7
59.5

0.0
12.1
17.7

16.9
30.6
31.5

30.6

3.1

31.8

56.8

0.6

5.9

1.4
0.9
1.6

5.1

3.6
3.0
8.5

0.9

1.8
1.2
0.0

2.8
2.0
3.9

0.0
0.0
12.8

4.9

3.6
4.3
6.6

10.8
3.7
29.1

1.2

0.0
1.9
0.9

5.6
:
: 13.1
: 15.0

12.7
19.6
29.8

7.7
15.1
22.2

7.7
18.0
25.1

16.9
18.0
28.7

6.3
8.6
9.9

9.9
20.0
27.9

4.8

26.6

: 32.6

17.3

26.2
22.5
32.2

: 36.9
: 54.0
: 68.0

12.6
18.9
17.9

:

:
:
:

19.1

16.7

19.4

17.8

9.2
17.0
27.0

20.0
13.3
19.9

36.9
8.5
24.1

12.4
15.2
23.1

0.7
3.4
7.8

7.8

0.0
13.9
4.3

1.4
3.6
6.0

3.2

0.0
1.4
6.6

5.6
11.3
17.7

11.3
19.4
26.7

: 16.9
: 24.5
: 40.4

6.5

29.9

: 33.7

0.0
0.0
17.0

13.8
27.6
40.1

: 43.1
: 17.6
: 19.9

5.6

1.9 20.1

48.1

24.7

49.4

31.8

9.0

44.4

20.7

15.7

16.0

44.8

21.0 61.1

3.6 19.6
1.2 16.7
1.9 25.5

37.5
46.9
55.7

26.8
24.1
24.5

44.6
54.3
44.3

28.6
32.1
33.0

7.1
3.7
17.9

46.4
41.4
48.1

17.9
21.6
20.8

8.9
17.3
17.0

8.9
13.6
23.6

33.9
42.6
53.8

17.9 53.6
17.3 64.2
28.3 60.4

5.4
4.3
7.5

105

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (50-249)

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

33.9
29.0
31.1

3.6
2.5
3.8

26.8
25.9
43.4

51.8
55.6
61.3

0.0
0.6
0.9

3.6
1.9
13.2

:

:
:
:

5.6

7.0
5.2
5.6

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table C.7
SOURCES OF INFORMATION FOR INNOVATION IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR
BY ENTERPRISE SIZE
In percent

(CONTINUED)

PERCENTAGE OF INNOVATORS CONSIDERING THE FOLLOWING SOURCES OF

PERCENTAGE OF INNOVATORS CONSIDERING THE FOLLOWING SOURCES OF

INFORMATION FOR INNOVATION   AS SLIGHTLY IMPORTANT

INFORMATION FOR INNOVATION   AS NOT RELEVANT

I

I

E
S
R
P
R
E
T
N
E
N
H
T
W
S
E
C
R
U
O
S

I

I

I

I

E
H
T
N
H
T
W
S
E
S
R
P
R
E
T
N
E
R
E
H
T
O

I

S
E
S
R
P
R
E
T
N
E
Y
C
N
A
T
L
U
S
N
O
C

F
O
S
T
N
E
N
O
P
M
O
C

.

I

S
L
A
R
E
T
A
M

.

I

T
N
E
M
P
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Q
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F
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S
R
E
I
L
P
P
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S

E
R
A
W
T
F
O
S

S
R
E
M
O
T
S
U
C
R
O
S
T
N
E
I
L
C

P
U
O
R
G
E
S
R
P
R
E
T
N
E

I

I

S
R
O
T
T
E
P
M
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C

I

R
E
H
G
H
R
E
H
T
O
R
O
S
E
T
S
R
E
V
N
U

I

I

I

-

I

N
O
N
E
T
A
V
R
P
R
O
T
N
E
M
N
R
E
V
O
G

S
E
T
U
T
T
S
N

I

I

H
C
R
A
E
S
E
R
T
F
O
R
P

I

S
E
T
U
T
T
S
N

I

I

I

N
O
T
A
C
U
D
E

S
E
R
U
S
O
L
C
S
D
T
N
E
T
A
P

I

.

S
E
C
N
E
R
E
F
N
O
C
L
A
N
O
S
S
E
F
O
R
P

I

S
L
A
N
R
U
O
J

.

I

S
G
N
T
E
E
M

I

N
O
T
A
M
R
O
F
N

I

D
E
S
A
B
R
E
T
U
P
M
O
C

S
K
R
O
W
T
E
N

I

S
N
O
T
B
H
X
E

I

I

.

S
R
A
F

I

I

I

E
S
R
P
R
E
T
N
E
N
H
T
W
S
E
C
R
U
O
S

I

I

I

I

E
H
T
N
H
T
W
S
E
S
R
P
R
E
T
N
E
R
E
H
T
O

P
U
O
R
G
E
S
R
P
R
E
T
N
E

I

I

S
R
O
T
T
E
P
M
O
C

LATVIA
(Year: 1996-1998)

6

21.7

18.6

12.1

18.7

16.8

22.9

15.2

16.3

29.5

: 18.7

7.5

17.9

8.2

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (50-249)

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

2.1
6.3
8.8

22.2
19.6
27.1

23.5
14.1
26.1

13.2
8.9
19.3

19.3
17.7
21.4

17.8
14.2
23.6

15.1
21.9
40.8

1.5
16.4
33.1

13.6
12
36

32.9
26.9
33.2

: 25.8
: 19.2
9.7
:

9.5
7.8
4.7

28.4
15.3
13.7

14.8
7.7
3.4

I

S
E
S
R
P
R
E
T
N
E
Y
C
N
A
T
L
U
S
N
O
C

F
O
S
T
N
E
N
O
P
M
O
C

.

I

S
L
A
R
E
T
A
M

.

I

T
N
E
M
P
U
Q
E
F
O
S
R
E
I
L
P
P
U
S

E
R
A
W
T
F
O
S

I

R
E
H
G
H
R
E
H
T
O
R
O
S
E
T
S
R
E
V
N
U

I

I

I

-

I

N
O
N
E
T
A
V
R
P
R
O
T
N
E
M
N
R
E
V
O
G

S
E
T
U
T
T
S
N

I

I

H
C
R
A
E
S
E
R
T
F
O
R
P

I

S
E
T
U
T
T
S
N

I

I

I

N
O
T
A
C
U
D
E

S
E
R
U
S
O
L
C
S
D
T
N
E
T
A
P

I

.

S
E
C
N
E
R
E
F
N
O
C
L
A
N
O
S
S
E
F
O
R
P

I

S
L
A
N
R
U
O
J

.

I

S
G
N
T
E
E
M

I

N
O
T
A
M
R
O
F
N

I

D
E
S
A
B
R
E
T
U
P
M
O
C

S
K
R
O
W
T
E
N

39

6.7

64.1

67.2

68.4

11.4

52.4
40.6
14.6

11.2
6.1
3.2

74.2
62.5
52.5

78.9
66.8
49.1

61.8
76.1
51.3

20.4
9.5
7

S
R
E
M
O
T
S
U
C
R
O
S
T
N
E
I
L
C

5.7

7.6
6.5
1.4

I

S
N
O
T
B
H
X
E

I

I

.

S
R
A
F

I

3.2

7.9
1.7
2.8

:

:
:
:

RUSSIAN FEDERATION  20.2
(Year: 1999)

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (50-199)

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 200 + )

SLOVAK REPUBLIC
(Year: 1999)

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (50-249)

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

17.6
23.0
19.6

9.2

5.5
8.2
12.1

20.4

23.9

19.7

23.3

24.8

24.0

17.9

27.0

28.5

: 21.2

28.9

52.6

47.6

38.4

66.1

41.7

68.7

75.4

54.1

41.9

: 29.6

8.5
16.7
22.8

19.7
19.1
25.9

12.7
16.2
21.5

12.0
16.0
26.6

15.5
19.4
27.4

7.7
10.8
29.7

4.2
6.8
22.8

12.7
18.2
31.2

14.1
17.8
33.2

: 16.9
: 18.2
: 22.5

54.9
40.3
22.8

76.1
61.0
47.6

67.6
55.4
43.1

63.4
50.5
32.2

80.3
74.8
62.1

68.3
52.3
35.8

90.8
85.1
61.4

93.0
88.7
69.5

78.9
68.5
47.2

67.6
57.7
34.5

: 60.6
: 44.1
: 22.1

:

:
:
:

4.9

13.5

8.6

12.2

13.2

4.5

7.8

8.6

:

7.8

31.9

0.0
8.5
2.8

0.0
30.3
0.0

0.0
9.1
12.8

0.0
14.8
14.9

0.0
5.9
25.5

6.2
0.0
9.0

0.0
9.1
9.9

18.5
4.5
8.9

0.0
:
: 13.9
0.0
:

30.8
39.3
23.5

:

:
:
:

31.5

27.5

59.8

41.5

64.4

87.2

80.9

34.9

: 25.9

38.5
37.0
21.3

27.7
32.7
20.6

63.1
70.3
45.4

70.7
39.4
30.5

89.2
74.5
41.1

90.2
95.6
75.9

100.0
90.9
60.3

41.5
45.4
18.8

: 20.0
: 14.5
: 12.1

SLOVENIA
(Year: 1994-1996)

15.1

44.8

12.7

6.8

38.9

36.4

40.4

41.7

32.1

35.8

41.7 12.3

6.2

27.5

6.2

4.6

51.5

13.3

37.7

41.7

46.9

13.9

35.5

6.5

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (50-249)

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

16.1
17.9
10.4

33.9
48.1
45.3

10.7
15.4
9.4

8.9
8.0
3.8

21.4
40.1
46.2

28.6
43.2
30.2

33.9
36.4
50.0

39.3
35.2
52.8

30.4
28.4
38.7

32.1
41.4
29.2

39.3 12.5
42.0 12.3
42.5 12.3

2.2
3.1
0.9

6.2
12.7
8.6

3.1
2.2
0.9

1.9
2.2
0.6

12.3
27.8
11.4

3.7
6.8
2.8

8.3
20.1
9.3

8.6
23.1
9.9

9.9
26.9
10.2

4.9
5.9
3.1

6.8
19.8
9.0

2.5
3.4
0.6

106

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table C.8
OBJECTIVES OF INNOVATION IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR 
BY ENTERPRISE SIZE
In percent

PERCENTAGE OF INNOVATORS CONSIDERING THE FOLLOWING 

PERCENTAGE OF INNOVATORS CONSIDERING THE FOLLOWING 

OBJECTIVES OF INNOVATION   AS VERY IMPORTANT

OBJECTIVES OF INNOVATION   AS MODERATELY IMPORTANT

I

G
N
E
B
S
T
C
U
D
O
T
R
U
P
O
E
D
C
E
A
S
L
P
A
E
H
R
P
38.8

30.1

40.3

43.2

T
C
U
D
O
R
P
G
N
V
O
R
P
M

I

I

Y
T
I
L
A
U
Q
84.2

83.8

85.1

82.1

E
G
N
A
R
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
D
N
E
T
X
E
62.5

59.1

60.6

71.5

E
R
A
H
S
T
E
K
R
A
M
E
S
A
E
R
C
N

R
O
S
T
E
K
R
A
M
W
E
N
P
U
N
E
P
O
84.6

I

87.3

82.5

88.3

.

I

S
N
O
T
A
L
U
G
E
R
G
N
I
L
L
I
F
L
U
F

S
D
R
A
D
N
A
T
S

:

:

:

:

I

N
O
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
E
V
O
R
P
M

I

Y
T
I
L
I
B
X
E
L
F

I

44

26.8

48.8

46.1

S
T
S
O
C
R
U
O
B
A
L
E
C
U
D
E
R
61.7

61.2

58.5

72.2

-

N
O
C
Y
G
R
E
N
N
E
O
E
C
T
P
U
M
D
E
U
R
S
56.1

I

I

I

L
A
R
N
E
O
T
A
T
M
P
M
E
U
C
S
U
N
D
O
E
R
C
54.1

47.8

55.7

56.6

55.4

55.2

59.3

I

L
A
T
N
E
M
N
O
R
V
N
E
E
E
G
C
A
U
M
D
E
A
R
D
50.8

36.7

51.4

64.1

I

G
N
E
B
S
T
C
U
D
O
T
R
U
P
O
E
D
C
E
A
S
L
P
A
E
H
R
P
29.9

26.5

26.4

43.9

T
C
U
D
O
R
P
G
N
V
O
R
P
M

I

I

Y
T
I
L
A
U
Q
11.9

8.9

10.9

17.9

E
G
N
A
R
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
D
N
E
T
X
E
31.1

40.9

28.9

28.5

E
R
A
H
S
T
E
K
R
A
M
E
S
A
E
R
C
N

R
O
S
T
E
K
R
A
M
W
E
N
P
U
N
E
P
O
14.1

I

12.7

15.3

11.7

.

I

S
N
O
T
A
L
U
G
E
R
G
N
I
L
L
I
F
L
U
F

S
D
R
A
D
N
A
T
S

:

:

:

:

I

N
O
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
E
V
O
R
P
M

I

Y
T
I
L
I
B
X
E
L
F

I

42

47.4

43.9

30.5

S
T
S
O
C
R
U
O
B
A
L
E
C
U
D
E
R
25.7

25.6

28.9

16

-

N
O
C
Y
G
R
E
N
N
E
O
E
C
T
P
U
M
D
E
U
R
S
27.3

I

I

I

L
A
R
N
E
O
T
A
T
M
P
M
E
U
C
S
U
N
D
O
E
R
C
26.8

25.2

24.9

33.6

26.8

29.9

20.4

I

L
A
T
N
E
M
N
O
R
V
N
E
E
E
G
C
A
U
M
D
E
A
R
D
26.5

32.8

25.7

22.2

36.2

67.4

37.7

60.7

58.5

52.3

29.4

43.6

38.3

39.4

22.6

9.4

14.2

8.2

10.5

13.5

14.8

15.9

25.1

17.5

LATVIA
(Year: 1996-1998)

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (50-249)

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

SLOVAK REPUBLIC
(Year: 1997-1999)

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (50-199)

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 200 + )

27.6

37.6

37.6

46.1

63.0

81.6

36.9

31.8

44.7

50.3

56.9

70.7

63.0

46.1

70.2

47.7

49.7

57.4

30.8

27.3

31.2

49.3

41.2

44.0

29.2

37.6

44.0

49.2

33.4

41.8

47.7

21.8

11.3

10.8

17.0

0.0

13.1

12.7

16.3

11.3

4.2

11.1

18.5

16.4

0.0

9.2

13.9

14.9

0.0

9.1

28.4

9.2

13.3

22.7

47.7

15.8

25.5

15.4

21.8

13.5

SLOVENIA
(Year: 1997-1998)

24.4

17.9

31.8

68.8

14.8

20.4

13.0

22.8

15.4

59.6

38.6

50.9

48.5

25.0

45.7

39.2

43.5

47.5

38.9

32.4

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (50-249)

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

25.0
26.5
20.8

21.4
15.4
19.8

35.7
32.7
28.3

66.1
69.1
69.8

8.9
14.2
18.9

25.0
16.0
24.5

10.7
13.0
14.2

14.3
22.2
28.3

5.4
16.7
18.9

53.6
58.0
65.1

33.9
35.2
46.2

46.4
53.7
49.1

44.6
46.9
52.8

21.4
24.7
27.4

28.6
45.7
54.7

32.1
35.8
48.1

37.5
42.0
49.1

37.5
43.8
58.5

26.8
38.9
45.3

28.6
34.0
32.1

107

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table C.8
OBJECTIVES OF INNOVATION IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR 
BY ENTERPRISE SIZE
In percent

(CONTINUED)

PERCENTAGE OF INNOVATORS CONSIDERING THE FOLLOWING 

PERCENTAGE OF INNOVATORS CONSIDERING THE FOLLOWING 

OBJECTIVES OF INNOVATION   AS SLIGHTLY IMPORTANT

OBJECTIVES OF INNOVATION   AS NOT RELEVANT

I

G
N
E
B
S
T
C
U
D
O
T
R
U
P
O
E
D
C
E
A
S
L
P
A
E
H
R
P
12.6

20.3

13

3.3

8.9

18.5

7.9

5.7

T
C
U
D
O
R
P
G
N
V
O
R
P
M

I

I

Y
T
I
L
A
U
Q
2.5

7.3

1.6

0

6.5

36.9

0.0

0.0

E
G
N
A
R
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
D
N
E
T
X
E
5.8

0

9.5

0

3.8

9.2

0.0

5.7

R
O
S
T
E
K
R
A
M
W
E
N
P
U
N
E
P
O

E
R
A
H
S
T
E
K
R
A
M
E
S
A
E
R
C
N

I

1.3

0

2.2

0

5.2

9.2

4.4

4.3

:

.

I

S
N
O
T
A
L
U
G
E
R
G
N
I
L
L
I
F
L
U
F

S
D
R
A
D
N
A
T
S

:

:

:

:

4.3

0.0

4.8

5.7

I

N
O
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
E
V
O
R
P
M

I

Y
T
I
L
I
B
X
E
L
F

I

10.1

25.8

4.1

13.5

S
T
S
O
C
R
U
O
B
A
L
E
C
U
D
E
R
11.4

11.2

11.3

11.8

I

I

L
A
R
N
E
O
T
A
T
M
P
M
E
U
C
S
U
N
D
O
E
R
C
14.8

19

15

9.8

4.6

11.6

11.9

18.5

0.0

4.3

24.6

13.9

2.8

24.6

9.1

9.2

-

N
O
C
Y
G
R
E
N
N
E
O
E
C
T
P
U
M
D
E
U
R
S
11.1

I

8.9

10

16.4

6.7

6.2

4.8

9.2

I

L
A
T
N
E
M
N
O
R
V
N
E
E
E
G
C
A
U
M
D
E
A
R
D
11.5

17.5

11.3

5.6

I

G
N
E
B
S
T
C
U
D
O
T
R
U
P
O
E
D
C
E
A
S
L
P
A
E
H
R
P
18.7

23.1

20.3

9.6

T
C
U
D
O
R
P
G
N
V
O
R
P
M

I

I

Y
T
I
L
A
U
Q
1.4

0

2.4

0

E
G
N
A
R
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
D
N
E
T
X
E
0.6

0

1

0

R
O
S
T
E
K
R
A
M
W
E
N
P
U
N
E
P
O

E
R
A
H
S
T
E
K
R
A
M
E
S
A
E
R
C
N

I

0

0

0

0

.

I

S
N
O
T
A
L
U
G
E
R
G
N
I
L
L
I
F
L
U
F

S
D
R
A
D
N
A
T
S

:

:

:

:

:

I

N
O
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
E
V
O
R
P
M

I

Y
T
I
L
I
B
X
E
L
F

I

3.9

0

3.2

9.9

S
T
S
O
C
R
U
O
B
A
L
E
C
U
D
E
R
1.2

2

1.3

0

-

N
O
C
Y
G
R
E
N
E
E
C
U
D
E
R

I

N
O
T
P
M
U
S
5.5

8.9

4.9

3.9

I

L
A
R
E
T
A
M
E
C
U
D
E
R

I

N
O
T
P
M
U
S
N
O
C
4.3

8

4.4

0

I

L
A
T
N
E
M
N
O
R
V
N
E
E
E
G
C
A
U
M
D
E
A
R
D
11.2

13

11.6

8.1

3.2

32.3

16.7

44.3

25.9

26.7

29.6

44.2

28.6

29.9

39.9

18.5

0.0

0.0

6.2

32.7

45.4

6.2

20.0

18.4

40.8

55.5

33.3

29.2

34.5

13.9

18.5

32.7

24.1

24.6

36.4

23.4

44.6

49.7

37.6

16.9

36.4

24.1

16.9

41.8

21.3

16.9

44.8

44.7

23.5

20.7

11.7

1.9

23.1

31.2

28.4

17.6

31.2

3.4

13.6

10.5

8.0

4.3

16.4

9.3

15.1

12.0

14.5

4.6

LATVIA
(Year: 1996-1998)

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (50-249)

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

SLOVAK REPUBLIC
(Year: 1997-1999)

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (50-199)

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 200 + )

SLOVENIA
(Year: 1997-1998)

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 20 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (50-249)

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

19.6
25.3
22.6

14.3
21.0
23.6

8.9
11.7
13.2

1.8
3.1
0.0

16.1
27.2
20.8

23.2
38.3
24.5

30.4
28.4
27.4

25.0
20.4
9.4

35.7
32.7
26.4

5.4
3.7
1.9

21.4
13.0
10.4

17.9
9.9
7.5

10.7
8.6
5.7

10.7
3.1
2.8

46.4
13.0
5.7

19.6
9.9
2.8

21.4
16.7
9.4

23.2
13.6
3.8

32.1
11.7
9.4

12.5
4.3
0.9

108

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table D.1
INNOVATIVE ENTERPRISES IN SERVICE SECTOR 
BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
In number and in percent

TOTAL 
SURVEY 
POPULA-     

TION

REALISED 
SAMPLE

L
A
T
O
T

INNOVATIVE ENTERPRISES

SHARE OF INNOVATIVE ENTERPRISES

D
N
A
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
H
T
O
B

S
S
E
C
O
R
P

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

T
C
U
D
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

S
S
E
C
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

D
N
A
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
H
T
O
B

S
S
E
C
O
R
P

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

T
C
U
D
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

S
S
E
C
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

NUMBER

PERCENT

LATVIA (Year: 1996-1998)

ELECTRICITY, GAS AND WATER SUPPLY

WHOLESALE

TRANSPORT

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION

COMPUTER AND RELATED ACTIVITIES

:

159

:

:

:

:

:

:

56

:

:

:

:

:

:

13

:

:

:

:

:

:

8

:

:

:

:

:

:

1

:

:

:

:

:

ARCHITECTURAL & ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES AND                                                                                                                                          
:
RELATED TECHNICAL CONSULTANCY

:

:

:

:

POLAND (Year: 1996-1998)

17 320

4 446

2 768

ELECTRICITY, GAS AND WATER SUPPLY

WHOLESALE

TRANSPORT

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION

COMPUTER AND RELATED ACTIVITIES

:

:

:

11 807

1 410

1 676

1 974

115

1 539

605

958

115

821

439

307

26

320

143

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

ARCHITECTURAL & ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES AND                                                                                                                                          
RELATED TECHNICAL CONSULTANCY

703

296

1 280

:

:

RUSSIAN FEDERATION (Year:1999)

17 862

ELECTRICITY, GAS AND WATER SUPPLY

WHOLESALE

TRANSPORT

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION

COMPUTER AND RELATED ACTIVITIES

1 316

53

:

1 608

6 633

648

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

502

74

:

:

103

157

21

433

36

:

:

:

:

:

23 1
5 1
:

:

:

:

:

ARCHITECTURAL & ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES AND                                                                                                                                          
:
RELATED TECHNICAL CONSULTANCY

:

:

:

:

SLOVENIA (Year: 1994-1996)

ELECTRICITY, GAS AND WATER SUPPLY

WHOLESALE

TRANSPORT

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION

COMPUTER AND RELATED ACTIVITIES

762

77

286

77

8

78

50

762

77

286

77

8

78

50

87

12

15

6

1

18

6

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

ARCHITECTURAL & ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES AND                                                                                                                                          
RELATED TECHNICAL CONSULTANCY

186

29

186

:

:

:

4

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

46 2
33 2
:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

61.5

:

7.7

:

30.8

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

86.3

48.6

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

4.6 1
6.8 1
:

9.2 2
44.6 2
:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

1

2

 Including enterprises engaged in product innovations as well as in process innovations.
 Including enterprises engaged in process innovations as well as in product innovations.

109

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table D.2
INNOVATIVE ENTERPRISES IN SERVICE SECTOR *
BY ENTERPRISE SIZE
In number and in percent

TOTAL 
SURVEY 
POPULA-     

TION

REALISED 
SAMPLE

L
A
T
O
T

INNOVATIVE ENTERPRISES

SHARE OF INNOVATIVE ENTERPRISES

D
N
A
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
H
T
O
B

S
S
E
C
O
R
P

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

T
C
U
D
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

S
S
E
C
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

D
N
A
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
H
T
O
B

S
S
E
C
O
R
P

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

T
C
U
D
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

S
S
E
C
O
R
P
Y
L
N
O

S
R
O
T
A
V
O
N
N
I

NUMBER

PERCENT

POLAND (Year: 1999)
            SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 10 - 49 )
            MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ( 50 - 249)
            LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

RUSSIAN FEDERATION (Year: 1999)
            SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 10 - 49 )
            MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ( 50 - 249)
            LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

SLOVENIA (Year: 1997-1998)
            SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 10 - 49 )
            MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ( 50 - 249)
            LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

17 334
14 166
2 830
338

43 941
:
:
:

762

564

148

50

4 499
3 402
668
429

:
:
:
:

762

564

148

50

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

3 953
199
796
2 958

2 017
142
444
1 431

1 017 1
21 1
196 1
800 1

919 2
36 2
156 2
727 2

87

42

18

27

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

51
71
56
48

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

26 1
11 1
25 1
27 1

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

23 2
18 2
19 2
25 2

:

:

:

:

* Russian Federation Including …Mining(cid:129) and …Electricity. gas and water supply(cid:129) and "Services".
1

 Including enterprises engaged in product innovations as well as in process innovations.
 Including enterprises engaged in process innovations as well as in product innovations.

2

110

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table D.3
INNOVATION EXPENDITURE IN SERVICE SECTOR 
BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
In million national currencies at current prices

POLAND (Year:1999) - (PLN)

ELECTRICITY, GAS AND WATER SUPPLY

WHOLESALE

TRANSPORT

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION

COMPUTER AND RELATED ACTIVITIES
ARCHITECTURAL & ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES & 
RELATED TECHNICAL CONSULTANCY

RUSSIAN FEDERATION 
(Year:1999) - (RUR)

ELECTRICITY, GAS AND WATER SUPPLY

WHOLESALE

TRANSPORT

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION

COMPUTER AND RELATED ACTIVITIES
ARCHITECTURAL & ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES & 
RELATED TECHNICAL CONSULTANCY

SLOVENIA (Year:1998) - (SIT)

ELECTRICITY, GAS AND WATER SUPPLY

WHOLESALE

TRANSPORT

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION

COMPUTER AND RELATED ACTIVITIES
ARCHITECTURAL & ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES & 
RELATED TECHNICAL CONSULTANCY

TOTAL

7 771.5

1 342.2

1 505.5

573.3

2 995.9

1 056.2

200.5

97.9

5 034.7

247.2

:

:

4 209.3

240.9

85.3

:

:

21 985.1

12 175.2

662.1

966.9

3 996.2

2 634.3

580.7

969.7

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

D
N
A
Y
R
E
N
I
H
C
A
M

T
N
E
M
P
I
U
Q
E

OF WHICH

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

L
A
N
R
E
T
X
E
R
E
H
T
O

Y
G
O
L
O
N
H
C
E
T

.

N
G
I
S
E
D
L
A
I
R
T
S
U
D
N
I

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
R
E
H
T
O

N
O
I
T
A
R
A
P
E
R
P

G
N
I
N
I
A
R
T

T
E
K
R
A
M

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
T
N
I

3 442.8

911.6

0.0

174.8

263.8

52.0

13.5

18.6

64.0

18.6

5.3

2.7

17.2

0.5

:

:

13.8

1.5

0.1

:

:

67.2

5.8

13.6

0.0

0.0

12.7

7.0

28.2

0.2

46.8

55.2

95.5

55.2

6.6

4.2

7.3

:

:

:

1.6

4.0

:

:

:

182.3

13.0

2.2

0.0

0.0

135.9

3.5

27.6

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
N
I

207.9

2.5

14.7

0.0

98.0

33.6

30.7

28.4

323.9

9.9

:

:

248.1

13.1

20.3

:

:

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
X
E

99.0

16.5

7.6

0.0

29.8

31.0

11.4

2.5

120.1

20.1

:

:

93.1

1.3

2.6

:

:

529.6

924.5

410.5

924.5

574.5

55.2

24.0

3 417.7

197.1

:

:

2 974.2

127.3

54.1

:

:

32.0

62.2

2.2

518.2

210.4

78.2

8.5

45.1

2.1

:

:

22.5

18.7

0.0

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

76.4

7.3

:

:

43.7

6.2

0.5

:

:

1 725.4

1 118.0

604.0

89.4

0.0

0.9

441.1

123.8

466.1

510.0

23.9

0.0

2.3

452.4

2.8

126.6

8 423.1

6 012.9

6 615.6

5 027.7

380.7

859.0

0.0

684.1

274.6

211.7

83.5

107.9

493.1

822.8

37.0

43.7

3 853.5

1.7

68.8

0.0

3 500.0

85.3

132.0

65.7

111

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table D.4
INNOVATION EXPENDITURE IN SERVICE SECTOR 
BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
In million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates

TOTAL

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
N
I

POLAND (Year:1999)

1838.4

ELECTRICITY. GAS AND WATER SUPPLY

WHOLESALE

TRANSPORT

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION

COMPUTER AND RELATED ACTIVITIES
ARCHITECTURAL & ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES & 
RELATED TECHNICAL CONSULTANCY

RUSSIAN FEDERATION (Year:1999) 

ELECTRICITY. GAS AND WATER SUPPLY

WHOLESALE

TRANSPORT

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION

COMPUTER AND RELATED ACTIVITIES
ARCHITECTURAL & ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES & 
RELATED TECHNICAL CONSULTANCY

SLOVENIA (Year:1998)

ELECTRICITY. GAS AND WATER SUPPLY

WHOLESALE

TRANSPORT

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION

COMPUTER AND RELATED ACTIVITIES
ARCHITECTURAL & ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES & 
RELATED TECHNICAL CONSULTANCY

317.5

356.1

135.6

708.7

249.8

47.4

23.1

185.8

9.1

:

:

155.3

8.9

3.1

:

118.2

65.5

3.6

5.2

21.5

14.2

3.1

5.2

49.2

0.6

3.5

0.0

23.2

7.9

7.3

6.7

12.0

0.4

:

:

9.2

0.5

0.7

:

9.3

3.2

0.5

0.0

0.0

2.4

0.7

2.5

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

D
N
A
Y
R
E
N
I
H
C
A
M

T
N
E
M
P
I
U
Q
E

OF WHICH

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

L
A
N
R
E
T
X
E
R
E
H
T
O

Y
G
O
L
O
N
H
C
E
T

.

N
G
I
S
E
D
L
A
I
R
T
S
U
D
N
I

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
R
E
H
T
O

N
O
I
T
A
R
A
P
E
R
P

G
N
I
N
I
A
R
T

T
E
K
R
A
M

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
T
N
I

814.4

125.3

218.7

97.1

218.7

135.9

13.1

5.7

126.1

7.3

:

:

109.7

4.7

2.0

:

45.3

32.3

2.0

4.6

0.0

3.7

1.5

1.1

215.6

7.6

14.7

0.5

122.6

49.8

18.5

2.0

1.7

0.1

:

:

0.8

0.7

0.0

:

35.6

27.0

0.4

0.6

2.7

4.4

0.2

0.2

0.0

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

2.8

0.3

:

:

1.6

0.2

0.0

:

20.7

0.0

0.4

0.0

18.8

0.5

0.7

0.4

41.3

12.3

3.2

4.4

15.1

4.4

1.3

0.6

0.6

0.0

:

:

0.5

0.1

0.0

:

0.4

0.0

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.0

0.2

62.4

0.1

11.1

13.1

22.6

13.1

1.6

1.0

0.3

:

:

:

0.1

0.1

:

:

1.0

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.7

0.0

0.1

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
X
E

23.4

3.9

1.8

0.0

7.1

7.3

2.7

0.6

4.4

0.7

:

:

3.4

0.0

0.1

:

6.0

2.7

0.1

0.0

0.0

2.4

0.0

0.7

112

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table D.5
INNOVATION EXPENDITURE IN SERVICE SECTOR 
BY ENTERPRISE SIZE
In million national currencies at current prices

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
N
I

207.1

56.9

46.7

103.5

:

:

:

:

TOTAL

6 436.1

1 041.7

1 738.0

3 656.4

:

:

:

:

OF WHICH

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

L
A
N
R
E
T
X
E
R
E
H
T
O

Y
G
O
L
O
N
H
C
E
T

.

N
G
I
S
E
D
L
A
I
R
T
S
U
D
N
I

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
R
E
H
T
O

N
O
I
T
A
R
A
P
E
R
P

879.7

97.1

131.0

651.7

:

:

:

:

130.4

7.4

22.3

100.7

:

:

:

:

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

D
N
A
Y
R
E
N
I
H
C
A
M

T
N
E
M
P
I
U
Q
E

4 006.4

631.2

1 060.6

2 314.6

:

:

:

:

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
X
E

83.4

36.6

12.7

34.1

:

:

:

:

POLAND (Year 1999) - (PLN)

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 10 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ( 50 - 249 )

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

RUSSIAN FEDERATION (Year:1999) - (RUR)

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 10 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ( 50 - 249 )

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

SLOVENIA (Year:1998) - (SIT)

21 985.1

1 725.4

1 118.0

8 423.1

6 615.6

3 853.5

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 10+B58 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ( 50 - 249 )

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

1 105.3

927.7

516.9

66.5

19 952.1

1 142.0

133.1

16.6

968.3

223.9

699.5

82.5

42.4

83.9

69.5

7 499.6

6 490.7

3 700.1

Table D.6
INNOVATION EXPENDITURE IN SERVICE SECTOR 
BY ENTERPRISE SIZE
In million ECU/EUR at current prices and current exchange rates

POLAND (Year 1999)

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 10 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ( 50 - 249 )

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

RUSSIAN FEDERATION (Year:1999)

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 10 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ( 50 - 249 )

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

SLOVENIA (Year:1998)

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 10 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ( 50 - 249 )

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

D
N
A
Y
R
E
N
I
H
C
A
M

T
N
E
M
P
I
U
Q
E

OF WHICH

F
O
N
O
I
T
I
S
I
U
Q
C
A

L
A
N
R
E
T
X
E
R
E
H
T
O

Y
G
O
L
O
N
H
C
E
T

.

N
G
I
S
E
D
L
A
I
R
T
S
U
D
N
I

R
E
H
T
O

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
P

N
O
I
T
A
R
A
P
E
R
P

947.7

149.3

250.9

547.5

:

:

:

:

45.3

1.2

3.8

40.3

208.1

23.0

31.0

154.2

:

:

:

:

35.6

0.4

0.2

34.9

30.8

1.7

5.3

23.8

:

:

:

:

20.7

0.5

0.4

19.9

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
X
E

19.7

8.7

3.0

8.1

:

:

:

:

6.0

0.7

0.1

5.2

TOTAL

1 522.5

246.4

411.1

864.9

:

:

:

:

118.2

5.9

5.0

107.3

D
&
R
L
A
R
U
M
A
R
T
N
I

49.0

13.5

11.0

24.5

:

:

:

:

9.3

2.8

0.4

6.1

113

G
N
I
N
I
A
R
T

151.4

20.9

11.2

119.3

:

:

:

:

67.2

30.3

18.1

18.8

G
N
I
N
I
A
R
T

35.8

4.9

2.6

28.2

:

:

:

:

0.4

0.2

0.1

0.1

T
E
K
R
A
M

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
T
N
I

209.1

51.2

48.0

109.8

:

:

:

:

182.3

34.7

15.2

132.4

T
E
K
R
A
M

N
O
I
T
C
U
D
O
R
T
N
I

49.5

12.1

11.4

26.0

:

:

:

:

1.0

0.2

0.1

0.7

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table D.7
SOURCES OF INFORMATION FOR INNOVATION IN SERVICE SECTOR 
BY ENTERPRISE SIZE
In percent

PERCENTAGE OF INNOVATORS CONSIDERING THE FOLLOWING SOURCES OF

PERCENTAGE OF INNOVATORS CONSIDERING THE FOLLOWING SOURCES OF

INFORMATION FOR INNOVATION   AS VERY IMPORTANT

INFORMATION FOR INNOVATION   AS MODERATELY IMPORTANT

I

I

E
S
R
P
R
E
T
N
E
N
H
T
W
S
E
C
R
U
O
S

I

I

I

I

E
H
T
N
H
T
W
S
E
S
R
P
R
E
T
N
E
R
E
H
T
O

I

S
E
S
R
P
R
E
T
N
E
Y
C
N
A
T
L
U
S
N
O
C

S
R
E
M
O
T
S
U
C
R
O
S
T
N
E
I
L
C

P
U
O
R
G
E
S
R
P
R
E
T
N
E

I

I

S
R
O
T
T
E
P
M
O
C

POLAND
(Year: 1997-1999)

55.9

31.6

33.9

46.7

:

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 10 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (50-249)

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

53.5
64.9
62.3

31
34.3
24.5

36
27.3
24.5

48.6
39.3
43.4

5.7
0.7
8.5

F
O
S
T
N
E
N
O
P
M
O
C

.

I

S
L
A
R
E
T
A
M

.

I

T
N
E
M
P
U
Q
E
F
O
S
R
E
I
L
P
P
U
S

E
R
A
W
T
F
O
S

28

25
34
34

I

R
E
H
G
H
R
E
H
T
O
R
O
S
E
T
S
R
E
V
N
U

I

I

I

-

I

N
O
N
E
T
A
V
R
P
R
O
T
N
E
M
N
R
E
V
O
G

S
E
T
U
T
T
S
N

I

I

H
C
R
A
E
S
E
R
T
F
O
R
P

I

S
E
T
U
T
T
S
N

I

I

I

N
O
T
A
C
U
D
E

S
E
R
U
S
O
L
C
S
D
T
N
E
T
A
P

I

.

S
E
C
N
E
R
E
F
N
O
C
L
A
N
O
S
S
E
F
O
R
P

I

S
L
A
N
R
U
O
J

.

I

S
G
N
T
E
E
M

I

N
O
T
A
M
R
O
F
N

I

D
E
S
A
B
R
E
T
U
P
M
O
C

S
K
R
O
W
T
E
N

I

S
N
O
T
B
H
X
E

I

I

.

S
R
A
F

I

I

I

E
S
R
P
R
E
T
N
E
N
H
T
W
S
E
C
R
U
O
S

I

I

I

I

E
H
T
N
H
T
W
S
E
S
R
P
R
E
T
N
E
R
E
H
T
O

I

S
E
S
R
P
R
E
T
N
E
Y
C
N
A
T
L
U
S
N
O
C

F
O
S
T
N
E
N
O
P
M
O
C

.

I

S
L
A
R
E
T
A
M

.

I

T
N
E
M
P
U
Q
E
F
O
S
R
E
I
L
P
P
U
S

E
R
A
W
T
F
O
S

S
R
E
M
O
T
S
U
C
R
O
S
T
N
E
I
L
C

P
U
O
R
G
E
S
R
P
R
E
T
N
E

I

I

S
R
O
T
T
E
P
M
O
C

I

R
E
H
G
H
R
E
H
T
O
R
O
S
E
T
S
R
E
V
N
U

I

I

I

-

I

N
O
N
E
T
A
V
R
P
R
O
T
N
E
M
N
R
E
V
O
G

S
E
T
U
T
T
S
N

I

I

H
C
R
A
E
S
E
R
T
F
O
R
P

I

S
E
T
U
T
T
S
N

I

I

I

N
O
T
A
C
U
D
E

S
E
R
U
S
O
L
C
S
D
T
N
E
T
A
P

I

.

S
E
C
N
E
R
E
F
N
O
C
L
A
N
O
S
S
E
F
O
R
P

I

S
L
A
N
R
U
O
J

.

I

S
G
N
T
E
E
M

I

N
O
T
A
M
R
O
F
N

I

D
E
S
A
B
R
E
T
U
P
M
O
C

S
K
R
O
W
T
E
N

I

S
N
O
T
B
H
X
E

I

I

.

S
R
A
F

I

2.4

1.2

1.9

25.2

17.1

27.5

32.1

34.9

32.5

26.1

:

38.3

7.1

12.3

5.1

54.9

50.8

45.5

2.1
6.6
6.6

1.2
2.8
2.8

2.2
0.9
3.8

26.5
20
30.2

16.9
17.6
19.8

30.3
19.1
20.8

35.4
19.3
34

35.1
31.1
46.2

29
41.8
47.2

23.6
34.1
30.2

13.5
45.1
26.4

39.5
47.2
47.2

5.2
11.3
11.3

12.4
12.3
12.3

3.6
9.2
11.3

54.3
58.4
47.2

51.8
48
47.2

43
52.7
54.7

SLOVENIA
(Year: 1997-1998)

34.5

3.4

13.8

36.8

5.7

19.5

4.6

4.6

3.4

10.3

8.05

12.6

47.1

40.2

39.1

29.9

20.7

26.4

24.1

23.0

6.9

40.2

33.3

33.3

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 10 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (50-249)

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

38.1
22.2
37.0

7.1
0.0
0.0

7.1
11.1
25.9

40.5
27.8
37.0

4.8
0.0
11.1

19.0
44.4
3.7

4.8
5.6
3.7

4.8
5.6
3.7

4.8
0.0
3.7

16.7
0.0
7.4

16.7
0
0

16.7
11.1
7.4

45.2
44.4
51.9

40.5
38.9
40.7

35.7
44.4
40.7

35.7
22.2
25.9

11.9
22.2
33.3

28.6
11.1
33.3

21.4
16.7
33.3

21.4
22.2
25.9

4.8
11.1
7.4

38.1
33.3
48.1

33.3
16.7
44.4

28.6
33.3
40.7

114

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table D.7
SOURCES OF INFORMATION FOR INNOVATION IN SERVICE SECTOR 
BY ENTERPRISE SIZE
In percent

(CONTINUED)

PERCENTAGE OF INNOVATORS CONSIDERING THE FOLLOWING SOURCES OF

PERCENTAGE OF INNOVATORS CONSIDERING THE FOLLOWING SOURCES OF

INFORMATION FOR INNOVATION   AS SLIGHTLY IMPORTANT

INFORMATION FOR INNOVATION   AS NOT RELEVANT

I

I

E
S
R
P
R
E
T
N
E
N
H
T
W
S
E
C
R
U
O
S

I

POLAND
(Year: 1997-1999)

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 10 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (50-249)

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

:

:
:
:

I

I

I

E
H
T
N
H
T
W
S
E
S
R
P
R
E
T
N
E
R
E
H
T
O

S
R
E
M
O
T
S
U
C
R
O
S
T
N
E
I
L
C

:

:
:
:

I

S
R
O
T
T
E
P
M
O
C

:

:
:
:

P
U
O
R
G
E
S
R
P
R
E
T
N
E

I

:

:
:
:

I

S
E
S
R
P
R
E
T
N
E
Y
C
N
A
T
L
U
S
N
O
C

:

:
:
:

F
O
S
T
N
E
N
O
P
M
O
C

.

I

S
L
A
R
E
T
A
M

.

I

T
N
E
M
P
U
Q
E
F
O
S
R
E
I
L
P
P
U
S

E
R
A
W
T
F
O
S

:

:
:
:

I

R
E
H
G
H
R
E
H
T
O
R
O
S
E
T
S
R
E
V
N
U

I

I

I

-

I

N
O
N
E
T
A
V
R
P
R
O
T
N
E
M
N
R
E
V
O
G

S
E
T
U
T
T
S
N

I

I

H
C
R
A
E
S
E
R
T
F
O
R
P

I

:

:
:
:

S
E
T
U
T
T
S
N

I

I

I

N
O
T
A
C
U
D
E

:

:
:
:

.

S
E
C
N
E
R
E
F
N
O
C
L
A
N
O
S
S
E
F
O
R
P

I

S
L
A
N
R
U
O
J

.

I

S
G
N
T
E
E
M

:

:
:
:

I

N
O
T
A
M
R
O
F
N

I

D
E
S
A
B
R
E
T
U
P
M
O
C

S
K
R
O
W
T
E
N

:

:
:
:

S
E
R
U
S
O
L
C
S
D
T
N
E
T
A
P

I

:

:
:
:

I

S
N
O
T
B
H
X
E

I

I

.

S
R
A
F

I

:

:
:
:

I

I

E
S
R
P
R
E
T
N
E
N
H
T
W
S
E
C
R
U
O
S

I

I

I

I

E
H
T
N
H
T
W
S
E
S
R
P
R
E
T
N
E
R
E
H
T
O

I

S
E
S
R
P
R
E
T
N
E
Y
C
N
A
T
L
U
S
N
O
C

F
O
S
T
N
E
N
O
P
M
O
C

.

I

S
L
A
R
E
T
A
M

.

I

T
N
E
M
P
U
Q
E
F
O
S
R
E
I
L
P
P
U
S

E
R
A
W
T
F
O
S

S
R
E
M
O
T
S
U
C
R
O
S
T
N
E
I
L
C

P
U
O
R
G
E
S
R
P
R
E
T
N
E

I

I

S
R
O
T
T
E
P
M
O
C

I

R
E
H
G
H
R
E
H
T
O
R
O
S
E
T
S
R
E
V
N
U

I

I

I

-

I

N
O
N
E
T
A
V
R
P
R
O
T
N
E
M
N
R
E
V
O
G

S
E
T
U
T
T
S
N

I

I

H
C
R
A
E
S
E
R
T
F
O
R
P

I

S
E
T
U
T
T
S
N

I

I

I

N
O
T
A
C
U
D
E

S
E
R
U
S
O
L
C
S
D
T
N
E
T
A
P

I

.

S
E
C
N
E
R
E
F
N
O
C
L
A
N
O
S
S
E
F
O
R
P

I

S
L
A
N
R
U
O
J

.

I

S
G
N
T
E
E
M

I

N
O
T
A
M
R
O
F
N

I

D
E
S
A
B
R
E
T
U
P
M
O
C

S
K
R
O
W
T
E
N

I

S
N
O
T
B
H
X
E

I

I

.

S
R
A
F

I

13

34.5

34.6

28.2

:

34.7

91.5

87.5

94

20.9

33

27.9

12.4
15.9
6.6

35
34.5
32.1

36.3
30.9
31.1

29
26.6
29.2

82.1
54.1
67.9

36.7
21.7
21.7

93.9
84.9
84.9

87.7
87.7
87.7

95.4
89.9
87.7

20.5
21.7
25.5

32.5
34.5
35.8

27.9
28.2
27.4

SLOVENIA
(Year: 1997-1998)

9.2

28.7

28.7

14.9

26.4

31.0

28.7

25.3

27.6

32.2

28.7

28.7

9.2

27.6

18.4

18.4

47.1

23.0

42.5

47.1

62.1

17.2

29.9

25.3

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 10 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (50-249)

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

7.1
22.2
3.7

23.8
38.9
29.6

40.5
22.2
14.8

11.9
22.2
14.8

31.0
22.2
22.2

23.8
27.8
44.4

31.0
38.9
18.5

26.2
22.2
25.9

28.6
16.7
33.3

35.7
38.9
22.2

23.8
38.9
29.6

26.2
38.9
25.9

9.5
11.1
7.4

28.6
22.2
29.6

16.7
22.2
18.5

11.9
27.8
22.2

52.4
55.6
33.3

28.6
16.7
18.5

42.9
38.9
44.4

47.6
50.0
44.4

61.9
72.2
55.6

9.5
27.8
22.2

26.2
44.4
25.9

28.6
16.7
25.9

115

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table D.8
OBJECTIVES OF INNOVATION IN SERVICE SECTOR 
BY ENTERPRISE SIZE
In percent

PERCENTAGE OF INNOVATORS CONSIDERING THE FOLLOWING 

PERCENTAGE OF INNOVATORS CONSIDERING THE FOLLOWING 

OBJECTIVES OF INNOVATION   AS VERY IMPORTANT

OBJECTIVES OF INNOVATION   AS MODERATELY IMPORTANT

I

G
N
E
B
S
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
E
C
A
L
P
E
R

T
U
O
D
E
S
A
H
P

T
C
U
D
O
R
P
G
N
V
O
R
P
M

I

I

Y
T
I
L
A
U
Q

E
G
N
A
R
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
D
N
E
T
X
E

R
O
S
T
E
K
R
A
M
W
E
N
P
U
N
E
P
O

E
R
A
H
S
T
E
K
R
A
M
E
S
A
E
R
C
N

I

.

I

S
N
O
T
A
L
U
G
E
R
G
N
I
L
L
I
F
L
U
F

S
D
R
A
D
N
A
T
S

I

N
O
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
E
V
O
R
P
M

I

Y
T
I
L
I
B
X
E
L
F

I

S
T
S
O
C
R
U
O
B
A
L
E
C
U
D
E
R

I

L
A
R
E
T
A
M
E
C
U
D
E
R

I

N
O
T
P
M
U
S
N
O
C

-

N
O
C
Y
G
R
E
N
E
E
C
U
D
E
R

I

N
O
T
P
M
U
S

I

L
A
T
N
E
M
N
O
R
V
N
E
E
C
U
D
E
R

E
G
A
M
A
D

I

G
N
E
B
S
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
E
C
A
L
P
E
R

T
U
O
D
E
S
A
H
P

T
C
U
D
O
R
P
G
N
V
O
R
P
M

I

I

Y
T
I
L
A
U
Q

E
G
N
A
R
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
D
N
E
T
X
E

R
O
S
T
E
K
R
A
M
W
E
N
P
U
N
E
P
O

E
R
A
H
S
T
E
K
R
A
M
E
S
A
E
R
C
N

I

.

I

S
N
O
T
A
L
U
G
E
R
G
N
I
L
L
I
F
L
U
F

S
D
R
A
D
N
A
T
S

I

N
O
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
E
V
O
R
P
M

I

Y
T
I
L
I
B
X
E
L
F

I

S
T
S
O
C
R
U
O
B
A
L
E
C
U
D
E
R

I

L
A
R
E
T
A
M
E
C
U
D
E
R

I

N
O
T
P
M
U
S
N
O
C

-

N
O
C
Y
G
R
E
N
E
E
C
U
D
E
R

I

N
O
T
P
M
U
S

I

L
A
T
N
E
M
N
O
R
V
N
E
E
C
U
D
E
R

E
G
A
M
A
D

POLAND
(Year: 1997-1999)

30.3

30.3

41.1

41.5

33.1

21.9

30.8

21.4

16.6

16.1

12.3

30.8

30

43.5

25

27.2

32.4

22.2

24.9

14.2

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 10 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (50-249)

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

32.7

21.7

23.9

35.8

58.2

59.6

35.9

58.2

38.5

34.3

63

54.1

34.5

25.9

37.6

19.1

30.5

29.2

SLOVENIA
(Year: 1997-1998)

16.1

54.023

27.6

33.3

22.989

32.2

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 10 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (50-249)

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

16.7
16.7
14.8

61.905
55.556
40.741

23.8
27.8
33.3

38.1
16.7
37.0

16.667
16.667
37.037

31.0
33.3
33.3

29

36.7

34

4.6

4.8
0.0
7.4

24.5

10.6

18.9

5.7

7.1
0.0
7.4

18.7

9.2

16

:

:
:
:

17.3

10.9

20.8

5.7

4.8
5.6
7.4

8.7

23.7

18.3

32.3

25.8

20.2

33.7

15.9

26.6

50.8

18.6

23.9

19.8

41.5

29.4

26.4

29

34

32.3

31.6

38.7

19.4

31.7

24.5

22.5

34.1

21.7

31.0

35.632

37.9

34.5

35.632

34.5

18.4

24.1

26.2
33.3
37.0

28.571
38.889
44.444

42.9
27.8
37.0

35.7
50.0
22.2

35.714
50
25.926

35.7
33.3
33.3

11.9
27.8
22.2

14.3
22.2
40.7

:

:
:
:

8

35.3

19.8

23.0

16.7
22.2
33.3

116

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table D.8
OBJECTIVES OF INNOVATION IN SERVICE SECTOR 
BY ENTERPRISE SIZE
In percent

(CONTINUED)

PERCENTAGE OF INNOVATORS CONSIDERING THE FOLLOWING 

PERCENTAGE OF INNOVATORS CONSIDERING THE FOLLOWING 

OBJECTIVES OF INNOVATION   AS SLIGHTLY IMPORTANT

OBJECTIVES OF INNOVATION   AS NOT RELEVANT

I

L
A
T
N
E
M
N
O
R
V
N
E
E
C
U
D
E
R

E
G
A
M
A
D

:

:

:

:

I

G
N
E
B
S
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
E
C
A
L
P
E
R

T
U
O
D
E
S
A
H
P

T
C
U
D
O
R
P
G
N
V
O
R
P
M

I

I

Y
T
I
L
A
U
Q

E
G
N
A
R
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
D
N
E
T
X
E

R
O
S
T
E
K
R
A
M
W
E
N
P
U
N
E
P
O

E
R
A
H
S
T
E
K
R
A
M
E
S
A
E
R
C
N

I

.

I

S
N
O
T
A
L
U
G
E
R
G
N
I
L
L
I
F
L
U
F

S
D
R
A
D
N
A
T
S

I

N
O
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
E
V
O
R
P
M

I

Y
T
I
L
I
B
X
E
L
F

I

S
T
S
O
C
R
U
O
B
A
L
E
C
U
D
E
R

I

L
A
R
E
T
A
M
E
C
U
D
E
R

I

N
O
T
P
M
U
S
N
O
C

-

N
O
C
Y
G
R
E
N
E
E
C
U
D
E
R

I

N
O
T
P
M
U
S

I

L
A
T
N
E
M
N
O
R
V
N
E
E
C
U
D
E
R

E
G
A
M
A
D

58.4

28.4

29.9

16.1

42.9

51.9

37.8

57.4

59.5

70.7

58.7

54.6

57.8

31.8

16

20.2

30.4

25.9

34.9

14.9

18.4

22

45.7

32.6

33

55.7

40.4

39.6

39.9

31.7

30.2

57.3

57.5

59.4

60

56.5

65.1

20.7

26.4

9.1954

19.5

19.5

27.586

17.2

44.8

43.7

26.2
16.7
14.8

26.2
27.8
25.9

7.1429
5.5556
14.815

11.9
22.2
29.6

16.7
16.7
25.9

33.333
22.222
22.222

14.3
11.1
25.9

50.0
50.0
33.3

47.6
50.0
33.3

:

:
:
:

75.9

53.8

62.3

50.6

52.4
55.6
44.4

I

G
N
E
B
S
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
E
C
A
L
P
E
R

T
U
O
D
E
S
A
H
P

:

:

:

:

T
C
U
D
O
R
P
G
N
V
O
R
P
M

I

I

Y
T
I
L
A
U
Q

:

:

:

:

E
G
N
A
R
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
D
N
E
T
X
E

:

:

:

:

R
O
S
T
E
K
R
A
M
W
E
N
P
U
N
E
P
O

E
R
A
H
S
T
E
K
R
A
M
E
S
A
E
R
C
N

I

.

I

S
N
O
T
A
L
U
G
E
R
G
N
I
L
L
I
F
L
U
F

S
D
R
A
D
N
A
T
S

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

I

N
O
T
C
U
D
O
R
P
E
V
O
R
P
M

I

Y
T
I
L
I
B
X
E
L
F

I

:

:

:

:

S
T
S
O
C
R
U
O
B
A
L
E
C
U
D
E
R

:

:

:

:

I

L
A
R
E
T
A
M
E
C
U
D
E
R

I

N
O
T
P
M
U
S
N
O
C

:

:

:

:

26.4

1.1494

14.9

12.6

13.793

16.1

32.2

26.4

POLAND
(Year: 1997-1999)

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 10 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (50-249)

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

SLOVENIA
(Year: 1997-1998)

SMALL ENTERPRISES ( 10 - 49 )

MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (50-249)

LARGE ENTERPRISES ( 250 + )

31.0
22.2
22.2

2.381
0
0

21.4
22.2
0.0

9.5
16.7
14.8

14.286
11.111
14.815

19.0
22.2
7.4

33.3
22.2
37.0

31.0
27.8
18.5

-

N
O
C
Y
G
R
E
N
E
E
C
U
D
E
R

I

N
O
T
P
M
U
S

:

:

:

:

:

:
:
:

117

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
REFERENCE DATA

Table R.1
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)  
Mio national currencies at current prices 

BULGARIA

CYPRUS

BGN

CYP

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

200 832

298 934

525 552

880 322

1 748 701

17 055 205

21 577 020

22 776

: 

3 285

3 663

4 004

4 157

4 366

4 680

4 943

CZECH REPUBLIC

CZK 842 622 1 020 278 1 182 784 1 381 049

1 566 968

1 679 921

1 837 060

1 887 325

ESTONIA

HUNGARY

LATVIA

LITHUANIA

POLAND

ROMANIA

EEK

HUF

LVL

LTL

PLN

: 

: 

21 826

29 867

40 897

52 423

64 045

73 538

76 327

: 

: 

5 614 042

6 893 934

8 540 669 10 087 434

11 393 499

1 005

1 467

2 043

2 349

2 829

3 275

3 589

3 897

3 406

11 590

16 904

24 103

31 569

38 340

42 990

42 655

114 944

155 780

225 098

308 104

387 827

472 350

553 560

615 115

ROL 6 029 168 20 035 719 49 773 188 72 135 547 108 919 636 252 925 736 371 193 762 539 356 900

RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUR

19 006

171 510

610 745 1 540 493

2 145 656

2 478 594

2 741 100

4 757 200

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

SKK

: 

390 600

466 200

546 032

606 094

686 087

750 761

815 330

SLOVENIA

SIT 1 017 965 1 435 095 1 852 997 2 221 459

2 555 369

2 907 277

3 253 751

3 648 401

Table R.2
IMPLICIT GDP PRICE INDEX
(1995 = 100)

BULGARIA

CYPRUS

CZECH REPUBLIC

ESTONIA

HUNGARY

LATVIA

LITHUANIA

POLAND

ROMANIA

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

SLOVENIA

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

23.5

: 

66.1

: 

: 

36.3

11.0

59.9

9.4

: 

: 

51.7

35.6

92.2

80.0

54.7

: 

62.3

44.8

78.2

30.9

: 

80.1

70.8

61.4

97.1

90.7

76.4

: 

86.2

72.4

78.2

73.9

: 

91.1

86.8

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

221.0

2 319.1

2 833.9

2 921.2

101.9

108.8

123.3

121.2

116.5

125.1

118.7

145.3

144.1

104.5

111.1

104.5

117.5

136.4

143.6

124.2

141.6

135.4

359.0

165.0

111.4

120.9

106.7

130.1

149.0

161.7

131.0

151.1

151.3

553.6

191.7

117.1

130.4

107.8

134.2

155.8

175.3

140.8

156.0

161.5

823.0

315.6

124.8

138.9

118

REFERENCE DATA

Table R.3
POPULATION  
In thousands

BULGARIA

CYPRUS

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

8 540

8 472

8 444

8 406

8 362

8 312

8 257

8 211

: 

624

634

642

648

655

660

665

CZECH REPUBLIC

10 318

10 330

10 334

10 327

10 315

10 303

10 294

10 285

ESTONIA

HUNGARY

LATVIA

LITHUANIA

POLAND

ROMANIA

1 544

1 517

1 499

1 484

1 469

1 458

1 450

1 443

10 324

10 294

10 261

10 229

10 193

10 155

10 144

10 067

2 632

3 742

2 586

3 730

2 548

3 721

2 516

3 714

2 491

3 710

2 469

3 706

2 449

3 703

2 389

3 700

: 

38 459

38 544

38 588

38 618

38 650

38 666

38 654

22 789

22 755

22 731

22 681

22 608

22 546

22 503

22 458

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

SLOVENIA

: 

: 

1 996

: 

5 325

1 991

: 

147 609

147 137

146 739

146 328

145 559

5 347

1 989

5 364

1 988

5 374

1 991

5 383

1 987

5 391

1 983

5 396

1 986

Table R.4
LABOUR FORCE
In thousands

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

BULGARIA

CYPRUS

:

3 809

3 637

3 574

3 572

274

276

282

293

:

:

:

:

290

:

291

CZECH REPUBLIC

:

5 211

5 247

5 283

5 174

5 184

5 233

5 235

ESTONIA

HUNGARY

LATVIA

LITHUANIA

POLAND

ROMANIA

795

758

749

4 527

4 346

4 203

:

:

:

:

:

:

727

4 095

1 200

:

718

4 048

1 182

:

718

3 995

1 186

1 820

710

4 011

1 168

1 843

696

4 096

1 157

1 862

17 856

17 321

17 132

17 068

17 077

17 100

17 162

17 138

11 387

11 195

11 885

12 120

11 726

11 756

11 577

11 566

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

74 945

72 947

70 487

70 861

69 660

68 079

66 736

69 731

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

SLOVENIA

Source: ILO

:

:

2 387

2 437

2 471

2 509

2 503

2 516

2 549

930

936

952

947

967

982

963

119

REFERENCE DATA

Table R.5
EXCHANGE RATES
(1 ECU/EUR = ...)

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

CZECH REPUBLIC

CZK

36.69

BULGARIA

CYPRUS

ESTONIA

HUNGARY

LATVIA

LITHUANIA

POLAND

ROMANIA

BGN

30.27

32.35

64.34

87.87

225.56

1 907.34

1 969.00

CYP

0.58

EEK

16.76

0.58

34.14

16.17

0.58

34.24

14.74

0.59

34.71

15.00

0.59

34.47

15.28

0.58

35.95

15.74

0.58

36.32

15.75

1.96

0.58

36.89

15.65

HUF

102.54

107.63

125.04

164.44

193.78

211.64

240.60

252.77

LVL

LTL

PLN

0.96

2.30

1.77

0.79

5.09

2.12

0.66

4.73

2.70

0.69

5.17

3.17

0.70

5.01

3.42

0.66

4.53

3.72

0.66

4.48

3.92

0.61

4.26

4.23

ROL 399.36

885.83 1 971.56 2 947.12

3 922.19

8 111.50

9 985.00 16 345.20

RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUR 249.88 1 092.00 2 616.00 5 997.00

6 499.00

6 560.20 10 890.00 17 924.94

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

SKK

36.68

36.03

38.12

38.86

39.38

38.11

39.54

44.12

SLOVENIA

SIT

105.41

132.51

155.25

154.88

171.78

181.00

185.96

194.47

120

METHODOLOGICAL EXPLANATORY NOTES

R&D SURVEY IN BULGARIA

R&D QUESTIONNAIRE

In 1996, the National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria launched a new survey on R&D
activities in line with the Frascati Manual recommendations.

One  uniform  questionnaire  was  designed  for  data  collection  from  all  types  of  units
performing  R&D  (without  any  threshold  for  expenditure  amount  and/or  number  of
personnel),  classified  in  the  four  sectors  of  performance.  The  questionnaire  contains
comprehensive explanatory notes, presenting R&D definitions based on the 5th edition
of the Frascati Manual.

Coverage of sectors

Data  breakdown  by  sector  of  performance/employment  before  1997,  when  a  new
(comparable  with  NACE  Rev.1)  was
National  classification  of  activities 
implemented, is only partly compatible with OECD standards.

Private non-profit sector could not be separately identified for expenditure data before
1996  and  for  personnel  data  before  1994,  but  it  made  only  a  very  modest  (if  any)
contribution to the national R&D efforts.

Expenditure  data  before  1996  and  personnel  data  before  1993  were  reported  in  the
broader concept of S&T activities.

Since  1996,  the  reporting  units  have  been  classified  into  four  standard  sectors  of
performance  in  line  with  Frascati  methodology:  business  enterprise,  government,
higher education and private non-profit institutions.

R&D expenditure

Before 1996, data on GERD by all sources of funds are incomplete. Data are available
for only two sources - business enterprise and government. From 1996 onwards data
are provided for all sources of funds.

GERD  data  by  type  of  costs  are  available  for  the  entire  1980-1999  period.  Before
1996 current and capital expenditures were measured in different survey frameworks
and some coverage discrepancies are possible.

Distribution  of  current  expenditure  data  by  type  of  activity  is  fully  in  line  with
Frascati  recommendations  from  1996  onwards.  Before  1996  data  concerning
experimental  development  were  not  reported  separately  from  the  applied  research
data.

121

R&D  expenditure  data  by  main  field  of  science  are  available  from  1997  onwards.
Social sciences and humanities are not surveyed separately but as one category.

GBAORD  by  socio-economic  objectives  are  not  available  since  the  Nomenclature
that  is  comparable  with  NABS  has  not  yet  been  implemented  into  the  national
statistical practice.

Distribution  of  BERD  data  by  industry  on  a  comparable  basis  with  NACE  Rev.1
(respectively, ISIC Rev.3) are available only from 1997. It is made on the basis of the
use of the product (activities supported by R&D programmes). Data for 1996 are re-
classified by using transfer keys between the new National classification of activities
and the old one - Classification of the branches of the national economy.

Defence  R&D  is  covered  (both  in  the  civil  and  military  sectors)  from  1995  onward.
R&D activities for defence purposes are included in the regular system of surveying
on the basis of an official agreement for data provision between NSI and Ministry of
Defence and Ministry of Internal Affairs.

In 1999 was a denomination of  national currency in the following proportion:
1000 old BG LEV = 1 new BG LEV.

R&D personnel

Data  in  FTE  are  available  since  1993  based  on  the  time  spent  on  R&D  activities.
Personnel  in  FTE  is  not  acquired  directly  from  the  respondents,  but  is  calculated  by
NSI  staff  according  to  proportion  of  working  time  devoted  to  R&D  activities  and  is
divided  into  three  groups:  90  per  cent  or  more  of  time,  between  50-90  per  cent  and
less than 50 per cent.

Since  1993,  data  series  on  researchers  include  postgraduate  students.  They  are  a
separately reported category.

Personnel  data  by  occupation,  comparable  with  the  Frascati  methodology  are
available since 1993. Before that, definitions of individual occupations were closer to
OECD  standards,  although  they  were  based  more  on  qualification  criteria  than  on
occupation.

Personnel  by  formal  qualification  is  available  since  1993.  Data  on  university  PhD
level  degrees  are  available  only  for  researchers,  not  whole  of  R&D  personnel.
Personnel with other education (lower than secondary) are not surveyed, because their
number is considered to be negligible (if any).

R&D  personnel  is  distributed  by  main  field  of  science  from  1993  onwards.  Social
sciences and humanities are not surveyed separately but as one category.

Data for the business enterprise sector concerning personnel by industry are available
from 1993 onwards. The distribution of personnel by industry is made on the basis of
the use of the product (activities supported by R&D programmes).

122

SOURCES AND METHODS

The survey covers all R&D performers (including R&D military units) and is limited
only  to  their  R&D  activities.  It  is  an  annual,  full-coverage  (census),  mandatory
survey.

The  reporting  units  are  all  legal  entities,  registered  on  the  national  territory  and
performing R&D activities.

R&D SURVEY IN CYPRUS

R&D QUESTIONNAIRE

The  first  R&D  statistical  survey  in  Cyprus  was  carried  out  by  the  Department  of
Statistics  and  Research  in  autumn  1992  and  covered  the  years  1991  and  1992
together. This was the first attempt to collect and compile internationally comparable
R&D data.

The survey was based on the recommendations of the Frascati Manual (1981 edition)
and standard definitions were used.

One uniform questionnaire was designed for all sectors of performance.

The  Department  of  Statistics  and  Research  carried  out  a  new  R&D  survey  for  1998
and 1999 and is planing to continue conducting this survey on an annual basis.

Coverage of sectors

Reporting units were classified into four standard sectors of performance in line with
Frascati methodology: business enterprises, government, higher education and private
non-profit institutions.

Data are based on the reports received through the questionnaire Survey of Scientific
Research and Development.

R&D expenditure

GERD data are available by source of funds, by type of costs (excluding depreciation
costs  from  current  expenditure)  and  by  main  field  of  science  in  accordance  with
OECD standards.

Current  intramural  expenditure  on  R&D  is  distributed  by  type  of  activity  only  from
1998.

123

Data on GBAORD by socio-economic objectives are not available.

No defence R&D is performed.

R&D personnel

Personnel data are reported not only in FTE from 1998 onwards.

In  the  survey  questionnaire  R&D  personnel  are  grouped  into  the  following
occupations:
·  Scientists and Engineers
·  Technicians, laboratory assistants and draughtsmen
·  Other (including administrative and clerical employees)

Definitions  for 
recommendations.

the 

three  occupational  categories  are 

in 

line  with  Frascati

Data on R&D personnel refer to 31 December.

Data  on  R&D  personnel  by  formal  level  of  qualification  are  available  from  1998
onwards.

SOURCES AND METHODS

The  survey  combined  full-coverage  and  sampling  techniques.  In  the  Government
sector,  a  full-coverage  survey  was  carried  out,  covering  all  ministries,  departments,
organisations  and  other  establishments  providing  government  services.  In  the
Business  enterprise  and  private  non-profit  sectors,  first  the  maximum  number  of
potential R&D performers were identified and then a sample was designed.

Results  from  the  Industrial  Production  Survey  1990  were  used  for  the  selection  of
private  enterprises  in  mining,  quarrying  and  manufacturing  sectors.  Identification  of
the  R&D  performing  private  enterprises,  classified  in  other  economic  activities,  was
affected through the assistance of a number government departments and professional
bodies.

The reporting unit used was the enterprise-type unit.

R&D SURVEY IN CZECH REPUBLIC

R&D QUESTIONNAIRE

The Czech Statistical Office has introduced Frascati methodology for the first time in
1995.

124

R&D expenditure

Data on R&D expenditure before 1995 were overestimated, as they referred to all the
activities of units, not just R&D (coverage was rather S&T than R&D). The national
authorities consider that about 10 % of total expenditure is devoted to activities other
than R&D.

Defence R&D was excluded until 1995.

Until 1995, data covered only expenditure financed by the Government.

Since the beginning of 1995, all non-R&D activities have been excluded and defence
R&D included.

Data on GUF are not available.

Data on GBAORD are not available by socio-economic objective.

R&D personnel

Data  on  R&D  personnel  were,  until  1995,  expressed  only  in  head  counts  and  not  in
FTE.  Since  the  beginning  of  1995,  data  on  R&D  personnel  are  expressed  in  FTE
according to Frascati recommendations.

Data on R&D personnel refer to 31 December.

R&D personnel by formal qualification are not compatible with ISCED standards.

Classification  by  field  of  science:  Social  sciences  and  humanities  are  not  given
separately till 1997.

SOURCES AND METHODS

The questionnaire (Annual report on science, technological development and licences)
covers units of at least 25 employees.

The Czech Statistical Office faces problems such as difficult respondent identification
and non-responses.

Identifying  the  respondents  in  R&D  activity  is  one  of  the  main  issues.  Standard
practice  is  for  questionnaires  to  be  mailed  to  every  selected  group  of  respondents
(manufacturing,  construction,  science  and  technology),  which  enables  everyone
engaged  in  R&D  activity  to  answer.  Information  on  who  performs  R&D  is  missing
when the questionnaires are returned blank or not sent back.

Another solution is to create an auxiliary register of units performing R&D activities,
linked  to  a  register  of  economic  activities.  Information  on  R&D  performers  for  this
register will result from:
·  R&D Questionnaire from previous years
· 

Innovation survey

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·  Structural survey on production statistics
· 
·  Other available information

Information from the state administration data sources

An  essential  difference  is  that  this  identification  also  includes  units  whose  principal
activity  is  not  R&D.  This  register  is  going  to  be  updated  annually,  using  the  above-
mentioned sources.

This  register  will  further  enable  and  urge  responses,  make  estimates  of  non-
respondents and include them in national totals.

Collecting data from the Higher Education Sector also requires specific care. There is
co-operation  with  the  Ministry  of  Science  and  Technology  in  order  to  obtain  better
quality data and the highest possible response rate.

R&D SURVEY IN ESTONIA

R&D QUESTIONNAIRE

 One unified questionnaire is used for three sectors.

Coverage of sectors

Data are based on the reports received through the survey Research and Development
from  the  enterprises  and  institutions,  whose  main  activity  is  R&D,  and  from  the
establishments, which are closely connected with R&D. The reporting units are:
·  Enterprises
·  Government scientific institutions:

·  Universities:higher  education  institutions  performing  systematic  scientific

work

·  Research institutes:mostly institutes known previously as scientific institutions

of the Academy of Science

·  Other scientific institutions … establishments not having the status of governmental

scientific institutions and enterprises, whose principal activity is R&D.

R&D expenditure

There  are  no  data  on  GERD  before  1998,  because  the  R&D  questionnaire  in
Estonia did not cover the business enterprise sector.

There  are  no  special  instructions  for  the  inclusion  of  actual  salaries/stipends  and
similar expenditures associated with postgraduate students in labour costs.

Depreciation costs are excluded from R&D expenditure.

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Expenditure  on  R&D  by  type  of  activity  is  possible  only  for  total  R&D  expenditure
(current + capital): the National Statistical Office has made the estimation for current
intramural expenditure on R&D.

R&D personnel

The  data  on  R&D  personnel  in  the  higher  education  sector  from  1992-1994  is
overestimated,  because  also  included  among  R&D  personnel  are  staff  which  are  not
directly included in R&D (are involved only in the teaching process).

SOURCES AND METHODS

The Estonian Statistical Office did not cover the business enterprise sector until 1998.

Because  of  privatisation,  certain  reporting  units  have  changed  from  the  government
sector  to  the  business  enterprise  sector.  Furthermore,  in  1997,  some  State  research
institutes  joined  with  universities,  so  these  research  institutes  previously  included  in
the government sector are now included in the higher education sector.

The  sample  for  the  1996  survey  was  based  on  an  excerpt  of  institutions  and
enterprises with corresponding activity, taken from the Estonian Enterprise Register.
The sample consisted of 148 establishments, of which 97 responded. Among these, 36
were governmental scientific institutions and 32 other scientific institutions (including
8 enterprises). Moreover, 29 units reported that their principal activity had changed or
that they did not perform R&D. The bulk of non-respondents were either non-active
units or units without R&D activity.

Higher education sector
·  There  are  only  a  limited  number  of  higher  education  institutions,  which  are  all

covered by the R&D questionnaire. The non-response rate was zero.

Government sector
· 

Included  are  all  institutions  that  have  R&D  as  their  principal  activity.  Other
institutions  are  covered  if  they  have  received  grants  from  the  state  budget.  The
response rate was very high and only some minor units did not respond, but their
share  was  lower  than  0.2  %  so  the  Statistical  office  did  not  have  to  do  any
estimates.

Private non-profit sector

·  Did not exist before 1991.

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R&D SURVEY IN HUNGARY

R&D QUESTIONNAIRE

The Hungarian Statistical Office introduced the Frascati methodology in 1994.

The statistical office collects R&D data with three different questionnaires:
1.  For R&D units in the Business enterprise sector
2.  For R&D units in the Higher Education sector
3.  For R&D institutes and other R&D units

Until  now,  they  have  been  unable  to  handle  the  non-profit  sector.  Non-profit
organisations are a newly emerging form in Hungary.

Break in series:
1.  From  1988  onwards  the  conceptual  content  of  R&D  became  narrower.  Data  on
R&D expenditure and personnel are incomparable with the years prior to 1988.

2.  In 1994 was the introduction of Frascati methodology.

R&D expenditure

Before  1998,  the  concept  of  R&D  was  far  broader  and,  in  terms  of  activities,  was
more like S&T.

Until  1994  (introduction  of  Frascati  methodology)  GERD  included  purchase  of
licences and know-how as a part of other current expenditure.

Defence R&D is included in R&D only if a civil enterprise or institute performs it.

Data on R&D expenditure come from three sources:
·  Statistical R&D survey
·  Business survey
·  Data from the National Committee on Technological Development of the Central

Technological Development Fund (KMUFA)

GERD is calculated on the basis of these three sources. Data on KMUFA can not be
broken  down  by  sector.  Therefore,  the  outcome,  when  summing  up  the  R&D
expenditure of sectors, is not equal to total R&D expenditure (GERD).

GERD by sources of funds
When you sum up source of funds, the outcome is not equal to the total GERD. The
reason is that loans from domestic banks and other domestic sources are not included
according to OECD methodology.

In  1994,  KMUFA  previously  included  in  the  Business  enterprise  sector  was
reclassified in the government sector.

Classifications  by  field  of  science:  social  sciences  and  humanities  are  not  given
separately.

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Data on GBAORD are not available.

R&D personnel

R&D personnel is distinguished by occupation:
·  Researchers
·  Technicians
·  Other R&D personnel

Definitions  for  researchers  and  technicians  are  in  accordance  with  Frascati
recommendations.  Other  personnel  include  persons  who  are  providing  indirect
service,  such  as  canteen  and  security  staff,  which,  according  to  the  Frascati  manual,
should  be  excluded.  Data  by  occupation  are  available  on  a  comparable  basis  with
OECD for researchers and technicians.

Data on R&D personnel is available by both head count and FTE.

SOURCES AND METHODS

There are three different annual and mandatory surveys:
·  For scientific research and development institutes;
·  For R&D units of higher education;
·  For units of enterprises performing R&D for an amount not below 1 million HUF

since 1994 (3 million HUF before 1994), or having at least 5 employees.

In 1992 a pilot survey of small enterprises (limited liability companies, joint ventures,
etc)  was  carried  out,  but  resulted  in  a  very  high  non-response  rate  (75-80  %).  Since
1993 data include also liability companies with R&D activities.

R&D SURVEY IN LATVIA

R&D QUESTIONNAIRE

One unified questionnaire is used for data collection from the respondents, classified
into the four sectors of performance.

Coverage of sectors

The  survey  covers  all  higher  education  and  government  sector  institutions  dealing
with  R&D  activities.  The  coverage  of  business  enterprise  sector  is  inadequate.  Only
those  enterprises,  which  have  indicated  their  R&D  activities  in  other  reports  (e.g.
questionnaires on financial activities) are covered.

Data  concerning  business  enterprise  expenditure  and  personnel  by  industry  are  not
available.

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In  2000,  The  Central  Statistical  Bureau  of  Latvia  is  planning  to  launch  the  first
sampling  survey  in  the  Business  sector,  covering  all  branches  of  the  national
economy.

R&D expenditure

GERD  data  by  sector  of  performance  are  available  since  1995.  Data  on  R&D
expenditure  in  the  business  enterprise  sector  are  not  yet  sufficiently  qualitative,
because of incomplete coverage.

GERD by source of funds: Data concerning higher education as a source of funds are
not available.

R&D  expenditure  by  type  of  costs  and  field  of  science  and  also  current  intramural
expenditure by type of activity are not available.

Total data on GBAORD are available from 1993 onwards, but they are not distributed
by socio-economic objective.

R&D personnel

Since 1993, personnel data by sector of performance are available by head count and
FTE in line with the Frascati manual recommendations.

Data on R&D personnel refer to 31 December of the reference year.

R&D  personnel  is  classified  according  to  occupation:  researchers,  technicians  and
other R&D staff.

Data on R&D personnel by formal level of qualification are not available.

Since 1997 only researchers (not total R&D personnel) in FTE are distributed by field
of science. Classification by field of science is in accordance with OECD standards.

SOURCES AND METHODS

In 1997, 40 institutions in the higher education sector and 41 in the government sector
were surveyed. The non-response rate was 5 %.

Identification of the units performing R&D activities in the business enterprise sector
is carried out on the basis of other sources (e.g. questionnaires on financial activities
of the enterprises).

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R&D SURVEY IN LITHUANIA

R&D QUESTIONNAIRE

 One unified questionnaire is used for all sectors of performance.

Coverage of sectors

Before  1996,  the  reporting  units  were  grouped  as  follows:  higher  schools,  research
institutions  (companies,  entities,
institutions,  scientific 
museums, etc.), which does not correspond to international standards.

institutions  and  other 

In 1996 Frascati Manual recommendations were introduced and the responding units
were  regrouped  into  four  standard  sectors  of  performance:  business  enterprises,
government, higher education and private non-profit institutions.

Data  are  based  on  the  reports  received  through  the  annual  questionnaire:  Report  on
R&D personnel and R&D activity.

R&D expenditure

R&D data do not cover defence.

R&D  expenditure  by  source  of  funds  are  not  available  in  accordance  with  OECD
standards.  In  the  R&D  survey  questionnaire  the  following  financing  sources  are
identified:  State  budget  funds;  customers  funds  and  other  sources  (participation  in
international programs, means received from supporters and own funds).

Data  on  R&D  expenditure  are  classified  by  type  of  costs  -  in  current  (excluding
depreciation  costs)  and  capital  and  by  field  of  science  in  line  with  Frascati
methodology.

Expenditure on R&D by type of activity are available only for total R&D expenditure
(current + capital).

Data on GBAORD by socio-economic objective are available from 1999.

R&D personnel

Since  1996,  data  on  R&D  personnel  are  expressed  by  both  head  count  and  FTE,  in
accordance with Frascati recommendations.

Data on R&D personnel refer to 31 December.

R&D personnel by occupation is grouped into the following categories:
·  Researchers (including postgraduate students)
·  Technicians and equivalent staff
·  Other supporting staff

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Data  on  R&D  personnel  by  formal  level  of  qualification  are  available  only  in  head
count, not in FTE.

Only researchers (not total R&D personnel) in FTE are distributed by field of science.
Classification by field of science is in accordance with OECD standards.

SOURCES AND METHODS

Reporting units

Since 1996, the number of reporting units has increased with the introduction of the
Frascati methodology.

In  July  1996,  a  survey  was  carried  out  in  order  to  identify  units  performing  R&D
activities. About 15,000 respondents have been questioned.

The Lithuanian Department of Statistics plans to expand the number of respondents in
the business enterprise sector in the near future.

R&D SURVEY IN POLAND

R&D QUESTIONNAIRE

In 1994, a new R&D survey in line with the Frascati Manual was launched. One type
of  questionnaire  was  designed  for  all  types  of  units  performing  R&D.  Since  1996,
there are two types of R&D questionnaires:
·  For the Higher education sector
·  For the other three sectors
The main difference is in classification.

Since 1994, data on R&D is totally in line with Frascati recommendations.

R&D expenditure

According to Frascati recommendations.

GERD by source of funds:
·  General  University  Funds  (GUF)  do  not  exist  in  Poland.  The  Ministry  of
Education finances only the teaching activity of higher education institutions. The
higher education institutions receive money from two sources:

·  From the State Committee for Scientific Research for R&D activity
·  From the Ministry of Education for teaching activity

GBAORD, classified according to socio-economic objective is not available.

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R&D personnel

In accordance with Frascati recommendations.

SOURCES AND METHODS

The  agency  responsible  for  the  collection  of  R&D  statistics  in  Poland  is  the  Central
Statistical Office (GUS).

The  survey  on  R&D  is  an  obligatory  annual  census  survey  covering  all  units
performing R&D activity in Poland:
·  Scientific units of the Polish Academy of Sciences;
·  Branch  (sector)  R&D  units  (research  institutes,  central  laboratories  and  R&D
centres)  whose  role  is  to  perform  industrially  oriented  research,  although  they
represent various scientific disciplines including basic research in the humanities
and social sciences;

·  Higher education institutions;
·  Science  support  units  (scientific  libraries,  scientific  archives,  scientific  societies

and  auxiliary units);

·  Development units performing R&D as a secondary or tertiary activity other than
their  principal  economic  activity  (industrial  enterprises,  design  offices,
agricultural experimental farms, etc).

The  R&D  survey  includes  enterprises  with  6,  21  or  51  employees  and  more,
depending  on  the  industry.  R&D  activity  of  units  beyond  this  threshold  is  of  no
importance, if any.

The response rate of the R&D survey is very high, at more than 95 %.
Within  the  sub-population  of  units  whose  principal  economic  activity  is  R&D  (code
73 of NACE Rev. 1 … the scientific units of the Polish Academy of Science and the
branch R&D units) and within the sub-population of higher education institutions, the
response rate is exactly 100 %. These units also represent the core of the R&D system
in Poland.

In  the  rare  cases  of  non-response  (when  also  reminders  do  not  bring  any  results),
estimations are made using different imputation methods. In most of the cases:
·  The  missing  values  are  replaced  by  the  values  of  the  unit  which  is  most  similar

with respect to other variables

·  Estimation is made on the basis of information coming from the previous survey

Sources for identifying units performing R&D

1.  The general frame is an official register named REGON;
2.  Specifically for purposes of the R&D survey, a special business R&D register has
been  established.  The  main  problem  is  the  updating  of  this  register.  Sources  of
information used for this register are:
·  Annual  survey  on  Innovation  that  covers  all  enterprises  with  more  than  50
employees  in  Mining  and  Manufacturing  sectors  and  with  more  than  20

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employees in the Utilities sector. All the firms reporting R&D expenditure in
annual innovation survey are then included in the special R&D register;

·  Various other statistical surveys, in order to identify the maximum number of

potential R&D performers.

R&D SURVEY IN ROMANIA

R&D QUESTIONNAIRE

The  Romanian  National  Institute  of  Statistics  introduced  Frascati  methodology  in
1993.

R&D data are collected through a full-coverage survey, carried out with three specific
statistical questionnaires:
1.  R&D: Research and Development activity in specialised units
2.  R&D - A: Research and Development activity in other units than the specialised

ones ( having at least 8 employees)

3.  R&D  -  univ  :  Research  and  Development  activity  in  higher  education  units  and

university clinics

Coverage of sectors

The  annual  R&D  survey  covers  only  three  sectors  of  performance:  business
enterprise,  government  and,  higher  education.  Private  non-profit  institutions  are  not
surveyed.

 R&D expenditure

Expenditure  data  in  accordance  with  Frascati  recommendations  are  available  since
1993.

Only the part of defence R&D conducted in civil enterprises is included in R&D.

GERD  data  by  sources  of  funds  and  type  of  costs  are  available  from  1995  onwards.
Until 1994, data covered only current expenditure.

Current  intramural  expenditure  by  sector  of  performance  and  type  of  activity  are
distributed since 1995.

Since  1996,  expenditure  data  are  classified  by  main  field  of  science,  in  line  with
Frascati methodology.

Data  on  GBAORD  by  socio-economic  objective  are  available  since  1993.  They  are
provided  by  the  National  Agency  for  Science,  Technology  and  Innovation,  the
Romanian Academy and the National Education Ministry.

134

R&D personnel

Data  on  R&D  personnel  are  available  by  head  count  and  FTE.  They  refer  to  31
December of the corresponding year.

Postgraduate students are included in R&D personnel.

Personnel  data  (head  count  and  FTE)  by  occupation  and  by  formal  level  of
qualification are available on a comparable basis with OECD since 1993.

Data on R&D personnel distributed by main field of science are available since 1996.

SOURCES AND METHODS

There are three different annual and mandatory surveys:
·  For specialised units, whose principal activity is R&D
·  For units other than the specialised ones, having at least 8 employees
·  For higher education institutions and university clinics

Reporting units:

The  following  reporting  units  are  covered  through  three  different  annual  R&D
questionnaires:
·  Units,  whose  principal  activity  is  R&D,  irrespective  of  ownership  and
organisational  type  -  national  R&D  institutes;  R&D  units,  organised  as  public
institutes;  scientific  research  units  of  the  Romanian  Academy;  R&D  units  of
branch  academies;  R&D  companies;  R&D  units  subordinate  to  national
companies; museums and other R&D units.

·  R&D  units  or  departments  of  companies  with  a  principal  activity  other  than

R&D.

·  R&D  units  within  higher  education;  higher  education  institutes  with  R&D

structures, university clinics with R&D collectives.

Sources:

The  nomenclature  of  reporting  units  is  annually  updated  on  the  basis  of  existing
registrations  in  the  National  Agency  for  Science,  Technology  and  Innovation  and  in
the Romanian Academy. It is completed by adding units who have declared R&D as a
main activity in their balance sheets.

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R&D SURVEY IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

R&D QUESTIONNAIRE

R&D  data  comparable  with  OECD  standards  are  available  since  1994,  when  a  new
the  Frascati  Manual
questionnaire  was  designed 
recommendations and national practice. It covers all R&D performing units regardless
of the sector of national economy and is limited only to R&D activity.

in  accordance  with  both 

Coverage of sectors

Before  1994,  the  R&D  sources  (personnel,  expenditure)  were  traditionally  grouped
into four sectors:
·  Academy sector
· 
Industrial R&D sector
·  Higher education sector
·  Enterprise sector

Since 1994, the reporting units are classified into four sectors of performance in line
with  OECD/Eurostat  standards:  business  enterprises,  government,  higher  education
and private non-profit institutions.

R&D expenditure

Expenditure  data  in  accordance  with  Frascati  Manual  recommendations  (including
Defence) are available since 1994.

In the R&D survey questionnaire the following financial sources are identified: own
funds;  budget  funds;  general  university  funds;  non-budget  funds;  business  enterprise
sector; higher education sector; private non-profit sector; foreign funds.

R&D  expenditure  by  type  of  costs  are  available  since  1994  according  to:  wages,
social  charges,  equipment,  other  material  costs,  other  current  expenditure,  land  and
buildings and other capital expenditure.

Breakdown  of  R&D  expenditure  by  type  of  activity  is  in  line  with  Frascati
recommendations since 1989.

For  the  period  1991-1994,  R&D  appropriations  covered  only  current  expenditure.
Since  1994,  distribution  of  GBAORD  by  socio-economic  objectives  is  based  on  the
NABS  and  at  the  same  time  reflects  national  practice.  General  University  Funds
(GUF) are not considered in the list of socio-economic objectives, as according to the
Russian practice all respective projects may be allocated to particular objectives.

R&D  expenditure  in  the  higher  education  sector  does  not  cover  scholarships  of
postgraduate students.

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The classification of fields of science utilised is fully compatible with that of OECD.

R&D personnel

R&D personnel data relate to 1 January of the year following that reported.

The full-time equivalent (FTE) concept is used since 1994.

Post-graduate  students  engaged  in  R&D  activity  on  a  full  or  part-time  basis  are
included in researchers data series.

Data  on  R&D  personnel  by  occupation  are  available  since  1994,  based  on  mixed
occupation/qualification criteria.

Classification of R&D personnel by formal qualification is based on categories related
to the Russian education system.

R&D SURVEY IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC

R&D QUESTIONNAIRE

Since 1994 the Slovak Statistical Office has introduced a new methodology on R&D
statistics based on Frascati Manual recommendations.

Until 1996, three different types of questionnaire were used for R&D data collection:
·  For  small  organisations  with  1  to  24  employees  having  R&D  as  a  principal

activity.

·  For economic/business organisations having 25 or more employees.
·  For government organisations, regardless of the number of employees.

In  1997,  one  unified  questionnaire  was  launched  for  all  organisations  dealing  with
R&D activities regardless of the number of employees and the principle activity.

Coverage of sectors

Before 1992, the government sector consisted of budgeted and subsidised institutions;
the  higher  education  sector  consisted  of  non-independent  institutions  under  the
Ministry  of  Education;  and  the  business  enterprise  sector  consisted  of  other
organisations.

In 1992, a regrouping of the reporting units was carried out on the basis of the new
Branch  Classification  of  Economic  Activities,  corresponding  to  NACE  Rev.1,  and
they  were  classified  into  four  standard  sectors  of  performance  in  line  with  Frascati
Manual recommendations.

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Data  before  1994  covered  the  whole  activity  of  institutions  and  not  only  R&D.
Depreciation costs are included among current R&D costs.

R&D expenditure

Before  1994,  the  breakdown  of  R&D  expenditure  by  source  of  funds  is  incomplete.
Only  business  enterprise  and  government  data  are  available.  Since  1994,  data  are
provided also for other sources as PNIs and Abroad. Higher education as a source of
funds  does  not  exist.  Data  concerning  General  University  Funds  (GUF)  are  not
available.

Distribution of GERD data by type of costs and of current R&D expenditure by type
of activity is in line with Frascati recommendations.

R&D expenditure data by main field of science are available from 1996 onwards.

GBAORD by socio-economic objective are available since 1994.

Defence R&D is not covered.

R&D personnel

Personnel data by head count indicate the current number at the end of the reference
year. FTE data are available since 1994.

Until  1994,  the  Slovak  Statistical  Office  estimates  the  breakdown  of  personnel  by
occupation.  Since  1994  classification  of  personnel  by  occupation  is  in  line  with  the
Frascati Manual.

R&D  personnel  by  formal  qualification:  the  Other  post  secondary  education  level
does not exist.

R&D personnel is distributed by main field of science from 1996 onwards.

Data concerning business enterprise personnel by industry are available since 1995.

SOURCES AND METHODS

The survey covers all organisations (units), dealing with R&D activities regardless of
the number of employees and their principle activity.

R&D SURVEY IN SLOVENIA

R&D QUESTIONNAIRE

R&D Statistics in the past

A  survey  on  R&D  activities  has  been  carried  out  since  1965  (within  the  statistical
programme of the former federal state of Yugoslavia).

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The  methodology  remained  unchanged  up  to  1992  and  was  inconsistent  with
international standards:
·  Division into sectors was incomparable with the international ones because it was
based  on  the  classification  of  activity,  which  reflected  the  socialist  type  of
economy.  The  reporting  units  were  divided  into  economic  (units  being  integral
parts  of  production  enterprises)  and  non-economic  (units  registered  for  R&D
activities,  serving  the  interests  of  the  complete  society).  Higher  education  sector
was already shown as an independent sector.

·  The data on R&D personnel were shown according to head count, not in FTE.
·  Data on R&D expenditure were adapted to the socialist type of economy.

Present situation in R&D statistics

In  1994,  Slovenia  harmonised  the  R&D  statistical  survey  for  1993  with  OECD
methodology (Frascati) for the first time.

Reporting  units  have  been  classified  into  the  four  Frascati  sectors  and  for  all  four
sectors a unified questionnaire have been used. From 1993, the questionnaire together
with  methodological  notes  has  been  improved  taking  into  account  the  problems  and
remarks from reporting units and users of data.

The data on R&D surveys are the result of the annual statistical survey on activities of
scientific-research  organisations  and  R&D  organisations.  Since  1996,  the  Statistical
Office  also  collected  data  on  GBAORD,  which  were  provided  by  all  government
institutions using budget funds for financing R&D.

R&D expenditure

Data  are  collected  on  all  expenditure  related  to  R&D  activity  (according  to  the
Frascati  manual).  Intramural  expenditure  comprises  current  (without  depreciation
costs) and capital expenditure.

R&D  expenditure  by  source  of  funds  are  also  collected  (from  the  viewpoint  of
performers).  In  Slovenia,  GUF  is  not  the  most  important  government  source  of
funding. The main government financier of R&D activity is the Ministry for Science
and Technology.
In  1996,  data  on  Government  Budget  appropriations  for  R&D  (GBAORD)  were
collected for the first time (by socio-economic objectives, field of science and by type
of transfer).

GERD by socio-economic objective is available since 1994.
GERD  is  divided  according  to  fields  of  science  for  all  four  sectors  and  by  industry
(ISIC) in business enterprise sector.

Division  by  type  of  R&D  activity  is  possible  for  total  intramural  R&D  expenditure
and for current intramural R&D expenditure.

Defence R&D is covered since 1993.

139

R&D personnel

All the personnel which are employed directly in R&D activities full time, part time
or  as  external  collaborators  as  well  as  those  providing  directed  services  related  to
R&D activity are included among R&D personnel.

Data on R&D personnel refer to 31 December of a given year.

In  1993,  only  researchers  were  expressed  in  FTE,    technicians  and  other  R&D
personnel were expressed only by head count, so the data on total R&D personnel is
overestimated. From 1994 onwards, all R&D personnel are expressed in FTE.

Data on R&D personnel are in line with the Frascati manual recommendations:
·  Occupation (head count and FTE)
·  Formal qualification (from 1997 onwards also in FTE)
·  Gender, age

SOURCES AND METHODS

Sources:

·  The main source used by the Statistical Office for identifying R&D enterprises is
the  register  from  the  Ministry  for  Science  and  Technology.  In  their  register,  all
independent researchers are included (part of the private non-profit sector), as well
as enterprises that perform R&D activity and received a government grant for it.
Also included are units from the government and higher education sectors, which
are not difficult to identify;

·  Another  source  is  the  Business  Register,  which  provides  information  on

enterprises with R&D as their principal activity;

· 

· 

In 1996 the Innovation survey was carried out for the first time and it is used as a
source for identifying R&D enterprises;

In  the  1998  survey,  all  the  enterprises  with  50  or  more  employees  in
manufacturing were included.

In Slovenia the R&D survey is obligatory according to the law, so all the enterprises
in the R&D database have to fill in the questionnaire otherwise they are reminded by
telephones  or  telegrams.  There  is  practically  no  non-response  (maybe  just  a  few
enterprises that do not have much influence on R&D indicators).

Reporting units are:

·  Public research institutions
·  Research units, departments, R&D groups inside enterprises and public economic

services (registered at the Ministry of Science and Technology)

140

 
·  Research organisations by law (Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, public

Higher education institutions, i.e. universities, faculties and art academies)
Individual researchers registered at the Ministry for Science and Technology

· 

Research  organisations,  which  are  mainly  involved  in  trial  production,  registration
and acquisition of patents, production control, market research, etc, are not covered in
the statistical survey unless technical improvement of products is involved.

141

DEFINITIONS

According  to  Proposed  Standard  Practice  for  Surveys  of  Research  and  Development
(Frascati Manual):

Research and experimental development (R&D) comprise:

creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of
knowledge,  including  knowledge  of  man,  culture  and  society,  and  the  use  of
this stock of knowledge to devise new applications. (par. 57).

Frascati  standards  distinguish  four  institutional  sectors  in  which  R&D  activity  is
performed:

Business Enterprise sector includes:
· 

all  firms,  organisations  and  institutions  whose  primary  activity  is  the  market
production  of  goods  or  services  (other  than  higher  education)  for  sale  to  the
general public at an economically significant price
private non-profit institutes mainly serving them

Government sector is composed of:
· 

all departments, offices and other bodies which furnish but normally do not sell
to the community those common services, other than higher education, which
cannot  otherwise  be  conveniently  and  economically  provided  and  administer
the  state  and  the  economic  and  social  policy  of  the  community.  (Public
enterprises are included in the business enterprise sector.)
NPIs controlled and mainly financed by government

· 

· 

Higher Education sector is composed of:

all   universities,   colleges  of  technology, and   other   institutes   of   post-
secondary  education,  whatever  their  source  of  finance  or  legal  status.  It  also
includes  all  research  institutes,  experimental  stations  and  clinics  operating
under    the    direct    control    of    or  administered  by  or  associated  with  higher
education establishments.

Private Non-Profit sector covers:
· 

non-market, private non-profit institutions serving households (i.e. the general
public)
private individuals or households

· 

These  institutional  sectors  can  also  be  distinguished  when  considering  the  Gross
Domestic Expenditure (GERD) broken down by source of funds. Here, a fifth sector is
of importance:

142

Sector Abroad consists of:
· 

all institutions and individuals located outside the political frontiers of a country
except  for  vehicles,  ships,  aircraft  and  space  satellites  operated  by  domestic
organisations and testing grounds acquired by such organisations
all  international  organisations  (except  business  enterprises),  including  facilities
and operations within the frontiers of a country.

· 

Intramural  expenditures  are  the  basic  measure  for  R&D  expenditure.  They
comprise:

all  expenditures  for  R&D  performed  within  a  statistical  unit  or  sector  of  the
economy,  whatever  the  source  of  funds.  Expenditures  made  outside  the
statistical  unit  or  sector  but  in  support  of  intramural  R&D  are  included.  Both
current and capital expenditures are included.

Government budget appropriations or outlays on R&D(GBAORD) means:

all  appropriations  by  central  government  budgets.  Data  on  government  R&D
appropriations  therefore  refer to budget provisions, not  to  actual  expenditure,
i.e.  GBAORD  measures  government  support  for  R&D  using  data  collected
from budgets.

R&D personnel comprise:

all  persons  employed  directly  on  R&D,  as  well  as  those  providing  direct
services such as R&D managers, administrators, and clerical staff.
Those providing an indirect service, such as canteen and security staff, should
be excluded, even though their wages and salaries are included as an overhead
cost in the measurement of expenditure (FM, par. 279, 280).

Following the classification by occupation, the following types of R&D personnel can
be distinguished:

Researchers are:

professionals  engaged  in  the  conception  or  creation  of  new  knowledge,
products,  processes,  methods  and  systems,  and  in  the  management  of  the
projects concerned.

Technicians and equivalent staff are:

persons  whose  main  tasks  require  technical  knowledge  and  experience  in  one
or more fields of engineering, physical and life sciences, or social sciences and
humanities.  They  participate  in  R&D  by  performing  scientific  and  technical
tasks involving the application of concepts and operational methods, normally
under 
the
corresponding  R&D  tasks  under  the  supervision  of  researchers  in  the  social
sciences and humanities.

researchers.  Equivalent  staff  perform 

the  supervision  of 

Other supporting staff include:

skilled  and  unskilled  craftsmen,  secretarial  and  clerical  staff  participating  in
R&D projects or directly associated with such projects.

143

Full-time equivalent (FTE) concept:

is based on the measurement unit representing one person working full-time for
a given period. It is used to convert figures relating to the number of part-time
workers into the equivalent number of full-time workers.

Technological innovations comprise:

implemented  technologically  new  products  and  processes  and  significant
technological improvements in products and processes. An innovation has been
implemented,  if  it  has  been  introduced  on  the  market  (product  innovation)  or
used within a production process (process innovation). The product or process
should  be  new  (or  significantly  improved)  to  the  enterprise  (it  does  not
necessarily have to be new to the enterprise…s market).

A technologically new product is:
intended  uses  differ
a  product  whose 
significantly from those of previously produced products. Such innovations can
involve  radically  new  technologies,  can  be  based  on  combining  existing
technologies in new uses, or can be derived from the use of new knowledge.

technological  characteristics  or 

A technologically improved product is:

an  existing  product  whose  performance  has  been  significantly  enhanced  or
upgraded. A simple product may be improved (in terms of better performance
or lower cost) through use of higher performance components or materials, or
a  complex  product  which  consist  of  a  number  of  integrated  technical
subsystems may be improved by partial changes to one of the subsystems.

Technological process innovation is:

the  adoption  of  technologically  new  or  significantly  improved  production
organization, or a combination of these changes, and may be derived from the
use  of  new  knowledge.  The  methods  may  be  intended  to  produce  or  deliver
technologically  new  or  improved  products,  which  cannot  be  produced  or
delivered using conventional production methods, or essentially to increase the
production or delivery efficiency of existing products.

Innovative enterprise is:

an enterprise that has introduced new or significantly technologically improved
products or processes on the market.

Gross domestic product (GDP) represents:

the result of the production activity of resident producer units. It corresponds
to the economy…s output of goods and services, less intermediate consumption,
plus taxes linked to imports.

Implicit  GDP  price  index  is  not  a  direct  measurement  of  prices,  but  is  derived
implicitly by dividing GDP at current prices by GDP at constant prices.

144

Labour force comprises:

all  people aged 15 and over who are employed or unemployed but not inactive
(pupils, students, people in compulsory military service, retired people).

Population includes:

all persons resident in a given country. Persons normally resident in a country
but  temporarily  absent  on  business,  holiday  etc.,  are  included  in  the  total
population  figure,  whilst  foreigners  temporarily  resident  in  the  country  are
excluded. Population figures refer to the annual average.

Figures in ECU at current prices:

are  calculated  by  using  annual  average  exchange  rates  for  converting  values
from  national  currencies  into  ECU.  In  case  when  ECU  exchange  rate  is
missing,  the  US  dollar  exchange  rate  is  used  and  multiplied  by  the  Eurostat
dollar-ECU  exchange  rate.  The  European  Currency  Unit  (ECU)  is  a  basket
monetary  unit  on  the  market  exchange  rates  of  a  certain  quantity  of  each
Community currency.

145

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BG
BERD
BES
BGN
CSRS
CY
CYP
CZ
CZK
EC
ECP
ECU
EE
EEK
EU-15
EUR-11
ES
FTE
GBAORD
GDP
GERD
GOV
GOVERD
GUF
HC
HERD
HES
HU
HUF
ILO
IMF
LV
LVL
LT
LTL
Mio
NABS

NS
OECD
Ph.D
PL
PLN
PPS
PWT

Bulgaria
Business enterprise expenditure on R&D
Business enterprise sector
Bulgarian Lev
Centre for Science Research and Statistics
Cyprus
Cyprus Pound
Czech Republic
Czech Koruna
European Commission
European Comparison Program
European Currency Unit
Estonia
Estonian Kroon
European Union
Euro zone
EUROSTAT- Statistical Office of the European Communities
Full time equivalent
Government budget appropriations or outlays for R&D
Gross Domestic Product
Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D
Government sector
Government intramural expenditure on R&D
General university funds
Head count
Higher education expenditure on R&D
Higher education sector
Hungary
Hungarian Forint
International Labour Organisation
International Monetary Fund
Latvia
Latvian Lats
Lithuania
Lithuanian Litas
Million
Nomenclature for the Analysis and Comparison of Scientific
programmes and Budgets
National source
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Doctorate of Philosophy degree
Poland
Polish Zloty
Purchasing Power Standard
Penn World Table

146

RO
ROL
RU
RUR
R&D
SK
SKK
SI
SIT
S&T
UN
WB
-
:
|
italics

Romania
Romanian Leu
Russian Federation
Russian Rubla
Research and Development
Slovak Republic
Slovak Koruna
Slovenia
Slovenian Tolar
Science and Technology
United Nations Organisation
World Bank
Data not available
Data not separately available
Break in series
Estimates of Eurostat or OECD

147