Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - Science and Society Action plan
Date: 2001-12-04
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: gender equality, new technology, public awareness campaign, research policy, scientific education, scientific profession

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES

Brussels, 04.12.2001
COM(2001) 714 final

COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION
TO THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT,
THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE
AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS

Science and Society
Action plan

COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION
TO THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT,
THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE
AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS

Science and Society
Action plan

TABLE OF CONTENTS

BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................... 3

Science and society: Towards a new partnership .................................................................... 4

The Commission’s strategy .................................................................................................... 4

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

2

2.1

2.2

2.3

3

3.1

3.2

3.3

Promoting scientific education and culture in Europe ............................................... 6

Public awareness ...................................................................................................... 6

Science education and careers................................................................................... 8

Dialogue with citizens ............................................................................................ 12

A science policy closer to the citizens..................................................................... 14

Involving civil society ............................................................................................ 14

Producing gender equality in science ...................................................................... 15

Research and foresight for society .......................................................................... 17

Responsible science at the heart of policy making .................................................. 17

The ethical dimension in science and the new technologies..................................... 17

Risk governance ..................................................................................................... 20

The use of expertise................................................................................................ 21

Maintaining the momentum.................................................................................................. 24

2

BACKGROUND

This action plan is presented at the request of the Research Council of 26 June 2001. It is part
of the process of creating a real European Research Area1,
launched by the European
Commission in January 2000.

It is a follow-up to the Commission staff working paper “Science, society and the citizen in
Europe”2, which in November 2000 set the basis for the debate on the relationship of science
and technology with society and Europe’s citizens3.

Its aim is to support the strategic goal set by the European Union in Lisbon: to become, by
2010, the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world, capable of
sustainable economic growth with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion.

The plan seeks to contribute significantly to implementing the White Paper on European
Governance4, adopted by the Commission on 25 July 2001. It draws, moreover, on the
reflections emanating from preparatory hearings and seminars5, in particular the “Science and
Governance” conference held in October 2000. In addition, it seeks to support and intensify
the political process instituted in 1999 to enhance the participation and role of women in
research6.

This plan takes into consideration the opinion of the European Parliament, the Economic and
Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the European Research Area,
together with the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee and the CREST report on
the Commission staff working paper referred to previously. The discussions on education,
science and society which took place in Uppsala on 2 March 2001 during an informal meeting
of the Education and Research Ministers7 have also been taken into account.
Finally, the debates initiated in the context of the action plan “eLearning8 – Designing
tomorrow's education” will be taken into account with a view to enhancing the contribution of
information and communication technologies to science education and - more generally - to
creating the foundations for active citizenship, so that it is society itself that governs which
scientific choices are made and controls their impact.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

“Towards a European Research Area”, COM(2000)6, 18.01.2000.
SEC(2000)1973, 14.11.2000.
See the Science and Society Forum: http://www.cordis.lu/rtd2002/science-society/home.htm.
“European governance: a White Paper”, COM(2001)428, 25.07.2001.
See in particular
the report of the interservices working group “Democratising expertise and
establishing European scientific reference systems”, available on the Commission's governance site at
http://europa.eu.int/comm/governance/areas/group2/report_en.pdf
Commission Communication: “Women and science: mobilising women to enrich European research”,
COM(99)76, final, Council Resolution of 20 May 1999, OJ C 201, 16.07.1999, European Parliament
Resolution of 3 February 2000 (PE 284.656), Commission staff working paper: “Women and science,
the gender dimension as a leverage for reforming science”, 15 May 2001, SEC(2001)771.
Joint DG RTD and EAC Commission staff working paper “Science, education and research: Towards a
knowledge-based society”, in preparation for the informal meeting of research and education ministers
on 2 and 3 March 2001 in Uppsala.
http://europa.eu.int/comm/education/elearning/index.html

3

SCIENCE AND SOCIETY

9: TOWARDS A NEW PARTNERSHIP

At the dawn of the 21st century, as the economic integration of an enlarging European Union
becomes a tangible reality with the introduction of the Euro, our society is faced with the
challenge of finding its proper place in a world shaken by economic and political turbulence.

Examples abound to show that knowledge, in particular science, technology and innovation,
are indispensable to meet this challenge. Every day, scientific and technological progress
contributes new innovations
international
to
competitiveness10. Scientific cooperation is also often an important factor in dialogue with
third countries11.

essential

quality

and

our

life

of

However, there are indications that the immense potential of our achievements is out of step
with European citizens’ current needs and aspirations, such as peace, jobs, security and
sustainable development of the planet.
The October 2001 Eurobarometer Survey12 of European attitudes to science gives a mixed
picture, ranging from confidence and hope to lack of interest in scientific activities or even
fears regarding some of their impacts.

80 % of Europeans believe that science will one day conquer diseases such as cancer or
AIDS, and scientists enjoy a high level of public confidence, to the extent that 72% of the
respondents said they would like politicians more frequently to use expert advice in making
their choices. Despite these expectations and the climate of confidence, the same survey also
shows that Europe’s citizens do not always have a very positive perception of science and
technology, and that science is remote for some sections of the population.

Industrial hazards and ethical issues are widely highlighted in the media, raising questions and
reinforcing the public's desire for progress to be more closely monitored. Some people feel
that science and technology are changing their lives too quickly.

Although progress has been made, too many stereotypes still keep women out of science and
deprive it of the diversity sorely needed for a more harmonious contribution to political,
social and economic life.

Young people, moreover, no longer find studying science and scientific careers sufficiently
attractive. Together with demographic trends, this potentially affects the labour market where
industry has difficulties in recruiting the engineers and scientists needed.

Europe would therefore gain by assembling in a Community framework the efforts deployed
in the Member States to improve the European public's ability to assess the scientific and
technological issues of the day, and to motivate them to become more involved in science.

The Commission’s strategy

The Commission will focus its attention in this action plan on a selected limited number of
new actions of high Community added-value designed to:

–

9

10

11

12

Promote scientific and education culture in Europe

For the purposes of this communication, “science” includes all public and private activities of a
scientific and technological nature, including social sciences. The term “society” covers all citizens and
their associations, as well as businesses and public authorities.
“Innovation in a knowledge-driven economy”, COM(2000)567, 20.09.2000.
“The international dimension of the European Research Area”, COM(2001)346, 25.06.01.
An opinion poll “Europeans, science and technology” was conducted at the Commission's request in the
fifteen Member States between 10 May and 15 June 2001.

4

First of all, people must become more familiar with science and technology. It will
be essential in this respect to give science and technology a higher profile in the
media and education in Europe in order to stimulate young people's spirit of
enterprise and whet their appetite for science studies and careers. This is also needed
to promote dialogue between science and society, in particular through organising
major events at regular intervals.

–

Bring science policies closer to citizens

The relationship between science, technology and innovation, on the one hand, and
society, on the other, must be reconsidered. Their activities need to centre around the
needs and aspirations of Europe's citizens to a greater extent than at present. In
particular, in future, women must be able to participate more fully in science, and
science must anticipate tomorrow's issues.

–

Put responsible science at the heart of policy making

Most policies have a scientific and technological dimension and decisions must be
is
supported by transparent, responsible opinions based on ethical research. It
therefore necessary to strengthen the ethical basis of scientific and technological
activities, to detect and assess the risks inherent in progress, and to manage them
responsibly on the basis of past experience.

The activities planned under these three themes will be conducted in close cooperation with
Member States and the candidate countries, and - beyond Europe - with third countries and
international organisations. Numerous players will be involved: local and regional public
authorities, the general public, civil society, industry, etc.

The Commission will act as a catalyst, using all the means available at Community level and
especially its research policy instruments13 (networking, accompanying measures, etc.). It is
clear, however, in the context of the European Research Area that significant results can be
expected only if Member States themselves make an all-out effort in a joint, coordinated
approach with the Commission. In this context, the Council Resolution of 26 June 2001
calling for this action plan is addressed as much to Member States as to the Commission.

It is also important to stress that this action plan is part of a gradual process in which the
monitoring of specific indicators, the assessment of the impacts of the activities adopted and
the regular review of the action plan will require the active involvement of all the parties.

Finally, the future-oriented nature of the goals should not conceal the urgency of certain
problems and the Commission has taken care to set sufficiently early deadlines to maintain
the momentum over the next few years. The activities will be launched by the Commission as
of 2002. An overview and an assessment of the first two years of the action plan will then be
presented to the parties involved in 2004.

13

Many of the activities in the action plan will be implemented through the Community RTD framework
programmes. The Commission will ensure appropriate co-ordination between all activities relevant to
science and society, including other framework programme activities and those implemented through
other Community policy instruments.

5

1

1.1

PROMOTING SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION AND CULTURE IN EUROPE

Public awareness

If scientific and technological progress is to meet the needs of Europe's citizens and regain
their support, they will need to have information that is understandable and of a high quality,
as well as ready access to this specific culture.

The media, researchers, research institutions - in particular universities - as well as industry
must play their public information role to the full. They must be capable of communicating
and engaging in debate on scientific issues in a rigorous and comprehensible professional
manner, as well as explaining frankly the benefits and limitations of scientific progress.

Dissemination of scientific information

In order to provide reliable, relevant information to the
general public,
it will be necessary to support
independent sources of public information through
action at European level. It is important at the same
time to develop thematic, multilingual
scientific
training modules aimed at journalists in the written and
audio-visual media.

Alpha-Galileo

Alpha Galileo Europe is an Internet
service for providing tailored information
is a database of press
to the media. It
images and
releases, details of events,
background information on science and
technological development within Europe.
system based on
An e-mailing alert
keywords allows
to access
breaking news in their fields of interest.

journalists

ACTION 1

The Commission,
in cooperation with the
Member States, will set up a study group
comprising journalists and representatives of
the press in order to examine the best way of ensuring efficient dissemination of
scientific information at European level,
for example by promoting the
establishment of a European scientific press agency or by facilitating the creation
of a network for the exchange by professionals of information destined for the
general public.

Relations between science and the media can sometimes be polemic. In some countries,
guidelines for relations between the media and the scientific community, and vice versa, have
been proposed. Journalists and scientists who make a particular effort in this area deserve
encouragement.

ACTION 2

ACTION 3

Representatives of the scientific community and the media will be brought together
in a forum at European level
the development of
guidelines for a more fruitful interaction and mutual understanding between the
two.

to encourage and support

The Commission will stimulate interest in scientific journalism and contribute to
improving its quality by creating a special award for those involved in science
communication with the public.

The Commission will study ways of promoting science in all multimedia forms including
television (European festival of science films for the general public, exchange mechanisms
between audio-visual production structures, networks of regional television channels, etc)
under the MEDIA Plus programme14. The Commission already supports the development and

14

The MEDIA Programme entered into force in January 2001 and aims at strengthening the
competitiveness of the European audio-visual industry with a series of measures dealing with the

6

production of audio-visual works, including creative documentaries, for broadcasting on
European television channels. These audio-visual works may concern those popularising
science and technology.

ACTION 4

An exchange forum (including an on-line forum) will be set up, taking account of
the potential of the Internet for audio-visual dissemination15, to pursue reflections
on the scientific content of multimedia tools.

exploitation at European level of

existing
The
know-how for popularising science and technology in
the major transnational and national research institutes
and initiatives, such as the network of European
science museums, will be encouraged.

ACTION 5

The creation of products for broad general
dissemination (television programmes, paper
publications, etc.) will be promoted through
targeted calls for tender and the use of
existing instruments for this purpose will be
encouraged.

ECSITE network

and

centers

science

Industry

involved

for
ECSITE (European Collaborative
Science,
Technology
Exhibitions) is a European network of
and other
museums,
science
organisations
communication
public.
Covering over 35 countries, it promotes
the exchange of experience and novel
ideas. ECSITE develops
transnational
projects for raising the public's awareness
of science,
funded by EC and other
sources.

in
a wide

to

scientific information products

Excellent
general public already exist in countries of the Union and should be more widely exploited
through greater interchange between European countries.

the

for

ACTION 6

Targeted calls for proposals will provide an opportunity for translating the best
travelling or permanent exhibitions,
(e.g.
public communication products
documentaries, etc.) to other languages.

Science weeks in Europe

The European Science and Technology Week, created by the Commission in 1993, has
become one of the activities under the Research and Technological Development Framework
Programme. Member States and the associated countries also organise national activities to
promote scientific and technical culture. Similar activities exist at regional and local level.

Member States and the Commission would gain by sharing their experiences and best
practices.

ACTION 7

The establishment of a committee comprising organisers of national science weeks
will facilitate synergies between the European science week and the national
science weeks or festivals, in particular through the exchange of best practice and
experiences of successful events.

15

training of professionals, the development of production projects and companies, and the distribution
and promotion of cinematographic works and audio-visual programmes.
It is worth noting that the European Commission's e-Europe action plan, designed inter alia to facilitate
the widest possible access to the Internet, is an important initiative for the dissemination of scientific
culture.

7

ACTION 8

The European science week will be greatly enhanced by linking national science
weeks, and conversely national science weeks will be boosted by the organisation
of events on a European scale.

The Commission will particularly ensure that the achievements of Community
the European Week and
research are better represented in the context of
contribute to the development of the national weeks.

Comparing national approaches to scientific and technical culture

The Commission has already launched an activity to benchmark national policies in five key
areas, including “the promotion of RTD culture and
public understanding of science”. The results from
the first cycle of benchmarking are due by mid
2002. Further
and
analysing the current state of RTD culture in
Europe will be developed.

Promoting scientific culture in Portugal

evaluating

activities

promotion

scientific

for

of

ACTION 9

The impact of activities across Europe
for raising public awareness of science,
technology
be
analysed through comparative research
and studies (including benchmarking).

innovation will

and

Systematic public
research activities

information on Community

a

Launched in June 1996, the Ciência Viva
programme is the Portuguese Ministry of
Science and Technology’s contribution to
and
the
technological culture among the Portuguese
population. Ciência Viva is supported by
Community Structural Funds. It is an open
and
programme,
fostering autonomous actions through the
definition of three fundamental action tools:
a support programme aimed at experimental
teaching and the promotion of scientific
education in school, the national network of
Ciência Viva centres and national scientific
awareness campaigns.

promoting

alliances

Because of their knowledge, researchers, research
organisations and industry now have a particular responsibility vis-à-vis society in terms of
providing scientific and technological information to Europe’s citizens. Communication of
scientific and technological progress should be stepped up, in particular the progress flowing
from the Research and Technological Development Framework Programme.

ACTION 10

The conditions for Community research and technological development projects
will require partners to systematically disseminate to the public in various forms
the scientific and technological progress achieved under
the Framework
Programme for Research: media coverage, exhibitions, products for education and
teaching purposes, public debates, etc.

1.2

Science education and careers

In a knowledge society, democracy requires citizens to have a certain scientific and technical
knowledge as part of their basic skills16. Acquiring this and keeping it up to date has become
as essential as mastering the 3Rs. Apart from this general knowledge, Europe needs a pool of
scientists to ensure socio-economic development. We are not yet in this situation. It is

16

“Basic Skills” is a package of skills and competencies individuals need to flourish in today’s society,
and which should have been developed by the end of obligatory schooling or training, but can be
augmented through lifelong learning. The provision of basic skills for all citizens is identified as a
priority area in the Report on the concrete future objectives of education and training systems as well as
in the Commission Communication on “Making a European Area of Lifelong Learning a Reality”
(COM(2001)678 final).

8

therefore necessary, firstly, to get young boys and girls more interested in science by giving
each pupil the basic knowledge they need to act as responsible citizens in the face of scientific
choices and, secondly, to encourage them to embark on a scientific career. Adult citizens who
take up and continue learning later in life should also be encouraged to pursue a scientific
career.

It is also necessary to ensure that people who have embarked on a scientific career can retain
their enthusiasm and motivation and have opportunities for personal development, without
having to abandon scientific disciplines for other types of career. Public authorities are not
solely responsible in this respect. Tangible results will only come if private actors fully
assume their essential role and provide sufficiently attractive prospects and rewards.

Science and European objectives for education and training

There is a natural complementarity between the creation of the European Research Area and
the European Higher Education Area. To enhance synergies, the Commission will endeavour
activities undertaken in the
to ensure
respective frameworks are both coherent and
convergent.

Priority objective «Mathematics, Sciences et
Technologies»

that

the Commission,

In keeping with the mandate from the Lisbon
Summit,
in concert with the
Member States, began to define the future
objectives of European education systems17 for the
coming years. On this basis, a “Report on the
concrete future objectives of education and
training systems”18 was adopted on 12 February
2001 by the Education Council and endorsed by
the
The
Commission and Council will present a joint
report together with a detailed work programme to
the Barcelona European Council in 2002.

Stockholm European

Council.

The Working Group on the priority objective
«Mathematics, Sciences and Technologies» has
begun its work designed to increase recruitment
to scientific and technological disciplines. The
four key questions addressed are as follows:
increasing interest in mathematics, science and
technology from an early age; motivating more
young people to choose studies and careers in
and
the
of mathematics,
technology, in particular research careers and
scientific disciplines where there are shortages
of qualified personnel, in a short and medium
term perspective;
improving gender balance
among people learning mathematics, science
and technology; and securing a sufficient
number of qualified teachers in mathematics
and scientific and technical subjects.

science

fields

the

open

Applying
coordination method
recommended by the Lisbon European Council,
working groups are already active on the three priority objectives concerning:
the
development of skills for the knowledge society; access to information and communication
technologies for all; and increased recruitment to scientific and technical disciplines.

ACTION 11
ACTION 11

Reflections will begin in 2002 on two other objectives closely linked to science and
society: promoting active citizenship, equal opportunities and the gender
dimension and social cohesion; and strengthening the links between working life,
research and society as a whole.

Science and Society in the European Higher Education Area

Higher education establishments, and particularly universities - the natural homes for science,
education and transmission of knowledge - have for several years been confronted with
profound changes. These changes have involved their opening up to and interaction with

17

18

“The concrete future objectives of education systems” COM(2001)59 final, 31.01.2001.
Council report on the concrete future objectives of education and training systems, 5980/01 EDUC 18.

9

society, from the local to the international level. Several recent initiatives at European level
have encouraged this phenomenon, which combines a growing transnational dimension
(networks, mobility, partnerships) and an intensification of the dialogue between universities
and their locally-based societies.

ACTION 12
ACTION 12

The Commission will explore with its partners in academia and the University
Council for the Jean Monnet Project19 the possibility of including the theme
“Science, society and European integration” among the subjects covered by the
Jean Monnet chairs, alongside more classical disciplines such as law, economics,
political science or history.

the process facilitates the comparability,

The Bologna process, launched on 19 June 1999 by the Education Ministers of 29 European
countries, sets action priorities with a view to creating a European Higher Education Area.
Firstly,
transparency and comprehensibility of
university qualifications and pathways. Secondly, it encourages universities to devote more
life-long learning,
attention to the new challenges posed by the knowledge society:
strengthening of the European and international dimension, quality of teaching and services,
and the taking into account of specific local features in the design of study programmes.

In the training of scientists, particular attention must be given to areas which may prove
essential in the exercise of their professions. These include project management (particularly
on a European scale), law (intellectual property, ethics, etc) and communication (to the
general public in particular).

ACTION 13

In the framework of the Bologna process, the development of European study
courses on science,
technology and their historical, cultural and economic
environments will be promoted through the creation of collaboration networks.

The Community programme SOCRATES - and in particular
the Erasmus activity -
contributes to the Bologna process through the opening up across Europe of higher
educational establishments, together with student and teacher exchanges. Erasmus Thematic
Networks, in particular, are pan-European partnerships which develop projects and provide
for forums where higher education institutions and other relevant bodies (associations
(European), professional organisations, NGOs, IGOs, etc) reflect prospectively on issues
concerning the study areas they address.

ACTION 14

The STEDE (Science Teacher Education Development
in Europe) Erasmus
Thematic Network seeks to take stock of the most relevant and recent findings in
science research and pedagogics in order to translate them into effective teaching
and learning. STEDE will also address aspects related to the assessment of
teaching and acquisition of scientific literacy. In addition, it will address the
taking account of the specificities of the
specific needs of science teachers,
disciplines and of the cultural differences in the European Union and in the
countries associated to the Socrates Programme.

Development and dissemination of new teaching tools

19

The University Council is the academic body which assists the Commission with the academic and
scientific follow-up of the Jean Monnet projects. The University Council was created by the
Commission decision which instituted the Jean Monnet Project. Its current president is Mr José María
Gil-Robles.

10

Teaching methods in general and of scientific subjects in particular have a major impact on
the attitude of young people to sciences. The development and testing of education methods
designed to stimulate youngsters' interest in science should be promoted at European level,
such as the establishment of innovative interdisciplinary projects more attractive to children in
primary and secondary schools.

ACTION 15

to

science

specific

The Commission, in cooperation with
the Member States, will
support
education research and development
projects
and
technology. The dissemination of
results will be promoted by exchanges
teachers,
of
conferences and public debates on the
teaching of science and technology.
Useful
information will be made
available on Internet sites.

experience

among

Taking
actions and operations

advantage

of

SOCRATES-related

What is Physics on Stage?

physics

activities

that were

took place

launched under

teaching. National

Physics on Stage was one of a number of
the
initiatives
European Science and Technology Week, 2000.
During the course of that year a wide variety of
national
to identify
outstanding projects and individuals in the field
of
Steering
Committees were set up in 22 European
countries to select the best projects, which were
then brought together during a five-day festival
held at CERN in Geneva during the Science
Week, 6-10 November. In addition to a physics
fair,
a
number of working groups considered key
issues facing physics teaching across Europe
today. The project was
initiated by the
European Organisation for Nuclear Research
(CERN), the European Space Agency (ESA)
and the European Southern Observatory (ESO).

demonstrations

presentations,

and

initiatives

Other
the SOCRATES
such as
programme (in particular the Minerva action)
and media events such as Netd@ys20 (Internet
Week) or eSchola (week focusing on innovative
uses of the Internet in schools) can also aid dissemination. Such events will concentrate on
developing projects of a high educational quality backed by adequate teaching resources.

One of their key objectives is to understand the possibilities of using the new media (Internet,
videoconferences, new audio-visual facilities, etc) as learning and teaching resources.

With a view to developing sound educational resources for science, and to get pupils acting as
“young researchers”, cross-disciplinary partnerships should be encouraged. These would
include education as well as youth and cultural organisations and other organisations in the
science arena.

ACTION 16

In 2002, science education at school is given a particular attention with a view to
launching cooperation projects that would bring together research and education
actors. Specific efforts should be made to make education or research projects
better known through operations such as eSchola21, WEEST (Women Education
and Employment in Science and Technology), Netd@ys or the Comenius week22.

Mobility of researchers and students

The gradual emergence of a mobility culture for European researchers,
thanks to the
implementation of a “chain of opportunities” ranging from student grants to lifelong financial

20

21

22

http://europa.eu.int/comm/education/netdays/.
there were about 300 Netd@ys projects,
In 2000,
150 000 organisations participated from 85 countries and the Netd@ys European website received over
8m hits.
http://www.eun.org/cn/eschola/index.cfm
http://www.cittadellascienza.it
http://www.eun.org/eun.org2/eun/index_comenius.cfm

11

incentives for researchers, can contribute indirectly to the public perception of science23 and
help raise the profile of scientific careers in the eyes of the general public. This will be further
supported by the promotion of a European Area of Lifelong Learning with its specific action
proposals to encourage mobility for citizens to pursue and make use of learning across
Europe.

A European network of mobility centres will be set up. Its task will be to provide on-the-spot
assistance to researchers and their families, as well as detailed information on programmes,
funding and vacancies at European level.

ACTION 17

The European mobility centres will seek to integrate, as far as possible,
information and awareness-raising activities aimed at the general public and at
young people in particular.

Information on studies and scientific careers

There is a lack of comparable information on the scientific and technical content of study
courses and on the science and technology careers proposed in the countries of the Union.
This is detrimental to decision-taking at the Community and national levels in terms of
achieving greater integration of education systems, research and innovation in Europe.

ACTION 18

The Commission will examine together with Member States the best way of
launching a comparative European assessment of science and technology studies
and careers, and of networking the national institutions that collect the necessary
data.

Dissemination of this information should help young people in their choice of studies and
careers and may serve as guidance to education policymakers and teaching establishments in
adapting their programmes. To support young and adult learners in their learning and career
the Commission’s Communication on “Making a European Area of Lifelong
choices,
Learning a Reality” proposes several concrete initiatives. In terms of information,
this
includes the setting up of a European Internet portal on learning opportunities throughout
Europe.

1.3

Dialogue with citizens

The acquisition of a basic grounding in science and technology by the European public and a
regular flow of information to the public from experts are not in themselves enough to enable
people to form an opinion. A true dialogue must therefore be instituted between science and
society. There have been a great many initiatives in this area over the last few years:
consensus conferences24, citizens’
juries25, national and regional consultations, on-line
forums, participative foresight programmes, etc. have emerged to satisfy this need for mutual
understanding. Member States and the Commission must foster this type of dialogue at all
levels: European, national, regional and local.

Towards the establishment of a dialogue at European level

23

24

25

See in particular the activities proposed by the Communication A mobility strategy for the European
Research Area, COM(2001)331 final, 20.06.2001.
Consensus conferences, contrary to the name, usually spark a debate between experts and citizens on
new subjects where regulation does not, as yet, exist.
Citizens’ juries usually seek to guide the decision-making process for which the form of «end solution»
has already been defined (e.g. location of waste disposal site)

12

Establishing a dialogue at the European level involves close cooperation between a wide
range of stakeholders from research organisations, public authorities, media, citizens, civil
society, enterprises, etc. The scientific and technological community will play an essential
role by presenting issues of interest to the public at large, and by contributing to the debate.

ACTION 19

The Commission will examine, with representatives of the European scientific
community interested in the promotion of science, the feasibility of holding regular
events of high visibility and quality (“A European Convention for Science”). The
Commission would assist in holding a major inaugural event in 2004 involving the
widest possible range of stakeholders interested in science and technology26 at
European level.

Local and regional dialogues on “Science and Society”

The local and regional levels are well suited to the “science and society” dialogue when the
issues raised are of direct interest to citizens (environment, sustainable development, health,
safety, urban transport, etc.). It would be desirable to promote participation by scientists in
forums and hearings organised at local, regional and inter-regional (particularly cross-border)
level, where the issues are also of pan-European interest.

ACTION 20

The organisation of local and regional “science and society” forums will be
encouraged, inter alia through the development of a database listing scientists with
communication skills.

Developing the European network of Science Shops27

There are in Europe various types of Science Shops close to the citizen in which science is
placed at the service of local communities and non-profitmaking associations28. Hosted by
universities or independent, their common feature is that they answer questions from the
public, citizens' associations or NGOs on a wide variety of scientific issues. The first Science
Shops were opened in the Netherlands in the 1970s and the idea was then taken up by about
10 other countries throughout the world. There are now over 60 Science Shops in Europe,
mainly in the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, the United Kingdom and France.

The diversity and scope of questions is such that the most successful centres are having
difficulty in satisfying demand. The Science Shops would gain from getting together, with the
aid of the Commission, to pool their resources, their work and their experience.

ACTION 19
ACTION 21

The networking of Science Shops in the regions of the Union and the candidate
countries will be encouraged in particular through the creation of a permanent
inventory and of a structure for the dissemination of work carried out on behalf of
citizens and associations (e.g. database), and by the development of promotional
tools.

26

27

28

The convention could be inspired by the long-established and well-renowned yearly events of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science.
The English term is used generally.
The SCIPAS project, financed under the 5th Framework Programme, enabled an open European
network of Science Shops to be established: http://www.bio.uu.nl/living-knowledge

13

2

2.1

A SCIENCE POLICY CLOSER TO THE CITIZENS

Involving civil society

and

consultation

The Commission is committed to improving
between
transparency
administrations and civil society, as outlined in
the White Paper on European Governance. To
this end,
it will adopt a set of minimum
standards to be followed by its departments in
including research. More
all policy areas,
generally,
for citizens and civil
society29 to become partners in the debate on
science, technology and innovation in general
and on the creation of the European Research
Area in particular, it is not enough to keep them
the
they must
informed,
opportunity to express
in the
appropriate bodies.

be
their views

in order

given

but

Strengthening the democratic process

to

Some countries in the Union have established
their
technology assessment bureaux in
facilitate
parliaments
national
parliamentary decision-making and public
debate. At European level,
the European
Parliament's technology assessment network
(EPTA) is made up of specialist organisations
advise national parliaments on the
that
possible social, economic and environmental
impacts
technological
progress. The European Parliament has also
set up its own scientific and technological
options assessment team (STOA) which is a
member of the EPTA network.

scientific

and

of

The Commission has already called on Member
States to encourage stakeholder debates on innovation involving scientists,
industry,
consumers and public authorities, and pointed to the value of linkages between Members
States’ measures in this direction.

Procedures for the participation of civil society

Some Member States have a long tradition of organising participatory procedures, such as the
consensus conferences and citizens’ juries mentioned in the first chapter. They aim to provide
a space for scrutiny and informed debate on important issues of public concern, bringing
together the public, interest groups and policy makers. Scientists participate when the issue in
question hinges in one way or another on scientific assessments. They complement the formal
decision-making process, and can help pave the way for sound policies. More recently,
Internet discussions have been launched on various topics at both national and European
level.

the
Various participatory mechanisms have been used in shaping research policy. At
Community level, stakeholders, users and the scientific community have been increasingly
involved in RTD policy development and implementation. Systematic and structured
participation has most recently centred around EAGs (expert advisory groups)30 and advisory
bodies, for example, the newly established EURAB (European Research Advisory Board)31.
Ad hoc arrangements such as platforms, workshops and other dialogue mechanisms are also
used to enable interested parties to express their views. These experiences, however, now
need to be widened and deepened to systematically include other sectors of civil society at all
stages.

29

30

31

Civil society organisations have been defined as those whose members have objectives and
responsibilities that are of general interest and who also act as mediators between the public authorities
and citizens. They may include trade unions and employers’ organisations (“social partners”); non-
organisations;
governmental
organisations that involve citizens in local and municipal life; churches and religious communities.
Twenty EAGs have been established for key actions under the Fifth RTD Framework Programme.
C (2001)531/EC,EURATOM, 27.6.2001.

organisations;

associations;

professional

grass-roots

charities;

14

ACTION 22

The Commission will organise, through workshops and networks, an exchange of
information and best practice between Member States and the regions on the use
of participatory procedures for national and regional policies.

These exchanges may lead to additional measures for addressing pan-European issues
involving science and technology. These could include interactions between participants in
national events, as well as the possibility of organising participatory procedures at the
European level32.

Specific events for the European Research Area

The Commission itself often organises public consultations in preparation of policy
initiatives. A recent example addressing both research and technological applications is the
preparation of a strategic vision for life sciences and biotechnology. This consultation was
facilitated by publication of a detailed consultation document, creation of an Internet dialogue
platform, and a stakeholder conference held in September 2001. Shortly afterwards, the
Commission established a GMO Round Table in the context of the European Research Area,
bringing together European bio-safety researchers and other stakeholders, such as consumer
organisations, national administrations and industry, to ensure that up-to-date knowledge
accompanies the safe use of genetically modified organisms.

ACTION 23

The Commission will organise regular events enabling civil society to participate
(in the form of public hearings, consensus conferences or interactive online
forums33)
information
technologies, health, innovation, etc.), in cooperation with the Economic and
Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions.

(biotechnology,

environment,

specific

issues

in

2.2

Producing gender equality in science

Research agendas often fail to take the specific needs of women into account. Women
represent half of the student population, but hold only 10% of the senior positions in academia
and even less in industry.

If society as a whole is to better understand and identify with developments in science and
technology, specific measures must be taken to address both the under-representation of
women in science, and the lack of attention paid to gender differences within research.

In 1999, the Commission launched an action plan on women and science, which set out a
strategy to promote research by, for and about women, in co-operation with Member States
and other key actors. This has proven a successful approach and will be maintained and
developed in the next phase of activity.

New actions will be underpinned by reinforcing measures that are already in place. The
Helsinki Group on Women and Science34 will continue to provide the framework for pooling
national policy experiences and exchanging good practice and will set out a comprehensive
strategy for longer term co-operation. The Gender Watch System will be stepped up to

32

33

34

For example, on 22 June 2001 the Commission adopted a proposal for a new action programme to
financially support between 2002 and 2006 European non-governmental organisations (NGOs)
primarily active in environmental protection COM(2001)337. This also promotes
systematic
involvement of NGOs at all stages of policy-shaping.
For example on CORDIS,
http://www.cordis.lu/home.html
The Helsinki Group was established in November 1999. Its members are civil servants involved in
promoting women in scientific research at national level in the Member States and Associated States.

the Community Research and Development

Information Service:

15

improve the integration of the gender dimension within the Framework Programme and
research policy in general.

This approach will be complemented by specific research to improve the understanding of
gender and science issues in Europe and to develop tools to support the policy process.

Against this background, which will continue to evolve, the Commission will launch four new
initiatives, as announced at the conference on Gender and Research in November 2001.

Establishing a European platform of women scientists

There is a need for a framework under which to exchange experience and good practice while
facilitating co-operation and consultation across sciences. This would create the mechanism
for
involving women scientists more actively in the European policy process, by
disseminating information and supporting lobbying and advocacy work. It would empower
women scientists in their careers, with training actions and networking activities, a database
of role models and mentors, campaigns and awareness-raising initiatives.

ACTION 24

A European platform will be set up to bring together networks of women scientists
and organisations committed to gender equality in scientific research.

Monitoring progress towards gender equality in science

Monitoring progress in the field of gender equality cannot be achieved without appropriate
indicators. The Helsinki Group on women and science has identified a specific need in the
following key policy objectives: increasing the number of women in science; reducing both
horizontal segregation (whereby women are concentrated in certain sectors or disciplines) and
vertical segregation (whereby women tend to be in lower hierarchical positions); eliminating
pay gaps; and ensuring fairness and equity.

ACTION 25

A set of gender indicators will be produced in co-operation with the statistical
correspondents of the Helsinki group on women and science to measure progress
towards gender equality in European research.

Mobilising women scientists in the private sector

The private sector accounts for 60% of European research. It is a resource for innovation and
represents a wide spectrum of scientific activity. So far, the activities have mainly covered the
research undertaken within universities and research centres. It is of the utmost importance to
make sure that the situation of women in research carried out by enterprises is also analysed.

ACTION 26

An expert group will examine the role and place of women in the research carried
out in the private sector, identifying career patterns and examples of best practice,
and will formulate recommendations to increase gender equality.

Promoting gender equality in science in the wider Europe

The situation of women scientists in Central and Eastern Europe has not been examined in
depth to date. However, the political, social and economic developments in this region have
created the need to analyse the specific situations encountered by women scientists in these
countries, in order to provide them with tools for approaching policy makers, and to promote
gender equality in the broader 'accession' context. This analysis will be undertaken in full
recognition of the fact that there are lessons to be learned by EU Member States also in this
exercise.

16

ACTION 27

A group of experts will examine the situation facing women scientists in Central
and Eastern Europe and the Baltic States, and make recommendations for further
work, in particular through the Helsinki Group on women and science and links
with other appropriate policies.

2.3

Research and foresight for society

In view of the complexity of relations between science and society, there is a real need for
multidisciplinary research and prospective studies, in order to facilitate not only a better
understanding of interactions between science and society, but also to enhance the ability to
respond to emerging crises and questions. Given the scale and nature of the issues to be
covered, it would clearly be advantageous to proceed at Community level under the auspices
of the RTD Framework Programme, including foresight studies by the JRC, or in the form of
coordinated action by Member States.

The Commission will address in detail the historical, sociological and philosophical aspects of
the development of relations between science and society, drawing on the human, economic
and social sciences. Multidisciplinary research will be undertaken at European level and
beyond, for example on natural and technological hazards, the effects of the principle of
sustainable development35, the impacts of the globalisation process or on topical subjects such
as the use of science and technology for terrorist purposes.

Open coordination of the regional, national and European levels

the RTD Framework Programme (including the Joint Research Centre),

In addition to research, technological development and demonstration activities implemented
the
under
coordination of European, national or regional research activities is a powerful tool with
which to implement the European Research Area in the field of “science and society”36.

ACTION 28

The Commission will facilitate the coordination of research and foresight exercises
at regional, national and European level on issues related to the action plan. This
coordination will take the form of forums, seminars for representatives of national
ministries on the key issues of “science and society” or networks of centres of
excellence.

3.

3.1

RESPONSIBLE SCIENCE AT THE HEART OF POLICY MAKING

The ethical dimension in science and the new technologies

The rapid pace of scientific and technological progress can give rise to serious ethical
questions of concern to all Europeans. These questions may also have potential implications
for future generations.

35

36

More particularly with regard to the priorities adopted in the European sustainable development
strategy: climate change, public health hazards, poverty and social exclusion, pressure on natural
resources, ageing populations, transport bottlenecks and pollution, as well as in areas of capital
importance to the economy, social aspects and environmental impacts, such as the industrial sector and
related services.
Two expert groups have recently been set up by the Commission to explore issues relating to the
strengthening of European foresight cooperation and the networking of regional
initiatives and
capacities in this area in the context of the European Research Area.

17

European society is a rich cultural tapestry, made up of divergent ethical, religious, historical
and philosophical backgrounds. While respecting these cultural differences, it is vital to make
research functional and clearly supported by the citizens in both the Member States and in the
candidate countries. The European Parliament has undertaken efforts to clarify common
positions on ethically divergent questions.

The European Group on Ethics37 has helped guide the Community policies on culturally
sensitive ethical questions in science. The freedom of science and ethical considerations in
research as expressed in the Charter of Fundamental Rights should be respected and
implemented, where possible also in other parts of the world. For example, support should be
given to the Franco-German initiative for a world-wide convention on the prohibition of
human reproductive cloning (Article 3 of the Charter) which has been addressed to the UN.

Several international organisations (governmental and non-governmental such as - Council of
Europe, European Science Foundation, UNESCO, WHO, World Medical Association, FAO
and others) are actively promoting ethics in science and research. Member States are
represented in these organisations, and optimal use has to be made of these structures. A close
co-operation should be sought with these organisations in order not to duplicate efforts, but
rather create synergy and lead to a responsible international science system.

Making information more accessible

Europe at large is in need of a more systematic information facility on ethical issues in
science, providing access,
in various languages, to information on legislation, codes of
conduct, best practices, and debates taking place in the different European countries. The
groundwork for such an information and documentation system is being laid through an EU
project
important documentation centres on bioethics in Europe. The
network should be extended to other fields of ethics and connected to other relevant
information centres in the world, in order to become a future network of excellence.

linking the most

ACTION 29

An information and documentation observatory will be developed to help track and
analyse the development of ethical issues in science at national and international
level.

37

The European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies is an independent, pluralist and
multidisciplinary body which has been set up by the European Commission to give advice on ethical
aspects of science and new technologies in connection with the preparation and implementation of
Community legislation or policies (Communication to the Commission of 11 December 1997 on the
establishment of the European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies (SEC(97)2404)).

18

A European public dialogue on ethics in science
As recommended by the European Parliament38 researchers, business circles, standard-setters
and social players need to be encouraged to enter into a public dialogue across Member States
and the Candidate Countries on the new leading-edge technologies as soon as they begin to
emerge. This will enable responsible choices to be made, supported by the appropriate
policies and implemented at the right time.

ACTION 30

An open dialogue will be established between NGOs,
the scientific
community, religions, cultural groups, philosophical schools and other interested
groups, stimulating an exchange of views and ideas on a range of critical issues,
such as the ethical impact of new technologies on future generations, human
dignity and integrity, ‘infoethics’ and sustainability. A variety of mechanisms will
be used (focus groups, polling exercises, e-debates, workshops or institutionalised
forums etc).

industry,

Promoting awareness and integrity of researchers

The level of awareness among researchers of the ethical dimension of their activities is rather
uneven in Europe. Actions to raise awareness of good scientific practices, including the
research integrity and the key elements of European legislation,
ethical dimension,
conventions and codes of conduct should be encouraged. Basic training initiatives, together
with the preparation of European training modules on ethics in science need to be created and
disseminated. The development and the implementation of codes of conduct will be
encouraged in various areas. These actions should take full account of cultural differences.

ACTION 31

Model courses and training modules will be developed in order to raise the
awareness of researchers in the field of ethics.

Facilitating exchange between ethics committees

National Ethics Committees may wish to share results and experience at EU level, further to
the activities of the Council of Europe. A Forum of National Ethics Committees of the EU
and of candidate countries could offer opportunities for exchanges on specific topics of EU
relevance, which would result in better policy co-ordination.

Networks of Local Ethics Committees will allow an exchange of views on minimum
standards and would promote best practices in the evaluation of research projects with ethical
content. Such networking will help industries to better operate across Europe, while creating
more even conditions to protect our planet from potentially harmful effects of science.

ACTION 32

Networks of ethical committees will be fostered at both national and local levels.
The aim will be closer co-operation and a more effective exchange of experience
and best practice.

A dialogue on ethics with other regions of the world

The European Research Area is open to the world. It is therefore important to explore and
understand the differences in the ethical framework for science in various regions of the
world. European public research programmes (e.g. the EU funded initiative for malaria,

38

Report on the legal, ethical, economic and social
implications of human genetics - Temporary
Committee on Human Genetics and other New Technologies in Modern Medicine - Final
A5-0391/2001.

19

tuberculosis, AIDS research) and industry, both sponsor clinical trials in developing countries
follow agreed standards, such as the World Medical Association Helsinki
that must
declaration. Europe will support structures that promote ethical principles in science world-
wide.

ACTION 33

An international dialogue on ethical principles will be developed through a series
of conferences and workshops. An important aim will be to build up a capacity for
ethical review in developing countries.

Protecting animals in research

The use of animals for research purposes is directly addressed by the Protocol on the
protection and welfare of animals of the Treaty of Amsterdam. Efforts will be undertaken to
improve the awareness of researchers on the principle of the 3Rs (replacement, reduction and
refinement of animal experimentation) with a special attention to the species that are close to
human beings.

ACTION 34

Networks of animal welfare committees will be fostered and training of young
scientists on animal welfare issues will be promoted to support the implementation
of European legislation on the protection of animals in research.

3.2

Risk governance

Innovation improves our quality of life, and is essential for economic growth. However, it can
also raise uncertainties and concerns, and can bring new hazards to our health and
environment. Scientific work is then needed to address these issues and to help identify and
assess the risks posed by these hazards, and to reduce uncertainties.

There is rarely a simple answer to the question ‘is it safe?’ We know that we face a variety of
risks in our everyday life. Some risks we take voluntarily, others simply cannot be avoided.
When we decide whether something is ‘safe’, we consider not only the likelihood of harm but
also factors such as the likely benefits and the existence of alternatives.

governance

Risk
and
communication - has become a crucial but often highly controversial component of public
policy.

assessment, management

identification,

embracing

risk

-

In recent years the European Union has dramatically overhauled its risk assessment and risk
management processes in the areas of consumer health and food safety. Regulatory measures
in these areas are founded on scientific advice from committees based on the principles of
excellence, independence and transparency39. The Union is at the point of setting up a
European Food Authority to provide independent risk assessment40. The Commission has also
set out its approach to the use of the Precautionary Principle41, suggesting guidelines for risk
management when faced with scientific uncertainty, and stating general principles always to
be applied in risk management42.

39

40

41

42

Communication on consumer health and food safety, COM(1997)183, 30.04.1997.
Amended Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down the
general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Authority, and laying
down procedures in matters of food safety; COM(2001) 475 final, 7.8.2001.
Communication from the Commission on the Precautionary Principle; COM(2000)1, 02.02.2000.
Proportionality, non-discrimination, consistency, examination of the benefits and costs of action or lack
of action, examination of scientific developments.

20

g

of

and

coherent,

supported

legitimacy

Commission

comprehensive

The
the
TRUSTNET project aimed at analysing
the factors that influence the credibility,
the
effectiveness
scientific and regulatory framework for
hazardous activities, as well as developing
and
more
equitable approaches for assessing and
managing risks. Through a broad range of
case studies,
including sensitive issues
related to the environment, energy and
industry, it offered insight into the social
management of risk. The project set up an
together
informal
academics,
European
experts
to promote
dialogue and interaction.

network
decision-makers,
and stakeholders

Much has therefore already been achieved in
and
improving
adaptation to the progress of scientific knowledge.

accountability,

transparency,

Improving
European level

practices

through

networking

at

Nevertheless, further steps can be taken. Firstly, the
lessons already learned in the area of consumer
health and food safety can be applied to other
sectors. Secondly, in all areas, we should examine
ways to provide for a more dynamic interface and
better communication between risk managers, risk
assessors and those carrying out the underpinning
scientific research. Thirdly, we can strive to further
open up risk governance to debate and scrutiny (e.g. ‘What are the costs and benefits, and
how do we measure them?’ ‘How safe is safe enough?’). In pursuing these aims, we must
profit from information and good practice across and beyond the continent.

bringing

The Commission will examine ways of improving such an interface. This could include
mechanisms that provide for dialogue, joint problem definition, and an iterative exchange of
information and views. It will also pay special attention to the communication of risk issues.

ACTION 35

The Commission will
initiate an exchange of experience and good practice
between key actors concerned with risk issues, in different sectors and at different
levels across Europe. In the light of this, it will elaborate guidelines for improved
risk governance, including on how best to communicate scientific uncertainty and
risk issues. These proposals would build on the existing policy framework.

3.3

The use of expertise

We need experts to reassure us, to warn us, and to shed light on complex and often
controversial issues of the day. Experts help to identify problems, shape policies and stir the
public debate on topics as diverse as climate change and genetically modified organisms.

Many channels exist for feeding advice from experts into science-based policy development.
The well-structured system of scientific committees now established at the Community level
for risk assessments in consumer health and food safety has been mentioned in section 3.2.
Elsewhere, there are a variety of international and European mechanisms in policy areas such
as air quality43, climate change and fisheries. These are complemented by ad hoc
arrangements according to the nature, urgency or state of knowledge of the issues to be
addressed. Other layers and forms of advisory structures can be found at national level.

Within this framework a distinction can be made between collective, formal advice provided
through committees or advisory groups mandated and established by policy-makers, and
solicited or unsolicited opinions or findings, such as scientific information, provided by
individuals or organisations outside any formal process (which may, nevertheless, assist
formal advisory groups in arriving at their conclusions).

43

The Commission recently launched the "Clean Air for Europe" programme (CAFE), seeking to produce
an integrated long-term strategy to protect human health and the environment from the effects of air
pollution. The main aim of the programme is to coordinate the production, collection and validation of
the scientific and technical data needed to elaborate a policy in this area.

21

Scientific advice for the Common Fisheries Policy

Against this diverse background, there is
nevertheless a tendency for the process of
using expertise
contested and
to be
mistrusted.

the frontier of

The major objective of the Common Fisheries Policy
is
to promote the sustainable and responsible
exploitation of fisheries resources within and outside
Community waters. To develop regulations in the
light of the best available scientific advice,
the
Commission relies upon the International Council for
the Exploration of the Seas, which is responsible for
the collection and analysis of biological data relating
to fish stocks of the North Atlantic.

science is often perceived as
Firstly,
dealing with certainty and hard facts,
whereas in reality this is rarely the case,
particularly at
research.
Scientists are naturally cautious, and the
advice they provide is often wrapped in
caveats. There may also be more than one
there may be
school of
the
against
maverick
mainstream. There can then be a sense of
frustration and despair when experts fail to
to apparently
answers
provide
simple questions. The conclusion: ‘Even
the experts don’t know what they’re talking
about!’ A more coherent interface is needed between the providers and receivers of advice,
with mutual understanding and clear communication between the two.

The advice of the ICES committee on fish stocks
the
management
and
Commission’s
Economic Committee for Fisheries. Based on this,
the Commission prepares its proposals for regulation,
which are later presented to a separate advisory
committee which channels the views of stakeholders
(fishing industry, consumers, NGOs etc.).

discussed within
Scientific Technical

thought, or
voices

arguing

simple

then

own

is

Secondly, policy-makers at all levels do not always find it easy to tap into the resource of
knowledge provided by the diversity of scientific cultures and range of specialised centres of
excellence in Europe. At worst, they are open to allegations that only ‘tame’ experts are
selected, known to support pre-formed policy decisions. There needs to be a more systematic
and open approach, at national and European level, to identify the best expertise at the right
time.

Thirdly, advice can appear remote if the public and stakeholders are excluded, and are unable
or ill equipped to contribute to the debate and to challenge the experts and the advice they
give. There is a need to open up the process by providing opportunities for the voicing of
alternative views (‘a competition of ideas’), for scrutiny and for constructive debate.
Experience shows that when scientific networks link with national regulators, associate
representatives of the various stakeholders, including civil society where appropriate, and
operate with transparent procedures the conflict potential of certain issues is largely defused
and acceptance of the ensuing regulation increases44.

The aim, then, is not only to instil a sense of trust, but also to deliver policies that are more
robust.

As previously indicated, the Commission has been responding to these challenges through the
revamping of its scientific committees in consumer health and food safety, and the imminent
establishment of the European Food Authority.

The Commission now intends to spread good practices and to capitalise on lessons learned
from the different policy sectors. For example, much can be done to provide more systematic
and readily accessible information for the public on the mandate, membership, deliberations

44

Some of the networks that the JRC has set up in response to Member States' request, such as the
network of GMO laboratories or the network on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control, provide
good examples of this type of interaction.

22

or recommendations of these different structures in all policy areas.45 A ‘one-stop-shop’
consolidating these details would also be beneficial for the public.

In developing and implementing the actions below, the Commission will maintain and
reinforce a dialogue with Member State administrations, advisory bodies and other actors.

Setting guidelines for the use of expertise at Community level

The White Paper on European Governance identified the need for guidelines on the use of
expertise46. These guidelines, to be developed by an interdepartmental working group, will be
published from June 2002. They will complement other actions from the White Paper, such as
minimum standards for the consultation of civil society. Building on existing practices and
experience, the guidelines should set out core principles, particularly for greater openness and
accountability in the use of expertise in science-based policy development. The key aim is to
establish and maintain the confidence of everyone who may be involved in, or rely on, the
process. The guidelines should address, for example, public attendance at expert meetings,
publication and scrutiny of advice, and the way in which the Commission explains how
subsequent policy proposals take account of advice proffered. They should also provide for a
widening of the expert base by encouraging recourse to multidisciplinary and multi-sectoral
know-how, and by suggesting mechanisms for the involvement of the public, stakeholders
and organised civil society.

ACTION 36

A set of guidelines will be established for the Commission’s own practices in
selecting and using expertise for policy-making. They could form the basis of a
subsequent proposal for a common approach by other institutions and the Member
States, and eventually the accession countries. Co-operation with Member States
through a network, workshops, and other dialogue exchanges will enable
experiences to be shared and best practices to be spread.

Improving the delivery of scientific support to policy makers

The Commission will continue to develop improved mechanisms for delivering scientific
support to policy makers.

These mechanisms should capitalise on the full breadth and diversity of expertise available in
Europe. They are intended to enhance the scientific support to policy–making beyond the
implementation of formal regulatory procedures. Where relevant, they may be based on
networks of researchers such as those created through the RTD Framework Programmes,
including the JRC. Such networks should facilitate communication both between scientists
themselves, and between scientists and policy-makers. Whilst
they would function in
conformity with the guidelines mentioned above, particularly with regard to the need for
independence, transparency and breadth of know-how, a variety of models will be required to
meet the demands of different sectors and time-scales. Two models can be identified now:

The first model combines a network of sources of scientific information with a database of
previously prepared scientific conclusions on issues of public concern. The Commission
could draw on such a resource when seeking information on specific policy-related questions.

45

46

Study on transparency and openness in scientific advisory committees: STOA, European Parliament,
October 1998, PE 167 327/ Fin. St.
This flows from the preparatory work on expertise: Democratising expertise and establishing scientific
reference systems (group 1b), European Commission, July 2001.
(http://europa.eu.int/comm/governance/areas/group2/report_en.pdf)

23

In the longer term, it could be made available to other policy-making authorities and to
citizens and civil society.

ACTION 37

A pilot study will be conducted into the creation of an open internet-based network
of scientists and organisations concerned with scientific issues: SIPSE (Scientific
Information for Policy Support in Europe).

The second model would consist of organisations or networks capable of providing validated
data, harmonised information or support for policy-making. Such European Common
Scientific Reference Systems (ECSRS) could play a supporting role in problem identification,
policy-shaping, or long-term implementation of regulations. In its core areas of competence
the Joint Research Centre will play a catalytic role in the establishment of these ECSRS.

ACTION 38

The Commission will publish a blueprint for European Common Scientific
Reference Systems (ECSRS), setting out their scope and function, together with
implementation proposals taking into consideration matters such as quality
assurance and links to international systems. By taking stock of the sources of
expertise currently used, prototype ECSRS specialising in priority topics will be
identified. Further implementation will be supported in the next Framework
Programme (2002-2006).

In addition, both models will provide a channel for individual scientists to flag, at an early
stage, new developments and issues. This form of “horizon scanning” may trigger additional
research to replicate or repudiate the early results, as well as give advance notice to formal
risk assessment and risk management mechanisms if these already exist
in the sector
concerned. The networks could also facilitate the rapid mobilisation of expertise (e.g.
“Scientific Help Desk”) in response to sudden or unexpected needs, for example, bio-
terrorism.

MAINTAINING THE MOMENTUM

The proposed action plan marks the beginning of a long process, the objective of which is to
change the relationship between science and society. Many players are invited to participate:
Member States, regions and cities, businesses, individual citizens, civil society as a whole, in
particular NGOs, etc. Some of the planned activities will be more long term - e.g. in the field
of education - while others, such as conferences, will be more ad hoc. In all cases, however,
the resolution of the problems tackled at the Community level requires both a detailed
knowledge of the European situation in all its diversity and a capacity to evaluate the
impacts - and particularly the added value - of the action taken.

The action plan is based on a compendium of experience, facts and statistical data - which
must be maintained and developed. With this in mind, and in order subsequently to update the
plan, the Commission will produce an overview of “Science and society in the European
Research Area"”. This review of relations between science,
research and
development activities and European society will be based on numerous information sources
(follow-up reports, the European Statistical System and national statistical offices, studies by
national and European polling organisations, data supplied by the network of national and
technological observatories, comparative studies at European and international
level,
Community research and foresight exercises, etc.).

technology,

This overview will also provide the opportunity to assess the impact of the action plan at the
level of each individual action and in general. This assessment will require both regular

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surveys and the monitoring of existing indicators, as well as a long-term reflection inter alia
on the adaptation of assessment methodologies to needs.

The overview and the assessment of the action plan will be presented jointly in 2004 at the
"European Convention for Science”.

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