Guideline of the European Central Bank of 7 March 2002 amending Guideline ECB/2000/7 on monetary policy instruments and procedures of the Eurosystem (ECB/2002/2)
Date: 2002-03-07
Institutions: European Central Bank
Subjects: EU Member State, European Central Bank, documentation, euro area, financial legislation, single monetary policy

15.7.2002

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Official Journal of the European Communities

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II

(Acts whose publication is not obligatory)

EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK

GUIDELINE OF THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK

of 7 March 2002

amending Guideline ECB/2000/7 on monetary policy instruments and procedures of

the

Eurosystem

(ECB/2002/2)

(2002/553/EC)

THE GOVERNING COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK,

(4)

In accordance with Articles 12.1 and 14.3 of
Statute, ECB guidelines
Community law,

the
form an integral part of

Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European
Community (hereinafter referred to as the (cid:145)Treaty(cid:146)), and in
particular to the first indent of Article 105(2),

Having regard to Articles 12.1 and 14.3 of the Statute of the
the European
European System of Central Banks and of
Central Bank (hereinafter
in
conjunction with the first indent of Article 3.1, Article 18.2
and the first paragraph of Article 20,

referred to as

the (cid:145)Statute(cid:146)),

Whereas:

and procedures

The single monetary policy requires a definition of the
instruments
the
to be used by
the national central banks
Eurosystem, consisting of
(NCBs) of Member States that have adopted the euro in
accordance with the Treaty (hereinafter referred to as
the (cid:145)participating Member States(cid:146)) and the European
Central Bank (ECB), in order to implement such policy
in a uniform manner
the participating
Member States.

throughout

further

development

definition and
The
implementation of the single monetary policy needs to
be reflected appropriately.

the

of

(1)

(2)

(3)

HAS ADOPTED THIS GUIDELINE:

Article 1

Principles, instruments, procedures and criteria for the
implementation of the single monetary policy

The Annex to this Guideline (The Single Monetary Policy in
Economic and Monetary Union (cid:151) General Documentation on
Eurosystem monetary policy instruments and procedures) shall
replace Annex 1 to Guideline ECB/2000/7 of 31 August 2000
on monetary policy instruments and procedures of
the
Eurosystem (1) (The Single Monetary Policy in Stage Three (cid:151)
General Documentation on Eurosystem monetary policy
instruments and procedures).

Article 2

Verification

The ECB is vested with the authority to establish the
necessary guidelines for the instruments and procedures
to be used in order to implement the single monetary
policy and the NCBs have an obligation to act
in
accordance with such guidelines.

forward details of the texts and means by
The NCBs shall
which they intend to comply with this Guideline to the ECB
by 25 April 2002 at the latest.

(1) OJ L 310, 11.12.2000, p. 1.

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Article 3

Final provisions

This Guideline shall be published in the Official Journal of

3.
the European Communities.

Done at Frankfurt am Main, 7 March 2002.

This Guideline is addressed to the NCBs of participating

1.
Member States.

2.

This Guideline shall enter into force on 7 July 2002.

On behalf of the Governing Council of the ECB

The President

Willem F. DUISENBERG

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ANNEX

THE SINGLE MONETARY POLICY IN THE EURO AREA

General documentation on Eurosystem monetary policy instruments and procedures

April 2002

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CONTENTS

Introduction

CHAPTER 1

1.

1.1.

1.2.

1.3.

Overview of the monetary policy framework

The European System of Central Banks

Objectives of the Eurosystem

Eurosystem monetary policy instruments

1.3.1. Open market operations

1.3.2. Standing facilities

1.3.3. Minimum reserves

1.4.

1.5.

Counterparties

Underlying assets

1.6. Modifications to the monetary policy framework

CHAPTER 2

2.

2.1.

2.2.

2.3.

2.4.

Eligible counterparties

General eligibility criteria

Selection of counterparties for quick tenders and bilateral operations

Sanctions in the event of non-compliance with counterparty obligations

Suspension or exclusion on grounds of prudence

CHAPTER 3

3.

Open market operations

3.1.

Reverse transactions

3.1.1. General considerations

3.1.2. Main refinancing operations

3.1.3. Longer-term refinancing operations

3.1.4. Fine-tuning reverse operations

3.1.5. Structural reverse operations

3.2.

3.3.

3.4.

3.5.

Outright transactions

Issuance of ECB debt certificates

Foreign exchange swaps

Collection of fixed-term deposits

CHAPTER 4

4.

4.1.

4.2.

Standing facilities

The marginal lending facility

The deposit facility

CHAPTER 5

5.

Procedures

5.1.

Tender procedures

5.1.1. General considerations

5.1.2. Tender operations calendar

5.1.3. Announcement of tender operations

5.1.4. Counterparties’ preparation and submission of tender bids

5.1.5. Tender allotment procedures

Page

7

8

8

8

8

8

9

9

9

10

10

11

11

11

12

12

13

13

13

13

14

14

15

15

16

17

18

18

18

19

20

20

20

22

23

24

25

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5.1.6. Announcement of tender results

5.2.

5.3.

Procedures for bilateral operations

Settlement procedures

5.3.1. General considerations

5.3.2. Settlement of open market operations

5.3.3. End-of-day procedures

CHAPTER 6

6.

6.1.

6.2.

6.3.

6.4.

Eligible assets

General considerations

Tier-one assets

Tier-two assets

Risk control measures

6.4.1.

Initial margins

6.4.2. Risk control measures for tier-one assets

6.4.3. Risk control measures for tier-two assets

6.5.

6.6.

Valuation principles for underlying assets

Cross-border use of eligible assets

6.6.1. Correspondent central banking model

6.6.2. Cross-border links

CHAPTER 7

7.

7.1.

7.2.

7.3.

Minimum reserves

General considerations

Institutions subject to minimum reserves

Determination of minimum reserves

7.4. Maintenance of reserve holdings

7.5.

7.6.

Reporting and verification of the reserve base

Non-compliance with minimum reserve obligations

Annexes

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Examples of monetary policy operations and procedures

Glossary

Selection of counterparties for foreign exchange intervention operations and foreign exchange
swaps for monetary policy purposes

The reporting framework for the money and banking statistics of the European Central Bank

The Eurosystem websites

Procedures and sanctions to be applied in the event of non-compliance with counterparty
obligations

List of charts, tables and boxes

Charts

1.

2.

3.

4.

Normal time-frame for the operational steps for standard tenders

Normal time-frame for the operational steps for quick tenders

The correspondent central banking model

Links between securities settlement systems

Page

28

29

30

30

30

31

31

31

32

34

36

37

38

40

42

43

43

44

45

45

45

46

48

49

49

50

61

68

69

76

77

21

22

43

44

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Tables
1.
2.
3.
4.

Boxes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Eurosystem monetary policy operations
Normal trade days for the main and the longer-term refinancing operations
Normal settlement dates for Eurosystem open market operations
Eligible assets for Eurosystem monetary policy operations

Issuance of ECB debt certificates
Foreign exchange swaps
Operational steps for tender procedures
Allotment of fixed rate tenders
Allotment of variable rate tenders in euro
Allotment of variable rate foreign exchange swap tenders
Risk control measures
Levels of valuation haircuts applied to eligible tier-one assets
Calculation of initial margins and valuation haircuts
Levels of valuation haircuts applied to eligible tier-two assets
Reserve base and reserve ratios
Calculation of the remuneration of holdings of required reserves

Abbreviations

Page

10
23
31
34

16
17
21
25
26
27
37
38
39
40
47
48

Correspondent central banking model
Central European time
Credit institutions
Central securities depository
Delivery-versus-payment
European Community
European Central Bank
European Economic Area
European economic Community
ECB payment mechanism
European System of Central Banks
European Union
Free of payment
Floating-rate note
Intraday credit
International securities identification number
Monetary financial institution
Money market fund
Money market paper
Monetary union
Monetary union Member States
National central bank
Rest of the world
Real-time gross settlement
Securities settlement system
Separate trading of interest and principal

CCBM
CET
CIs
CSD
DVP
EC
ECB
EEA
EEC
EPM
ESCB
EU
FOP
FRN
IDC
ISIN
MFI
MMF
MMP
MU
MUMS
NCB
RoW
RTGS
SSS
Strip
TARGET Trans-European automated real-time gross settlement express transfer (system)
UCITS

Undertaking for collective investment in transferable securities

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Introduction

This document presents the operational framework chosen by the Eurosystem (1) for the single monetary policy in the
euro area. The document, which forms part of the Eurosystem’s legal framework for monetary policy instruments and
procedures, is intended to serve as the (cid:145)General documentation(cid:146) on the monetary policy instruments and procedures of
the Eurosystem, particularly aiming to provide counterparties with the information they need in relation to the
Eurosystem’s monetary policy framework.

The general documentation in itself neither confers rights nor imposes obligations on counterparties. The legal
relationship between the Eurosystem and its counterparties is established in appropriate contractual or regulatory
arrangements.

This document is divided into seven chapters. Chapter 1 gives an overview of the operational framework for the
monetary policy of the Eurosystem. In Chapter 2, eligibility criteria for counterparties taking part in Eurosystem
monetary policy operations are specified. Chapter 3 describes open market operations, while Chapter 4 presents the
standing facilities available to counterparties. Chapter 5 specifies procedures applied in the execution of monetary
policy operations. In Chapter 6, the eligibility criteria for underlying assets in monetary policy operations are defined.
Chapter 7 presents the Eurosystem’s minimum reserve system.

The Annexes contain examples of monetary policy operations, a glossary, criteria for the selection of counterparties to
Eurosystem foreign exchange intervention operations, a presentation of the reporting framework for the money and
banking statistics of the European Central Bank, a list of the Eurosystem websites and a description of the procedures
and sanctions to be applied in the event of non-compliance with counterparty obligations.

(1) The Governing Council of the European Central Bank has agreed to use the term (cid:145)Eurosystem(cid:146) as an expression denoting the
composition in which the European System of Central Banks performs its basic tasks, i.e. the national central banks of those Member
States which have adopted the single currency in accordance with the Treaty establishing the European Community and the
European Central Bank.

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CHAPTER 1

1.

OVERVIEW OF THE MONETARY POLICY FRAMEWORK

1.1.

The European System of Central Banks

The European System of Central Banks (ESCB) consists of the European Central Bank (ECB) and the national
central banks of the European Union (EU) Member States (1). The activities of the ESCB are carried out in
accordance with the Treaty establishing the European Community (Treaty) and the Statute of the European
System of Central Banks and of the European Central Bank (Statute of the ESCB). The ESCB is governed by
the decision-making bodies of the ECB. In this respect, the Governing Council of the ECB is responsible for
the formulation of monetary policy, while the Executive Board is empowered to implement monetary policy
according to the decisions made and guidelines laid down by the Governing Council. To the extent deemed
possible and appropriate and with a view to ensuring operational efficiency, the ECB shall have recourse to
the national central banks (2) to carry out the operations which form part of the tasks of the Eurosystem. The
Eurosystem’s monetary policy operations are executed under uniform terms and conditions in all Member
States (3).

1.2.

Objectives of the Eurosystem

The primary objective of the Eurosystem is to maintain price stability, as defined in Article 105 of the Treaty.
Without prejudice to the primary objective of price stability, the Eurosystem has to support the general
economic policies in the European Community. In pursuing its objectives, the Eurosystem has to act in
accordance with the principle of an open market economy with free competition, favouring an efficient
allocation of resources.

1.3.

Eurosystem monetary policy instruments

In order to achieve its objectives, the Eurosystem has at its disposal a set of monetary policy instruments; the
Eurosystem conducts open market operations, offers standing facilities and requires credit institutions to hold
minimum reserves on accounts with the Eurosystem.

1.3.1.

Open market operations

Open market operations play an important role in the monetary policy of the Eurosystem for the purposes of
steering interest rates, managing the liquidity situation in the market and signalling the stance of monetary
policy. The Eurosystem has available five types of instruments for the conduct of open market operations.
The most important instrument is reverse transactions (applicable on the basis of repurchase agreements or
collateralised loans). The Eurosystem may also use outright transactions, the issuance of debt certificates, foreign
exchange swaps and the collection of fixed-term deposits. Open market operations are initiated by the ECB, which
also decides on the instrument to be used and the terms and conditions for their execution. They can be
executed on the basis of standard tenders, quick tenders or bilateral procedures (4). With regard to their aims,
regularity and procedures, the Eurosystem’s open market operations can be divided into the following four
categories (see also Table 1):

(cid:151) the main refinancing operations are regular liquidity-providing reverse transactions with a weekly frequency
and normally a maturity of two weeks. These operations are executed by the national central banks on
the basis of standard tenders. The main refinancing operations play a pivotal role in pursuing the
purposes of the Eurosystem’s open market operations and provide the bulk of refinancing to the financial
sector,

(1) It should be noted that national central banks of Member States which have not adopted the single currency in accordance with the
Treaty establishing the European Community (Treaty) retain their powers in the field of monetary policy according to national law
and are thus not involved in the conduct of the single monetary policy.

(2) Throughout this document, the term (cid:145)national central banks(cid:146) refers to the national central banks of the Member States which have

adopted the single currency in accordance with the Treaty.

(3) Throughout this document, the term (cid:145)Member State(cid:146) refers to a Member State which has adopted the single currency in accordance

with the Treaty.

(4) The different procedures for the execution of Eurosystem open market operations, i.e. standard tenders, quick tenders and bilateral
procedures, are specified in Chapter 5. For standard tenders, a maximum of 24 hours elapses between the tender announcement and
the certification of the allotment result. All counterparties fulfilling the general eligibility criteria specified in Section 2.1 may
participate in standard tenders. Quick tenders are executed within a time-frame of one hour. The Eurosystem may select a limited
number of counterparties to participate in quick tenders. The term (cid:145)bilateral procedures(cid:146) refers to any case in which the Eurosystem
conducts a transaction with one or a few counterparties without using tender procedures. Bilateral procedures include operations
executed through stock exchanges or market agents.

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(cid:151) the longer-term refinancing operations are liquidity-providing reverse transactions with a monthly frequency
three months. These operations aim to provide counterparties with additional
and a maturity of
longer-term refinancing and are executed by the national central banks on the basis of standard tenders.
In these operations, the Eurosystem does not, as a rule,
intend to send signals to the market and
therefore normally acts as a rate-taker,

(cid:151) fine-tuning operations are executed on an ad hoc basis with the aim of managing the liquidity situation in
the market and steering interest rates, in particular in order to smooth the effects on interest rates caused
by unexpected liquidity fluctuations in the market. Fine-tuning operations are primarily executed as
reverse transactions, but can also take the form of outright transactions, foreign exchange swaps and the
collection of fixed-term deposits. The instruments and procedures applied in the conduct of fine-tuning
operations are adapted to the types of transactions and the specific objectives pursued in the operations.
Fine-tuning operations are normally executed by the national central banks through quick tenders or
bilateral procedures. The Governing Council of
the ECB will decide whether, under exceptional
circumstances, fine-tuning bilateral operations may be executed by the ECB itself,

(cid:151) in addition, the Eurosystem may carry out structural operations through the issuance of debt certificates,
reverse transactions and outright transactions. These operations are executed whenever the ECB wishes to
adjust the structural position of the Eurosystem vis-(cid:224)-vis the financial sector (on a regular or non-regular
basis). Structural operations in the form of reverse transactions and the issuance of debt instruments are
carried out by the national central banks through standard tenders. Structural operations in the form of
outright transactions are executed through bilateral procedures.

1.3.2.

Standing facilities

Standing facilities aim to provide and absorb overnight liquidity, signal the general stance of monetary policy
and bound overnight market interest rates. Two standing facilities are available to eligible counterparties on
their own initiative, subject to the fulfilment of certain operational access conditions (see also Table 1):

(cid:151) counterparties can use the marginal lending facility to obtain overnight liquidity from the national central
banks against eligible assets. Under normal circumstances, there are no credit limits or other restrictions
on counterparties’ access to the facility apart from the requirement to present sufficient underlying assets.
The interest rate on the marginal lending facility normally provides a ceiling for the overnight market
interest rate,

(cid:151) counterparties can use the deposit facility to make overnight deposits with the national central banks.
Under normal circumstances, there are no deposit limits or other restrictions on counterparties’ access to
the facility. The interest rate on the deposit facility normally provides a floor for the overnight market
interest rate.

The standing facilities are administered in a decentralised manner by the national central banks.

1.3.3.

Minimum reserves

The Eurosystem’s minimum reserve system applies to credit institutions in the euro area and primarily
pursues the aims of stabilising money market interest rates and creating (or enlarging) a structural liquidity
shortage. The reserve requirement of each institution is determined in relation to elements of its balance
sheet. In order to pursue the aim of stabilising interest rates, the Eurosystem’s minimum reserve system
enables institutions to make use of averaging provisions. Compliance with the reserve requirement
is
determined on the basis of the institutions’ average daily reserve holdings over a one-month maintenance
period. Institutions’ holdings of required reserves are remunerated at the rate of the Eurosystem’s main
refinancing operations.

1.4.

Counterparties

The Eurosystem’s monetary policy framework is formulated with a view to ensuring participation of a broad
range of counterparties. Institutions subject to minimum reserve requirements according to Article 19.1 of
the Statute of the ESCB may access the standing facilities and participate in open market operations based on
standard tenders. The Eurosystem may select a limited number of counterparties to participate in fine-tuning
operations. For outright transactions, no restrictions are placed a priori on the range of counterparties. For
foreign exchange swaps conducted for monetary policy purposes, active players in the foreign exchange
market are used. The set of counterparties for these operations is limited to those institutions selected for
Eurosystem foreign exchange intervention operations which are located in the euro area.

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1.5.

Underlying assets

Pursuant to Article 18.1 of the Statute of the ESCB, all Eurosystem credit operations (i.e. liquidity-providing
operations) have to be based on adequate collateral. The Eurosystem accepts a wide range of assets to
underlie its operations. A distinction is made, essentially for purposes internal to the Eurosystem, between
two categories of eligible assets:
(cid:145)tier-one(cid:146) and (cid:145)tier-two(cid:146) respectively. Tier-one consists of marketable debt
instruments fulfilling uniform euro area-wide eligibility criteria specified by the ECB. Tier-two consists of
additional assets, marketable and non-marketable, which are of particular importance for national financial
markets and banking systems and for which eligibility criteria are established by the national central banks,
subject to ECB approval. No distinction is made between the two tiers with regard to the quality of the assets
and their eligibility for the various types of Eurosystem monetary policy operations (except that tier-two
assets are normally not used by the Eurosystem in outright transactions). Eligible assets may be used on a
cross-border basis, by means of the correspondent central banking model (CCBM) or through eligible links
between EU securities settlement systems (SSSs), to collateralise all types of Eurosystem credit (5). All assets
eligible for Eurosystem monetary policy operations can also be used as underlying assets for intraday credit.

1.6.

Modifications to the monetary policy framework

The Governing Council of the ECB may, at any time, change the instruments, conditions, criteria and
procedures for the execution of Eurosystem monetary policy operations.

TABLE 1

Eurosystem monetary policy operations

Monetary policy
operations

Types of transactions

Provision of
liquidity

Absorption of
liquidity

Open market operations

Main
refinancing
operations

Longer-term
refinancing
operations

Fine-tuning
operations

Reverse
transactions

Reverse
transactions

(cid:151)

(cid:151)

(cid:151) Reverse

(cid:151) Foreign

transactions

(cid:151) Foreign

exchange
swaps

exchange
swaps

(cid:151) Collection

of fixed-
term
deposits

(cid:151) Reverse

transactions

Maturity

Frequency

Procedure

Two weeks

Weekly

Standard tenders

Three months

Monthly

Standard tenders

Non-standard-
ised

Non-regular

(cid:151) Quick
tenders
(cid:151) Bilateral

procedures

Outright
purchases

Outright sales (cid:151)

Non-regular

Structural
operations

Reverse trans-
actions

Issuance of debt
certificates

Standardised/
non-standardised

Regular and
non-regular

Outright
purchases

Outright sales (cid:151)

Non-regular

Bilateral
procedures

Standard tenders

Bilateral pro-
cedures

Standing facilities

Marginal lend-
ing facility

Reverse
transactions

(cid:151)

Overnight

Deposit facility (cid:151)

Deposits

Overnight

Access at the discretion of
counterparties

Access at the discretion of
counterparties

(5) See Sections 6.6.1 and 6.6.2.

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CHAPTER 2

2.

ELIGIBLE COUNTERPARTIES

2.1.

General eligibility criteria

Counterparties to Eurosystem monetary policy operations must fulfil certain eligibility criteria (6). These
criteria are defined with a view to giving a broad range of institutions access to Eurosystem monetary policy
operations, enhancing equal treatment of institutions across the euro area and ensuring that counterparties
fulfil certain operational and prudential requirements:

(cid:151) only institutions subject to the Eurosystem’s minimum reserve system according to Article 19.1 of the
Statute of the ESCB are eligible to be counterparties. Institutions which are exempt from their obligations
under the Eurosystem’s minimum reserve system (see Section 7.2) are not eligible to be counterparties to
Eurosystem standing facilities and open market operations,

(cid:151) counterparties must be financially sound. They should be subject to at least one form of EU/EEA
harmonised supervision by national authorities (7). However, financially sound institutions subject to
non-harmonised national supervision of a comparable standard can also be accepted as counterparties,
for example branches established in the euro area of institutions that have their head office outside the
European Economic Area (EEA),

(cid:151) counterparties must fulfil any operational criteria specified in the relevant contractual or regulatory
arrangements applied by the respective national central bank (or the ECB), so as to ensure the efficient
conduct of Eurosystem monetary policy operations.

These general eligibility criteria are uniform throughout the euro area.
eligibility criteria may:

Institutions fulfilling the general

(cid:151) access the Eurosystem’s standing facilities, and

(cid:151) participate in Eurosystem open market operations based on standard tenders.

An institution may access the Eurosystem’s standing facilities and open market operations based on standard
tenders only through the national central bank of the Member State in which it is established. If an institution
has establishments (head office or branches) in more than one Member State, each establishment has access
to these operations through the national central bank of
is located,
notwithstanding the fact that the tender bids of an institution may only be submitted by one establishment
(either the head office or a designated branch) in each Member State.

the Member State in which it

2.2.

Selection of counterparties for quick tenders and bilateral operations

For outright transactions, no restrictions are placed a priori on the range of counterparties.

For foreign exchange swaps executed for monetary policy purposes, counterparties must be able to conduct
large-volume foreign exchange operations efficiently under all market conditions. The range of counterparties
to foreign exchange swaps corresponds to the counterparties located in the euro area which are selected for
Eurosystem foreign exchange intervention operations. The criteria and procedures applied for the selection of
counterparties to foreign exchange intervention operations are presented in Annex 3.

For other operations based on quick tenders and bilateral procedures (fine-tuning reverse transactions and the
collection of fixed-term deposits), each national central bank selects a set of counterparties from among the
institutions established in its Member State which fulfil the general counterparty eligibility criteria. In this
respect, activity in the money market is the prime selection criterion. Other criteria which might be taken
into account are, for example, the efficiency of the trading desk and the bidding potential.

(6) For outright transactions, no restrictions are placed a priori on the range of counterparties.
(7) Harmonised supervision of credit institutions is based on Directive 2000/12/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of

20 March 2000 relating to the taking up and pursuit of the business of credit institutions (as amended).

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In quick tenders and bilateral operations, the national central banks deal exclusively with the counterparties
which are included in their respective set of fine-tuning counterparties. If, for operational reasons, a national
central bank cannot deal
the selection of
counterparties in this Member State will be based on a rotation scheme in order to ensure equitable access.

its fine-tuning counterparties,

in each operation with all

The Governing Council of the ECB will decide whether, under exceptional circumstances, fine-tuning bilateral
operations may be carried out by the ECB itself. If the ECB were to carry out bilateral operations, the
selection of counterparties would in such cases be made by the ECB according to a rotation scheme among
those counterparties in the euro area which are eligible for quick tenders and bilateral operations in order to
ensure equitable access.

2.3.

Sanctions in the event of non-compliance with counterparty obligations

The ECB shall impose sanctions, in accordance with Council Regulation (EC) No 2532/98 of 23 November
1998 concerning the power of the ECB to impose sanctions, the ECB Regulation of 23 September 1999 on
the powers of the ECB to impose sanctions (ECB/1999/4), Council Regulation (EC) No 2531/98 of 23
November 1998 on the application of minimum reserves by the ECB and the ECB Regulation of 1 December
1998 on the application of minimum reserves (ECB/1998/15), on institutions which do not comply with
obligations arising from ECB Regulations and Decisions relating to the application of minimum reserves. The
relevant sanctions and the procedural rules for their application are specified in the above-mentioned
Regulations. In addition,
in the case of serious infringements of the minimum reserve requirements, the
Eurosystem may suspend counterparties from participation in open market operations.

In accordance with provisions in the contractual or regulatory arrangements applied by the respective
national central bank (or by the ECB), the Eurosystem shall impose financial penalties on counterparties or
suspend counterparties from participation in open market operations if counterparties fail to comply with
their obligations under the contractual or regulatory arrangements applied by the national central banks (or
by the ECB) as set out below.

it

is unable to deliver a sufficient amount of cash to settle the amount

This relates to cases of infringement of tender rules (if a counterparty is unable to transfer a sufficient amount
of underlying assets to settle the amount of liquidity it has been allotted in a liquidity-providing operation or
if
it has been allotted in a
liquidity-absorbing operation), and of bilateral transaction rules (if a counterparty is unable to deliver a
sufficient amount of eligible underlying assets or if it is unable to deliver a sufficient amount of cash to settle
the amount agreed in bilateral transactions).

This also applies to cases of non-compliance by a counterparty with the rules for the use of underlying assets
(if a counterparty is using assets which are or have become ineligible, or which may not be used by the
counterparty,
issuer/guarantor and
counterparty), and to non-compliance with the rules for end-of-day procedures and access conditions for the
marginal lending facility (if a counterparty which has a negative balance on the settlement account at the end
of the day does not fulfil the access conditions for the marginal lending facility).

for example owing to close links between, or

the identity of,

In addition, a suspension measure to be taken vis-(cid:224)-vis the non-complying counterparty may be applied to
branches of the same institution located in other Member States. Where, as an exceptional measure, this is
required given the seriousness of a case of non-compliance, as evidenced by its frequency or duration, for
instance, a counterparty may be suspended from all future monetary policy operations for a certain period of
time.

Financial penalties imposed by national central banks in the event of non-compliance in relation to a breach
of the rules concerning tender operations, bilateral transactions, underlying assets, end-of-day procedures or
the access conditions to the marginal lending facility shall be calculated at a pre-specified penalty rate (as set
out in Annex 6).

2.4.

Suspension or exclusion on grounds of prudence

In accordance with provisions in the contractual or regulatory arrangements applied by the respective
national central bank (or by the ECB), the Eurosystem may suspend or exclude counterparties’ access to
monetary policy instruments on the grounds of prudence.

In addition, suspension or exclusion of counterparties may be warranted in some cases falling within the
notion of the (cid:145)default(cid:146) of a counterparty as defined in the contractual or regulatory arrangements applied by
the national central banks.

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3.

OPEN MARKET OPERATIONS

CHAPTER 3

Open market operations play an important role in the Eurosystem’s monetary policy, pursuing the aims of
steering interest rates, managing the liquidity situation in the market and signalling the stance of monetary
policy. With regard to their aims, regularity and procedures, Eurosystem open market operations can be
divided into four categories: main refinancing operations,
longer-term refinancing operations, fine-tuning
operations and structural operations. As for the instruments used, reverse transactions are the main open
market instrument of the Eurosystem and can be employed in all four categories of operations, whereas debt
certificates may be used for structural absorption operations. In addition, the Eurosystem has three other
instruments available for the conduct of fine-tuning operations: outright transactions, foreign exchange swaps
and the collection of fixed-term deposits. In the following sections, specific features of the different types of
open market instruments used by the Eurosystem are presented in detail.

3.1.

Reverse transactions

3.1.1.

General considerations

(a) T y p e o f i n s t r u m e n t

Reverse transactions refer to operations where the Eurosystem buys or sells eligible assets under
repurchase agreements or conducts credit operations against eligible assets as collateral. Reverse
transactions are used for the main refinancing operations and the longer-term refinancing operations. In
addition, the Eurosystem can use reverse transactions for structural and fine-tuning operations.

(b) L e g a l n a t u r e

The national central banks may execute reverse transactions either in the form of repurchase agreements
(i.e. the ownership of the asset is transferred to the creditor, while the parties agree to reverse the
transaction through a re-transfer of the asset to the debtor at a future point in time) or as collateralised
loans (i.e. an enforceable security interest is provided over the assets but, assuming fulfilment of the debt
obligation,
is retained by the debtor). Further provisions for reverse
transactions based on repurchase agreements are specified in the contractual arrangements applied by the
respective national central bank (or
reverse transactions based on
the ECB). Arrangements
collateralised loans take account of the different procedures and formalities required to enable the
establishment and subsequent realisation of a relevant interest in the collateral (e.g. a pledge) which apply
in different jurisdictions.

the ownership of

the asset

for

(c)

I n t e r e s t t e r m s

The difference between the purchase price and the repurchase price in a repurchase agreement
corresponds to the interest due on the amount of money borrowed or lent over the maturity of the
operation, i.e. the repurchase price includes the respective interest to be paid. The interest rate on a
reverse transaction in the form of a collateralised loan is determined by applying the specified interest
rate on the credit amount over the maturity of the operation. The interest rate applied to Eurosystem
reverse open market operations is a simple interest rate with the day-count convention (cid:145)actual/360(cid:146).

3.1.2.

Main refinancing operations

The main refinancing operations are the most
important open market operations conducted by the
Eurosystem, playing a pivotal role in pursuing the aims of steering interest rates, managing the liquidity
situation in the market and signalling the stance of monetary policy. They also provide the bulk of
features of the main refinancing operations can be
refinancing to the financial sector. The operational
summarised as follows:

(cid:151) they are liquidity-providing operations,

(cid:151) they are executed regularly each week (8),

(8) The main and the longer-term refinancing operations are executed in accordance with the Eurosystem’s pre-announced tender
operations calendar (see also Section 5.1.2), which can be found on the ECB’s website (www.ecb.int); see also the Eurosystem
websites (Annex 5).

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(cid:151) they normally have a maturity of two weeks (9) (10),

(cid:151) they are executed in a decentralised manner by the national central banks,

(cid:151) they are executed through standard tenders (as specified in Section 5.1),

(cid:151) all counterparties fulfilling the general eligibility criteria (as specified in Section 2.1) may submit tender

bids for the main refinancing operations, and

(cid:151) both tier-one and tier-two assets (as specified in Chapter 6) are eligible as underlying assets for the main

refinancing operations.

3.1.3.

Longer-term refinancing operations

The Eurosystem also executes regular refinancing operations with a three-month maturity, which are aimed at
providing additional longer-term refinancing to the financial sector. These operations represent only a limited
part of the global refinancing volume. In these operations, the Eurosystem does not, as a rule, intend to send
signals to the market and therefore normally acts as a rate taker. Accordingly,
longer-term refinancing
operations are usually executed in the form of variable rate tenders and, from time to time, the ECB indicates
the operation volume to be allotted in forthcoming tenders. Under exceptional circumstances, the Eurosystem
may also execute longer-term refinancing operations through fixed rate tenders.

The operational features of the longer-term refinancing operations can be summarised as follows:

(cid:151) they are liquidity-providing operations,

(cid:151) they are executed regularly each month (11),

(cid:151) they normally have a maturity of three months (12),

(cid:151) they are executed in a decentralised manner by the national central banks,

(cid:151) they are executed through standard tenders (as specified in Section 5.1),

(cid:151) all counterparties fulfilling the general eligibility criteria (as specified in Section 2.1) may submit tender

bids for the longer-term refinancing operations, and

(cid:151) both tier-one and tier-two assets (as specified in Chapter 6) are eligible as underlying assets for the

longer-term refinancing operations.

3.1.4.

Fine-tuning reverse operations

transactions.
The Eurosystem can execute fine-tuning operations in the form of reverse open market
Fine-tuning operations aim to manage the liquidity situation in the market and to steer interest rates, in
particular in order to smooth the effects on interest rates caused by unexpected liquidity fluctuations in the
market. The potential need for rapid action in the case of unexpected market developments makes it desirable
to retain a high degree of flexibility in the choice of procedures and operational features in the conduct of
these operations:

(cid:151) they can take the form of liquidity-providing or liquidity-absorbing operations,

(cid:151) their frequency is not standardised,

(cid:151) their maturity is not standardised

(cid:151) liquidity-providing fine-tuning reverse transactions are normally executed through quick tenders,

although the possibility of using bilateral procedures is not excluded (see Chapter 5),

(cid:151) liquidity-absorbing fine-tuning reverse transactions are executed, as a rule, through bilateral procedures

(as specified in Section 5.2),

(9) The maturity of the main and the longer-term refinancing operations may occasionally vary depending on, inter alia, bank holidays

in Member States.

(10) Furthermore, the Eurosystem may occasionally conduct a main refinancing operation with a different maturity (e.g. one week), in
parallel with the regular main refinancing operations. For instance, this could be done to reduce the difference between the volumes
of the two outstanding main refinancing operations,

(11) See footnote 8.
(12) See footnote 9.

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(cid:151) these operations are normally executed in a decentralised manner by the national central banks (the
Governing Council of the ECB will decide whether, under exceptional circumstances, bilateral fine-tuning
reverse operations may be executed by the ECB),

(cid:151) the Eurosystem may select, according to the criteria specified in Section 2.2, a limited number of

counterparties to participate in fine-tuning reverse operations, and

(cid:151) both tier-one and tier-two assets (as specified in Chapter 6) are eligible as underlying assets for

fine-tuning reverse operations.

3.1.5.

Structural reverse operations

The Eurosystem may execute structural operations in the form of reverse open market transactions aimed at
adjusting the structural position of the Eurosystem vis-(cid:224)-vis the financial sector. The operational features of
these operations can be summarised as follows:

(cid:151) they are liquidity-providing operations,

(cid:151) their frequency can be regular or non-regular,

(cid:151) their maturity is not standardised a priori,

(cid:151) they are executed through standard tenders (as specified in Section 5.1),

(cid:151) they are executed in a decentralised manner by the national central banks,

(cid:151) all counterparties fulfilling the general eligibility criteria (as specified in Section 2.1) may submit tender

bids for structural reverse operations, and

(cid:151) both tier-one and tier-two assets (as specified in Chapter 6) are eligible as underlying assets for structural

reverse operations.

3.2.

Outright transactions

(a) T y p e o f i n s t r u m e n t

Outright open market transactions refer to operations where the Eurosystem buys or sells eligible assets
outright on the market. Such operations are executed only for structural and fine-tuning purposes.

(b) L e g a l n a t u r e

An outright transaction implies a full transfer of ownership from the seller to the buyer with no
connected reverse transfer of ownership. The transactions are executed in accordance with the market
conventions for the debt instrument used in the transaction.

(c) P r i c e t e r m s

In the calculation of prices, the Eurosystem acts in accordance with the most widely accepted market
convention for the debt instruments used in the transaction.

(d) O t h e r o p e r a t i o n a l f e a t u r e s

The operational features of Eurosystem outright transactions can be summarised as follows:

(cid:151) they can take the form of liquidity-providing (outright purchase) or liquidity-absorbing (outright sale)

operations,

(cid:151) their frequency is not standardised,

(cid:151) they are executed through bilateral procedures (as specified in Section 5.2),

(cid:151) they are normally executed in a decentralised manner by the national central banks (the Governing
fine-tuning outright

the ECB will decide whether, under exceptional circumstances,

Council of
operations may be executed by the ECB),

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(cid:151) no restrictions are placed a priori on the range of counterparties to outright transactions, and

(cid:151) only tier-one instruments (as specified in Section 6.1) are normally used as underlying assets in

outright transactions.

3.3.

Issuance of ECB debt certificates

(a) T y p e o f i n s t r u m e n t

The ECB may issue debt certificates with the aim of adjusting the structural position of the Eurosystem
vis-(cid:224)-vis the financial sector so as to create (or enlarge) a liquidity shortage in the market.

(b) L e g a l n a t u r e

The certificates constitute a debt obligation of the ECB vis-(cid:224)-vis the holder of the certificate. The
certificates are issued and held in a book-entry form in securities depositories in the euro area. The ECB
does not impose any restrictions on the transferability of the certificates. Further provisions related to
ECB debt certificates will be contained in the terms and conditions for such certificates.

(c)

I n t e r e s t t e r m s

i.e. they are issued at below the nominal amount and are
The certificates are issued at a discount,
redeemed at maturity at
the nominal amount. The difference between the issue amount and the
redemption amount equals the interest accrued on the issue amount, at the agreed interest rate, over the
maturity of
the certificate. The interest rate applied is a simple interest rate with the day-count
convention (cid:145)actual/360(cid:146). The calculation of the issue amount is shown in Box 1.

BOX 1

Issuance of ECB debt certificates

Where:

N: nominal amount of the debt certificate

rI:

interest rate (as a percentage)

D: maturity of the debt certificate (in days)

PT:

issue amount of the debt certificate

The issue amount is:

PT = N (cid:2)

1
1(cid:135) r1(cid:2) D
36 000

(d) O t h e r o p e r a t i o n a l f e a t u r e s

The operational features of the issuance of ECB debt certificates can be summarised as follows:

(cid:151) the certificates are issued in order to absorb liquidity from the market,

(cid:151) the certificates can be issued on a regular or non-regular basis,

(cid:151) the certificates have a maturity of less than 12 months,

(cid:151) the certificates are issued through standard tenders (as specified in Section 5.1),

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(cid:151) the certificates are tendered and settled in a decentralised manner by the national central banks, and

(cid:151) all counterparties fulfilling the general eligibility criteria (as specified in Section 2.1) may submit

tender bids for the subscription of ECB debt certificates.

3.4.

Foreign exchange swaps

(a) T y p e o f i n s t r u m e n t

Foreign exchange swaps executed for monetary policy purposes consist of simultaneous spot and forward
transactions of the euro against foreign currency. They are used for fine-tuning purposes, mainly with
the aim of managing the liquidity situation in the market and steering interest rates.

(b) L e g a l n a t u r e

Foreign exchange swaps executed for monetary policy purposes refer to operations where the Eurosystem
buys (or sells) euro spot against a foreign currency and, at the same time, sells (or buys) it back in a
forward transaction at a specified repurchase date. Further provisions for foreign exchange swaps are
specified in the contractual arrangement applied by the respective national central bank (or the ECB).

(c) C u r r e n c y a n d e x c h a n g e r a t e t e r m s

As a rule, the Eurosystem operates only in widely traded currencies and in accordance with standard
market practice. In each foreign exchange swap operation, the Eurosystem and the counterparties agree
on the swap points for the transaction. The swap points are the difference between the exchange rate of
the forward transaction and the exchange rate of the spot transaction. The swap points of the euro
vis-(cid:224)-vis the foreign currency are quoted according to general market conventions. The exchange rate
terms of foreign exchange swaps are specified in Box 2.

BOX 2

Foreign exchange swaps

S:

spot (at the transaction date of the foreign exchange swap) of the exchange rate between
the euro (EUR) and a foreign currency ABC

S =

x (cid:2) ABC
1 (cid:2) EUR

FM:

forward exchange rate between the euro and a foreign currency ABC at the repurchase
date of the swap (M)

FM =

y (cid:2) ABC
1 (cid:2) EUR

DM:

forward points between the euro and ABC at the repurchase date of the swap (M)

DM = FM ﬂ S

N(.):

spot amount of currency; N(.)M is the forward amount of currency:

N(cid:133)ABC(cid:134) = N(cid:133)EUR(cid:134) (cid:2) S or N(cid:133)EUR(cid:134) = N(cid:133)ABC(cid:134)

S

N(cid:133)ABC(cid:134)M = N(cid:133)EUR(cid:134)M (cid:2) FM or N(cid:133)EUR(cid:134)M = N(cid:133)ABC(cid:134)M

FM

(d) O t h e r o p e r a t i o n a l f e a t u r e s

The operational features of foreign exchange swaps can be summarised as follows:

(cid:151) they can take the form of liquidity-providing or liquidity-absorbing operations,

(cid:151) their frequency is not standardised,

(cid:151) their maturity is not standardised,

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(cid:151) they are executed through quick tenders or bilateral procedures (see Chapter 5),

(cid:151) they are normally executed in a decentralised manner by the national central banks (the Governing
Council of the ECB will decide whether, under exceptional circumstances, bilateral foreign exchange
swaps may be executed by the ECB), and

(cid:151) the Eurosystem may select, according to the criteria specified in Section 2.2 and Annex 3, a limited

number of counterparties to participate in foreign exchange swaps.

3.5.

Collection of fixed-term deposits

(a) T y p e o f i n s t r u m e n t

The Eurosystem may invite counterparties to place remunerated fixed-term deposits with the national
central bank in the Member State in which the counterparty is established. The collection of fixed-term
deposits is envisaged only for fine-tuning purposes in order to absorb liquidity in the market.

(b) L e g a l n a t u r e

The deposits accepted from counterparties are for a fixed term and with a fixed rate of interest. No
collateral is given by the national central banks in exchange for the deposits.

(c)

I n t e r e s t t e r m s

The interest rate applied to the deposit
(cid:145)actual/360(cid:146). Interest is paid at maturity of the deposit.

is a simple interest rate with the day-count convention

(d) O t h e r o p e r a t i o n a l f e a t u r e s

The operational features of the collection of fixed-term deposits can be summarised as follows:

(cid:151) the deposits are collected in order to absorb liquidity,

(cid:151) the frequency with which deposits are collected is not standardised,

(cid:151) the maturity of the deposits is not standardised,

(cid:151) the collection of deposits is normally executed through quick tenders, although the possibility of

using bilateral procedures is not excluded (see Chapter 5),

(cid:151) the collection of deposits is normally executed in a decentralised manner by the national central
banks (the Governing Council of the ECB will decide whether, under exceptional circumstances, the
bilateral collection of fixed-term deposits may be executed by the ECB) (13), and

(cid:151) the Eurosystem may select, according to the criteria specified in Section 2.2, a limited number of

counterparties for the collection of fixed-term deposits.

CHAPTER 4

4.

STANDING FACILITIES

4.1.

The marginal lending facility

(a) T y p e o f i n s t r u m e n t

Counterparties may use the marginal lending facility to obtain overnight liquidity from national central
banks at a pre-specified interest rate against eligible assets (as set out in Chapter 6). The facility is
intended to satisfy counterparties’ temporary liquidity needs. Under normal circumstances, the interest
rate on the facility provides a ceiling for the overnight market interest rate. The terms and conditions of
the facility are identical throughout the euro area.

(b) L e g a l n a t u r e

The national central banks may provide liquidity under the marginal lending facility either in the form of
overnight repurchase agreements (i.e. the ownership of the asset is transferred to the creditor, while the
parties agree to reverse the transaction through a re-transfer of the asset to the debtor on the next
business day) or as overnight collateralised loans (i.e. an enforceable security interest is provided over the
assets but, assuming fulfilment of the debt obligation, ownership of the asset is retained by the debtor).

(13) Fixed-term deposits are held on accounts with the national central banks; this would be the case even if such operations were to be

executed in a centralised manner by the ECB.

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Further provisions for repurchase agreements are specified in the contractual arrangements applied by
for providing the liquidity in the form of
the respective national central bank. Arrangements
collateralised loans take account of the different procedures and formalities required to enable the
establishment and subsequent realisation of a relevant interest in the collateral (a pledge) which apply in
different jurisdictions.

(c) A c c e s s c o n d i t i o n s

Institutions fulfilling the general counterparty eligibility criteria specified in Section 2.1 may access the
marginal lending facility. Access to the marginal lending facility is granted through the national central
bank in the Member State in which the institution is established. Access to the marginal lending facility
is granted only on days when the relevant national real-time gross settlement (RTGS) system and the
relevant SSS(s) are operational.

intraday debit positions on their settlement account with the national
At end-of-day, counterparties’
central banks are automatically considered to be a request for recourse to the marginal lending facility.
The procedures for end-of-day access to the marginal lending facility are specified in Section 5.3.3.

A counterparty may also be granted access to the marginal lending facility by sending a request to the
national central bank in the Member State in which the counterparty is established. In order for the
national central bank to process the request on the same day, the request must be received by the
national central bank at the latest 30 minutes after the actual closing time of TARGET (14) (15). As a
general rule, the closing time for the TARGET system is 6 p.m. ECB time (CET). The deadline for
requesting access to the marginal lending facility is postponed by an additional 30 minutes on the last
Eurosystem business day of a reserve maintenance period. In the request, the amount of credit is to be
stated and, if underlying assets for the transaction have not already been pre-deposited with the national
central bank, the underlying assets to be delivered for the transaction are to be specified.

Apart from the requirement to present sufficient underlying eligible assets, there is no limit to the
amount of funds that can be advanced under the marginal lending facility.

(d) M a t u r i t y a n d i n t e r e s t t e r m s

The maturity of credit extended under the facility is overnight. For counterparties participating directly in
TARGET, the credit is repaid on the next day on which the relevant national RTGS system and the
relevant SSS(s) are operational, at the time at which those systems open.

The interest rate is announced in advance by the Eurosystem and is calculated as a simple interest rate
with the day-count convention (cid:145)actual/360(cid:146). The ECB may change the interest rate at any time, with
effect not earlier than the following Eurosystem business day (16). Interest under the facility is payable
with the repayment of the credit.

(e) S u s p e n s i o n o f t h e f a c i l i t y

Access to the facility is granted only in accordance with the objectives and general monetary policy
considerations of the ECB. The ECB may adapt the conditions of the facility or suspend it at any time.

4.2.

The deposit facility

(a) T y p e o f i n s t r u m e n t

Counterparties can use the deposit facility to make overnight deposits with national central banks. The
deposits are remunerated at a pre-specified interest rate. Under normal circumstances, the interest rate on
the facility provides a floor for the overnight market interest rate. The terms and conditions of the
deposit facility are identical throughout the euro area (17).

(14) In some Member States, the national central bank (or some of its branches) may not be open for the purpose of conducting
monetary policy operations on certain Eurosystem business days owing to national or regional bank holidays. In such cases, the
relevant national central bank is responsible for informing the counterparties in advance of the arrangements to be made for access
to the marginal lending facility in relation to the bank holiday.

(15) TARGET closing days are announced on the ECB’s website (www.ecb.int); see also the Eurosystem websites (Annex 5).
(16) Throughout this document, the term (cid:145)Eurosystem business day(cid:146) refers to any day on which the ECB and at least one national central

bank are open for the purpose of conducting Eurosystem monetary policy operations.

(17) Operational differences resulting from the existence of different account structures between the national central banks may exist

across euro area countries.

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(b) L e g a l n a t u r e

The overnight deposits accepted from counterparties are remunerated at a fixed rate of interest. No
collateral is given to the counterparty in exchange for the deposits.

(c) A c c e s s c o n d i t i o n s (18)

Institutions fulfilling the general counterparty eligibility criteria specified in Section 2.1 may access the
deposit facility. Access to the deposit facility is granted through the national central bank in the Member
State in which the institution is established. Access to the deposit facility is granted only on days when
the relevant national RTGS system is open.

To be granted access to the deposit facility, the counterparty must send a request to the national central
bank in the Member State in which the counterparty is established. In order for the national central bank
to process the request on the same day, the request must be received by the national central bank at the
latest 30 minutes after the actual closing time of TARGET, which is, as a general rule, 6 p.m. ECB time
(CET) (19) (20). The deadline for requesting access to the deposit facility is postponed by an additional 30
minutes on the last Eurosystem business day of a reserve maintenance period. In the request, the amount
to be deposited under the facility is to be stated.

There is no limit to the amount a counterparty may deposit under the facility.

(d) M a t u r i t y a n d i n t e r e s t t e r m s

The maturity of deposits under the facility is overnight. For counterparties participating directly in
TARGET, deposits held under the facility mature on the next day on which the relevant national RTGS
system is operational, at the time at which this system opens. The interest rate is announced in advance
by the Eurosystem and is calculated as a simple interest rate with the day-count convention (cid:145)actual/360(cid:146).
The ECB may change the interest rate at any time, with effect not earlier than the following Eurosystem
business day. Interest on the deposits is payable at maturity of the deposit.

(e) S u s p e n s i o n o f t h e f a c i l i t y

Access to the facility is granted only in accordance with the objectives and general monetary policy
considerations of the ECB. The ECB may adapt the conditions of the facility or suspend it at any time.

CHAPTER 5

5.

PROCEDURES

5.1.

Tender procedures

5.1.1.

General considerations

Eurosystem open market operations are normally executed in the form of
Eurosystem’s tender procedures are performed in six operational steps as specified in Box 3.

tender procedures. The

The Eurosystem distinguishes between two different types of tender procedures: standard tenders and quick
tenders. The procedures for standard and quick tenders are identical except for the time-frame and the range
of counterparties.

(18) Owing to the existence of different account structures across the national central banks, the ECB may allow national central banks
to apply access conditions which are slightly different from those referred to here. The national central banks will provide
information on any such deviations from the access conditions described in this document.

(19) In some Member States, the national central bank (or some of its branches) may not be open for the purpose of conducting
Eurosystem monetary policy operations on certain Eurosystem business days owing to national or regional bank holidays. In such
cases, the relevant national central bank is responsible for informing the counterparties in advance of the arrangements to be made
for access to the deposit facility in relation to the bank holiday.

(20) TARGET closing days are announced on the ECB’s website (www.ecb.int); see also the Eurosystem websites (Annex 5).

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BOX 3

Operational steps for tender procedures

Step 1

Tender announcement

(a) Announcement by the ECB through public wire services

(b) Announcement by the national central banks through national wire services and

directly to individual counterparties (if deemed necessary)

Step 2

Counterparties’ preparation and submission of bids

Step 3

Compilation of bids by the Eurosystem

Step 4

Tender allotment and announcement of tender results

(a) ECB allotment decision

(b) Announcement of the allotment result

Step 5

Certification of individual allotment results

Step 6

Settlement of the transactions (see Section 5.3)

(a) S t a n d a r d t e n d e r s

the tender to
For standard tenders, a maximum of 24 hours elapses from the announcement of
certification of
(where the time between the submission deadline and the
announcement of the allotment result is approximately two hours). Chart 1 gives an overview of the
normal time-frame for the operational steps for standard tenders. The ECB may decide to adjust the
time-frame in individual operations, if deemed appropriate.

the allotment

result

The main refinancing operations, the longer-term refinancing operations and structural operations (with
the exception of outright
standard tenders.
Counterparties fulfilling the general eligibility criteria specified in Section 2.1 may participate in standard
tenders.

transactions) are always executed in the form of

CHART 1

Normal time-frame for the operational steps for standard tenders

(Times are stated in ECB time (CET))

T– 1
4 p.m.
16.00

30

45

1a

15

30

30

45

9 a.m.
9.00

15

30

45

10 a.m.
10.00

15

30

45

11 a.m.
11.00

15

30

Trade day (T)

T+1

1b

2

3

4a

4b

5

6

3.30 p.m.
Tender
announcement

9.30 a.m.
Deadline for counterparties’
submission of bids

11.15 a.m.
Announcement
of tender results

Note:

The figures refer to the operational steps as defined in Box 3.

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(b) Q u i c k t e n d e r s

the tender, with
Quick tenders are normally executed within one hour of
certification taking place immediately after the announcement of
the allotment result. The normal
time-frame for the operational steps for quick tenders is specified in Chart 2. The ECB may decide to
adjust the time-frame in individual operations, if deemed appropriate. Quick tenders are only used for
the execution of
fine-tuning operations. The Eurosystem may select, according to the criteria and
procedures specified in Section 2.2, a limited number of counterparties to participate in quick tenders.

the announcement of

CHART 2

Normal time-frame for the operational steps for quick tenders

30

45

First hour

15

30

Second hour
45
15

30

45

Third hour

15

30

45

Trade day (T)

1a
1b

2

3

4a

Tender
announcement

4b

5

Deadline for
counterparties’
submission of bids

Announcement
of tender results

6

Note:

The figures refer to the operational steps as defined in Box 3.

(c) F i x e d r a t e a n d v a r i a b l e r a t e t e n d e r s

The Eurosystem has the option of conducting either fixed rate (volume) or variable rate (interest) tenders.
In a fixed rate tender, the ECB specifies the interest rate in advance and participating counterparties bid
the amount of money they want to transact at the fixed interest rate (21). In a variable rate tender,
counterparties bid the amounts of money and the interest rates at which they want to enter into
transactions with the national central banks (22).

5.1.2.

Tender operations calendar

(a) M a i n a n d l o n g e r - t e r m r e f i n a n c i n g o p e r a t i o n s

The main and the longer-term refinancing operations are executed according to an indicative calendar
published by the Eurosystem (23). The calendar is published at least three months before the start of the
year for which it is valid. The normal trade days for the main and the longer-term refinancing operations
are specified in Table 2. The ECB aims to ensure that counterparties in all Member States can participate
in the main and the longer-term refinancing operations. Therefore, when compiling the calendar for
these operations, the ECB makes appropriate adjustments to the normal schedule so as to take into
account bank holidays in the individual Member States.

(21) In fixed rate foreign exchange swap tenders, the ECB fixes the swap points of the operation and the counterparties offer the amount

of currency kept fixed that they wish to sell (and buy back) or buy (and sell back) at that rate.

(22) In variable rate foreign exchange swap tenders, the counterparties bid the amount of the currency kept fixed and the swap point

quotation at which they wish to enter into the operation.

(23) The calendar for the Eurosystem’s tender operations can be found on the ECB’s website (www.ecb.int); see also the Eurosystem

websites (Annex 5).

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Normal trade days for the main and the longer-term refinancing operations

TABLE 2

Type of operation

Normal trade day (T)

Main refinancing operations

Each Tuesday

Longer-term refinancing operations

The first Wednesday of each minimum reserve
maintenance period (1)

(1) Owing to the Christmas period, the December operation is brought forward by one week and conducted at the end

of the reserve maintenance period ending on 23 December instead of at the start of the following one.

(b) S t r u c t u r a l o p e r a t i o n s

Structural operations through standard tenders are not executed according to any pre-specified calendar.
However, they are normally conducted and settled only on days which are NCB business days (24) in all
Member States.

(c) F i n e - t u n i n g o p e r a t i o n s

Fine-tuning operations are not executed according to any pre-specified calendar. The ECB may decide to
conduct fine-tuning operations on any Eurosystem business day. Only national central banks of Member
States where the trade day, the settlement day and the reimbursement day are NCB business days
participate in such operations.

5.1.3.

Announcement of tender operations

Eurosystem standard tenders are publicly announced by means of wire services. In addition, national central
banks may announce the tender operation directly to counterparties without access to wire services. The
public tender announcement message normally contains the following information:

(cid:151) the reference number of the tender operation,

(cid:151) the date of the tender operation,

(cid:151) the type of operation (provision or absorption of liquidity and the type of monetary policy instrument to

be used),

(cid:151) the maturity of the operation,

(cid:151) the type of auction (fixed rate or variable rate tender),

(cid:151) the method of allotment ((cid:145)Dutch(cid:146) or (cid:145)American(cid:146) auction, as defined in Section 5.1.5 (d),

(cid:151) the intended operation volume (normally only in the case of the longer-term refinancing operations),

(cid:151) the fixed tender interest rate/price/swap point (in the case of fixed rate tenders),

(cid:151) the minimum/maximum accepted interest rate/price/swap point (if applicable),

(cid:151) the start date and maturity date of the operation (if applicable) or the value date and maturity date of the

instrument (in the case of the issuance of debt certificates),

(cid:151) the currencies involved and the currency, the amount of which is kept fixed (in the case of foreign

exchange swaps),

(24) Throughout this document, the term (cid:145)NCB business day(cid:146) refers to any day on which the national central bank of a specific Member
State is open for the purpose of conducting Eurosystem monetary policy operations. In some Member States, branches of the
national central bank may be closed on NCB business days owing to local or regional bank holidays. In such cases, the relevant
national central bank is responsible for informing the counterparties in advance of the arrangements to be made for transactions
involving those branches.

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(cid:151) the reference spot exchange rate to be used for the calculation of bids (in the case of foreign exchange

swaps),

(cid:151) the maximum bid limit (if any),

(cid:151) the minimum individual allotment amount (if any),

(cid:151) the minimum allotment ratio (if any),

(cid:151) the time schedule for the submission of bids,

(cid:151) the denomination of the certificates (in the case of the issuance of debt certificates), and

(cid:151) the ISIN code of the issue (in the case of the issuance of debt certificates).

With a view to enhancing transparency in its fine-tuning operations, the Eurosystem normally announces
quick tenders publicly in advance. However, under exceptional circumstances, the ECB may decide not to
announce quick tenders publicly in advance. The announcement of quick tenders follows the same
procedures as those for standard tenders. In a quick tender, regardless of whether it is announced publicly or
not, the selected counterparties are contacted directly by the national central banks.

5.1.4.

Counterparties’ preparation and submission of tender bids

Counterparties’ tender bids must be in a form that follows the pro forma example provided by the national
central banks for the relevant operation. The tender bids must be submitted to the national central bank of a
Member State in which the institution has an establishment (head office or branch). The tender bids of an
institution may only be submitted by one establishment (either the head office or a designated branch) in
each Member State.

In fixed-rate tenders, counterparties shall state in their bids the amount of money that they are willing to
transact with the national central banks (25).

In variable rate tenders, counterparties may submit bids for up to 10 different interest rate/price/swap point
levels. In each bid, they shall state the amount of money that they are willing to transact with the national
central banks and the respective interest rate (26) (27). The interest rates bid must be expressed as multiples of
0,01 percentage point. In the case of a variable rate foreign exchange swap tender, the swap points are to be
quoted according to standard market conventions and bids must be expressed as multiples of 0,01 swap
point.

For the main refinancing operations, the minimum bid amount is EUR 1 000 000. Bids exceeding this
amount must be expressed as multiples of EUR 100 000. The same minimum bid and multiple amounts are
applied in fine-tuning and structural operations. The minimum bid amount is applied to each individual
interest rate/price/swap point level.

For the longer-term refinancing operations, each national central bank defines a minimum bid amount in the
range from EUR 10 000 to EUR 1 000 000. Bids exceeding the defined minimum bid amount must be
expressed as multiples of EUR 10 000. The minimum bid amount is applied to each individual interest rate
level.

The ECB may impose a maximum bid limit in order to prevent disproportionately large bids. Any such
maximum bid limit is always specified in the public tender announcement message.

Counterparties are expected always to be in a position to cover the amounts allotted to them by a sufficient
amount of eligible underlying assets (28). The contractual or regulatory arrangements applied by the respective
national central bank allow the imposition of penalties if a counterparty is unable to transfer a sufficient
amount of underlying assets or cash to settle the amount it has been allotted in a tender operation.

(25) In fixed rate foreign exchange swaps, the amount of the currency kept fixed that the counterparty is willing to transact with the

Eurosystem is to be stated.

(26) With regard to the issuance of ECB debt certificates, the ECB may decide that bids are to be expressed in the form of a price rather

than an interest rate. In such cases, prices shall be quoted as a percentage of the nominal amount.

(27) In variable rate foreign exchange swaps, the amount of the currency kept fixed that the counterparty is willing to transact with the

Eurosystem and the respective swap point level are to be stated.
(28) Or to settle in cash in the case of liquidity-absorbing operations.

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Bids are revocable up to the tender submission deadline. Bids submitted after the deadline specified in the
tender announcement message are invalid. Respect of the deadline is judged by the national central banks.
The national central banks discard all the bids of a counterparty if the aggregate amount bid exceeds any
maximum bid limit established by the ECB. The national central banks also discard any bid which is below
the minimum bid amount or which is below any minimum or above any maximum accepted interest
rate/price/swap point. Furthermore, the national central banks may discard bids which are incomplete or
which do not follow the pro forma example. If a bid is discarded, the respective national central bank
informs the counterparty about its decision prior to the tender allotment.

5.1.5.

Tender allotment procedures

(a) F i x e d r a t e t e n d e r o p e r a t i o n s

In the allotment of a fixed rate tender, the bids received from counterparties are added together. If the
aggregate amount bid exceeds the total amount of liquidity to be allotted, the submitted bids will be
satisfied pro rata, according to the ratio of the amount to be allotted to the aggregate amount bid (see
Box 4). The amount allotted to each counterparty is rounded to the nearest euro. However, the ECB may
decide to allot a minimum amount/ratio to each bidder in fixed rate tenders.

BOX 4

Allotment of fixed rate tenders

Where:

A:

n:

ai:

total amount allotted

total number of counterparties

bid amount of the ith counterparty

all%: percentage of allotment

alli:

total amount allotted to the ith counterparty

The percentage of allotment is:

all% =

A
Xn

ai

i(cid:136)1

The amount allotted to the ith counterparty is:

alli = all% (cid:2) (cid:133)ai(cid:134)

(b) V a r i a b l e r a t e t e n d e r s i n e u r o

In the allotment of liquidity-providing variable rate tenders in euro, bids are listed in diminishing order
of offered interest rates. Bids with the highest interest rate levels are satisfied with priority and bids with
successively lower interest rates are accepted until the total liquidity to be allotted is exhausted. If, at the
lowest interest rate level accepted (i.e. the marginal interest rate), the aggregate amount bid exceeds the
remaining amount to be allotted, the remaining amount is allocated pro rata among the bids according
to the ratio of the remaining amount to be allotted to the total amount bid at the marginal interest rate
(see Box 5). The amount allotted to each counterparty is rounded to the nearest euro.

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BOX 5

Allotment of variable rate tenders in euro

(the example refers to bids quoted in the form of interest rates)

Where:

A:

rs:

n:

total amount allotted

sth interest rate bid by the counterparties

total number of counterparties

a(rs)i:

amount bid at the sth interest rate (rs) by the ith counterparty

a(rs):

total amount bid at the sth interest rate (rs)
Xn

a(cid:133)rs(cid:134) =

a(cid:133)rs(cid:134)i

rm:

marginal interest rate

i(cid:136)1

r1 ¯ rs ¯ rm for a liquidity-providing tender,

rm ¯ rs ¯ r1 for a liquidity-absorbing tender

rmﬂ1:

interest rate before the marginal
completely satisfied),

interest rate (last interest rate at which bids are

rm ﬂ 1 > rm for a liquidity-providing tender,

rm > rm ﬂ 1 for a liquidity-absorbing tender

all%(rm): percentage of allotment at the marginal interest rate

all(rs)i:

alli:

allotment to the ith counterparty at the sth interest rate

total amount allotted to the ith counterparty

The percentage of allotment at the marginal interest rate is:

Xm ﬂ 1

a(cid:133)rs(cid:134)

A ﬂ

all%(cid:133)rm(cid:134) =

s(cid:136)1
a(cid:133)rm(cid:134)

The allotment to the ith counterparty at the marginal interest rate is:

all(cid:133)rm(cid:134)i = all%(cid:133)rm(cid:134) (cid:2) a(cid:133)rm(cid:134)i

The total amount allotted to the ith counterparty is:

alli =

Xm ﬂ 1

s(cid:136)1

a(cid:133)rs(cid:134)i (cid:135) all(cid:133)rm(cid:134)i

In the allotment of liquidity-absorbing variable rate tenders (which may be used for the issuance of debt
certificates and the collection of fixed-term deposits), bids are listed in increasing order of offered interest
rates (or diminishing order of offered prices). Bids with the lowest interest rate (highest price) levels are
satisfied with priority and bids with successively higher interest rates (lower price bids) are accepted until
the total liquidity to be absorbed is exhausted. If, at the highest interest rate (lowest price) level accepted
(i.e. the marginal interest rate/price), the aggregate bid amount exceeds the remaining amount to be

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allotted, the remaining amount is allocated pro rata among the bids according to the ratio of the
remaining amount to be allotted to the total bid amount at the marginal interest rate/price (see Box 5).
For the issuance of debt certificates, the amount allotted to each counterparty is rounded to the nearest
multiple of
the
amount allotted to each counterparty is rounded to the nearest euro.

the debt certificates. For other liquidity-absorbing operations,

the denomination of

The ECB may decide to allot a minimum amount to each successful bidder in variable rate tenders.

(c) V a r i a b l e - r a t e f o r e i g n e x c h a n g e s w a p t e n d e r s

In the allotment of liquidity-providing variable rate foreign exchange swap tenders, bids are listed in
increasing order of swap point quotations (29). The bids with the lowest swap point quotations are
satisfied with priority and successively higher swap point quotations are accepted until the total amount
of the fixed currency to be allotted is exhausted. If, at the highest swap point quotation accepted (i.e. the
marginal swap point quotation), the aggregate amount bid exceeds the remaining amount to be allotted,
the remaining amount is allocated pro rata among the bids according to the ratio of the remaining
amount to be allotted to the total amount bid at the marginal swap point quotation (see Box 6). The
amount allotted to each counterparty is rounded to the nearest euro.

BOX 6

Allotment of variable rate foreign exchange swap tenders

Where:

A:

Ds:

n:

total amount allotted

sth swap point quotation bid by the counterparties

total number of counterparties

a(Ds)i:

amount bid at the sth swap point quotation (Ds) by the ith counterparty

a(Ds):

total amount bid at the sth swap point quotation (Ds)

a(cid:133)Ds(cid:134) =

Xn

i(cid:136)1

a(cid:133)Ds(cid:134)i

Dm:

marginal swap point quotation

Dm ¯ Ds ¯ D1 for a liquidity-providing foreign exchange swap,

D1 ¯ Ds ¯ Dm for a liquidity-absorbing foreign exchange swap

Dmﬂ1:

swap point quotation before the marginal swap point quotation (last swap point
quotation at which bids are completely satisfied),

Dm > Dm ﬂ 1 for a liquidity-providing foreign exchange swap,

Dm ﬂ 1 > Dm for a liquidity-absorbing foreign exchange swap

all%(Dm): percentage of allotment at the marginal swap point quotation

all(Ds)i:

alli:

allotment to the ith counterparty at the sth swap point quotation

total amount allotted to the ith counterparty

(29) Swap point quotations are listed in increasing order taking into account the sign of the quotation, which depends on the sign of the
interest rate differential between the foreign currency and the euro. If, for the maturity of the swap, the foreign currency interest
rate is higher than the corresponding interest rate for the euro, the swap point quotation is positive (i.e. the euro is quoted at a
premium to the foreign currency). Conversely, if the foreign currency interest rate is lower than the corresponding interest rate for
the euro, the swap point quotation is negative (i.e. the euro is quoted at a discount to the foreign currency).

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The percentage of allotment at the marginal swap point quotation is:

Xm ﬂ 1

A ﬂ

a(cid:133)Ds(cid:134)

s(cid:136)1
a(cid:133)Dm(cid:134)

all%(cid:133)Dm(cid:134) =

The allotment to the ith counterparty at the marginal swap point quotation is:

all(cid:133)Dm(cid:134)i = all%(cid:133)Dm(cid:134) (cid:2) a(cid:133)Dm(cid:134)i

The total amount allotted to the ith counterparty is:

alli =

Xm ﬂ 1

s(cid:136)1

a(cid:133)Ds(cid:134)i (cid:135) all(cid:133)Dm(cid:134)i

In the allotment of liquidity-absorbing variable rate foreign exchange swap tenders, bids are listed in
diminishing order of offered swap point quotations. The bids with the highest swap point quotations are
satisfied with priority and successively lower swap point quotations are accepted until the total amount
of the fixed currency to be absorbed is exhausted. If, at the lowest swap point quotation accepted (i.e. the
marginal swap point quotation), the aggregate amount bid exceeds the remaining amount to be allotted,
the remaining amount is allocated pro rata among the bids according to the ratio of the remaining
amount to be allotted to the total amount bid at the marginal swap point quotation (see Box 6). The
amount allotted to each counterparty is rounded to the nearest euro.

(d) T y p e o f a u c t i o n

the Eurosystem may apply either single rate or multiple rate auction
For variable rate tenders,
procedures. In a single rate auction (Dutch auction), the allotment interest rate/price/swap point applied
for all satisfied bids is equal to the marginal interest rate/price/swap point (i.e. that at which the total
allotment
interest
the allotment
In a multiple rate auction (American auction),
rate/price/swap point is equal to the interest rate/price/swap point offered for each individual bid.

is exhausted).

5.1.6.

Announcement of tender results

The results of standard and quick tenders are announced publicly by means of wire services. In addition,
national central banks may announce the allotment result directly to counterparties without access to wire
services. The public tender result message normally contains the following information:

(cid:151) the reference number of the tender operation,

(cid:151) the date of the tender operation,

(cid:151) the type of operation,

(cid:151) the maturity of the operation,

(cid:151) the total amount bid by Eurosystem counterparties,

(cid:151) the number of bidders,

(cid:151) the currencies involved (in the case of foreign exchange swaps),

(cid:151) the total amount allotted,

(cid:151) the percentage of allotment (in the case of fixed rate tenders),

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(cid:151) the spot exchange rate (in the case of foreign exchange swaps),

(cid:151) the marginal interest rate/price/swap point accepted and the percentage of allotment at the marginal

interest rate/price/swap point (in the case of variable rate tenders),

(cid:151) the minimum bid rate, maximum bid rate and weighted average allotment rate (in the case of multiple

rate auctions),

(cid:151) the start date and maturity date of the operation (if applicable) or the value date and maturity date of the

instrument (in the case of the issuance of debt certificates),

(cid:151) the minimum individual allotment amount (if any),

(cid:151) the minimum allotment ratio (if any),

(cid:151) the denomination of the certificates (in the case of the issuance of debt certificates), and

(cid:151) the ISIN code of the issue (in the case of the issuance of debt certificates).

The national central banks will directly certify the individual allotment result to successful counterparties.

5.2.

Procedures for bilateral operations

(a) G e n e r a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s

The national central banks may execute operations on the basis of bilateral procedures (30). These
procedures may be used for fine-tuning open market operations and structural outright operations. They
are defined in a broad sense as any procedures where the Eurosystem conducts a transaction with one or
a few counterparties without a tender. In this respect, two different types of bilateral procedures can be
distinguished: operations where counterparties are contacted directly by the Eurosystem, and operations
executed through stock exchanges and market agents.

(b) D i r e c t c o n t a c t w i t h c o u n t e r p a r t i e s

In this procedure, the national central banks directly contact one or a few domestic counterparties, which
are selected according to the criteria specified in Section 2.2. According to the precise instructions given
by the ECB, the national central banks decide whether to enter into a deal with the counterparties. The
transactions are settled through the national central banks.

If the Governing Council of the ECB were to decide that, under exceptional circumstances, bilateral
operations could also be executed by the ECB itself (or by one or a few national central banks acting as
the operating arm of the ECB), the procedures for such operations would be adapted accordingly. In this
case, the ECB (or the national central bank(s) acting as the operating arm of the ECB) would directly
contact one or a few counterparties in the euro area, selected according to the criteria specified in
Section 2.2. The ECB (or the national central bank(s) acting as the operating arm of the ECB) would
decide whether to enter into a deal with the counterparties. The transactions would nevertheless be
settled in a decentralised manner through the national central banks.

Bilateral operations through direct contact with counterparties can be applied for reverse transactions,
outright transactions, foreign exchange swaps and the collection of fixed-term deposits.

(c) O p e r a t i o n s e x e c u t e d t h r o u g h s t o c k e x c h a n g e s a n d m a r k e t a g e n t s

The national central banks can execute outright transactions through stock exchanges and market agents.
For these operations, the range of counterparties is not restricted a priori and the procedures are adapted
to the market conventions for the debt instruments transacted. The Governing Council of the ECB will

(30) The Governing Council of the ECB will decide whether, under exceptional circumstances, fine-tuning bilateral operations may also

be executed by the ECB itself.

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decide whether, under exceptional circumstances, the ECB itself (or one or a few national central banks
acting as the operating arm of the ECB) may execute fine-tuning outright operations through stock
exchanges and market agents.

(d) A n n o u n c e m e n t o f b i l a t e r a l o p e r a t i o n s

Bilateral operations are normally not announced publicly in advance. In addition, the ECB may decide
not to announce the results of bilateral operations publicly.

(e) O p e r a t i n g d a y s

The ECB may decide to conduct fine-tuning bilateral operations on any Eurosystem business day. Only
national central banks of Member States where the trade day, the settlement day and the reimbursement
day are NCB business days participate in such operations.

Outright bilateral operations for structural purposes are normally only conducted and settled on days
which are NCB business days in all Member States.

5.3.

Settlement procedures

5.3.1.

General considerations

Money transactions relating to the use of Eurosystem standing facilities or to participation in open market
operations are settled on the counterparties’ accounts with the national central banks (or on the accounts of
settlement banks participating in TARGET). Money transactions are settled only after (or at the moment of)
the final transfer of the assets underlying the operation. This implies that underlying assets need either to
have been pre-deposited in a safe custody account at the national central banks or to be settled on an
intraday delivery-versus-payment basis with the said national central banks. The transfer of underlying assets
is executed via the counterparties’ securities settlement accounts with SSSs fulfilling the ECB’s minimum
standards (31). Counterparties without a safe custody account with a national central bank or a securities
settlement account with an SSS fulfilling the ECB’s minimum standards may settle the transactions of
underlying assets through the securities settlement account or the safe custody account of a correspondent
credit institution.

Further provisions related to the settlement procedures are defined in the contractual arrangements applied by
for the specific monetary policy instruments. The settlement
the national central banks (or the ECB)
law and
procedures may differ slightly between national central banks owing to differences in national
operational practices.

5.3.2.

Settlement of open market operations

Open market operations based on standard tenders (i.e. main refinancing operations, longer-term refinancing
operations and structural operations) are normally settled on the first day following the trade day on which
all relevant national RTGS systems and all relevant SSSs are open. As a matter of principle, the Eurosystem
aims to settle the transactions related to its open market operations at the same time in all Member States
with all counterparties that have provided sufficient underlying assets. However, owing to operational
constraints and the technical features of SSSs, the timing within the day of the settlement of open market
operations may differ across the euro area. The time of settlement of
the main and the longer-term
refinancing operations normally coincides with the time of reimbursement of a previous operation of
corresponding maturity.

The Eurosystem aims to settle open market operations based on quick tenders and bilateral procedures on the
trade day. However, the Eurosystem may, for operational reasons, occasionally apply other settlement dates
for these operations, in particular for outright transactions (for fine-tuning as well as structural purposes) and
foreign exchange swaps (see Table 3).

(31) The description of the standards for the use of eligible SSSs in the euro area and an updated list of the eligible links between these

systems can be found on the ECB’s website (www.ecb.int).

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Normal settlement dates for Eurosystem open market operations (1)

TABLE 3

Monetary policy instrument

Settlement date for operations based
on standard tenders

Settlement date for operations based
on quick tenders or bilateral
procedures

Reverse transactions

Outright transactions

Issuance of debt certificates

Foreign exchange swaps

Collection of fixed-term deposits

T+1 (1)

T

(cid:151)

T+1

(cid:151)

(cid:151)

According to market convention for
underlying assets

(cid:151)

T, T+1 or T+2

T

(1) T refers to the trade day. The settlement date refers to Eurosystem business days.
(2) If the normal settlement date for the main or the longer-term refinancing operations coincides with a bank holiday, the
ECB may decide to apply a different settlement date, with the option of same-day settlement. The settlement dates for the
main and the longer-term refinancing operations are specified in advance in the Eurosystem’s tender operations calendar
(see Section 5.1.2).

5.3.3.

End-of-day procedures

The end-of-day procedures are specified in documentation related to the national RTGS systems and the
TARGET system. As a general rule, the closing time for the TARGET system is 6 p.m. ECB time (CET). No
further payment orders are accepted for processing in the national RTGS systems after the closing time,
although remaining payment orders accepted before the closing time are still processed. Counterparties’
requests for access to the marginal
lending facility or to the deposit facility must be submitted to the
respective national central bank at the latest 30 minutes after the actual closing time of TARGET (32).

Any negative balances on the settlement accounts (in the national RTGS systems) of eligible counterparties
remaining after the finalisation of the end-of-day control procedures are automatically considered to be a
request for recourse to the marginal lending facility (see Section 4.1).

CHAPTER 6

6.

ELIGIBLE ASSETS

6.1.

General considerations

Article 18.1 of the Statute of the ESCB allows the ECB and the national central banks to transact in financial
markets by buying and selling underlying assets outright or under repurchase agreements and requires all
all Eurosystem
Eurosystem credit operations
liquidity-providing operations are based on underlying assets provided by the counterparties either in the
form of the transfer of ownership of assets (in the case of outright transactions or repurchase agreements) or
in the form of a pledge granted over relevant assets (in the case of collateralised loans) (33).

to be based on adequate

collateral. Consequently,

(32) The deadline for requesting access to the Eurosystem’s standing facilities is postponed by an additional 30 minutes on the last

Eurosystem business day of a minimum reserve maintenance period.

(33) Liquidity-absorbing outright and reverse open market operations are also based on underlying assets. For underlying assets used in
liquidity-absorbing reverse open market operations, the eligibility criteria are identical to those applied for underlying assets used in
liquidity-providing reverse open market operations. However, neither initial margins nor valuation haircuts are applied in
liquidity-absorbing operations.

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With the aims of protecting the Eurosystem from incurring losses in its monetary policy operations, ensuring
the equal treatment of counterparties and enhancing operational efficiency, underlying assets have to fulfil
certain criteria in order to be eligible for Eurosystem monetary policy operations.

It is recognised that the harmonisation of eligibility criteria throughout the euro area would contribute to
ensuring equal treatment and operational efficiency. At the same time, due attention has to be paid to
existing differences in financial structure across Member States. A distinction is therefore made, essentially for
purposes internal to the Eurosystem, between two categories of assets eligible for Eurosystem monetary
policy operations. These two categories are referred to as(cid:145)tier-one(cid:146) and (cid:145)tier-two(cid:146) respectively:

(cid:151) tier-one consists of marketable debt instruments fulfilling uniform euro area-wide eligibility criteria

specified by the ECB, and

(cid:151) tier-two consists of additional assets, marketable and non-marketable, which are of particular importance
to national financial markets and banking systems and for which eligibility criteria are established by the
national central banks, subject to the minimum eligibility criteria established by the ECB. The specific
eligibility criteria for tier two applied by the respective national central banks are subject to approval by
the ECB.

No distinction is made between the two tiers with regard to the quality of the assets and their eligibility for
the various types of Eurosystem monetary policy operations (except for the fact that tier-two assets are not
normally used by the Eurosystem in outright transactions). The assets eligible for Eurosystem monetary policy
operations can also be used as underlying assets for intraday credit (34).

Tier-one and tier-two assets are subject to the risk control measures specified in Section 6.4.

Eurosystem counterparties may use eligible assets on a cross-border basis, i.e. they may obtain funds from the
national central bank of the Member State in which they are established by making use of assets located in
another Member State (see Section 6.6).

6.2.

Tier-one assets

The ECB establishes and maintains a list of tier one-assets. This list is available to the public (35).

Debt certificates issued by the ECB are listed as tier-one assets. Debt certificates issued by the national central
banks prior to the adoption of the euro in their respective Member State are also included in the tier-one list.

The following eligibility criteria are applied to other tier one assets (see also Table 4):

(cid:151) they must be debt instruments having: (a) a predefined principal amount; and (b) a coupon that cannot
result in a negative cash flow. In addition, the coupon should be one of the following: (i) a zero coupon;
(ii) a fixed rate coupon; or (iii) a floating rate coupon linked to an interest rate reference. The coupon
may be linked to a change in the rating of the issuer itself. Furthermore, inflation-indexed bonds are
eligible. These features must be maintained until the redemption of the obligation (36),

(cid:151) they must meet high credit standards. In the assessment of the credit standard of debt instruments, the
inter alia, available ratings by market agencies, guarantees (37) provided by
ECB takes into account,
financially sound guarantors, (38) as well as certain institutional criteria which would ensure particularly
high protection of the instrument holders (39),

(34) In addition, the ECB may allow the national central banks to consider as eligible for intraday credit certain types of assets which are

not eligible as underlying assets for Eurosystem monetary policy operations (see footnote 17 in this chapter).

(35) This list is published and updated daily on the ECB’s website (www.ecb.int).
(36) Debt instruments affording rights to the principal and/or the interest that are subordinated to the rights of holders of other debt
instruments of the same issuer (or, within a structured issue, subordinated to other tranches of the same issue) are excluded from
tier-one.

(37) Eligible guarantees must be unconditional and callable upon first demand. They must be effective under the law governing the

guarantee and enforceable under the law of a euro area country.

(38) Guarantors must be established in the EEA.
(39) Debt instruments issued by credit institutions which do not comply strictly with the criteria set out in Article 22(4) of the UCITS
Directive (Directive 88/220/EEC amending Directive 85/611/EEC) are accepted in tier-one only if each issue as such is awarded a
rating (by a rating agency) which indicates, in the view of the Eurosystem, that the debt instrument meets high credit standards. The
eligibility of debt instruments issued under an issuance programme is assessed on the basis of an individual rating for each
particular issue within that programme.

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(cid:151) they must be transferable in book-entry form,

(cid:151) they must be deposited/registered (issued) in the EEA with a central bank or with a central securities
depository (CSD) which fulfils the minimum standards established by the ECB. They must be held
(settled) in the euro area through an account with the Eurosystem or with an SSS which fulfils the
standards established by the ECB (so that perfection and realisation are subject to the law of a euro area
country). If the CSD where the asset is issued and the SSS where it is held are not identical, then the two
institutions have to be connected by a link approved by the ECB (40).

(cid:151) they must be denominated in euro (41),

(cid:151) they must be issued (or, alternatively, guaranteed) by entities established in the EEA (42),

(cid:151) they must be listed or quoted on a regulated market as defined in the Investment Services Directive (43),
or listed, quoted or traded on certain non-regulated markets as specified by the ECB (44). Furthermore,
market liquidity may be taken into account by the ECB when determining the eligibility of individual
debt instruments.

In spite of their inclusion in the tier one list, a counterparty shall not submit as underlying assets debt
instruments issued or guaranteed by the counterparty, or by any other entity with which the counterparty
has close links (45), as defined in Directive 2000/12/EC relating to the taking up and pursuit of the business
of credit institutions (46) (47).

In spite of their inclusion in the tier-one list, national central banks may decide not to accept the following
instruments as underlying assets:

(cid:151) debt instruments falling due for repayment before the maturity date of the monetary policy operation for

which they are being used as underlying assets (48), and

(cid:151) debt instruments with an income flow (e.g. a coupon payment) occurring in the period until the maturity

date of the monetary policy operation for which they are being used as underlying assets.

All tier-one assets may be used in a cross-border context, implying that a counterparty can receive credit
from the national central bank of the Member State in which the counterparty is established by making use
of tier-one instruments located in another Member State (see Section 6.6).

Tier-one assets are eligible for all monetary policy operations which are based on underlying assets,
reverse and outright open market transactions and the marginal lending facility.

i.e.

(40) The description of the standards for the use of eligible SSSs in the euro area and an updated list of the eligible links between these

systems can be found on the ECB’s website (www.ecb.int).
(41) Expressed as such or in the national denominations of the euro.
(42) The requirement that the issuing entity be established in the EEA does not apply to international and supranational institutions.
(43) Council Directive 93/22/EEC of 10 May 1993 on investment services in the securities field, (OJ L 141, 11.6.1993, p. 27).
(44) Debt instruments issued by credit institutions which do not comply strictly with the criteria set out in Article 22(4) of the UCITS
Directive (Directive 88/220/EEC amending Directive 85/611/EEC) are accepted in tier one only if they are listed or quoted on a
regulated market as defined in the Investment Services Directive (Directive 93/22/EEC) and comply with the requirements of the
Prospectus Directive (Directive 89/298/ EEC).

(45) In the event that a counterparty is using assets that, owing to an identity with the issuer/guarantor or the existence of close links, it
may not or no longer use to secure an outstanding credit, it is obliged to immediately notify the relevant national central bank
thereof. The assets are valued at zero at the next valuation date and a margin call may be triggered (see Annex 6).

(46) Article 1(26) of Directive 2000/12/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 March 2000 relating to the taking up

and pursuit of the business of credit institutions (OJ L 126. 26.5.2000, p. 1), reads as follows:
(cid:145)Close links shall mean a situation in which two or more natural or legal persons are linked by:
(a) participation, which shall mean the ownership, direct or by way of control, of 20 % or more of the voting rights or capital of an

undertaking, or

(b) control, which shall mean the relationship between a parent undertaking and a subsidiary, in all the cases referred to in Article
1(1) and (2) of Directive 83/349/EEC, or a similar relationship between any natural or legal person and an undertaking; any
subsidiary undertaking of a subsidiary undertaking shall also be considered a subsidiary of the parent undertaking which is at
the head of those undertakings. A situation in which two or more natural or legal persons are permanently linked to one and
the same person by a control relationship shall also be regarded as constituting a close link between such persons(cid:146).

(47) This provision does not apply to: (i) close links between the counterparty and the public authorities of EEA countries; (ii) trade bills,
for which at least one entity (other than a credit institution) is liable in addition to the counterparty; (iii) debt instruments which
comply strictly with the criteria set out in Article 22(4) of the UCITS Directive (Directive 88/220/EEC amending Directive
85/611/EEC); or (iv) cases in which debt instruments are protected by specific legal safeguards comparable with (iii).

(48) If the national central banks were to allow the use of instruments with a maturity shorter than the monetary policy operations for

which they serve as underlying assets, counterparties would be required to replace such assets at, or prior to, maturity.

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6.3.

Tier-two assets (49)

In addition to debt instruments fulfilling the eligibility criteria for tier-one, national central banks may
consider as eligible other assets, tier-two assets, which are of particular importance to their national financial
markets and banking systems. Eligibility criteria for tier-two assets are established by the national central
banks in accordance with the minimum eligibility criteria stated below. The specific national eligibility criteria
for tier-two assets are subject to approval by the ECB. The national central banks establish and maintain
national lists of eligible tier-two assets. These lists are available to the public (50).

Tier-two assets have to fulfil the following minimum eligibility criteria (see also Table 4):

(cid:151) they can be debt instruments (marketable or non-marketable) having: (a) a predefined principal amount;
and (b) a coupon that cannot result in a negative cash flow. In addition, the coupon should be one of the
following: (i) a zero coupon; (ii) a fixed rate coupon; or (iii) a floating rate coupon linked to an interest
rate reference. The coupon may be linked to a change in the rating of the issuer itself. Furthermore,
inflation-indexed bonds are eligible. These features must be maintained until the redemption of the
obligation. They can also be equities (traded on a regulated market as defined in the Investment Services
Directive (51). Equities issued by credit institutions and debt instruments issued by credit institutions
which do not comply strictly with the criteria set out in Article 22(4) of the UCITS Directive are
normally not eligible for inclusion in the tier-two lists. However, the ECB may authorise national central
banks to include such assets in their tier-two lists subject to certain conditions and restrictions,

TABLE 4

Eligible assets for Eurosystem monetary policy operations

Criteria

Tier-one

Tier-two

Type of asset

(cid:151) ECB debt certificates

(cid:151) Marketable debt instruments (1)

(cid:151) Other

marketable

debt

(cid:151) Non-marketable debt

instruments (1) (2)

instruments

Settlement procedures

be

Instruments must
centrally
deposited in book-entry form with
national central banks or an SSS
ECB’s minimum
fulfilling
standards

the

(cid:151) Equities traded on a regulated

market

Assets must be easily accessible to
the national central bank which has
included them in its tier-two list

Type of issuer

(cid:151) Central banks

(cid:151) Public sector

(cid:151) Public sector

(cid:151) Private sector (3)

(cid:151) International and

supranational institutions

(cid:151) Private sector (4)

(49) In addition to the tier-two assets eligible for Eurosystem monetary policy operations, the ECB may authorise national central banks
to grant intraday credit against debt instruments which are considered eligible for intraday credit by non-participating EU central
banks and which are: (i) located in EEA countries outside the euro area; (ii) issued by entities established in EEA countries outside
the euro area; and (iii) denominated in EEA currencies (or other widely traded currencies). The ECB’s authorisation will be subject to
the preservation of operational efficiency and the exercise of appropriate control over the specific legal risks relating to such debt
instruments. Within the euro area, these debt instruments may not be used on a cross-border basis (i.e. counterparties may use
these debt instruments only for receiving funds directly from the national central bank which has been authorised by the ECB to
grant intraday credit against these assets).

(50) These lists are published and updated daily on the ECB’s website (www.ecb.int). For non-marketable tier-two assets and debt
features, national central banks may decide not to disclose information on
tier-two lists, but shall offer alternative

instruments with restricted liquidity and special
individual
information to ensure that counterparties throughout the euro area can easily ascertain the eligibility of a specific asset.

issuers/debtors or guarantors in the publication of

their national

issues,

(51) Council Directive 93/22/EEC of 10 May 1993 on investment services in the securities field (OJ L 141, 11.6.1993, p. 27).

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Criteria

Tier-one

Tier-two

Credit standard

The asset must be deemed of high
credit quality by the ECB (which
could include a guarantee of an
EEA guarantor which is deemed
financially sound by the ECB)

Place of establishment of
the issuer (or alternatively
the guarantor)

EEA (5)

The asset must be deemed of high
credit quality by the national central
bank which has included it in its
tier-two list (which could include a
guarantee of a euro area guarantor
which is deemed financially sound
by the national central bank which
has included the asset in its tier-two
list)

Euro area

Location of asset

(cid:151) Place of issue: EEA

Euro area (6)

(cid:151) Place

of

settlement:

euro

area (6)

Currency

Memorandum item:
Cross-border use

Euro (7)

Yes

Euro (7)

Yes

(1) They must have both: (a) a predefined principal amount; and (b) a coupon that cannot result in a negative cash
flow. In addition, the coupon should be one of the following: (i) a zero coupon; (ii) a fixed rate coupon; or (iii) a
floating rate coupon linked to an interest rate reference. The coupon may be linked to a change in the rating of
the issuer itself. Furthermore, inflation-indexed bonds are eligible. These features must be maintained until the
redemption of the obligation.

(2) Debt instruments affording rights to the principal and/or the interest that are subordinated to the rights of holders
of other debt instruments of the same issuer (or, within a structured issue, subordinated to other tranches of the
same issue) are excluded from tier-one.

(3) Debt instruments issued by credit institutions which do not comply strictly with the criteria set out in Article 22(4)
of the UCITS Directive (Directive 88/220/EEC amending Directive 85/611/EEC) are accepted in tier-one only under
the following three conditions. First, each issue needs to be awarded a rating (by a rating agency) which indicates,
in the view of the Eurosystem, that the debt instrument meets high credit standards. The eligibility of debt
instruments issued under an issuance programme is assessed on the basis of an individual rating for each particular
issue within that programme. Second, the debt instruments need to be listed or quoted on a regulated market as
defined in the Investment Services Directive (Directive 93/22/EEC). Third, the debt instruments need to comply
with the requirements of the Prospectus Directive (Directive 89/298/EEC).

(4) Equities issued by credit institutions and debt instruments issued by credit institutions which do not comply strictly
with the criteria set out in Article 22(4) of the UCITS Directive are normally not eligible for inclusion in tier-two
lists. However, the ECB may authorise national central banks to include such assets in their tier-two lists subject to
certain conditions and restrictions.

(5) The requirement that the issuing entity be established in the EEA does not apply to international and supranational

institutions.

(6) So that perfection and realisation are subject to the law of a Member State of the euro area.
(7) Expressed as such or in the national denominations of the euro.

(cid:151) they must be debt obligations against or equities of (or be guaranteed by) (52) entities which are deemed
to be financially sound by the national central bank which has included the assets in its tier-two list,

(cid:151) they must be easily accessible to the national central bank which has included the assets in its tier-two

list,

(cid:151) they must be located in the euro area (so that perfection and realisation are subject to the law of a

euro-area country),

(52) Eligible guarantees must be unconditional and callable upon first demand. They must be effective under the law governing the

guarantee and enforceable under the law of a euro-area country.

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(cid:151) they must be denominated in euro (53).

(cid:151) they must be issued (or, alternatively, guaranteed) by entities established in the euro area.

In spite of their inclusion in the tier-two lists, a counterparty shall not submit as underlying assets debt
obligations against or equities of the counterparty, or any other entity with which the counterparty has close
links which the counterparty has close links (54), as defined in Article 1(26) of Directive 2000/12/EC relating
to the taking up and pursuit of the business of credit institutions (55) (56).

In spite of their inclusion in the tier-two lists, national central banks may decide not to accept the following
assets as underlying assets:

(cid:151) debt instruments falling due for repayment before the maturity date of the monetary policy operation for

which they are used as underlying assets (57),

(cid:151) debt instruments with an income flow (e.g. a coupon payment) occurring in the period until the maturity

date of the monetary policy operation for which they are being used as underlying assets, or

(cid:151) equities with a payment of any kind or with any other right attached to them which may affect their
suitability as underlying assets for the period until the maturity date of the monetary policy operation for
which they are being used as underlying assets.

Tier-two assets eligible for Eurosystem monetary policy operations may be used in a cross-border context,
implying that a counterparty can receive funds from the national central bank of the Member State in which
the counterparty is established by making use of assets located in another Member State (see Section 6.6).

Tier-two assets are eligible for reverse open market transactions and the marginal lending facility. They are
not normally used in Eurosystem outright transactions.

6.4.

Risk control measures

Risk control measures are applied to the assets underlying Eurosystem monetary policy operations in order to
protect the Eurosystem against the risk of financial loss if underlying assets have to be realised owing to the
default of a counterparty. The risk control measures at the disposal of the Eurosystem are described in Box 7.

(53) Expressed as such or in the national denominations of the euro.
(54) In the event that a counterparty is using assets that, owing to the existence of close links, it may not use to secure an outstanding
credit, it is obliged to immediately notify the relevant national central bank thereof. The assets are valued at zero at the next
valuation date and a margin call may be triggered (see Annex 6).

(55) Article 1(26) of Directive 2000/12/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 March 2000 relating to the taking up

and pursuit of the business of credit institutions (OJ L 126, 26.5.2000, p. 1), reads as follows:
(cid:145)Close links shall mean a situation in which two or more natural or legal persons are linked by:
(a) participation, which shall mean the ownership, direct or by way of control, of 20 % or more of the voting rights or capital of an

undertaking, or

(b) control, which shall mean the relationship between a parent undertaking and a subsidiary, in all the cases referred to in Article
1(1) and (2) of Directive 83/349/EEC, or a similar relationship between any natural or legal person and an undertaking; any
subsidiary undertaking of a subsidiary undertaking shall also be considered a subsidiary of the parent undertaking which is at
the head of those undertakings. A situation in which two or more natural or legal persons are permanently linked to one and
the same person by a control relationship shall also be regarded as constituting a close link between such persons(cid:146).

(56) This provision does not apply to: (i) close links between the counterparty and the public authorities of EEA countries; (ii) trade bills,
for which at least one entity (other than a credit institution) is liable in addition to the counterparty; (iii) debt instruments which
comply strictly with the criteria set out in Article 22(4) of the UCITS Directive (Directive 88/220/EEC amending Directive
85/611/EEC); or (iv) cases in which debt instruments are protected by specific legal safeguards comparable with (iii).

(57) If the national central banks were to allow the use of instruments with a maturity shorter than the monetary policy operations for

which they serve as underlying assets, counterparties would be required to replace such assets at, or prior to, maturity.

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BOX 7

Risk control measures

(cid:151) Initial margins

The Eurosystem applies initial margins in its liquidity-providing reverse transactions. This implies
that counterparties need to provide underlying assets with a value at least equal to the liquidity
provided by the Eurosystem plus the value of the initial margin.

(cid:151) Valuation haircuts

The Eurosystem applies (cid:145)valuation haircuts(cid:146) in the valuation of underlying assets. This implies that
the value of the underlying asset is calculated as the market value of the asset less a certain
percentage (haircut).

(cid:151) Variation margins (marking to market)

The Eurosystem requires a specified margin to be maintained over time on the underlying assets
used in its liquidity-providing reverse transactions. This implies that if the value, measured on a
regular basis, of the underlying assets falls below a certain level, the national central bank will
require the counterparty to supply additional assets or cash (i.e. a margin call). Similarly, if the
value of the underlying assets, following their revaluation, exceeds a certain level, the central
bank returns the excess assets or cash to the counterparty. (The calculations relevant for the
execution of margin calls are presented in Box 9.)

(cid:151) Limits in relation to issuers/debtors or guarantors

The Eurosystem may apply limits to the exposure vis-(cid:224)-vis issuers/debtors or guarantors.

(cid:151) Additional guarantees

The Eurosystem may require additional guarantees from financially sound entities in order to
accept certain assets.

(cid:151) Exclusion

The Eurosystem may exclude certain assets from use in its monetary policy operations.

6.4.1.

Initial margins

The Eurosystem applies initial margins, which correspond to a certain percentage of the amount of liquidity
provided which is to be added to the requirement for the value of the underlying assets. Two different initial
margins are applied, taking into account the exposure time for the Eurosystem:

(cid:151) a margin of 1 % for intraday and overnight transactions, and

(cid:151) a margin of 2 % for transactions with an original maturity of more than one business day.

No initial margins are applied in liquidity-absorbing operations.

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6.4.2.

Risk control measures for tier-one assets

In addition to the initial margins applied to the amount of liquidity provided, the Eurosystem applies specific
risk control measures according to the types of underlying assets offered by the counterparty. The
appropriate risk control measures for tier-one assets are determined by the ECB, taking into consideration
differences in the legal systems of the Member States. Risk control measures for tier-one assets are broadly
harmonised across the euro area (58). The risk control framework for tier-one assets includes the following
main elements:

(cid:151) individual debt instruments are subject to specific (cid:145)valuation haircuts(cid:146). The haircuts are applied by
the underlying asset. The haircuts differ

deducting a certain percentage from the market value of
according to the residual maturity and coupon structure of the debt instruments as described in Box 8,

BOX 8

Levels of valuation haircuts applied to eligible tier-one assets

Valuation haircuts applied to fixed rate instruments (1):

0 % for instruments with a residual maturity of up to one year;

1,5 % for instruments with a residual maturity of more than one year and up to three years;

2 % for instruments with a residual maturity of more than three years and up to seven years;

3 % for coupon bonds with a residual maturity of more than seven years; and

5 % for zero coupon bonds and strips with a residual maturity of more than seven years.

Valuation haircuts applied to floating rate instruments:

0 % for instruments with post-fixed coupons.

For instruments with pre-fixed coupons, the same valuation haircuts are applied as those for fixed
rate instruments. However, for such instruments, the valuation haircuts are determined according
to the period of time between the last coupon setting and the next coupon resetting.

Valuation haircuts applied to inverse floating rate instruments:

1,5 % for instruments with a residual maturity of up to one year;

4 % for instruments with a residual maturity of more than one year and up to three years;

8 % for instruments with a residual maturity of more than three years and up to seven years; and

12 % for instruments with a residual maturity of more than seven years.

(1) These levels of valuation haircut are also applicable to debt instruments, the coupon of which is linked to a

change in the rating of the issuer itself or to inflation-indexed bonds.

(cid:151) no valuation haircuts are applied in liquidity-absorbing operations,

(cid:151) depending on both the jurisdiction and national operational systems, national central banks allow for the
pooling of underlying assets and/or require the earmarking of
the assets used in each individual
transaction. In pooling systems, the counterparty makes a pool of sufficient underlying assets available to

(58) Owing to operational differences across Member States in respect of the procedures for counterparties’ delivery of underlying assets
to the national central banks (in the form of a pool of collateral pledged with the national central bank or as repurchase agreements
based on individual assets specified for each transaction), minor differences may occur with regard to the timing of the valuation
and other operational features of the margin framework.

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the central bank to cover the related credits received from the central bank, thus implying that individual
assets are not linked to specific credit operations. By contrast, in an earmarking system, each credit
operation is linked to specific identifiable assets,

(cid:151) the assets are subject to daily valuation. On a daily basis, national central banks calculate the required
value of underlying assets taking into account changes in outstanding credit volumes, the valuation
principles outlined in Section 6.5 and the required initial margins and valuation haircuts,

(cid:151) if, after valuation, the underlying assets do not match the requirements as calculated on that day,
symmetric margin calls are performed. In order to reduce the frequency of margin calls, national central
banks may apply a trigger point. If applied, this trigger point is 1 % of the amount of liquidity provided.
Depending on the jurisdiction, national central banks may require margin calls either to be effected
through the supply of additional assets or by means of cash payments. This implies that if the market
value of the underlying assets falls below the lower trigger point, counterparties have to supply additional
assets (or cash). Similarly, if the market value of the underlying assets, following their revaluation, were
to exceed the upper trigger point, the national central bank would return the excess assets (or cash) to
the counterparty (see Box 9),

BOX 9

Calculation of initial margins and valuation haircuts

The total amount of eligible assets J (for j = 1 to J; value Cj,t at time t) a counterparty must
provide for a set of liquidity-providing operations I (for i = 1 to I; amount Li,t at time t) is
determined by the following formula:

XI

(cid:133)1 (cid:135) mi(cid:134)Li;t˜

XJ

(cid:133)1 ﬂ hj(cid:134)Cj;t

i(cid:136)1

j(cid:136)1

(cid:133)1(cid:134)

Where:

mi:

initial margin applied to operation i:

mi = 1 % for intraday and overnight operations and mi = 2 % for operations with a maturity
exceeding one business day;

hi:

valuation haircut applied to eligible asset j.

Let s be the time period between revaluations. The margin call base at time t + s equals:

Mt(cid:135)s =

XI

(cid:133)1 (cid:135) mi(cid:134)Li;t(cid:135)s ﬂ

XJ

(cid:133)1 ﬂ hj(cid:134)Cj;t(cid:135)s

(cid:133)2(cid:134)

i(cid:136)1

j(cid:136)1

Depending on the operational
features of the national central banks’ collateral management
systems, national central banks may also take into account interest accrued on liquidity provided
in outstanding operations in the calculation of the margin call base.

Margin calls are effected only if the margin call base exceeds a certain trigger point level.

Let k = 1 % denote the trigger. In an earmarking system (I = 1), a margin call is effected when:

(the counterparty pays the margin call to the national central bank); or

Mt(cid:135)s > k • Li;t(cid:135)s

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(the national central bank pays the margin call to the counterparty).

Mt(cid:135)s < ﬂ k • Li;t(cid:135)s

In a pooling system, the counterparty has to bring more assets into the pool if:

Mt(cid:135)s > k •

XI

i(cid:136)1

Li;t(cid:135)s

Conversely, the amount of intraday credit (IDC)available to the counterparty in a pooling system
can be expressed as follows:

ﬂ Mt(cid:135)s (cid:135) k •

XI

i(cid:136)1

Li;t(cid:135)s

1; 01

IDC =

(cid:133)if positive(cid:134)

In both earmarking and pooling systems, margin calls shall ensure that the relation expressed in
(1) above is reestablished.

(cid:151) in pooling systems, by definition, counterparties may substitute underlying assets on a daily basis,

(cid:151) in earmarking systems, the substitution of underlying assets may be permitted by national central banks,

(cid:151) the ECB may at any time decide to remove individual debt instruments from the list of eligible tier-one

instruments (59).

6.4.3.

Risk control measures for tier-two assets

The appropriate risk control measures for tier-two assets are compiled by the national central bank which has
included the asset in its tier-two list. The application of risk control measures by national central banks is
subject to ECB approval. The Eurosystem aims to ensure non-discriminatory conditions for tier-two assets
across the euro area when establishing the appropriate risk control measures. Within this framework, the
valuation haircuts applied to tier-two assets reflect the specific risks associated with these assets and are at
least as stringent as the valuation haircuts applied to tier-one assets. Tier-two assets are classified in four
different haircut groups, reflecting differences in their intrinsic characteristics and in their liquidity (see Box
10). The risk control measures are based on interest rate volatility, the level of interest rates, an assumed
liquidation horizon and the relevant maturity of the asset.

BOX 10

Levels of valuation haircuts applied to eligible tier-two assets

1. Valuation haircuts applied to equities:

The haircut should be based on the maximum two-day adverse price movement of each
individual asset since 1 January 1987, with a minimum haircut of 20 %.

2. Valuation haircuts applied to marketable debt instruments with limited liquidity (1):

1 % for instruments with a residual maturity of up to one year;

2,5 % for instruments with a residual maturity of more than one year and up to three years;

5 % for instruments with a residual maturity of more than three years and up to seven years; and

7 % for instruments with a residual maturity of more than seven years.

(59) If, at the time of exclusion from the tier-one list, a debt instrument is being used in a Eurosystem credit operation, it will have to be

removed within 20 business days calculated from the time of exclusion from the list.

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Add-on haircut applied to tier-two inverse floating rate instruments:

1 % for instruments with a residual maturity of up to one year;

2,5 % for instruments with a residual maturity of more than one year and up to three years;

5 % for instruments with a residual maturity of more than three years and up to seven years;
and

7 % for instruments with a residual maturity of more than seven years.

3. Valuation haircuts applied to debt instruments with restricted liquidity and special

features:

2 % for instruments with a residual maturity of up to one year;

6 % for instruments with a residual maturity of more than one year and up to three years;

13 % for instruments with a residual maturity of more than three years and up to seven years;
and

20 % for instruments with a residual maturity of more than seven years.

4. Valuation haircuts applied to non-marketable debt instruments:

Trade bills:

2 % for instruments with a residual maturity of up to six months.

Bank loans:

10 % for loans with a residual maturity of up to six months; and

20 % for loans with a residual maturity between six months and two years.

Mortgage-backed promissory notes:

20 %.

(1) It should be recalled that, although debt instruments issued by credit institutions which do not comply strictly
with the criteria set out in Article 22(4) of the UCITS Directive are normally not eligible for inclusion in tier-two
lists, the ECB may authorise national central banks to include such assets in their tier-two lists subject to certain
conditions and restrictions. For such instruments, a 10 % add-on to the tier-two haircut is applied.

The inclusion of tier-two assets in one of the following liquidity groups is proposed by national central banks
and is subject to the ECB’s approval.

1.

E q u i t i e s

2. M a r k e t a b l e d e b t i n s t r u m e n t s w i t h l i m i t e d l i q u i d i t y

The majority of the tier-two assets fall into this category. Although there may be some differences in the
degree of liquidity, the assets are similar in general in that they have a small secondary market, prices
may not be quoted daily and normal size trades can generate price effects.

3. D e b t i n s t r u m e n t s w i t h r e s t r i c t e d l i q u i d i t y a n d s p e c i a l f e a t u r e s

These are assets which, while enjoying some aspects of marketability, do require extra time to be
liquidated in the market. This is the case for assets which are generally non-marketable but which have
special features that introduce some marketability, including market auction procedures (if there is a need
to liquidate the assets) and a daily price valuation.

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4. N o n - m a r k e t a b l e d e b t i n s t r u m e n t s

These instruments are in practice non-marketable and therefore have little or no liquidity.

For tier-two assets with interest rate resetting features, in which the resetting is done in an unequivocal and
clear manner following market standards and subject to the ECB’s approval, the relevant maturity is that
given by the resetting maturity regardless of the liquidity group in which it is included.

The national central banks apply the same trigger point (if applicable) for the execution of margin calls for
tier-two assets as that for tier-one assets.
In addition, national central banks may apply limits to their
acceptance of tier-two assets, they may require additional guarantees and they may at any time decide to
remove individual assets from their tier-two lists.

6.5.

Valuation principles for underlying assets

When determining the value of underlying assets used in reverse transactions, the Eurosystem applies the
following principles:

(cid:151) for each marketable asset eligible in tier-one or tier-two, the Eurosystem specifies a single reference price
source. This also implies that for assets listed, quoted or traded on more than one market, only one of
these markets is used as a price source for the relevant asset,

(cid:151) for each reference market, the Eurosystem defines the most representative price to be used for the
calculation of market values. If more than one price is quoted, the lowest of these prices (normally the
bid price) is used,

(cid:151) the value of marketable assets is calculated on the basis of the most representative price on the business

day preceding the valuation date,

(cid:151) in the absence of a representative price for a particular asset on the business day preceding the valuation
date, the last trading price is used. If no trading price is available, the national central bank will define a
price, taking into account the last price identified for the asset in the reference market,

(cid:151) the market value of a debt instrument is calculated including accrued interest,

(cid:151) depending on differences in national legal systems and operational practices, the treatment of income
flows (e.g. coupon payments) related to an asset which are received during the life of a reverse
transaction may differ between national central banks.
the income flow is transferred to the
counterparty, national central banks ensure that the relevant operations will still be fully covered by a
sufficient amount of underlying assets before the transfer of the income takes place. The national central
banks aim to ensure that the economic effect of the treatment of income flows is equivalent to a
situation in which the income is transferred to the counterparty on the payment day (60),

If

(cid:151) For non-marketable tier-two assets, the national central bank which has included the assets in its tier-two

list specifies separate valuation principles.

(60) National central banks may decide not to accept as underlying assets in reverse transactions debt instruments with an income flow
(e.g. a coupon payment) or equities with a payment of any kind (or with any other right attached to them which may affect their
suitability as underlying assets) occurring in the period until the maturity date of the monetary policy operation (see Sections 6.2
and 6.3).

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6.6.

Cross-border use of eligible assets

Eurosystem counterparties may use eligible assets on a cross-border basis, i.e. they may obtain funds from the
national central bank of the Member State in which they are established by making use of assets located in
another Member State. Underlying assets may be used on a cross-border basis in the settlement of all types of
operations in which the Eurosystem provides liquidity against eligible assets. A mechanism has been
developed by the national central banks (and by the ECB) to ensure that all eligible assets may be used on a
cross-border basis. This is the correspondent central banking model (CCBM), under which national central
banks act as custodians ((cid:145)correspondents(cid:146)) for each other (and for the ECB) in respect of assets accepted in
their local depository or settlement system. The model may be used for all eligible assets. Specific solutions
may be used for non-marketable assets or tier-two assets with restricted liquidity and special features which
cannot be transferred through an SSS (61). The CCBM may be used to collateralise all kinds of Eurosystem
credit operations (62). In addition to the CCBM, eligible links between SSSs can be used for the cross-border
transfer of securities (63).

6.6.1.

Correspondent central banking model

The correspondent central banking model is illustrated in Chart 3.

CHART 3

The correspondent central banking model

Use of eligible assets deposited in country B by a counterparty established in country A in order to obtain credit
from the national central bank of country A.

Country A

Country B

NCB A

Information on
collateral

Information on
collateral

Credit

NCB B

Collateral

SSS

Counterparty A

Custodian

Transfer instructions

All national central banks maintain securities accounts with each other for the purpose of the cross-border
use of eligible assets. The precise procedure of the CCBM depends on whether the eligible assets are
earmarked for each individual transaction or whether they are held in a pool of underlying assets (64):

(61) Details are provided in the (cid:145)CCBM brochure(cid:146), which is available on the ECB’s website (www.ecb.int).
(62) The ECB may authorise national central banks to grant intraday credit against certain types of (cid:145)foreign(cid:146) debt instruments (see

footnote 17 in this chapter). However, within the euro area, such debt instruments may not be used on a cross-border basis.

(63) Eligible assets may be used through an account of a central bank in an SSS located in a country other than that of the central bank
in question if the Eurosystem has approved the use of such an account. Since August 2000, the Central Bank of Ireland has been
authorised to open such an account in Euroclear. This account can be used for all eligible assets held in Euroclear, i.e. including
eligible assets transferred to Euroclear through eligible links.

(64) See the (cid:145)CCBM brochure(cid:146) for further explanations.

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(cid:151) in an earmarking system, as soon as its bid for credit is accepted by the national central bank of the
Member State in which the counterparty is established (i.e. the (cid:145)home central bank(cid:146)), the counterparty
instructs (via its own custodian, if necessary) the SSS in the country in which its securities are held to
transfer them to the central bank of that country for the account of the home central bank. Once the
home central bank has been informed by the correspondent central bank that the collateral has been
received, it transfers the funds to the counterparty. Central banks do not advance funds until they are
certain that the counterparties’ securities have been received by the correspondent central bank. Where
necessary to meet
settlement deadlines, counterparties may be able to pre-deposit assets with
correspondent central banks for the account of their home central bank using the CCBM procedures,

(cid:151) in a pooling system, the counterparty is at any time able to provide the correspondent central bank with
securities for the account of the home central bank. Once the home central bank has been informed by
the correspondent central bank that the securities have been received, it will add these securities to the
pool account of the counterparty.

i.e.

its home central bank, before 4 p.m. ECB time (CET). Furthermore,

The CCBM is available to counterparties from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. ECB time (CET) on each Eurosystem business
day. A counterparty wishing to make use of the CCBM must advise the national central bank from which it
wishes to receive credit,
the
counterparty must ensure that the collateral for securing monetary policy operations is delivered to the
Instructions or
account of the correspondent central bank by 4.45 p.m. ECB time (CET) at the latest.
deliveries not respecting this deadline will only be considered for credit given on the following business day.
When the counterparties foresee a need to use the CCBM late in the day, they should, where possible, deliver
the assets in advance (i.e. pre-deposit the assets). In exceptional circumstances or when required for monetary
policy purposes, the ECB may decide to extend the closing time of the CCBM until the closing time of
TARGET.

6.6.2.

Cross-border links

In addition to the CCBM, eligible links between EU SSSs can be used for the cross-border transfer of
securities.

CHART 4

Links between securities settlement systems

Use of eligible assets issued in the SSS of country B held by a counterparty established in country A through a link
between the SSSs in countries A and B in order to obtain credit from the national central bank of country A.

Country A

Country B

NCB A

Information on
collateral

Credit

SSS A

Transfer instruction

Counterparty A

SSS A holds assets on
an omnibus account in
SSS B

SSS B

A link between two SSSs allows a participant in one SSS to hold securities issued in another SSS without
being a participant of that other SSS. Before these links can be used to transfer collateral for Eurosystem
credit operations, they have to be assessed and approved against the standards for the use of EU SSSs (65) (66).

(65) The updated list of eligible links can be found on the ECB’s website (www.ecb.int).
(66) See the (cid:145)Standards for the use of EU securities settlement systems in ESCB credit operations(cid:146), January 1998.

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From a Eurosystem perspective, the CCBM and the cross-border links between EU SSSs fulfil the same role of
i.e. both enable counterparties to use
allowing counterparties to use collateral on a cross-border basis,
collateral to obtain credit from their home central bank, even if this collateral was issued in an SSS of
another country. The CCBM and the cross-border links perform this function in different ways. In the CCBM,
the cross-border relationship is between the national central banks. They act as custodians for one another.

Using the links, the cross-border relationship is between the SSSs. They open omnibus accounts with one
another. Assets deposited with a correspondent central bank can only be used to collateralise Eurosystem
credit operations. Assets held through a link can be used for Eurosystem credit operations as well as for any
other purpose selected by the counterparty. Using cross-border links, the counterparties hold the assets on
their own account with their home SSS and have no need for a custodian.

CHAPTER 7

7.

MINIMUM RESERVES (67)

7.1.

General considerations

The ECB requires credit institutions to hold minimum reserves on accounts with the national central banks
within the framework of the Eurosystem’s minimum reserve system. The legal framework for this system is
laid down in Article 19 of the Statute of the ESCB, the Council Regulation (EC) concerning the application of
minimum reserves by the European Central Bank and the ECB Regulation on minimum reserves. The
application of the ECB Regulation on minimum reserves ensures that the terms and conditions of the
Eurosystem’s minimum reserve system are uniform throughout the euro area.

The amount of minimum reserves to be held by each institution is determined in relation to its reserve base.
The Eurosystem’s minimum reserve system enables counterparties to make use of averaging provisions,
implying that compliance with reserve requirements is determined on the basis of the average of the
end-of-calendar-day balances on the counterparties’ reserve accounts over a one-month maintenance period.
Institutions’ holdings of required reserves are remunerated at the rate on the Eurosystem’s main refinancing
operations.

The Eurosystem’s minimum reserve system primarily pursues the following monetary functions:

(cid:151) Stabilisation of money market interest rates

The averaging provision of
the Eurosystem’s minimum reserve system aims to contribute to the
stabilisation of money market interest rates by giving institutions an incentive to smooth the effects of
temporary liquidity fluctuations.

(cid:151) Creation or enlargement of a structural liquidity shortage

The Eurosystem’s minimum reserve system contributes to creating or enlarging a structural
liquidity
shortage. This may be helpful in order to improve the ability of the Eurosystem to operate efficiently as a
supplier of liquidity.

In the application of minimum reserves, the ECB is bound to act pursuant the objectives of the Eurosystem as
defined in Article 105(1) of the Treaty and Article 2 of the Statute of the ESCB, which implies, inter alia, the
principle of not inducing significant undesirable delocation or disintermediation.

7.2.

Institutions subject to minimum reserves

Pursuant to Article 19.1 of the Statute of the ESCB, the ECB requires credit institutions established in Member
States to hold minimum reserves. This implies that branches in the euro area of entities with no registered
office in the euro area are also subject to the Eurosystem’s minimum reserve system. However, branches
located outside the euro area of credit institutions established in the euro area are not subject to this system.

(67) The relevant legal framework for the ECB to apply minimum reserves is formed by Council Regulation (EC) No 2531/98 of 23
November 1998 and the ECB Regulation of December 1998 on the application of minimum reserves (ECB/1998/15) (as amended).
The content of this chapter is provided for information purposes only.

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Institutions will be automatically exempted from reserve requirements from the start of the maintenance
period within which their authorisation is withdrawn or surrendered, or within which a decision to submit
the institution to winding-up proceedings is taken by a judicial authority or any other competent authority of
a participating Member State. According to the Council Regulation (EC) concerning the application of
minimum reserves by the European Central Bank and the ECB Regulation on minimum reserves, the ECB
may also exempt classes of other institutions from their obligations under the Eurosystem’s minimum reserve
system on a non-discriminatory basis if the purposes of this system would not be met by imposing them on
those particular institutions. In its decision on any such exemption, the ECB takes into account one or more
of the following criteria:

(cid:151) the institution is pursuing special purpose functions,

(cid:151) the institution is not exercising active banking functions in competition with other credit institutions,

and/or

(cid:151) the institution has all
development assistance.

its deposits earmarked for purposes related to regional and/or international

The ECB establishes and maintains a list of institutions subject to the Eurosystem’s minimum reserve system.
The ECB also makes public a list of any institutions exempt from their obligations under this system for
reasons other than their being subject to reorganisation measures (68). Counterparties may rely on these lists
in deciding whether their liabilities are owed to another institution that
to reserve
requirements. The lists available to the public on the last Eurosystem business day of each calendar month
are valid for the calculation of the reserve base for the subsequent maintenance period.

is itself subject

7.3.

Determination of minimum reserves

(a) R e s e r v e b a s e a n d r e s e r v e r a t i o s

The reserve base of an institution is defined in relation to elements of its balance sheet. The balance sheet
data are reported to the national central banks within the general framework of the ECB’s money and
banking statistics (see Section 7.5) (69). For institutions subject to full reporting requirements, the balance
sheet data referring to the end of a given calendar month are used to determine the reserve base for the
maintenance period starting during the following calendar month.

The reporting framework for the ECB’s money and banking statistics includes the possibility to relieve
small institutions of some of the reporting burden. Institutions to which this provision applies only need
to report a limited set of balance sheet data on a quarterly basis (as end-of-quarter data) and with a
reporting deadline which is longer than that set for larger institutions. For these institutions, the balance
sheet data reported for a specific quarter are used to determine, with a lag of one month, the reserve
base for the consecutive three one-month reserve maintenance periods.

According to the Council Regulation (EC) concerning the application of minimum reserves by the
European Central Bank, the ECB is entitled to include liabilities resulting from the acceptance of funds
together with liabilities resulting from off-balance-sheet items in the reserve base of institutions. In the
Eurosystem’s minimum reserve system, only the liability categories (cid:145)deposits(cid:146), (cid:145)debt securities issued(cid:146) and
(cid:145)money market paper(cid:146) are actually included in the reserve base (see Box 11) (70).

Liabilities vis-(cid:224)-vis other institutions included in the list of
institutions subject to the Eurosystem’s
minimum reserve system and liabilities vis-(cid:224)-vis the ECB and the national central banks are not included
in the reserve base. In this respect, for the liability categories (cid:145)debt securities issued(cid:146) and (cid:145)money market
paper(cid:146), the issuer needs to be able to prove the actual amount of these instruments held by other
institutions subject to the Eurosystem’s minimum reserve system in order to be entitled to deduct them
from the reserve base. If such proof cannot be presented, issuers may apply standardised deductions of a
fixed percentage (71) to each of these balance sheet items.

(68) The lists are available to the public on the ECB’s website (www.ecb.int).
(69) The reporting framework for the ECB’s money and banking statistics is presented in Annex 4.
(70) It should be noted that the liability category (cid:145)money market paper(cid:146) will be merged with the liability category (cid:145)debt securities issued(cid:146)
within the reporting framework for the ECB’s money and banking statistics in accordance with the Regulation of the European
Central Bank of 22 November 2001 concerning the consolidated balance sheet of the monetary financial
institutions sector
(ECB/2001/13). The first reporting exercise conducted in accordance with the new Regulation will begin with the monthly data for
January 2003 (see Annex 4). For this purpose, reporting institutions will have to break down the liability category (cid:145)money market
paper(cid:146) according to the same original maturity cut-off points required for debt securities and allocate it to the liability category (cid:145)debt
securities issued(cid:146). Therefore, references made in this publication to the reserve base as comprising the liability categories (cid:145)deposits(cid:146),
(cid:145)debt securities issued(cid:146) and (cid:145)money market paper(cid:146) shall be understood as comprising only the liability categories (cid:145)deposits(cid:146) and (cid:145)debt
securities issued(cid:146) as from the monthly data for January 2003.

(71) See ECB Regulation of 1 December 1998 on the application of minimum reserves (ECB/1998/15). Further information relating to
the standardised deduction ratio can be found on the ECB’s website (www.ecb.int); see also the Eurosystem websites (Annex 5).

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The reserve ratios are determined by the ECB subject to the maximum limit specified in the Council
Regulation (EC) concerning the application of minimum reserves by the European Central Bank. The ECB
applies a uniform non-zero reserve ratio to most of the items included in the reserve base. This reserve
ratio is specified in the ECB Regulation on minimum reserves. The ECB sets a zero reserve ratio on the
following liability categories:
(cid:145)deposits redeemable at
notice over two years(cid:146), (cid:145)repos(cid:146) and (cid:145)debt securities with agreed maturity over two years(cid:146) (see Box 11). The
ECB may at any time change the reserve ratios. Changes in reserve ratios are announced by the ECB in
advance of the first maintenance period for which the change is effective.

(cid:145)deposits with agreed maturity over two years(cid:146),

BOX 11

Reserve base and reserve ratios

A. Liabilities included in the reserve base and to which the positive reserve ratio is

applied

Deposits

(cid:151) Overnight deposits

(cid:151) Deposits with agreed maturity up to two years

(cid:151) Deposits redeemable at notice up to two years

Debt securities issued

(cid:151) Debt securities with agreed maturity up to two years

Money market paper

(cid:151) Money market paper

B. Liabilities included in the reserve base and to which a zero reserve ratio is applied

Deposits

(cid:151) Deposits with agreed maturity over two years

(cid:151) Deposits redeemable at notice over two years

(cid:151) Repos

Debt securities issued

(cid:151) Debt securities with agreed maturity over two years

C. Liabilities excluded from the reserve base

(cid:151) Liabilities vis-(cid:224)-vis other institutions subject

to the Eurosystem’s minimum reserve

system

(cid:151) Liabilities vis-(cid:224)-vis the ECB and the national central banks

(b) C a l c u l a t i o n o f r e s e r v e r e q u i r e m e n t s

The reserve requirement of each individual institution is calculated by applying, to the amount of eligible
liabilities, the reserve ratios for the corresponding categories of liabilities.

Each institution deducts a uniform lump-sum allowance from its reserve requirement in each Member
State in which it has an establishment. The size of the lump-sum allowance is specified in the ECB
Regulation on minimum reserves. The granting of such an allowance shall be without prejudice to the
legal obligations of institutions subject to the Eurosystem’s minimum reserve system (72).

The reserve requirement for each maintenance period is rounded to the nearest euro.

(72) For institutions allowed to report statistical data as a group on a consolidated basis according to the provisions of the reporting
framework for the ECB’s money and banking statistics (see Annex 4), only one such allowance will be granted to the group as a
whole, unless the institutions provide data on the reserve base and reserve holdings in a sufficiently detailed manner to enable the
Eurosystem to verify their accuracy and quality and to determine the respective reserve requirement of each individual institution
included in the group.

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7.4.

Maintenance of reserve holdings

(a) M a i n t e n a n c e p e r i o d

The maintenance period is one month, starting on the 24th calendar day of each month and ending on
the 23rd calendar day of the following month.

(b) R e s e r v e h o l d i n g s

Each institution must hold its minimum reserves on one or more reserve accounts with the national
central bank in the Member State in which it is established. For institutions with more than one
establishment in a Member State, the head office is responsible for fulfilling the aggregate minimum
reserves of all the domestic establishments of the institution (73). An institution with establishments in
more than one Member State is required to hold minimum reserves with the national central bank of
each Member State in which it has an establishment, in relation to its reserve base in the corresponding
Member State.

Institutions’ settlement accounts with the national central banks may be used as reserve accounts. Reserve
holdings on settlement accounts may be used for intraday settlement purposes. The daily reserve holding
of an institution is calculated as the end-of-day balance on its reserve account.

for permission to hold all

An institution may apply to the national central bank in the Member State in which the institution is
its minimum reserves indirectly through an intermediary. The
resident
possibility of holding minimum reserves through an intermediary is, as a rule, restricted to institutions
which are constituted so that part of the administration (e.g. treasury management) is normally effected
by the intermediary (e.g. networks of savings banks and cooperative banks may centralise their reserve
holdings). The holding of minimum reserves through an intermediary is subject
to the provisions
specified in the ECB Regulation on minimum reserves.

(c) R e m u n e r a t i o n o f r e s e r v e h o l d i n g s

Holdings of required reserves are remunerated at the average, over the maintenance period, of the ECB’s
rate (weighted according to the number of calendar days) on the main refinancing operations, calculated
using the formula specified in Box 12. Reserve holdings exceeding the required reserves are not
remunerated. The remuneration is paid on the second NCB business day following the end of the
maintenance period over which the remuneration was earned.

BOX 12

Calculation of the remuneration of holdings of required reserves

The holding of required reserves is remunerated according to the following formula:

Rt =

Ht • nt • ri
100 • 360

rt =

Xnt

i = 1

MRt
nt

Where:

Rt=

Ht=

nt=

rt=

remuneration to be paid on holdings of required reserves for the maintenance period t.

average daily holdings of required reserves for the maintenance period t.

number of calendar days in the maintenance period t.

rate of remuneration on holdings of required reserves for the maintenance period t. Standard
rounding of the rate of remuneration if to two decimals will be applied.

i=

ith calendar day of the maintenance period t.

MRi= marginal

interest rate for the most recent main refinancing operation settled on or before
calendar day i. Where more than one main refinancing operation is conducted for settlement
on the same day, a simple average of the marginal rates of the operations conducted in parallel
is used.

(73) If an institution has no head office in a Member State in which it is established, it has to designate a principal branch which would
then be responsible for fulfilling the aggregate minimum reserve requirements of all the establishments of the institution in the
relevant Member State.

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7.5.

Reporting and verification of the reserve base

The reserve base items for the application of minimum reserves are calculated by the institutions subject to
minimum reserves themselves and are reported to the national central banks within the general framework of
the ECB’s money and banking statistics (see Annex 4). Article 5 of ECB Regulation ECB/1998/15 defines
procedures for the confirmation and, in exceptional cases, the revision of the reserve base and the reserve
requirement of the institution.

For institutions that are allowed to act as intermediaries for indirect reserve holdings of other institutions,
special reporting requirements are specified in the ECB Regulation on minimum reserves. The holding of
reserves through an intermediary does not change the statistical reporting obligations of institutions holding
reserves via an intermediary.

The ECB and the national central banks have the right, within the scope of the Council Regulation (EC)
concerning the application of minimum reserves by the European Central Bank, to verify the accuracy and
quality of collected data.

7.6.

Non-compliance with minimum reserve obligations

Non-compliance with the minimum reserve obligations arises if an institution’s average end-of-calendar-day
balance on its reserve account(s) over the maintenance period is less than its reserve requirement for the
corresponding maintenance period.

Where an institution fails to comply with all or part of the reserve requirement, the ECB may, in accordance
with the Council Regulation (EC) concerning the application of minimum reserves by the European Central
Bank, impose any one of the following sanctions:

(cid:151) a payment of up to 5 percentage points above the marginal lending rate, applied to the amount of the

reserve requirement which the relevant institution failed to provide, or

(cid:151) a payment of up to two times the marginal

lending rate, applied to the amount of

the reserve

requirement which the relevant institution failed to provide, or

(cid:151) the requirement for the relevant institution to establish non-interest-bearing deposits with the ECB or the
national central banks up to three times the amount of the reserve requirement which the relevant
institution failed to provide. The maturity of the deposit may not exceed the period during which the
institution failed to comply with the reserve requirement.

Where an institution fails to comply with other obligations under ECB Regulations and Decisions related to
the Eurosystem’s minimum reserve system (e.g.
if relevant data are not transmitted in time or are not
accurate), the ECB is empowered to impose sanctions in accordance with Council Regulation (EC) No
2532/98 of 23 November 1998 concerning the powers of the European Central Bank to impose sanctions
and the ECB Regulation of 23 September 1999 on the powers of the ECB to impose sanctions (ECB/1999/4).
The Executive Board of the ECB may specify and publish the criteria according to which it will apply the
sanctions provided for in Article 7(1) of Council Regulation (EC) No 2531/98 of 23 November 1998
concerning the application of minimum reserves by the European Central Bank (74).

In addition, in the case of serious infringements of the minimum reserve requirements, the Eurosystem may
suspend counterparties from participation in open market operations.

(74) Such criteria were published in a notice in the Official Journal of the European Communities on 11 February 2000 entitled (cid:145)Notice of

the European Central Bank on the imposition of sanctions for breaches of the obligation to hold minimum reserves(cid:146).

L 185/50

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Official Journal of the European Communities

15.7.2002

ANNEXES

ANNEX 1

Examples of monetary policy operations and procedures

List of examples

Example 1 Liquidity-providing reverse transaction by fixed rate tender

Example 2 Liquidity-providing reverse transaction by variable rate tender

Example 3 Issuance of ECB debt certificates by variable rate tender

Example 4 Liquidity-absorbing foreign exchange swap by variable rate tender

Example 5 Liquidity-providing foreign exchange swap by variable rate tender

Example 6 Risk control measures

EXAMPLE 1

Liquidity-providing reverse transaction by fixed rate tender

The ECB decides to provide liquidity to the market by means of a reverse transaction organised with a fixed rate
tender procedure.

Three counterparties submit the following bids:

Counterparty

Bid (million EUR)

Bank 1

Bank 2

Bank 3

30

40

70

140

Total

The ECB decides to allot a total of EUR 105 million.

The percentage of allotment is:

105
(cid:133)30 (cid:135) 40 (cid:135) 70(cid:134)

= 75 %

The allotment to the counterparties is:

Counterparty

Bid (million EUR)

Allotment (million EUR)

Bank 1

Bank 2

Bank 3

30

40

70

140

Total

22,5

30,0

52,5

105,0

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L 185/51

EXAMPLE 2

Liquidity-providing reverse transaction by variable rate tender

The ECB decides to provide liquidity to the market by means of a reverse transaction organised with a variable
rate tender procedure.

Three counterparties submit the following bids:

Interest rate (%)

3,15

3,10

3,09

3,08

3,07

3,06

3,05

3,04

3,03

Total

Bank 1

Bank 2

Bank 3

Total bids

Cumulative bids

Amount (million EUR)

5

5

5

5

10

10

5

45

5

5

5

10

15

15

5

10

70

5

5

10

5

5

30

0

10

10

10

20

30

35

15

15

145

0

10

20

30

50

80

115

130

145

The ECB decides to allot EUR 94 million, implying a marginal interest rate of 3,05 %.

All bids above 3,05 % (for a cumulative amount of EUR 80 million) are fully satisfied. At 3,05 % the percentage of
allotment is:

94 ﬂ 80
35

= 40 %

The allotment to Bank 1 at the marginal interest rate is, for example:

The total allotment to Bank 1 is:

0;4 (cid:2) 10 = 4

5 (cid:135) 5 (cid:135) 4 = 14

The allotment results can be summarised as follows:

Counterparties

Total bids

Total allotment

Amount (million EUR)

Bank 1

30,0

14,0

Bank 2

45,0

34,0

Bank 3

70,0

46,0

Total

145

94

If the allotment procedure follows a single rate (Dutch) auction, the interest rate applied to the amounts allotted to
the counterparties is 3,05 %.

If the allotment procedure follows a multiple rate (American) auction, no single interest rate is applied to the
amounts allotted to the counterparties; for example, Bank 1 receives EUR 5 million at 3,07 %, EUR 5 million at
3,06 % and EUR 4 million at 3,05 %.

L 185/52

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Official Journal of the European Communities

15.7.2002

EXAMPLE 3

Issuance of ECB debt certificates by variable rate tender

The ECB decides to absorb liquidity from the market by issuing debt certificates using a variable rate tender
procedure.

Three counterparties submit the following bids:

Interest rate (%)

3,00

3,01

3,02

3,03

3,04

3,05

3,06

3,08

3,10

Total

Bank 1

Bank 2

Bank 3

Total

Cumulative bids

Amount (million EUR)

5

5

5

10

20

5

5

55

5

5

5

40

10

5

70

5

5

5

10

10

10

10

55

0

10

15

15

25

70

25

15

5

180

0

10

25

40

65

135

160

175

180

The ECB decides to allot a nominal amount of EUR 124,5 million, implying a marginal interest rate of 3,05 %.

All bids below 3,05 % (for a cumulative amount of EUR 65 million) are fully satisfied. At 3,05 % the percentage of
allotment is:

124;5 ﬂ 65
70

= 85 %

The allotment to Bank 1 at the marginal interest rate is, for example:

0;85 (cid:2) 20 = 17

The total allotment to Bank 1 is:

5 (cid:135) 5 (cid:135) 5 (cid:135) 10 (cid:135) 17 = 42

The allotment results can be summarised as follows:

Counterparties

Total bids

Total allotment

Amount (millions EUR)

Bank 1

55,0

42,0

Bank 2

70,0

49,0

Bank 3

55,0

33,5

Total

180,0

124,5

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L 185/53

Liquidity-absorbing foreign exchange swap by variable rate tender

EXAMPLE 4

The ECB decides to absorb liquidity from the market by executing a foreign exchange swap on the EUR/USD rate
by means of a variable rate tender procedure. (Note: The euro is traded at a premium in this example.)

Three counterparties submit the following bids:

Swap points
((cid:215) 10 000)

6,84

6,80

6,76

6,71

6,67

6,63

6,58

6,54

6,49

Total

Bank 1

Bank 2

Bank 3

Total

Cumulative
Bids

Amount (million EUR)

5

5

5

10

25

10

5

65

5

5

10

35

20

10

5

90

5

5

5

5

40

10

10

80

0

10

15

15

25

100

40

25

5

235

0

10

25

40

65

165

205

230

235

The ECB decides to allot EUR 158 million,
cumulative amount of EUR 65 million) are fully satisfied. At 6,63 the percentage of allotment is:

implying 6,63 marginal swap points. All bids above 6,63 (for a

158 ﬂ 65
100

= 93 %

The allotment to Bank 1 at the marginal swap points is, for example:

0;93 (cid:2) 25 = 23;25

The total allotment to Bank 1 is:

5 (cid:135) 5 (cid:135) 5 (cid:135) 10 (cid:135) 23;25 = 48;25

The allotment results can be summarised as follows:

Counterparties

Total bids

Total allotment

Amount (millions EUR)

Bank 1

65,0

48,25

Bank 2

90,0

52,55

Bank 3

80,0

57,20

Total

235,0

158,0

The ECB fixes the spot EUR/USD exchange rate for the operation at 1,1300.

If the allotment procedure follows a single rate (Dutch) auction, at the start date of the operation the Eurosystem
buys EUR 158 000 000 and sells USD 178 540 000. At the maturity date of the operation, the Eurosystem sells
EUR 158 000 000 and buys USD 178 644 754 (the forward exchange rate is 1,130663 = 1,1300 + 0,000663).

L 185/54

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Official Journal of the European Communities

15.7.2002

If the allotment procedure follows a multiple rate (American) auction, the Eurosystem exchanges the amounts of
EUR and USD as shown in the following table:

Spot transaction

Forward transaction

Exchange rate

Buy EUR

Sell USD

Exchange rate

Sell EUR

Buy USD

1,1300

1,1300

1,1300

1,1300

1,1300

1,1300

1,1300

1,1300

1,1300

10 000 000

11 300 000

15 000 000

16 950 000

15 000 000

16 950 000

25 000 000

28 250 000

93 000 000

105 090 000

10 000 000

15 000 000

15 000 000

25 000 000

11 306 800

16 960 140

16 960 065

28 266 675

93 000 000

105 151 659

1,130684

1,130680

1,130676

1,130671

1,130667

1,130663

1,130658

1,130654

1,130649

Total

158 000 000

178 540 000

158 000 000

178 645 339

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L 185/55

Liquidity-providing foreign exchange swap by variable rate tender

EXAMPLE 5

The ECB decides to provide liquidity to the market by executing a foreign exchange swap on the EUR/USD rate by
means of a variable rate tender procedure. (Note: The euro is traded at a premium in this example.)

Three counterparties submit the following bids:

Swap points
((cid:215) 10 000)

6,23

6,27

6,32

6,36

6,41

6,45

6,49

6,54

6,58

Total

Bank 1

Bank 2

Bank 3

Total

Cumulative bids

Amount (million EUR)

5

5

10

10

20

5

5

60

5

10

40

20

5

5

85

5

5

5

20

20

10

10

75

10

10

20

40

80

35

20

5

220

10

20

40

80

160

195

215

220

The ECB decides to allot EUR 197 million,
cumulative amount of EUR 195 million) are fully satisfied. At 6,54 the percentage of allotment is:

implying 6,54 marginal swap points. All bids below 6,54 (for a

197 ﬂ 195
20

= 10 %

The allotment to Bank 1 at the marginal swap points is, for example:

0;10 (cid:2) 5 = 0;5

The total allotment to Bank 1 is:

5 (cid:135) 5 (cid:135) 10 (cid:135) 10 (cid:135) 20 (cid:135) 5 (cid:135) 0;5 = 55;5

The allotment results can be summarised as follows:

Counterparties

Total bids

Total allotment

Amount (million EUR)

Bank 1

60,0

55,5

Bank 2

85,0

75,5

Bank 3

75,0

66,0

Total

220

197

The ECB fixes the spot EUR/USD exchange rate for the operation at 1,1300.

If the allotment procedure follows a single rate (Dutch) auction, at the start date of the operation the Eurosystem
sells EUR 197 000 000 and buys USD 222 610 000. At the maturity date of the operation, the Eurosystem buys
EUR 197 000 000 and sells USD 222 738 838 (the forward exchange rate is 1,130654 = 1,1300 + 0,000654).

L 185/56

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Official Journal of the European Communities

15.7.2002

If the allotment procedure follows a multiple rate (American) auction, the Eurosystem exchanges the amounts of
EUR and USD as shown in the following table:

Spot transaction

Forward transaction

Exchange rate

Sell EUR

Buy USD

Exchange rate

Buy EUR

Sell USD

1,1300

1,1300

1,1300

1,1300

1,1300

1,1300

1,1300

1,1300

1,1300

10 000 000

11 300 000

10 000 000

11 300 000

20 000 000

22 600 000

40 000 000

45 200 000

80 000 000

90 400 000

35 000 000

39 550 000

2 000 000

2 260 000

1,130623

1,130627

1,130632

1,130636

1,130641

1,130645

1,130649

1,130654

1,130658

10 000 000

10 000 000

20 000 000

40 000 000

80 000 000

35 000 000

11 306 270

11 306 320

22 612 720

45 225 640

90 451 600

39 572 715

2 000 000

2 261 308

Total

197 000 000

222 610 000

197 000 000

222 736 573

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L 185/57

EXAMPLE 6

Risk control measures

This example illustrates the risk control
framework applied to underlying assets used in the Eurosystem’s
liquidity-providing operations (1). The example is based on the assumption that a counterparty participates in the
following Eurosystem monetary policy operations:

(cid:151) a main refinancing operation starting on 28 June 2000 and ending on 12 July 2000 where the counterparty

is allotted EUR 50 million;

(cid:151) a longer-term refinancing operation starting on 29 June 2000 and ending on 28 September 2000 where the

counterparty is allotted EUR 45 million; and

(cid:151) a main refinancing operation starting on 5 July 2000 and ending on 19 July 2000 where the counterparty is

allotted EUR 10 million.

The characteristics of the underlying tier-one assets used by the counterparty to cover these operations are
specified in Table 1 below.

Table 1 (cid:151) Underlying tier-one assets used in the transactions

Characteristics

Name

Maturity date

Coupon definition Coupon frequency Residual maturity

Haircut

Bond A

FRN B

Bond C

26.8.2002

Fixed

6 months

15.11.2002

Pre-fixed floating

12 months

5.5.2010

Zero coupon

Prices (including accrued interest)

28.6.2000

102,63 %

29.6.2000

101,98 %

98,35 %

30.6.2000

100,57 %

97,95 %

3.7.2000

101,42 %

98,15 %

2 years

2 years

10 years

4.7.2000

100,76 %

98,75 %

1,5 %

0,0 %

5,0 %

5.7.2000

101,21 %

99,02 %

55,125 %

Earmarking system

First,
it is assumed that the transactions are carried out with a national central bank using a system where
underlying assets are earmarked for each transaction. In earmarking systems, the valuation of underlying assets is
carried out on a daily basis. The risk control framework can then be described as follows (see also Table 2):

1.

For each of the transactions entered into by the counterparty, an initial margin of 2 % is applied since the
maturity of the operations exceeds one business day.

2. On 28 June 2000 the counterparty enters into a repurchase transaction with the national central bank, which
purchases EUR 50 million of Bond A. Bond A is a fixed coupon bond maturing on 26 August 2002. It thus
has a residual maturity of two years, therefore requiring a valuation haircut of 1,5 %. The market price of
Bond A on its reference market on that day is 102,63 %, which includes the accrued interest on the coupon.
The counterparty is required to provide an amount of Bond A which, after deduction of the 1,5 % valuation
haircut, exceeds EUR 51 million (corresponding to the allotted amount of EUR 50 million plus the initial
margin of 2 %). The counterparty therefore delivers Bond A for a nominal amount of EUR 50,5 million, the
adjusted market value of which is EUR 51 050 728 on that day.

3. On 29 June 2000 the counterparty enters into a repurchase transaction with the national central bank, which
purchases EUR 21,5 million of Bond A (market price 101,98 %, valuation haircut 1,5 %) and EUR 25 million
of Asset B (market price 98,35 %). Asset B is a floating rate note (FRN) with yearly pre-fixed coupon
payments, to which a 0 % valuation haircut is applied. The adjusted market value of Bond A and FRN B on
that day is EUR 46 184 315, thus exceeding the required amount of EUR 45 900 000 (EUR 45 million plus
the initial margin of 2 %).

(1) The example is based on the assumption that, in the calculstion of the need for a margin call, accured interest on the liquidity

provided is taken into account and a trigger point of 1 % of the liquidity provided is applied.

L 185/58

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Official Journal of the European Communities

15.7.2002

On 30 June 2000 the underlying assets are revalued: the market price of Bond A is 100,57 % and the market
price of FRN B is 97,95 %. Accrued interest amounts to EUR 11 806 on the main refinancing operation
initiated on 28 June 2000 and EUR 5 625 on the longer-term refinancing operation initiated on 29 June
2000. As a result, the adjusted market value of Bond A in the first transaction falls below the transaction’s
margined amount
initial margin) by approximately
EUR 1 million. The counterparty delivers EUR 1 million of Bond A in nominal value terms, which, after
deducting a 1,5 % haircut from the market value based on a price of 100,57 %, restores sufficient collateral
coverage (1). No margin call is needed on the second transaction because the adjusted market value of the
underlying assets used in this transaction (EUR 45 785 712), although slightly below the margined amount
(EUR 45 905 738), does not
(the margined amount minus 1 %) of
trigger
EUR 45 455 681 (2).

(liquidity provided plus

accrued interest plus

fall below the

level

4. During 3 and 4 July 2000 the underlying assets are revalued, without resulting in any margin call for the
transactions entered into on 28 and 29 June 2000. On 4 July 2000 accrued interest amounts to EUR 35 417
and EUR 28 125.

5. On 5 July 2000 the counterparty enters into a repurchase transaction with the national central bank, which
purchases EUR 10 million of Bond C. Bond C is a zero coupon bond with a market value of 55,125 % on
that day. The counterparty delivers EUR 19,5 million of Bond C in nominal value terms. The zero coupon
bond has a residual maturity of around 10 years and therefore requires a valuation haircut of 5 %.

Pooling system

Second, it is assumed that the transactions are carried out with a national central bank using a pooling system.
Assets included in the pool of assets used by the counterparty are not earmarked for specific transactions.

The same sequence of transactions is used in this example as in the above example illustrating an earmarking
system. The main difference is that, at revaluation dates, the adjusted market value of all the assets in the pool has
to cover the margined amount of all of the counterparty’s outstanding operations with the national central bank.
As a result, the margin call occurring on 30 June 2000 is slightly higher (EUR 1 106 035) than was required in
the earmarking system, owing to the trigger effect on the transaction entered into on 29 June 2000. The
counterparty delivers EUR 1,15 million of Bond A in nominal value terms, which, after deducting a 1,5 % haircut
from the market value based on a price of 100,57 %, restores sufficient collateral coverage. Moreover, on 12 July
2000, when the main refinancing operation entered into on 28 June 2000 matures, the counterparty may keep
the assets on its pledge account and thus automatically benefit from a capacity to borrow again within the limits
of the trigger points on an intraday basis or overnight (with an initial margin of 1 % applied to these transactions).
The risk control framework in the pooling system is described in Table 3.

(1) National central banks may perform margin calls in cash rather than securities.
(2) If a margin had to be paid to the counterparty by the national central bank in relation to the second transaction, such a
margin may, in certain cases, be netted out with the margin paid to the national central bank by the counterparty in relation
to the first transaction. As a result, there would only be one margin settlement.

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L 185/59

Table 2 (cid:151) Earmarking system

Date

Outstanding transactions

Start date

End date

Interest
rate

Amount

Accrued
interest

28.6.2000 Main refinancing

28.6.2000

12.7.2000

4,25 %

50 000 000

0

29.6.2000 Main refinancing

28.6.2000

12.7.2000

4,25 %

50 000 000

5 903

Longer-term refinancing

29.6.2000

28.9.2000

4,50 %

45 000 000

30.6.2000 Main refinancing

28.6.2000

12.7.2000

4,25 %

50 000 000

11 806

Longer-term refinancing

29.6.2000

28.9.2000

4,50 %

45 000 000

5 625

30.6.2000 Main refinancing

28.6.2000

12.7.2000

4,25 %

50 000 000

11 806

Longer-term refinancing

29.6.2000

28.9.2000

4,50 %

45 000 000

5 625

3.7.2000 Main refinancing

28.6.2000

12.7.2000

4,25 %

50 000 000

Longer-term refinancing

29.6.2000

28.9.2000

4,50 %

45 000 000

4.7.2000 Main refinancing

28.6.2000

12.7.2000

4,25 %

50 000 000

Longer-term refinancing

29.6.2000

28.9.2000

4,50 %

45 000 000

5.7.2000 Main refinancing

28.6.2000

12.7.2000

4,25 %

50 000 000

Longer-term refinancing

29.6.2000

28.9.2000

4,50 %

45 000 000

Main refinancing

5.7.2000

19.7.2000

4,25 %

10 000 000

29 514

22 500

35 417

28 125

41 319

33 750

0

Initial margin Margined amount

Lower trigger
amount

Upper trigger
amount

Adjusted
market value

Margin call

Date

2 %

2 %

2 %

2 %

2 %

2 %

2 %

2 %

2 %

2 %

2 %

2 %

2 %

2 %

51 000 000

50 500 000

51 500 000

51 050 728

51 006 021

50 505 962

51 506 080

50 727 402

45 900 000

45 450 000

46 350 000

46 184 315

28.6.2000

29.6.2000

0

0

0

51 012 042

50 511 924

51 512 160

50 026 032

ﬂ 986 009

30.6.2000

45 905 738

45 455 681

46 355 794

45 785 712

51 012 042

50 511 924

51 512 160

51 016 647

45 905 738

45 455 681

46 355 794

45 785 712

51 030 104

50 529 809

51 530 399

51 447 831

45 922 950

45 472 725

46 373 175

46 015 721

51 036 125

50 535 771

51 536 479

51 113 029

45 928 688

45 478 406

46 378 969

46 025 949

51 042 146

50 541 733

51 542 559

51 341 303

45 934 425

45 484 088

46 384 763

46 188 748

10 200 000

10 100 000

10 300 000

10 211 906

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

30.6.2000

3.7.2000

4.7.2000

5.7.2000

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Table 3 (cid:151) Pooling system

Date

Outstanding transactions

Start date

End date

Interest
rate

Amount

Accrued
interest

28.6.2000 Main refinancing

28.6.2000

12.7.2000

4,25 %

50 000 000

0

29.6.2000 Main refinancing

28.6.2000

12.7.2000

4,25 %

50 000 000

5 903

Longer-term refinancing

29.6.2000

28.9.2000

4,50 %

45 000 000

30.6.2000 Main refinancing

28.6.2000

12.7.2000

4,25 %

50 000 000

11 806

Longer-term refinancing

29.6.2000

28.9.2000

4,50 %

45 000 000

5 625

30.6.2000 Main refinancing

28.6.2000

12.7.2000

4,25 %

50 000 000

11 806

Longer-term refinancing

29.6.2000

28.9.2000

4,50 %

45 000 000

5 625

3.7.2000 Main refinancing

28.6.2000

12.7.2000

4,25 %

50 000 000

Longer-term refinancing

29.6.2000

28.9.2000

4,50 %

45 000 000

4.7.2000 Main refinancing

28.6.2000

12.7.2000

4,25 %

50 000 000

Longer-term refinancing

29.6.2000

28.9.2000

4,50 %

45 000 000

5.7.2000 Main refinancing

28.6.2000

12.7.2000

4,25 %

50 000 000

Longer-term refinancing

29.6.2000

28.9.2000

4,50 %

45 000 000

Main refinancing

5.7.2000

19.7.2000

4,25 %

10 000 000

29 514

22 500

35 417

28 125

41 319

33 750

0

Initial margin Margined amount

Lower trigger
amount

Upper trigger
amount

Adjusted
market value

Margin call

Date

51 000 000

50 500 000

51 500 000

51 050 728

96 906 021

95 955 962

97 856 080

96 911 716

0

0

28.6.2000

29.6.2000

96 917 779

95 967 605

97 867 953

95 811 744

ﬂ 1 106 035

30.6.2000

96 917 779

95 967 605

97 867 953

96 802 358

96 953 054

96 002 534

97 903 574

97 613 399

96 964 813

96 014 177

97 915 448

97 287 850

107 176 571

106 125 820

108 227 322

107 891 494

0

0

0

0

30.6.2000

3.7.2000

4.7.2000

5.7.2000

2 %

2 %

2 %

2 %

2 %

2 %

2 %

2 %

2 %

2 %

2 %

2 %

2 %

2 %

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ANNEX 2

Glossary

Actual/360: the day-count convention applied for the calculation of interest on a credit, implying that the interest
is calculated over the actual number of calendar days over which the credit is extended, on the basis of a 360-day
year. This day-count convention is applied in Eurosystem monetary policy operations.

American auction: see multiple rate auction.

Averaging provision: a provision allowing counterparties to fulfil their reserve requirements on the basis of their
average reserve holdings over the maintenance period. The averaging provision contributes to the stabilisation of
money market interest rates by giving institutions an incentive to smooth the effects of temporary liquidity
fluctuations. The Eurosystem’s minimum reserve system allows for averaging.

Bilateral procedure: a procedure whereby the central bank deals directly with only one or a few counterparties,
without making use of
tender procedures. Bilateral procedures include operations executed through stock
exchanges or market agents.

Book-entry system: an accounting system that permits the transfer of securities and other financial assets without
the physical movement of paper documents or certificates (e.g. the electronic transfer of securities). See also
dematerialisation.

Central securities depository (CSD): an entity which holds and administers securities or other financial assets,
holds the issuance accounts and enables transactions to be processed by book entry. Assets may exist either
physically (but immobilised within the CSD) or in a dematerialised form (i.e. only as electronic records).

Close links: Article 1(26) of Directive 2000/12/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 March
2000 relating to the taking up and pursuit of the business of credit institutions states that (cid:145)Close links shall mean a
situation in which two or more natural or legal persons are linked by: (a) participation, which shall mean the
ownership, direct or by way of control, of 20 % or more of the voting rights or capital of an undertaking, or (b)
control, which shall mean the relationship between a parent undertaking and a subsidiary, in all the cases referred
to in Article 1(1) and (2) of Directive 83/349/EEC, or a similar relationship between any natural or legal person
and an undertaking; any subsidiary undertaking of a subsidiary undertaking shall also be considered a subsidiary of
the parent undertaking which is at the head of those undertakings. A situation in which two or more natural or
legal persons are permanently linked to one and the same person by a control relationship shall also be regarded as
constituting a close link between such persons(cid:146).

Collateral pooling system: a central bank system for managing collateral, in which counterparties open a pool
account to deposit assets collateralising their transactions with the central bank. In a pooling system, by contrast
with an earmarking system, the underlying assets are not earmarked for individual transactions.

Collection of fixed-term deposits: a monetary policy instrument that may be used by the Eurosystem for
fine-tuning purposes where the Eurosystem offers remuneration on counterparties’ fixed-term deposits on accounts
with the national central banks in order to absorb liquidity from the market.

Correspondent banking: an arrangement under which one credit institution provides payment and other services
to another credit institution. Payments through correspondents are often executed through reciprocal accounts
(nostro and loro accounts), to which standing credit lines may be attached. Correspondent banking services are
primarily provided across international boundaries, but are also known as agency relationships in some domestic
contexts. A loro account is the term used by a correspondent to describe an account held on behalf of a foreign
credit institution; the foreign credit institution would in turn regard this account as its nostro account.

Correspondent central banking model (CCBM): a mechanism established by the European System of Central
Banks with the aim of enabling counterparties to use underlying assets in a cross-border context. In the CCBM,
national central banks act as custodians for one another. This means that each national central bank has a
securities account in its securities administration for each of the other national central banks (and for the ECB).

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Counterparty: the opposite party in a financial transaction (e.g. any transaction with the central bank).

Credit institution: refers in this document to an institution covered by the definition contained in Article 1(1) of
Directive 2000/12/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 March 2000 relating to the taking up
and pursuit of the business of credit institutions, as amended by Directive 2000/28/EC of the European Parliament
and of the Council of 18 September 2000. Thus, a credit institution is: (i) an undertaking whose business is to
receive deposits or other repayable funds from the public and to grant credit for its own account; or (ii) an
undertaking or any other legal person, other than those under (i), which issues means of payment in the form of
electronic money. (cid:145)Electronic money(cid:146) shall mean monetary value as represented by a claim on the issuer which is:
(a) stored on an electronic device; (b) issued on receipt of funds of an amount not lower in value than the
monetary value issued; and (c) accepted as a means of payment by undertakings other than the issuer.

Cross-border settlement: a settlement which takes place in a country other than the country or countries in
which one or both of the parties to the trade are located.

Custodian: an entity which undertakes the safekeeping and administration of securities and other financial assets
on behalf of others.

Day-count convention: the convention regulating the number of days included in the calculation of interest on
credits. The Eurosystem applies the day-count convention actual/360 in its monetary policy operations.

Delivery versus payment (DVP) or delivery against payment system: a mechanism in an exchange-for-value
settlement system which ensures that the final transfer of assets (securities or other financial instruments) occurs if,
and only if, the final transfer of another asset (or other assets) occurs.

Dematerialisation: the elimination of physical certificates or documents of title which represent ownership of
financial assets so that the financial assets exist only as accounting records.

Deposit facility: a standing facility of the Eurosystem which counterparties may use to make overnight deposits at
a national central bank, which are remunerated at a pre-specified interest rate.

Depository: an agent with the primary role of recording securities either physically or electronically and keeping
records of the ownership of these securities.

Deposits redeemable at notice: the instrument category consisting of deposits for which the holder has to
respect a fixed period of notice before being able to withdraw the funds. In some cases, there is the possibility of
withdrawing a certain fixed amount in a specific period or of earlier withdrawal subject to the payment of a
penalty.

Deposits with agreed maturity: the instrument category consisting mainly of time deposits with a given maturity
which, depending on national practices, may be either unconvertible prior to maturity or convertible only subject
to a penalty. This category also encompasses some non-marketable debt instruments, such as non-marketable
(retail) certificates of deposit.

Dutch auction: see single rate auction.

Earmarking system: a system for central banks’ collateral management where liquidity is provided against assets
earmarked for each individual transaction.

ECB payment mechanism (EPM):
the payment arrangements organised within the ECB and connected to
TARGET for the purpose of effecting: (i) payments between accounts held at the ECB; and (ii) payments through
TARGET between accounts held at the ECB and at the national central banks.

ECB time: the time of the place in which the ECB is located.

EEA (European Economic Area) countries: the EU Member States and Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway.

End-of-day: the time of the business day (after the TARGET system has closed) at which the payments processed
in the TARGET system are finalised for the day.

Equity price risk: the risk of loss arising from movements in equity prices. The Eurosystem is exposed to equity
price risk in its monetary policy operations to the extent that equities are considered to be eligible as tier-two
assets.

Euro area: the term by which the EU Member States which have adopted the euro as their single currency in
accordance with the Treaty are collectively defined.

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European System of Central Banks (ESCB): refers to the European Central Bank (ECB) and the national central
banks of the EU Member States. It should be noted that national central banks of Member States which have not
adopted the single currency in accordance with the Treaty retain their powers in the field of monetary policy
according to national law and are thus not involved in the conduct of the monetary policy of the Eurosystem.

Eurosystem: comprises the European Central Bank (ECB) and the national central banks of the Member States of
the euro area. The decision-making bodies of the Eurosystem are the Governing Council and the Executive Board
of the ECB.

Eurosystem business day: any day on which the ECB and at least one national central bank are open for the
purpose of conducting Eurosystem monetary policy operations.

Final transfer: an irrevocable and unconditional transfer which effects a discharge of the obligation to make the
transfer.

Fine-tuning operation: a non-regular open market operation executed by the Eurosystem mainly in order to deal
with unexpected liquidity fluctuations in the market.

Fixed rate instrument: a financial instrument for which the coupon is fixed throughout the life of the instrument.

Fixed rate tender: a tender procedure where the interest rate is specified in advance by the central bank and
participating counterparties bid the amount of money they want to transact at the fixed interest rate.

Floating rate instrument: a financial instrument for which the coupon is periodically reset relative to a reference
index to reflect changes in short or medium-term market interest rates. Floating rate instruments have either
pre-fixed coupons or post-fixed coupons.

Foreign exchange swap: the simultaneous spot purchase/sale and forward sale/purchase of one currency against
another. The Eurosystem executes open market monetary policy operations in the form of foreign exchange swaps
where the national central banks (or the ECB) buy (or sell) euro spot against a foreign currency and at the same
time sell (or buy) it back in a forward transaction.

Gross settlement system: a transfer system in which the settlement of funds or the transfer of securities occurs
on an instruction-by-instruction basis.

Haircut: see valuation haircut.

Initial margin: a risk control measure applied in reverse transactions, implying that the collateral required for a
transaction is equal to the credit extended to the counterparty plus the value of the initial margin. The Eurosystem
applies initial margins differentiated according to the Eurosystem’s exposure time to a counterparty for a given
transaction.

Interlinking mechanism: within the TARGET system, the Interlinking mechanism provides common procedures
and an infrastructure which allow payment orders to move from one domestic RTGS system to another.

International Securities Identification Number (ISIN): an international identification code assigned to securities
issued in financial markets.

Intraday credit: credit extended for a period of less than one business day. It may be extended by central banks to
even out mismatches in payment settlements and can take the form of (i) a collateralised overdraft; or (ii) a lending
operation against a pledge or in a repurchase agreement.

Inverse floating rate instrument: a structured note where the rate of interest paid to the noteholder varies
inversely with changes in a certain reference interest rate.

Issuer: the entity which is obligated on a security or other financial instrument.

Link between securities settlement systems: a link consists of all the procedures and arrangements which exist
between two securities settlement systems (SSSs) for the transfer of securities between the two SSSs concerned
through a book-entry process.

Longer-term refinancing operation: a regular open market operation executed by the Eurosystem in the form of
a reverse transaction. Longer-term refinancing operations are executed through monthly standard tenders and have
a maturity of three months.

Lump-sum allowance: a fixed amount which an institution deducts in the calculation of its reserve requirement
within the minimum reserve framework of the Eurosystem.

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Main refinancing operation: a regular open market operation executed by the Eurosystem in the form of a
reverse transaction. Main refinancing operations are conducted through weekly standard tenders and normally have
a maturity of two weeks.

Maintenance period: the period over which compliance with reserve requirements is calculated. The maintenance
period for Eurosystem minimum reserves is one month, starting on the 24th calendar day of each month and
ending on the 23rd calendar day of the following month.

Margin call: a procedure related to the application of variation margins, implying that if the value, as regularly
measured, of the underlying assets falls below a certain level, central banks may require counterparties to supply
additional assets (or cash). Similarly, if the value of the underlying assets, following their revaluation, were to
exceed the amount owed by the counterparties plus the variation margin, the central bank would return the excess
assets (or cash) to the counterparty.

Marginal interest rate: the interest rate at which the total tender allotment is exhausted.

Marginal lending facility: a standing facility of the Eurosystem which counterparties may use to receive overnight
credit from a national central bank at a pre-specified interest rate.

Marginal swap point quotation: the swap point quotation at which the total tender allotment is exhausted.

Marking to market: see variation margin.

Maturity date: the date on which a monetary policy operation expires. In the case of a repurchase agreement or
swap, the maturity date corresponds to the repurchase date.

Maximum bid limit: the limit on the largest acceptable bid from an individual counterparty in a tender operation.
The Eurosystem may impose maximum bid limits in order to avoid disproportionately large bids from individual
counterparties.

Maximum bid rate: the upper limit to the interest rate at which counterparties may submit bids in variable rate
tenders. Bids at a rate above the maximum bid rate announced by the ECB are discarded.

Member State: refers in this document to an EU Member State which has adopted the single currency in
accordance with the Treaty.

Minimum allotment amount: the lower limit of the amount to be allotted to individual counterparties in a tender
operation. The Eurosystem may decide to allot a minimum amount to each counterparty in its tender operations.

Minimum allotment ratio: the lower limit, expressed in percentage terms, of the ratio of bids at the marginal
interest rate to be allotted in a tender operation. The Eurosystem may decide to apply a minimum allotment ratio
in its tender operations.

Minimum bid rate: the lower limit to the interest rates at which counterparties may submit bids in variable rate
tenders.

Monetary financial institution (MFI): financial institutions which together form the money-creating sector of the
euro area. These include central banks, resident credit institutions as defined in Community law and all other
institutions whose business is to receive deposits and/or close substitutes for deposits from
resident financial
entities other than MFIs and, for their own account (at least in economic terms), to grant credit and/or invest in
securities.

Multiple rate auction (American auction): an auction at which the allotment interest rate (or price/swap point)
equals the interest rate offered in each individual bid.

National central bank (NCB): refers in this document to a central bank of an EU Member State which has
adopted the single currency in accordance with the Treaty.

NCB business day: any day on which the national central bank of a specific Member State is open for the purpose
of conducting Eurosystem monetary policy operations. In some Member States, branches of the national central
bank may be closed on NCB business days owing to local or regional bank holidays. In such cases, the relevant
national central bank is responsible for informing the counterparties in advance of the arrangements to be made
for transactions involving those branches.

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Open market operation: an operation executed on the initiative of the central bank in the financial market. With
regard to their aims, regularity and procedures, Eurosystem open market operations can be divided into four
categories: main refinancing operations, longer-term refinancing operations, fine-tuning operations and structural
operations. As for the instruments used, reverse transactions are the main open market
the
Eurosystem and can be employed in all four categories of operations. In addition, the issuance of debt certificates
and outright transactions are available for structural operations, while outright transactions, foreign exchange
swaps and the collection of fixed-term deposits are available for the conduct of fine-tuning operations.

instrument of

Outright transaction: a transaction whereby assets are bought or sold up to their maturity (spot or forward).

Pooling system: see collateral pooling system.

Post-fixed coupon: a coupon on floating rate instruments which is determined on the basis of the values taken by
the reference index at a certain date (or dates) during the coupon accrual period.

Pre-fixed coupon: a coupon on floating rate instruments which is determined on the basis of the values taken by
the reference index at a certain date (or dates) before the start of the coupon accrual period.

Purchase date: the date on which the sale of purchased assets by the seller to the buyer becomes effective.

Purchase price: the price at which purchased assets are sold or are to be sold to the buyer by the seller.

Quick tender: the tender procedure used by the Eurosystem for fine-tuning operations when it is deemed desirable
to have a rapid impact on the liquidity situation in the market. Quick tenders are executed within a time frame of
one hour and are restricted to a limited set of counterparties.

Repo operation: a liquidity-providing reverse transaction based on a repurchase agreement.

Repurchase agreement: an arrangement whereby an asset is sold while the seller simultaneously obtains the right
and obligation to repurchase it at a specific price on a future date or on demand. Such an agreement is similar to
collateralised borrowing, with the difference that ownership of the securities is not retained by the seller. The
Eurosystem uses repurchase agreements with a fixed maturity in its reverse transactions.

Repurchase date: the date on which the buyer is obliged to sell back assets to the seller in relation to a
transaction under a repurchase agreement.

Repurchase price: the price at which the buyer is obliged to sell back assets to the seller in relation to a
transaction under a repurchase agreement. The repurchase price equals the sum of the purchase price and the price
differential corresponding to the interest on the extended liquidity over the maturity of the operation.

Reserve account: an account with the national central bank on which a counterparty’s reserve holdings are
maintained. The counterparties’ settlement accounts with the national central banks may be used as reserve
accounts.

Reserve base: the sum of the eligible balance sheet items which constitute the basis for calculating the reserve
requirement of a credit institution.

Reserve holdings: counterparties’ holdings on their reserve accounts which serve to fulfil reserve requirements.

Reserve ratio: the ratio defined by the central bank for each category of eligible balance sheet items included in
the reserve base. The ratios are used to calculate reserve requirements.

Reserve requirement: the requirement for institutions to hold minimum reserves with the central bank. Within
the minimum reserve framework of the Eurosystem, the reserve requirement of a credit institution is calculated by
multiplying the reserve ratio for each category of items in the reserve base with the amount of those items on the
institution’s balance sheet. In addition, institutions deduct a lump-sum allowance from their reserve requirement.

Reverse transaction: an operation whereby the national central bank buys or sells assets under a repurchase
agreement or conducts credit operations against collateral.

RTGS (real-time gross settlement) system: a settlement system in which processing and settlement take place on
an order-by-order basis (without netting) in real time (continuously). See also TARGET system.

Safe custody account: a securities account managed by the central bank on which credit institutions can place
securities deemed suitable to back central bank operations.

Securities settlement system (SSS): a system which permits the holding and transfer of securities or other
financial assets, either free of payment (FOP) or against payment (delivery versus payment).

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Settlement account: an account held by a direct participant in a national RTGS system with the central bank for
the purpose of processing payments.

Settlement agent: an institution which manages the settlement process (e.g. the determination of settlement
positions,
for transfer systems or other arrangements requiring
settlement.

the monitoring of payment exchanges, etc.)

Settlement date: the date on which a transaction is settled. The settlement might take place on the same day as
the trade (same-day settlement) or one or several days after the trade (the settlement date is specified as the trade
date (T) + the settlement lag).

Single rate auction (Dutch auction): an auction in which the allotment interest rate (or price/swap point) applied
for all satisfied bids is equal to the marginal interest rate.

Solvency risk: the risk of loss owing to the failure (bankruptcy) of an issuer of a financial asset or to the
insolvency of the counterparty.

Standard tender: a tender procedure used by the Eurosystem in its regular open market operations. Standard
tenders are carried out within a time frame of 24 hours. All counterparties fulfilling the general eligibility criteria
are entitled to submit bids in standard tenders.

Standardised deduction: the fixed percentage of the outstanding amount of debt securities with an agreed
maturity up to two years and of money market paper which can be deducted from the reserve base by the issuers
which cannot present evidence that such outstanding amount is held by other institutions subject to the minimum
reserve system of the Eurosystem, by the ECB or by a national central bank.

Standing facility: a central bank facility available to counterparties at their own initiative. The Eurosystem offers
two overnight standing facilities: the marginal lending facility and the deposit facility.

Start date: the date on which the first leg of a monetary policy operation is settled. The start date corresponds to
the purchase date for operations based on repurchase agreements and foreign exchange swaps.

Strip (separate trading of interest and principal): a zero coupon bond created in order to trade separately the
claims on particular cash flows of a security and the principal of the same instrument.

Structural operation: an open market operation executed by the Eurosystem mainly in order to adjust the
structural liquidity position of the financial sector vis-(cid:224)-vis the Eurosystem.

Swap point: the difference between the exchange rate of the forward transaction and the exchange rate of the spot
transaction in a foreign exchange swap.

TARGET (Trans-European automated real-time gross settlement express transfer) system: the real-time gross
settlement system for the euro. It is a decentralised system consisting of 15 national RTGS systems, the ECB
payment mechanism and the interlinking mechanism.

Tender procedure: a procedure in which the central bank provides liquidity to or withdraws liquidity from the
market on the basis of bids submitted by counterparties in competition with each other. The most competitive bids
are satisfied with priority until the total amount of liquidity to be provided or withdrawn by the central bank is
exhausted.

Tier-one asset: a marketable asset fulfilling certain uniform euro area-wide eligibility criteria specified by the ECB.

Tier-two asset: a marketable or non-marketable asset for which specific eligibility criteria are established by the
national central banks, subject to ECB approval.

Trade date (T): the date on which a trade (i.e. an agreement on a financial transaction between two counterparties)
is struck. The trade date might coincide with the settlement date for the transaction (same-day settlement) or
precede the settlement date by a specified number of business days (the settlement date is specified as T + the
settlement lag).

Treaty: the Treaty establishing the European Community (or EC Treaty). It comprises the original EEC Treaty
(Treaties of Rome) as amended.

Trigger point: a pre-specified level of the value of the liquidity provided at which a margin call is executed.

Valuation date: the date on which the assets underlying credit operations are valued.

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Valuation haircut: a risk control measure applied to underlying assets used in reverse transactions, implying that
the central bank calculates the value of underlying assets as the market value of the assets reduced by a certain
percentage (haircut). The Eurosystem applies valuation haircuts reflecting features of the specific assets, such as the
residual maturity.

Variable rate tender: a tender procedure whereby the counterparties bid both the amount of money they want to
transact with the central bank and the interest rate at which they want to enter into the transaction.

Variation margin (or marking to market): the Eurosystem requires that a specified margin be maintained over
time on the underlying assets used in its liquidity-providing reverse transactions. This implies that if the regularly
measured market value of the underlying assets falls below a certain level, counterparties have to supply additional
assets (or cash). Similarly, if the market value of the underlying assets, following their revaluation, were to exceed
the amount owed by a counterparty plus the variation margin, the central bank would return the excess assets (or
cash) to the counterparty.

Volume tender: see fixed rate tender.

Zero coupon bond: a security paying only one cash flow during its life. For the purpose of this document, zero
coupon bonds include securities issued at a discount and securities which deliver a single coupon at maturity. A
strip is a special type of zero coupon bond.

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15.7.2002

ANNEX 3

Selection of counterparties for foreign exchange intervention operations and foreign exchange swaps for
monetary policy purposes

The selection of counterparties for foreign exchange intervention operations and foreign exchange swaps for monetary
policy purposes follows a uniform approach irrespective of the chosen organisational set up for the Eurosystem’s
external operations. The selection policy does not entail a substantial departure from existing market standards, as it
has been derived from the harmonisation of the national central banks’ current best practices. The selection of
counterparties to Eurosystem foreign exchange intervention operations is based, primarily, on two sets of criteria.

The first set of criteria is inspired by the principle of prudence. A first prudential criterion is creditworthiness, which is
assessed using a combination of different methods (e.g. using credit ratings available from commercial agencies and the
in-house analysis of capital and other business ratios); a second criterion is that the Eurosystem requires all its potential
foreign exchange intervention counterparties to be subject to supervision by a recognised supervisor; and, as a third
criterion, all the Eurosystem’s foreign exchange intervention counterparties need to follow high ethical standards and
have a good reputation.

Once the minimum prudence requirement is fulfilled, the second set of criteria inspired by efficiency considerations is
applied. A first efficiency criterion relates to competitive pricing behaviour and the counterparty’s ability to handle
large volumes, even in turbulent market conditions. The quality and coverage of
information provided by
counterparties feature among other efficiency criteria.

The pool of potential foreign exchange intervention counterparties is sufficiently large and diverse to guarantee the
necessary flexibility when implementing intervention operations. It enables the Eurosystem to choose from among
different intervention channels. In order to be able to intervene efficiently in different geographical locations and time
zones, the Eurosystem can use counterparties in any international financial centre. However, in practice, a substantial
share of the counterparties tend to be located in the euro area. For foreign exchange swaps executed for monetary
policy purposes, the range of counterparties corresponds to the counterparties located in the euro area which are
selected for Eurosystem foreign exchange intervention operations.

The national central banks may apply limit-based systems in order to control credit exposures vis-(cid:224)-vis individual
counterparties in foreign exchange swaps conducted for monetary policy purposes.

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ANNEX 4

The reporting framework for the money and banking statistics of the European Central Bank (1)

1.

Introduction

Council Regulation (EC) No 2533/98 of 23 November 1998 concerning the collection of statistical information by
the ECB defines the natural and legal persons which are subject to reporting requirements (the (cid:145)reference reporting
in accordance with
population(cid:146)),
Article 5.4 of the Statute of the European System of Central Banks and of the European Central Bank (Statute of
the ESCB). Furthermore, it entitles the ECB to use its regulatory power:

the confidentiality regime and the appropriate provisions for enforcement

(cid:151) to specify the actual reporting population,

(cid:151) to define the ECB’s statistical reporting requirements and impose them on the actual reporting population of

participating Member States, and

(cid:151) to specify the conditions under which the ECB and the national central banks (NCBs) may exercise the right to

verify or to carry out the compulsory collection of statistical information.

2. General considerations

The purpose of Regulation (EC) No 2819/98 of the European Central Bank of 1 December 1998 concerning the
consolidated balance sheet of the monetary financial institutions sector (ECB/1998/16) is to enable the ECB and, in
accordance with Article 5.2 of the Statute, the NCBs, which carry out the work to the extent possible, to collect
the statistical material required for the fulfilment of the tasks of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) and,
in particular,
its task to define and implement the monetary policy of the Community in accordance with
Article 105(2), first indent, of the Treaty establishing the European Community (Treaty). The statistical information
collected in accordance with ECB Regulation No ECB/1998/16 is used to establish the consolidated balance sheet
institutions (MFI) sector, the principal aim of which is to provide the ECB with a
of the monetary financial
comprehensive statistical picture of monetary developments covering the aggregated financial assets and liabilities
of MFIs located in the participating Member States, which are viewed as one economic territory.

It should be noted that this Regulation was replaced in January 2002 by Regulation (EC) No 2423/2001 of the
European Central Bank of 22 November 2001 concerning the consolidated balance sheet of the monetary financial
institutions sector (ECB/2001/13). However, ECB Regulation No ECB/1998/16 remains the reference for data in
2002. The first exercise conducted in accordance with the new Regulation will begin with the monthly data for
January 2003 (quarterly data for March 2003). Therefore, references made in this publication to the repealed
Regulation shall be understood as references to the new Regulation. The changes implied by the adoption of this
new Regulation affect only the presentation and not the composition of the reserve base. These changes are
explained below.

For statistical purposes the ECB’s reporting requirements in the context of the consolidated balance sheet of the
MFI sector are based on three main considerations.

First, the ECB must receive comparable, reliable and up-to-date statistical information which is collected under
comparable terms and conditions throughout the euro area. Although the data are collected in a decentralised way
by NCBs in accordance with Articles 5.1 and 5.2 of the Statute and, as far as necessary, in combination with
further statistical requirements for Community or national purposes, a sufficient degree of harmonisation and
compliance with minimum reporting standards is required in view of the need to establish a reliable statistical basis
for the definition and conduct of the single monetary policy.

Second, the reporting obligations set out in ECB Regulation No ECB/1998/16 must observe the principles of
transparency and legal certainty. The reason for this is that ECB Regulation No ECB/1998/16 is binding in its
entirety and directly applicable throughout the euro area. It imposes obligations directly on natural and legal
persons on which the ECB may impose sanctions whenever the ECB’s reporting requirements are not fulfilled (see
Article 7 of Council Regulation (EC) No 2533/98). The reporting obligations are therefore clearly defined and any
discretion exercised by the ECB when verifying or compulsorily collecting statistical information follows identifiable
principles.

the ECB must minimise the reporting burden involved (see Article 3(a) of Council Regulation (EC)
Third,
No 2533/98). Therefore, the statistical material collected by NCBs under Regulation No ECB/1998/16 is also used
to calculate the reserve base in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 2818/98 of the European Central Bank of
1 December 1998 on the application of minimum reserves (ECB/1998/15).

(1) The content of this Annex is provided for information purposes only. The relevant legal acts for the reporting of money and
banking statistics are Council Regulation (EC) No 2533/98 of 23 November 1998 concerning the collection of statistical information
by the ECB and Regulation (EC) No 2819/98 of the European Central Bank of 1 December 1998 concerning the consolidated
balance sheet of the monetary financial
(replaced by Regulation (EC) No 2423/2001 of the
European Central Bank of 22 November 2001 concerning the consolidated balance sheet of the monetary financial institutions
sector (ECB/2001/13)).

institutions sector (ECB/1998/16)

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The articles of ECB Regulation No ECB/1998/16 restrict themselves to defining,
reporting population,
normally exercise their competence to verify or compulsorily collect statistical
statistical
minimum standards to be followed are specified in Annexes I to IV to ECB Regulation No ECB/1998/16.

in general terms, the actual
its reporting obligations and the principles according to which the ECB and the NCBs
information. The details of the
the ECB’s statistical reporting requirements and the

information to be reported in order to fulfil

3. Actual reporting population; list of MFIs for statistical purposes

MFIs comprise resident credit institutions as defined in Community law, and all other resident financial institutions
whose business is to receive deposits and/or close substitutes for deposits from entities other than MFIs and, for
their own account (at least in economic terms), to grant credit and/or invest in securities. The ECB establishes and
maintains a list of institutions in accordance with this definition and following the classification principles specified
in Annex I to ECB Regulation No ECB/1998/16. The competence to establish and maintain this List of MFIs for
statistical purposes pertains to the Executive Board of the ECB. The population of MFIs resident in the euro area
constitutes the actual reporting population.

NCBs are entitled to grant derogations to small MFIs if the MFIs which contribute to the monthly consolidated
balance sheet account for at least 95 % of the total MFI balance sheet in each participating Member State. These
derogations enable NCBs to apply the method of (cid:145)cutting off the tail(cid:146).

4.

Statistical reporting obligations

To establish the consolidated balance sheet,
the actual resident reporting population must report statistical
information related to their balance sheet on a monthly basis. Further information is required on a quarterly basis.
The statistical information to be reported is further specified in Annex I to ECB Regulation No ECB/1998/16.

The relevant statistical data are collected by the NCBs, which must define the reporting procedures to be followed.
ECB Regulation No ECB/1998/16 does not prevent NCBs from collecting, from the actual reporting population, the
statistical information necessary to fulfil the statistical requirements of the ECB as part of a broader statistical
reporting framework which the NCBs establish under their own responsibility in accordance with Community or
national law or established practice and which serves other statistical purposes. However, this should be without
prejudice to the fulfilment of the statistical requirements set out in ECB Regulation No ECB/1998/16. In specific
cases, the ECB may rely on statistical information collected for such purposes to fulfil its requirements.

The consequence of a derogation being granted by an NCB as defined above is that the small MFIs concerned are
subject to reduced reporting obligations (implying, inter alia, only quarterly reporting) which are compulsory in the
context of minimum reserves and are specified in Annex II to ECB Regulation No ECB/1998/16. Requirements for
those small MFIs that are not credit institutions are set out in Annex III to ECB Regulation No ECB/1998/16.
However, MFIs which have been granted a derogation have the option of fulfilling the full reporting requirements.

5. Use of statistical information under the ECB Regulation on minimum reserves

To minimise the reporting burden and to avoid any duplication in the collection of statistical information, the
statistical information related to the balance sheet reported by MFIs under ECB Regulation No ECB/1998/16 is also
used to calculate the reserve base under ECB Regulation No ECB/1998/15.

Indeed, for statistical purposes, the reporting agents have to report data to their respective NCBs in accordance
with the framework of Table 1, which is included in Annex I to ECB Regulation No ECB/1998/16. Within Table 1,
the boxes marked with an (cid:145)*(cid:146) are used by the reporting institutions to calculate their reserve base (see Box 11 in
Chapter 7 of this publication).

In order to make a correct calculation of the reserve base to which a positive reserve ratio is applied, a detailed
breakdown is required for deposits with an agreed maturity of over two years, for deposits redeemable at notice of
over two years and for repo liabilities of credit institutions vis-(cid:224)-vis the ((cid:145)domestic(cid:146) and (cid:145)other MUMS(cid:146)) (cid:145)MFIs(cid:146), (cid:145)CIs
subject to minimum reserves, ECB and NCBs(cid:146) and (cid:145)Central government(cid:146) sectors, and vis-(cid:224)-vis the rest of the world
(RoW).

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TABLE 1

Data to be provided at a monthly frequency

A. Domestic

B. Other MUMS

MFIs (5)

Non-MFIs

MFIs (5)

Non-MFIs

of which
CIs sub-
ject to
res. reqs.,
ECB and
NCBs

General government

Central
govern-
ment

Other
general
govern-
ment

Other
residents

of which
CIs sub-
ject to
res. reqs.,
ECB and
NCBs

General government

Central
govern-
ment

Other
general
govern-
ment

C.
Rest of
the
world

D.
Not
allocated

Other
residents

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

(k)

(l)

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

LIABILITIES

8

9

Currency in
circulation

Deposits (all
currencies)

9e

Euro

9.1e Overnight

9.2e With agreed maturity

up to 1 year

over 1 and up to
2 years

over 2 years (1)

9.3e Redeemable at notice

up to 3 months (2)

over 3 months

o/w over 2 years (6)

9.4e Repos

9x Non-MU currencies

9.1x Overnight

9.2x With agreed maturity

up to 1 year

over 1 and up to 2
years

over 2 years (1)

9.3x Redeemable at notice

up to 3 months (2)

over 3 months

o/w over 2 years (6)

9.4x Repos

10 Money market fund

shares/units

11 Debt securities issued

11e Euro

up to 1 year

over 1 and up to
2 years

over 2 years

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

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A. Domestic

B. Other MUMS

MFIs (5)

Non-MFIs

MFIs (5)

Non-MFIs

of which
CIs sub-
ject to
res. reqs.,
ECB and
NCBs

General government

Central
govern-
ment

Other
general
govern-
ment

Other
residents

of which
CIs sub-
ject to
res. reqs.,
ECB and
NCBs

General government

Central
govern-
ment

Other
general
govern-
ment

C.
Rest of
the
world

D.
Not
allocated

Other
residents

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

(k)

(l)

*

*

*

*

*

11x Non-MU currencies

up to 1 year

over 1 and up to 2
years

over 2 years

12 Money market
paper (3)

Euro

Non-MU currencies

13 Capital and reserves

14 Remaining liabilities

ASSETS

1

1e

2

2e

3

Cash (all currencies)

o/w euro

Loans

o/w euro

Securities other than
shares

3e

Euro

up to 1 year

over 1 and up to
2 years

over 2 years

3x Non-MU currencies

up to 1 year

over 1 and up to
2 years

over 2 years

Money market
paper (4)

Euro

Non-MU currencies

Shares and other
equity

Fixed assets

Remaining assets

4

5

6

7

(1) Including administratively regulated deposits.
(2) Including non-transferable sight savings deposits.
(3) Defined as money market paper (MMP) issued by MFIs.
(4) Defined as holdings of MMP issued by MFIs. Here, MMP includes shares/units issued by money market funds (MMFs). Holdings of marketable instruments which

may have the same characteristics as MMP but are issued by non-MFIs should be reported as (cid:145)securities other than shares(cid:146).

(5) Credit institutions may report positions vis-(cid:224)-vis (cid:145)MFIs other than CIs subject to minimum reserves, ECB and NCBs(cid:146) rather than vis-(cid:224)-vis (cid:145)MFIs(cid:146) and (cid:145)CIs subject to

minimum reserves, ECB and NCBs(cid:146), provided that no loss of detail is implied and no bold printed positions are affected.

(6) The reporting of this item is voluntary until further notice.

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Furthermore, depending on the national collection systems and without prejudice to full compliance with the
definitions and classification principles of the MFI balance sheet set out in ECB Regulation No ECB/1998/16, credit
institutions subject to reserve requirements may alternatively report the data necessary to calculate the reserve base,
except those on negotiable instruments, in accordance with the table, provided that no bold printed positions of
the previous table are affected.

Reserve base (excluding negotiable instruments), calculated as
the sum of the following columns in Table 1:
(a)ﬂ(b)+(c)+(d)+(e)+(f)ﬂ(g)+(h)+(i)+(j)+(k)

LIABILITIES
(euro and non-MU currencies combined)

TOTAL DEPOSITS
9.1e + 9.1x
9.2e + 9.2x
9.3e + 9.3x
9.4e + 9.4x

of which:

9.2e + 9.2x with agreed maturity

over two years

of which:

9.3e + 9.3x redeemable at notice

Volontary reporting

over two years

of which:

9.4e + 9.4x repos

It should be noted that, with the first reporting exercise conducted in accordance with the abovementioned new
Regulation beginning with the monthly data for January 2003, the liability category (cid:145)money market paper(cid:146) will be
merged with the liability category (cid:145)debt securities issued(cid:146) within the reporting framework for the ECB’s money and
banking statistics. This means that, starting with the monthly data at end-January 2003 (quarterly data at
end-March 2003), reporting institutions will have to break down this liability category according to the same
original maturity cut-off points required for debt securities and allocate it to the liability category (cid:145)debt securities
issued(cid:146).

Annex II to ECB Regulation No ECB/1998/16 contains specific and transitional provisions and provisions on
mergers involving credit institutions in respect of the application of the minimum reserve system.

Annex II to ECB Regulation No ECB/1998/16 includes, in particular, a reporting scheme for credit institutions in
the (cid:145)tail(cid:146). Credit institutions in the tail have to report, as a minimum, quarterly data necessary to calculate the
reserve base in accordance with Table 1a. These institutions ensure that the reporting according to Table 1a is fully
consistent with the definitions and classifications applicable in Table 1. The tail institutions’ reserve base data for
three (one-month) reserve maintenance periods are based on end-of-quarter data collected by the NCBs with a
deadline of 28 working days following the end of the quarter to which they relate.

The Annex also includes provisions on reporting on a consolidated basis. On receiving authorisation from the
European Central Bank, credit institutions subject to minimum reserves may carry out consolidated statistical
reporting for a group of credit institutions subject to minimum reserves within a single national territory, provided
that all the institutions concerned have renounced the benefit of any lump-sum allowance from the reserve
requirement. The benefit of
the
institutions concerned are included separately in the ECB’s list of MFIs.

the lump-sum allowance remains, however,

for the group as a whole. All

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Data required from small credit institutions to be provided at a quarterly frequency for minimum reserve
requirements

TABLE 1A

Reserve base calculated as the sum of the following columns in
Table 1:
(a)ﬂ(b)+(c)+(d)+(e)+(f)ﬂ(g)+(h)+(i)+(j)+(k)

DEPOSIT LIABILITIES
(euro and non-MU currencies combined)

9 TOTAL DEPOSITS
9.1e + 9.1x
9.2e + 9.2x
9.3e + 9.3x
9.4e + 9.4x

of which:

9.2e + 9.2x with agreed maturity

over two years

of which:

9.3e + 9.3x redeemable at notice

Voluntary reporting

over two years

of which:

9.4e + 9.4x repos

Outstanding issues, column (1) in Table 1

NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS
(euro and non-MU currencies combined)

11 DEBT SECURITIES ISSUED

11e + 11x with agreed maturity

up to two years

11 DEBT SECURITIES ISSUED

11e + 11x with agreed maturity

over two years

12 MONEY MARKET PAPER

Furthermore, it includes provisions to be applied in the case of mergers involving credit institutions. In this Annex,
the terms (cid:145)merger(cid:146), (cid:145)merging institutions(cid:146) and (cid:145)acquiring institution(cid:146) have the meaning determined in ECB Regulation
No ECB/1998/15. For the maintenance period within which a merger takes effect, the reserve requirements of the
acquiring institution are calculated and have to be fulfilled as set out
in Article 13 of ECB Regulation
No ECB/1998/15. For the consecutive reserve maintenance periods, the reserve requirements of the acquiring
institution are calculated on the basis of a reserve base and of statistical information in accordance with specific
rules (see the table in the Appendix to Annex II to ECB Regulation No ECB/1998/16), if applicable. Otherwise, the
normal rules for the reporting of statistical information and the calculation of reserve requirements, as set out in
Article 3 of ECB Regulation No ECB/1998/15, apply. Moreover, the relevant NCB may authorise the acquiring
institution to fulfil its obligation to report statistical information through temporary procedures. This derogation
from normal reporting procedures must be limited to the minimum time possible and, in any case, should not
exceed six months after the merger has taken effect. This derogation is without prejudice to the obligation for the
acquiring institution to fulfil its reporting obligations in accordance with ECB Regulation No ECB/1998/16 and, if
applicable, its obligation to assume the reporting obligations of merging institutions. The acquiring institution has
the obligation to inform the relevant NCB, once the intention to merge has become public and in good time before
the merger takes effect, of the procedures that it intends to implement to fulfil its statistical reporting obligations
relating to the determination of reserve requirements.

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6. Verification and compulsory collection

The ECB itself and the NCBs normally exercise the competence to verify and compulsorily collect statistical
information whenever minimum standards for transmission, accuracy, conceptual compliance and revisions are not
fulfilled. These minimum standards are set out in Annex IV to ECB Regulation No ECB/1998/16.

7. Non-participating Member States

As a regulation under Article 34.1 of the Statute does not confer any rights or impose any obligations on Member
States with a derogation (Article 43.1 of the Statute) and on Denmark (Article 2 of the Protocol on certain
provisions relating to Denmark) and is not applicable to the United Kingdom (Article 8 of the Protocol on certain
relating to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), ECB Regulation
provisions
No ECB/1998/16 is applicable only in the participating Member States.

However, Article 5 of the Statute concerning the competence of the ECB and the NCBs in the field of statistics and
Council Regulation (EC) No 2533/98 are applicable in all Member States. This also implies,
together with
Article 10 (ex Article 5) of the Treaty, an obligation on the non-participating Member States to design and
implement at the national level all the measures that they consider appropriate in order to carry out the collection
of statistical information needed to fulfil the ECB’s statistical reporting requirements and the timely preparations in
the field of statistics in order for them to become participating Member States. This obligation has been made
explicit in Article 4 and recital 17 of Council Regulation (EC) No 2533/98. For reasons of transparency, this special
obligation is recalled in the recitals of ECB Regulation No ECB/1998/16.

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ANNEX 5

The Eurosystem websites

Central bank

Website

European Central Bank

www.ecb.int

Nationale Bank van Belgiº/Banque Nationale de Belgique

www.nbb.be or www.bnb.be

Deutsche Bundesbank

Bank of Greece

Banco de Espaæa

Banque de France

Central Bank of Ireland

Banca d’Italia

Banque centrale du Luxembourg

De Nederlandsche Bank

Oesterreichische Nationalbank

www.bundesbank.de

www.bankofgreece.gr

www.bde.es

www.banque-france.fr

www.centralbank.ie

www.bancaditalia.it

www.bcl.lu

www.dnb.nl

www.oenb.at

Banco de Portugal

www.bportugal.pt

Suomen Pankki (cid:151) Finlands Bank

www.bof.fi

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Procedures and sanctions to be applied in the event of non-compliance with counterparty obligations

ANNEX 6

1.

Financial penalties

In the event of an infringement by a counterparty of tender rules (1), of bilateral transaction rules (2), of the rules
for the use of underlying assets (3), or of end-of-day procedures and access conditions for the marginal lending
facility (4), the Eurosystem shall apply financial penalties as follows:

(i)

for infringements of rules related to tender operations, bilateral transactions and the use of underlying assets,
for the first and the second infringements that occur within a 12-month period a financial penalty shall be
applied to each infringement. The financial penalties that can be applied shall be computed at the marginal
lending rate plus 2,5 percentage points,

(cid:151) for infringements of rules related to tender operations and bilateral transactions, the financial penalties
shall be calculated on the basis of the amount of collateral or cash which the counterparty could not
settle, multiplied by the coefficient 7/360,

(cid:151) for infringements of rules related to the use of underlying assets, the financial penalties shall be calculated
on the basis of the amount of ineligible assets (or assets that may not be used by the counterparty), which
are either: (1) provided by the counterparty to a national central bank or the ECB; or (2) not removed by
the counterparty after 20 working days following an event after which the eligible assets become ineligible
or may no longer be used by the counterparty, multiplied by the coefficient 1/360;

(ii)

the first time the rules for end-of-day procedures or for access to the marginal lending facility are infringed,
the financial penalties that can be applied shall be computed at 5 percentage points. In the event of repeated
infringements, the penalty interest rate shall be increased by a further 2,5 percentage points each time this
occurs within a 12-month period, calculated on the basis of the amount of the unauthorised access to the
marginal lending facility (5).

2. Non-financial penalties

The Eurosystem shall suspend a counterparty for infringements of rules related to tender operations and bilateral
transactions, and of rules for underlying assets as set out below:

(a) S u s p e n s i o n a f t e r i n f r i n g e m e n t s o f r u l e s r e l a t e d t o t e n d e r o p e r a t i o n s a n d b i l a t e r a l

t r a n s a c t i o n s

If a third infringement of the same type occurs within a 12-month period, the Eurosystem shall suspend
counterparties from the subsequent open market operation(s) of the same type and executed under the same
procedures, to be initiated during a certain period in addition to a financial penalty calculated in accordance
with the rules outlined in Section 1. The suspension shall be applied in accordance with the following scale:

(i)

(ii)

if the amount of non-delivered collateral or cash is up to 40 % of the total collateral or cash to be
delivered on the occasion of the third infringement, a suspension of one month shall be applied;

if the amount of non-delivered collateral or cash is between 40 % and 80 % of the total collateral or cash
to be delivered on the occasion of the third infringement, a suspension of two months shall be applied;
and

(1) This applies if a counterparty is unable to transfer a sufficient amount of underlying assets to settle the amount of liquidity it has
been allotted in a liquidity-providing operation or if it is unable to deliver a sufficient amount of cash to settle the amount it has
been allotted in a liquidity-absorbing operation.

(2) This applies if a counterparty is unable to deliver a sufficient amount of eligible underlying assets or if it is unable to deliver a

sufficient amount of cash to settle the amount agreed in bilateral transactions.

(3) This applies if a counterparty is using assets that are or have become ineligible (or that it may not use) to secure an outstanding

credit.

(4) This applies if a counterparty has a negative balance on the settlement account at the end of the day and does not fulfil the access

conditions for the marginal lending facility.

(5) Financial penalties for cases of non-compliance with the rules for the use of assets which are considered eligible only for intraday
credit purposes are only foreseen within the TARGET legal framework. Such cases of non-compliance are not covered by this
Guideline.

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(iii) if the amount of non-delivered collateral or cash is between 80 % and 100 % of the total collateral or cash
to be delivered on the occasion of the third infringement, a suspension of three months shall be applied.

These financial penalties and suspension measures shall also apply, without prejudice to subsection (c), to any
other successive infringement during each 12-month period.

(b) S u s p e n s i o n a f t e r i n f r i n g e m e n t s o f r u l e s f o r u n d e r l y i n g a s s e t s

If a third infringement occurs within a 12-month period, the Eurosystem shall suspend the counterparty from
the subsequent open market operation in addition to a financial penalty calculated in accordance with
Section 1.

These financial penalties and suspension measures shall also apply, without prejudice to subsection (c), to any
other successive infringement during each 12-month period.

(c) S u s p e n s i o n f r o m a c c e s s t o a l l f u t u r e m o n e t a r y p o l i c y o p e r a t i o n s f o r a c e r t a i n p e r i o d

i n e x c e p t i o n a l c a s e s

In exceptional cases where required on account of the seriousness of the case(s) of non-compliance, and taking
into account in particular the amounts involved, the frequency or the duration of the cases of non-compliance,
consideration could be given, in addition to a financial penalty calculated in accordance with Section 1, to the
suspension of a counterparty from access to all future monetary policy operations for a period of three
months.

(d)

I n s t i t u t i o n s l o c a t e d i n o t h e r M e m b e r S t a t e s

The Eurosystem may also decide whether the suspension measure proposed to be taken vis-(cid:224)-vis the
non-compliant counterparty should also apply to branches of the same institution located in other Member
States.