Proposal for a Council framework Decision on the European arrest warrant and the surrender procedures between the Member States
Date: 2001-09-25
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: extradition, international criminal law, judicial cooperation, judicial proceedings, legal process, mutual recognition principle

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES

Brussels, 25.9.2001
COM(2001) 522 final/2

2001/0215 (CNS)

Corrigendum
Concerne :
la note de bas de page n°6 et l’article 27 dans
le français et dans l’anglais.
Les pages : 23 (présentation de l’art.41), 28 (considerants 14 et 20), 29 (art.3,a)), 32 (art.8), 33
(arts. 10 et 13), 35 (art.21), 37 (art.25), 46 (art.49) et 51, I), uniquement dans le français.

Proposal for a

COUNCIL FRAMEWORK DECISION

on the European arrest warrant and the surrender procedures
between the Member States

(presented by the Commission)

EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM

1.

BACKGROUND TO EXTRADITION

Extradition came about as a means of arranging for a foreigner found in one State to be
handed over to another State for prosecution or punishment in an often complicated context of
political and diplomatic relations between States. It is often a slow and complex business, and
it is not suited to a frontier-free area such as the European Union in which there is a high
degree of trust and cooperation between States that share a sophisticated concept of the State
based on the rule of law.

It is currently governed by the European Extradition Convention of 13 December 1957 (“the
1957 Convention”), the Additional Protocol to that Convention of 15 October 1975 (“the
1975 Protocol”), the second Additional Protocol of 17 March 1978 (“the 1978 Protocol”) and
the European Convention of 27 January 1977 on the suppression of terrorism (“the Terrorism
Convention”). These instruments represented real progress at the time of their signature, but
today they constitute a heavy and obsolete mechanism in view of what relations between the
Member States of the European Union have now become.

The Convention Implementing the Schengen Agreement, by setting up the SIS, created a
mechanism that will considerably improve practical
information mechanisms between
Member States relating to persons who are sought and facilitate contacts between national
authorities at the time of the arrest of a person. Legally, however, the Schengen Convention
adds nothing to the traditional extradition mechanisms laid down in the 1957 Convention.

The Convention on the simplified extradition procedure between the Member States of the
European Union of 10 March 1995 (“the 1995 Convention”) and the Convention on the
extradition between the Member States of the European Union of 27 September 1996 (“the
1996 Convention”) are intended to accelerate and simplify the mechanisms of the 1957
Convention and to remove most of the grounds for reservations with respect to it. But they do
not break with the extradition mechanism that is by definition political and intergovernmental.
And they have been ratified only by nine and eight Member States respectively.

2.

THE IMPLICATIONS OF MUTUAL RECOGNITION

By entering the creation of space of freedom, of safety and of justice in the list of objectives
of the Union, the Treaty of Amsterdam opens the door to a radical change of perspective. The
judicial decisions and
Tampere European Council stated that “mutual recognition of
judgments ... should become the cornerstone of judicial cooperation in both civil and criminal
matters”. As regards extradition, the implementation of the principle of mutual recognition
means that each national judicial authority should ipso facto recognise requests for the
surrender of a person made by the judicial authority of another Member State with a
minimum of formalities.

3.

THE NEW BILATERAL TREATIES

In parallel with work in hand in the Union, and in consideration of the urgent need to find
effective responses to fight against
the increasing internationalisation of crime, several
Member States have started bilateral discussions on measures to replace the obsolete
extradition mechanism by mechanisms of simple surrender to judicial authorities. Italy and

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Spain, for instance, signed a Treaty last December. A corresponding Treaty is being prepared
between Spain and the United Kingdom.

These initiatives are to be welcomed, for they underscore the mutual confidence between
Member States’ legal systems. But
the urgent need to reform existing
they highlight
multilateral mechanisms so as to avoid further complicating the existing abundance of
extradition measures through the adoption of bilateral agreements between Member States.

4.

THE EUROPEAN ARREST WARRANT

4.1.

Context

The Vienna Action Plan called on the Member States to speedily ratify and implement the
existing extradition instruments (item 45 c). The conclusions of the Tampere European
Council state that “the formal extradition procedure should be abolished among the
Member States as far as persons are concerned who are fleeing from justice after having been
finally sentenced, and replaced by a simple transfer of such persons, in compliance with
Article 6 TEU. Consideration should also be given to fast-track extradition procedures,
without prejudice to the principle of fair trial” (item 35). The Commission is invited “to make
proposals on this matter in the light of the Schengen Implementing Agreement”.

This mandate was recalled in Recommendation 28 of the strategy of the European Union for
the next millennium as regards prevention and control of organised crime, which calls on the
Commission “to make proposals for expedited extradition of convicted persons fleeing from
justice as well as on fast-track extradition procedures”.
recommends that
“consideration should be given to the long-term possibility of the creation of a single
European legal area for extradition. The issue of extradition in relation to procedures
in absentia, with full respect to fundamental rights granted by the European Convention on
Human Rights, might also be examined in this context”.

further

It

Recently again, following the unprecedented, tragic and murderous terrorist attacks against
the people of the United States of America on 11 September 2001, the heads of State and
Government of the European Union, the President of the European Parliament, the President
of the European Commission, and the High Representative for the Common Foreign and
Security Policy have called for "the creation of a European warrant for arrest and extradition
in accordance with the Tampere conclusions, and the mutual recognition of legal decisions
and verdicts".

4.2.

Scope

In preparing this proposal, the Commission departments organised a series of interviews in
the Member States with legal practitioners, judicial officers, lawyers, academics and ministry
officials responsible for extradition in almost all the Member States. It emerged that there was
no reason for distinguishing between situations in which extradition is requested at the
pre-trial stage and those in which it is requested for the execution of an enforceable judgment.
for which there is no
No bilateral or multilateral
justification in practice. Consequently, to simplify the existing legal order, the European
arrest warrant must have the same scope as the extradition which it replaces and apply both
before trial and afterwards.

instrument makes this distinction,

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4.3.

Choice of the instrument

The same concern for effectiveness underlies the option in favour of a Framework Decision
for the creation of the European arrest warrant. The many Conventions drawn up under the
Council of Europe, in European political cooperation or in the European Union have had
limited success, as progress in ratifications attests. Both the legal order flowing from the
Amsterdam Treaty and the advanced state of judicial cooperation between Member States
justify the creation of the European arrest warrant by a Framework Decision which, under
Article 34 of the Union Treaty, would be “binding upon the Member States as to the result to
be achieved but shall leave to the national authorities the choice of form and methods”.

4.4.

An instrument concerned to protect fundamental rights

The proposed system has a dual objective. First,
the effectiveness of
law-enforcement, it draws the conclusions of opening the borders within the European
law-enforcement area by making it easier for justice to be administered across borders
between Member States. In this respect, the mechanism is a major contribution to the fight
against transnational organised crime. Moreover, this system addresses the European citizens’
concerns for the protection of individual rights.

in terms of

Several points must be made here:

1.

provision is made for the presence of legal counsel and, if necessary, an interpreter as
from the time of arrest under a European arrest warrant (Article 11);

2. where a person is arrested on the basis of a European arrest warrant the judicial authority
in the issuing Member State will be under a duty to rule on the question of his
maintenance in custody on the basis of the assurances he gives as to his subsequent
appearance. If adequate assurances are given, a person arrested on the basis of a
European arrest warrant may be released, conditionally if appropriate, in the executing
State, pending presentation to the issuing authority at a date that is appropriate for the
current procedure (Article 14). This mechanism is designed to avoid remanding people in
custody for extended periods, sometimes merely because the person is geographically
remote. Similarly, the issuing judicial authority may decide to suspend the execution of
the European arrest warrant when the person arrested voluntarily undertakes to appear
(Article 13 (3));

3.

4.

5.

6.

a person against whom a judgment has been given in absentia must be retried after
lodging an opposition with the executing judicial authority (Article 35);

the number of cases where provisional detention is pronounced mainly to ensure that
people reside in other Member States are amenable to the courts should be limited,
because the effectiveness of the European arrest warrant improves the assurance that
people will actually be surrendered to and appear before the issuing judicial authority
(Article 17);

transfers that are neither useful nor necessary will be avoided by the use of
videoconferencing (Article 34). Similarly the execution of a penalty in the place where
the condemned person can best be reintegrated should be encouraged (Articles 33 and
36);

criminal proceedings will be accelerated, in particular because of the increased practice of
temporary transfers from one State to another (Articles 39 and 40), which will contribute
to enforcing litigants’ right to have judgment given within a reasonable time. Set within a
strict ninety-day limit (Article 20), the procedure for the European arrest warrant should
make an important contribution to respect for the principle of the reasonable period;

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7.

8.

the removal of the principle of double criminal liability is not at the expense of States
with the most lenient legislation. The negative list mechanism allows Member States
which choose to decriminalise certain acts to exclude them from the scope of the
European arrest warrant (Article 27);

the possibility for a State of making the execution of a European arrest warrant
conditional on a guarantee that
life imprisonment will not be imposed is stated
(Article 37).

Lastly, in the issuing and execution of European arrest warrants, the national courts will of
course remain subject to the general norms relating to protection of fundamental rights, and
particularly the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms of 1950 and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.

4.5.

General presentation

The mechanism of the European arrest warrant has the following features:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

1

the purpose of the European arrest warrant is the enforced transfer of a person from one
Member State to another. The proposed procedure replaces the traditional extradition
procedure. It is to be treated as equivalent to it for the interpretation of Article 5 of the
European Convention of Human Rights relating to freedom and security;

it is a horizontal system replacing the current extradition system in all respects and,
unlike the Treaty between Italy and Spain, not limited to certain offences;

the mechanism is based on the mutual recognition of court judgments. The basic idea is
as follows: when a judicial authority of a Member State requests the surrender of a
person, either because he has been convicted of an offence or because he is being
prosecuted, its decision must be recognised and executed automatically throughout the
Union. Refusal to execute a European arrest warrant must be confined to a limited
number of hypotheses.
The scope of the proposed text is almost identical to that of extradition:1 the European
arrest warrant allows a person to be arrested and surrendered if in one of Member States
he has been convicted and sentenced to immediate imprisonment of four months or more
or remanded in custody where the offence of which he is charged carries a term of more
than a year.

Given that the mechanism is particularly binding for the person concerned, it is felt
important to allow its use only in cases that are serious enough to justify it;

is primarily judicial. The
the procedure for executing the European arrest warrant
political phase inherent
the
administrative redress phase following the political decision is also abolished. The
removal of these two procedural levels should considerably improve the effectiveness and
speed of the mechanism;

in the extradition procedure is abolished. Accordingly,

the European arrest warrant will take account of the principle of citizenship of the Union.
The exception made for the nationals should no longer apply. The primary criterion is not
nationality but the place of the person’s main residence, in particular with regard to the
execution of sentences. Provision is made for facilitating the execution of the sentence
passed in the country of arrest when it is there that the person is the most likely to achieve

The two conditions (penalty remaining to be executed and maximum penalty incurred) were cumulative in
the extradition system. They are independent here (see infra, Article 2).

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6.

7.

8.

integration, and moreover, when a European arrest warrant is executed, for making it
possible to make it conditional on the guarantee of the person’s subsequent return for the
execution of the sentence passed by the foreign authority;

the cases of refusal to execute the arrest warrant are limited and are listed in order to
liability is
simplify and accelerate the procedure. The principle of double criminal
abolished, as is the principle of speciality. But Member States have the possibility, if they
wish, of drawing up a negative list of offences for which they will state that they refuse to
execute the European arrest warrant on their territory. Similarly, it is possible to restore
the requirement of the double criminal liability for cases in which the issuing State
exercises extraterritorial authority;

the elements appearing in the European arrest warrant are standardised at the level of the
Union. They must, in all but exceptional cases, enable the authority of the executing
country to surrender the person without other controls being carried out;

the mechanism of the European arrest warrant is intended to replace, as between the
Member States, the 1957 Convention, its two protocols of 1975 and 1978, the provisions
concerning extradition of the terrorism Convention and the two Union Conventions of
1995 and 1996. Certain provisions of the Schengen Implementing Convention are also
replaced.

5.

ARTICLE-BY-ARTICLE COMMENTARY

Chapter 1: General principles

Article 1 - Subject-matter

The principle underlying this Framework Decision is the mutual recognition of court
judgments. Applying this principle, a European arrest warrant
issued in one of the
Member States must be executed in accordance with the Framework Decision throughout the
Union.

Article 2 - Scope

A European arrest warrant may be issued both for the implementation of an enforceable
judgment and at the pre-trial stage.

The scope provided for here differs little from that laid down in the European Extradition
Convention 1957.

(a) With regard to the nature of the decisions which can give rise to a European arrest

warrant, it is necessary that:
–

if the case involves a judgment:

–
–

it be final; and
if it was given in absentia, it be capable of being opposed (Article 35);

–

if the case involves a pre-trial order, that a custodial sentence have been passed. It
is not necessary for a national arrest warrant to be formally issued beforehand by
the national authority, but nothing prohibits it either.

(b) With regard to the amounts of the sentences potentially or actually ordered, allowing the
issuance of a European arrest warrant, they do not differ from those provided for by the
1957 Convention. The previous practice, which appears satisfactory, will continue in this
respect.

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But as the principle of double criminal liability is abolished, it is not necessary to place a
minimum limit on the penalty incurred in the Executing State. The European arrest warrant
must be carried out whatever the amount of the penalty incurred in the executing State. This
principle explains the absence of a reference to the situation referred to Article 2(2) of the
1996 Convention.

For the appraisal of the minimum sentence for the issuance of a European arrest warrant,
judgments in absentia are treated as final judgments, as was already the case in the 1957
Convention (cf. Explanatory Report). But with regard to the execution of judgments imposing
the system of the 1957 Convention envisaged a
penalties of more than four months,
cumulative condition with the legal maximum incurred for the same offence. This condition is
abolished here since it is the judgment itself which is recognised, the penalty incurred no
longer being a relevant element once sentence has been passed.

Likewise, the situation referred to in Article 2(2) of the 1957 Convention is no longer relevant
since, subject to Article 41 of this Decision, the principle of speciality is abolished.

Certain Member States (including the Benelux and Nordic countries) have concluded
agreements among themselves to extend the field of extradition below the minima laid down
in the 1957 Convention. It will be for them to decide if they maintain the principle of
extradition for these cases or are satisfied with extending the scope of the European arrest
warrant among themselves.

Article 3 - Definitions

(a) The European arrest warrant is a warrant for search, arrest, detention and surrender to the
judicial authority of the issuing country. In the previous system, under the 1957
Convention as implemented by the Schengen Convention, the provisional arrest warrant
and the extradition request were two separate phases of the procedure. Pursuant to the
principle of mutual recognition of court
is no longer necessary to
distinguish the two phases. The arrest warrant thus operates not only as a conventional
arrest warrant (search, arrest and detention) but also as a request for surrender to the
authorities of the issuing State.

judgments,

it

But the four obligations imposed on Member States by the European arrest warrant do
not have the same legal status. The search and arrest functions are binding on the
executing State even in the marginal exclusion situations (Articles 27, 28, 30 and 31). But
the detention of the requested person will require a specific decision by a judicial
authority (Article 14). In the absence of that person(s consent, a court order will also be
required for surrender to the issuing judicial authority.

(b) The procedure of the European arrest warrant

is based on the principle of mutual
recognition of court
judgments. State-to-State relations are therefore substantially
replaced by court-to-court relations between judicial authorities. The term “judicial
authority” corresponds, as in the 1957 Convention (cf. Explanatory Report, Article 1), to
the judicial authorities as such and the prosecution services, but not to the authorities of
police force. The issuing judicial authority will be the judicial authority which has
authority to issue the European arrest warrant
the
Member State (Article 4).

in the procedural system of

(c) With regard to the executing judicial authority, several procedural mechanisms are
possible depending whether the simplified procedure applies or not (Article 16). It will be
the prosecution service or a judge, depending on the procedure applicable in the
Member State. The term “executing judicial authority” will cover one or the other, as the
case requires. But it must always be the authority that takes the decision to execute the

7

warrant. Even if Article 5 enables the Member States to confer powers on a central
authority in a series of circumstances, that authority will not be covered by this definition.

(d) The definition of the judgment “in absentia” is based partly on the Council of Europe
Convention of 1970 on the International Validity of Criminal Judgments and partly on
Resolution (75) 11 of the Committee of the Ministers of the Council of Europe. It
corresponds in substance to Article 3(g) of the United Nations model extradition Treaty
(Resolution 45/116, as amended by Resolution 52/88). It takes account of the voluminous
case-law of the European Court of Human Rights. Judgments “in absentia” are those
against which there must be a right of appeal to enable the person to be retried in his
presence. But judgments “in absentia” do not include judgments given against a person
who was actually summoned to appear within the time usually provided for by the legal
system of the State in which the judgment was given and deliberately failed to discharge
his obligation to appear, without seeking to be represented and without the absence being
due to a cause beyond his control.

(e) The definition of detention order is taken from the 1957 Convention.

(f) The definition of the requested person is intended to allow harmonisation of the concepts

throughout the body of the instrument.

Article 4 - Competent judicial authorities

The judicial authority having the power to issue a European arrest warrant is designated in
accordance with the national legislation of the Member States. They will be able to entrust the
decision either to the same authority as gave the judgment or the judgment referred to in
Article 2 or to another authority.

The same applies to the authority having power to execute the European arrest warrant. It
must be stressed that the authority referred to in Article 4 is the one which, subject to the
points which might fall within the powers of the central authority (Article 5), has the power to
decide on the validity and execution of the European arrest warrant and therefore on surrender
to the judicial authorities of the other Member State. The political and administrative phase
that typifies the extradition system is abolished.

Article 5 - Central authority

Paragraph 1 of this Article is inspired by the 1996 Convention and the European Union
Convention of 2000 on mutual judicial assistance in criminal matters. It
is a practical
provision to facilitate the transmission of information between Member States, and the current
system must be maintained. The role of these central authorities must be to facilitate the
distribution and execution of European arrest warrants as between Member States. They are to
deal in particular with translation and with administrative support for the execution of
warrants.

In the proposed mechanism, the Decision on the validity of the European arrest warrant and
the principle of its execution falls to be taken by the judicial authority of the arresting country.
But Member States can provide that, on certain questions listed exhaustively, a central
administrative authority may be involved, for example because this type of Decision falls to
be taken by an administrative authority in the system of the Member State concerned.
Examples might be a decision that the person enjoys immunity (Article 31), a decision that
execution of the warrant should be deferred on serious humanitarian grounds (Article 38) or a
decision to ascertain whether there are adequate guarantees from another Member State that
life imprisonment will not be ordered (Article 37).

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Where a Member State makes use of this possibility, it will have to organise relations between
the judicial authority having jurisdiction to take this decision and the central authority so that
the former authority can have regard to the opinion expressed by the latter authority and so
that these powers are exercised within no more than ninety days. These relations must also be
organised in such a way that the central authority can take its decision in full knowledge of
the views of the person against whom the warrant is issued.

Article 6 - Content of the European arrest warrant

The information contained in the European arrest warrant corresponds for the most part to the
information listed in Article 95 of the Convention implementing the Schengen agreement.
The following information is added:

– the penalty, if there is an enforceable criminal judgment, or else, the prescribed scale of

penalty;

– where the judgment has been given in absentia, a statement as to the right to lodge an

opposition and on the applicable procedure;

– whether the person has already been arrested for the same offence and let free, or has

escaped from prison.

The latter condition is important because it will entail a difference in the procedure applicable
to the execution of the European arrest warrant. If the person has been conditionally released,
the European arrest warrant will generally be executed, subject to the appraisal of the judicial
authority executing it (Article 17), by a simplified procedure with no need to verify that the
person concerned consents to it. This heading of the European arrest warrant will therefore
have to be filled in very carefully. This can be done at various stages of the procedure: either
ab initio, or when the issuing judicial authority applies Article 13(3) (suspension of execution
of European arrest warrant subject to representation of person), or when the person has
already been arrested on the basis of the same warrant and let free by the judicial authority of
the arresting State (Article 14) but has failed to discharge his obligation to reappear. In the
last two cases, it will be for the issuing judicial authority to add the relevant information to the
warrant.

The transmission of this information constitutes a request for arrest and for surrender to the
judicial authorities which took the decision under which the European arrest warrant was
issued. Generally speaking, the information contained in the arrest warrant must be sufficient
for the judicial authorities of the place of arrest to be able to execute the arrest warrant
without the executing State needing to ask for further documentation, in all but exceptional
cases.

Chapter II: Procedure

Section 1 : General

Article 7 - Communication between authorities

The principle, taken over from the Convention of 29 May 2000 on mutual assistance in
criminal matters, is the direct communication of the European arrest warrant from judicial
authority to judicial authority. The implementation of this principle supposes, of course, that
the place of residence of the requested person in the other Member State is known to the
authority issuing the arrest warrant.

As in the Union Convention on mutual assistance (Article 6),
Member States to provide that procedures must transit via a central authority in certain cases.

is possible for the

it

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Section 2 : Use of the Schengen Information System

Article 8 - Alert

When it is not known where the requested person is, the mechanism set up by the Convention
implementing the Schengen Agreement will apply. The Framework Decision replaces Article
95(1) and (2) of the Convention implementing the Schengen agreement in this respect. The
content of the additional information to be disseminated by the competent national authorities
(SIRENE offices) is amended and is aligned on the contents of the European arrest warrant
(Article 6). Dissemination will be as before by the Schengen procedures. At this stage it must
be emphasised that confidentiality must be secured in the transmission of this information.
The use of the secure Schengen procedure will ensure compliance with European data-
protection rules.

Article 9 - Flag

Article 95(3), (4), (5) and (6) of the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement are
repealed. Article 94(4) is to be regarded as repealed as regards its application to a European
arrest warrant. This Framework Decision establishes the principle of implementation of the
European arrest warrant throughout the Union. Execution can be refused only in limited
cases. As a rule, when a European arrest warrant is issued, only the situations referred to in
Article 27 (exceptional re-establishment of the principle of double criminal liability in a
negative list), Article 28 (exercise of an extraterritorial jurisdiction), Article 30 (offence
amnestied in the executing State) or Article 31 (immunity enjoyed in the executing State) can
justify a flag being added by a Member State. The effect of the flag is that the person
concerned will not be arrested on the territory of the State adding it. The same will apply
where the judicial authority in the arresting State decides, in accordance with Article 14, to
provisionally release the person concerned pending his surrender to the authorities of the
issuing State so as to avoid the need for a second arrest in the same State or where the issuing
judicial authority provisionally orders that the warrant shall cease to have effect (Article
13(3)). In this case, the Member State adding the flag will have to inform the issuing State
that it is doing so, and in the event of control on its territory, information concerning the
person’s whereabouts must be supplied to the competent authorities of the State issuing the
European arrest warrant. The latter obligation is taken over from Article 95(5) of the
Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement.

Regarding the question of the time-limit for introducing the European arrest warrant into the
Schengen system, the effect of the principle of mutual recognition is to reverse the rule in
relation to the current Article 95(3), (4) and (6) of the Convention implementing the Schengen
Agreement. The principle must now be that the warrant must be disseminated systematically.
The alert for the purposes of non-arrest can be entered at a later date, but the period during
which the dissemination of the European arrest warrant is deferred pending examination of its
conformity with national law is abolished.

Section 3 : Arrest and detention

Article 10 - Coercive measures

On this point, the Framework Decision makes no change in relation to the current situation. It
is the legislation of the executing Member State which applies to the coercive measures
applied to the person arrested, subject to the right to legal counsel and an interpreter which are
specific to the European arrest warrant (see infra, Article 11(2)).

It will be for the police and the competent judicial authorities, acting in accordance with their
national law, to take the first measures aiming to secure the person and check his identity. The

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case-law of the European Court of Human Rights requires these measures to be necessary and
proportionate. The European arrest warrant operates as a request for detention, so the person
must be detained until the judicial authority in the executing State can rule on his situation in
accordance with national law (Article 14). It will be for the Member States to regulate in their
national law the controls applicable during the period between the person’s physical arrest
and his presentation before the judicial authorities of the executing State. The position here is
comparable to the position regarding extradition.

Article 11 - Rights of a requested person

The Framework Decision takes over the distinction made by the 1995 and 1996 Union
Conventions between cases in which the person agrees to be surrendered to the authorities of
the issuing State and cases in which he challenges it.

Consequently, as soon as he is arrested on the basis of the European arrest warrant, the person
must be made aware of its contents and, if appropriate, consent to be immediately surrendered
to the issuing judicial authority. This Article takes over Article 6 of the 1995 Convention.

From the time of his arrest, a person against whom an arrest warrant is issued is entitled to the
services of a lawyer and, if necessary, an interpreter. This is an important guarantee for the
protection of individual rights. It is justified by the fact that, being arrested in a probably
unfamiliar legal and linguistic context for transfer to another Member State, the person must
have legal advice from the beginning of the procedure. This is a guarantee that is specific to
the European arrest warrant and independent of the procedure applicable in the Member State
in the event of arrest on the basis of a national arrest warrant (see supra).

Article 12 - Notification to the judicial authorities

The judicial authorities must immediately be informed of the arrest. The judicial authorities in
the executing State are notified in accordance with the applicable national procedure. The
judicial authorities in the issuing State are notified of the arrest either by the competent
authority of the State of arrest or by the central authorities mentioned in Article 5.

Article 13 –Verification and suspension

As a safety measure,
the validity of the European arrest warrant must be checked
systematically and immediately by the issuing judicial authorities or the central authority in
the issuing State. This check is all the more necessary as it is no longer necessary for the
issuing State to ask for surrender at a later date since this is included in the very definition of
the European arrest warrant.

If the arrest warrant is not upheld, the person is released at once unless there is another
proceeding against him.

The issuing judicial authority may decide to suspend temporarily the execution of the
European arrest warrant in exchange for the commitment by the person arrested to appear
voluntarily at a specified place and time. It may also take additional guarantees or impose
conditions for its agreement, such as the lodging of a security. The person’s commitment to
appear will be recorded by the judicial authority of the arresting State and notified to the
issuing judicial authority. The person concerned will also be informed of the potential
failure to appear. The issuing judicial authority must also transmit
consequences of
information regarding the suspension of the European arrest warrant
to the Schengen
Information System if the warrant was disseminated through it.

If the person appears as agreed, the European arrest warrant will lapse definitively (Article
25). Otherwise, it will be for the issuing judicial authority to record the failure to appear,

11

whereupon the warrant will become enforceable again. If the person is then re-arrested, the
procedure of Article 17, whereby the warrant becomes immediately executable regardless of
assent and without further hearings, will apply without exception.

Article 14 - Provisional release

Between his arrest and his surrender to the issuing authorities, the person is the responsibility
of the executing Member State. The competent judicial authorities there will have to take the
decision in accordance with its national procedural rules and within the time allowed by
legislation governing arrests. This procedure, which concerns exclusively the
national
question of provisional release, is distinct from the procedure of Article 18, which concerns
the validity and execution of the European arrest warrant. The competent judicial authorities
there will have to take the decision having regard to the assurances as to subsequent
appearance that the person concerned can produce and his undertaking to allow the authorities
to execute the warrant.

The purpose of this provision is to allow the provisional release of the person on the territory
of the executing State until the date when he is surrendered to the issuing judicial authority.
That date must be determined jointly by the judicial authorities in the issuing and executing
States on the basis of the date when the former need the person to appear before them. So
long as he remains on the territory of the executing State, that State will be responsible for
ensuring that he does not seek to evade justice. The executing judicial authority may make its
decision subject to conditions under national law in the event of provisional release, such as
the payment of a security, a ban on moving outside specified geographical limits,
the
obligation to appear regularly before control authorities, etc.

The situation here is different from the situation referred to in the previous Article. Unlike
Article 13(3), which provides for the suspension of the European arrest warrant, the warrant
will here be actually executed, and the arresting State will be responsible.

Section 4: Judicial procedure for surrender

Article 15 - Examination of the European arrest warrant

The court with jurisdiction to rule on the execution of the arrest warrant must be apprised as
soon as possible, and in any event no later than ten days after the arrest. For this period, it will
be for the designated competent authority to obtain the person’s consent to execution of the
warrant, if necessary. Depending whether this consent is given or not, the authority with
jurisdiction to rule on execution may change. It might be the prosecution service in the cases
referred to in Articles 16 and 17 or a court in other cases.

Article 16 - Consent to surrender

This Article is inspired by Article 7 and 8of the 1995 Convention, in particular with regard to
the procedures for obtaining the person’s consent. If he agrees, the warrant must be executed
immediately. The mechanism set up here does not differ appreciably from that laid down in
the 1995 Convention, which already expressly derogated from the formal extradition
mechanisms.2 But in the previous situation, the requested State retained the full power to
assess both the legality and the expediency of the surrender. Henceforth, this power will be
constrained by the provisions of the Framework Decision concerning the refusal to execute
the European arrest warrant. With regard to the authority with jurisdiction to take the

2

But the mechanism of the 1995 Convention enabled States to declare that the person’s consent was
revocable. This limitation was not kept here.

12

decision, it must always be a judicial authority, but Member States will be able to decide to
confer that power on the prosecutor, which distinguishes this situation from that referred to in
Article 18.

But the formalities for notifying the issuing authority of the person’s consent have been
simplified. Under the 1995 Convention the notification had a direct effect on the presentation
of the extradition request by the requesting State. Since the European arrest warrant operates
as a request for surrender, the chief value of the notification of the persons consent is as
information for the issuing authority.

Article 17 - Previous release

This Article aims to take account of the previous procedure which could proceed on the
territory both of the issuing State and of the executing State. When a person arrested and left
free or released after pre-trial detention fails to return (this information is on the arrest warrant
(Article 6 i)), or when the person escaped, the procedure for execution of the European arrest
warrant is simplified and there will generally be no need for a court hearing, even if there was
no consent. The same procedure applies if the person has already been arrested on the basis of
the same European arrest warrant but, contrary to his commitment, he did not reappear before
the issuing judicial authority (Article 13(3)), or when he was released on bail under Article 14
and fails to meet his obligations.

If, however, the executing State’s judicial authority has reasons to believe that the request
falls under one of the cases provided for by Articles 27 to 34, it may refer to a court in
accordance with the procedure provided for by Article 18. If the person challenges the use of
the accelerated procedure, the question may be referred to the courts. The case will then relate
solely to the question whether the conditions of paragraph 1 are met (is this the right person?
Has the person actually been released in manner described by paragraph 1? Etc?). The review
here differs substantially from the action provided for by Article 18. In certain cases the
action might prompt the judicial authority of the executing State to rule on the person’s
maintenance in detention in accordance with Article 14.

One of the aims of this Article is to improve indirectly the assurances that people residing in
other Member States will actually appear in court. There is sometimes a greater tendency to
keep them in detention than residents, because the judicial authorities consider that there is
inadequate assurance that they will appear. Under the proposed mechanism, they will be
placed in the same position as people residing on national territory. The assurance given to the
judicial authorities that they can simply and effectively make the person return, even if he
resides in another Member State, should make it easier to release him or leave him free.

Article 18 - Hearing

When the person does not agree to surrender or is in the situation referred to in Article 17(2)
or (3), the decision concerning the execution of the European arrest warrant must be taken by
a court. This Article aims, in these cases, to heighten the assurance given to a person against
whom a European arrest warrant has been issued by giving him the possibility of being heard
by an independent judge and to enjoy the benefit of adversarial proceedings. In other cases,
the procedure could be implemented by the prosecution if that is compatible with the legal
order of the Member State.

The person must be brought before a court within ten days following his arrest (Article 15).
The hearing will proceed in accordance with the procedural rules applicable in the executing
State. As a rule it will not extend to questions of substance but to points such as identity or the
formal regularity of the warrant (Article 32). But the court’s review of execution must also, if

13

necessary, cover all the exceptions provided for in Articles 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, and 34 and
the specific cases referred to in Articles 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 and 40, subject to the powers (if
any) of the central authority.

It is provided that the issuing State as such is represented or makes submissions to the court
taking the decision. This mechanism must allow a genuine debate, and will be able in
particular to make it possible (in presumably rare cases) to provide the additional information
which would prove necessary (Article 19).

Article 19 - Supplementary information

The requests here should be exceptional as the information contained in the arrest warrant is
in theory sufficient for execution purposes. But in some circumstances (implementation of
ne bis in idem, for example, or checking that the case is covered by the negative list of
Article 27), it might prove necessary to provide the court with supplementary information.
The court will therefore be able to postpone the hearing to a later date. This reference must
not, however, lengthen the procedural deadlines, which are strictly framed (Article 20).

Article 20 - Time-limit for the decision whether to execute the European arrest warrant

It will be for each State to organise the procedure in accordance with its own rules, and in
particular to provide, if appropriate, for the possibility of an appeal against the decision taken
by the court referred to in Article 18. However, the procedure set up by this Framework
Decision must above all be fast and effective. It is therefore necessary for a decision to be
taken very quickly on the execution of the European arrest warrant and for the issuing
authority to be acquainted as soon as possible with the action taken on its request. The
proposed ninety-day period corresponds to that provided for in the Treaty between Italy and
Spain. It may in no circumstances be lengthened. It includes all the phases of the procedure.

Article 21 - Refusal and expiry of the time-limit

In the event of a refusal to surrender the person concerned or of failure to stay within the
ninety-day deadline, the person must be released except if, with regard to a judgment, it is
being enforced in the State requested (Article 33), or if there are other grounds for detention.

The provisions on reasons to be given for the rejection are taken in adapted form from the
1957 Convention (Article 18 (2)).

Article 22 - Notification of the decision on whether to execute the European arrest
warrant

This Article is taken over in part from Article 10 of the 1995 Convention on simplified
extradition. The notification will be made directly by the executing judicial authority to the
issuing judicial authority. This gives effect to the Article 8 principle of direct communication
between judicial authorities. The central authorities will be able in practice to facilitate this
communication (by arranging for translation, for example).

The Decision must be notified immediately. The 1995 Convention provided for a twenty-day
deadline for notifying the decision to accept or refuse extradition. This period was designed to
enable an applicant State whose request for the simplified procedure was rejected to request
extradition by the ordinary procedure. This option is no longer relevant, and the period is
therefore abolished with regard to the execution of a European arrest warrant. Since execution
will be the rule and refusal will be the exception, it is preferable to minimise the notification
phase and proceed immediately to the formalities for surrender so that it can take place as
soon as possible.

14

Article 23 - Time-limit for the surrender of the person requested

The person must be surrendered within twenty days following notification of consent or the
decision, whatever the authority which took it.

the concept of force majeure must be interpreted strictly,

Paragraphs 2 and 3 are inspired by the 1995 Convention (Article 11). They concern situations
where execution of a European arrest warrant has been accepted but is deferred because there
are objections of force majeure to transferring him. As the 1995 Convention envisaged
(cf. Explanatory Report),
in
law. This refers to an
accordance with the interpretation used in international criminal
unforeseeable and unavoidable situation (for example a transport accident, a strike preventing
use of the planned mode of transport, no other means being available, serious illness of the
person who needs urgent hospitalisation, etc). The new surrender date must then be as close
as possible to the date when the period initially planned expires. The proposed form of words
is more flexible than in the 1995 Convention. If the reason for not transferring the person is
based on his personal circumstances, such as his state of health, the twenty-day limit does not
apply (second subparagraph of paragraph 3).

On the other hand, where the warrant was issued on the basis of a final judgment and the
person is the subject of proceedings that have not given rise to a final decision in the
executing State (Article 39(1), (2) and (4)), the latter State is released from the time-limits
applying to surrender. The person will be surrendered only when the proceedings are over.

Whether the European arrest warrant is executed within the prescribed deadlines or is in one
of the exceptional situations provided for by this Article, the final date of the person’s
surrender must be set by agreement between the competent authorities of the Member States
concerned.

Article 24 - Deduction of the period of deprivation of liberty from the penalty

In the extradition system, the possibility of deducting the period served in prison in the
extradition process from the total sentence to be served was not always available. This Article
remedies this shortcoming. The executing State must for this purpose send the State requested
an exact calculation of the time spent in prison by the person against whom the European
arrest warrant is executed.

Article 25 - End of effect

Where the requested person has been surrendered, the judicial authority in the executing
Member State must ensure that the arrest warrant ceases to have effect. It will be for the
issuing judicial authority to act in accordance with its national law and to send information as
required to the Schengen Information System. The cessation of effect will be able to take
place at different stages in the procedure: obviously when the surrender takes place, but also
when the executing judicial authority decides to execute the penalty on its territory, or when it
notes that there is a non bis in idem situation.

Chapter III: Grounds for non-execution

Article 26 - General provision

The grounds for refusing to execute a European arrest warrant in a Member State are listed
exhaustively in this Framework Decision. Subject, of course, to the general rules for the
protection of fundamental rights, and particularly the European Convention for the Protection

15

of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950 and the Charter of Fundamental Rights
of the European Union, it will not be possible for the judicial authority of a Member State to
refuse to execute a European arrest warrant on a ground not provided for here.

Article 27 - List of exceptions

The principle of double criminal liability is abolished. This removal arises logically from the
mutual recognition principle: the Decision of the judicial authority of another Member State is
recognised in all its effects, ipso facto and without a priori review. It will hardly matter,
therefore, if the offence for which the arrest warrant was issued does not exist, or that its
components differ in the executing State. Under this principle each Member State not only
recognises the entire criminal law of the other Member States but also agrees to assist them in
enforcing it. This mechanism will make it possible in particular to solve the difficulties
connected with delays in amendment of the Member States’ criminal law when new forms of
crime emerge.

But there are two restrictions in Articles 27 and 28.

Under Article 27, each Member State may draw up a list of forms of conduct for which it
declares in advance it will refuse to execute European arrest warrants (“negative list” system).
This list may include forms of conduct that do not constitute offences in the Member State
making the list but which are in other Member States. Offences which have been
decriminalised over the years (abortion, drug use, euthanasia, etc.) are typical of what might
be on this list. Decriminalisation in these cases can be seen as the outcome of a democratic
debate within the State which, consequently, no longer agrees to cooperate with other States
which still treats these forms of conduct as criminal offences. The list will also cover more
general aspects of criminal liability, such as the minimum age for liability. The list of
offences provided for by this Article must be communicated to the General Secretariat of the
Council and to the Commission, and it must be published. But at least three months will be
needed after publication of the list before the Member State can rely on the exceptions in it.

Article 28 - Principle of territoriality

When a Member State exercises extraterritorial jurisdiction in relation to an offence which is
not an offence under the law of the State in which execution is requested, the latter State will
be able to refuse to execute the European arrest warrant. A State is considered to exercise
extraterritorial jurisdiction when none of the components of the offence is located on its
territory. Member States are generally required to provide mutual assistance and execute
European arrest warrants issued by the judicial authorities of the other Member States, even
where they exercise extraterritorial jurisdiction on the basis of their national law. However,
the obligation does not apply in cases involving offences which do not constitute offences in
the State in which execution is requested. This avoids obliging a State to execute a European
arrest warrant for an offence committed entirely on its territory but not classified as such by
its own law. The criterion to be taken into account here, to consider the restoration of the
principle of double criminal liability, will be the definition of the offence in the substantive
criminal law rather than the question of the jurisdiction of the State in which execution is
requested for an identical offence. In other words, the execution of the European arrest
warrant could be refused if the issuing State exercised extraterritorial jurisdiction and if the
offence justifying the exercise of this jurisdiction does not exist
in the State in which
execution is requested. The assessment of whether the offence is provided for by the
legislation of the executing Member State must be done on a strict basis and not include the
question of jurisdiction in a similar case. Thus, if the offence exists in law but the courts of
the executing State have no jurisdiction on the facts, the European arrest warrant must be
executed.

16

Article 29 - Non bis in idem

The non bis in idem principle is a fundamental principle of law. All national courts are bound
by this principle, which is reaffirmed by Article 50 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of
the European Union absolutely, for the entire Union.

The Convention of 25 May 1987 between the Member States of the Communities relating to
the implementation of the non bis in idem principle specifies detailed rules and possible
exceptions. But it has been ratified by only three Member States.

Article 9 of the 1957 Convention makes it possible to refuse extradition on this ground only if
the Decision alleged to be the same was given by the judicial authorities of the State requested
(or they had decided not to commence the proceedings or to end them). An identical solution
is proposed here.

The mechanism proposed here takes account of the speed of proceedings that will flow from
the adoption of the European arrest warrant. The solution will be different according to
whether the Decision in question was taken by a judicial authority of the executing State or by
a third country. In the first case, it will be for the judicial authorities of the executing State to
verify whether the facts giving rise to the prosecution in the two States are indeed the same. In
the second, the principle would be to execute the warrant and entrust the issuing court with
the verification.

Admittedly, the 1975 Protocol extended the examination of the non bis in idem principle to
Decisions given in third countries that were parties to the Convention (Article 2). It specified
the situations in which extradition could be refused on the base of non bis in idem and a
number of other possible exceptions to this refusal. This solution does not appear appropriate
within the framework of the evaluation of the non bis in idem principle for the execution of a
European arrest warrant. For one thing, the Protocol has been ratified only by six of the
Member States; for another, the speed of the procedure now provided for will allow the
verification to be made more quickly and more reliably than in the executing State, which
might not have all the necessary facts to hand.

In addition, when there is concurrent jurisdiction as between the judicial authorities of the
issuing State and the executing State as regards the offence that prompted the European arrest
warrant, execution can be refused if the executing State takes a Decision not to proceed. The
recommended solution is on this point identical to that of the 1957 Convention.

Article 30 - Amnesty

As regards amnesty, this Article does not innovate in relation to the previous situation
resulting from the second Protocol to the European Extradition Convention (Article 4), which
was taken over in Article 62 (2) of the Schengen Convention and Article 9 of the 1996
Convention. The drafting is identical.

The reason for accepting this exception is the same as that underlying the negative list
provided for by Article 27. The amnesty of certain offences is the result of a democratic
debate in the State. It is consequently logical to accept that this State no longer agrees to
cooperate with other States which still treats these forms of conduct as criminal offences.

On the other hand limitation periods, which were covered by Article 8 of the 1996
Convention, are no longer among the grounds for refusal, even where both States have
jurisdiction to prosecute for the offence. An amnesty is a positive action by the legislature in
the executing State, but the expiry of the limitation period is no more than the consequence of
failure to prosecute. It can be involuntary and result purely from the fact either that the
authorities in that State are unaware that an offence has been committed or that investigations

17

have not enabled the offender to be identified. It should not, therefore, be possible to rely on
these difficulties against the issuing judicial authority. In addition, it would be illogical for a
State to execute a European arrest warrant for acts which it does not treat as criminal offences
while refusing to execute it where they do constitute offences but the limitation period is past.

Article 31 - Immunity

This Article is taken over from the Treaty between Italy and Spain and makes it possible to
refuse to execute a European arrest warrant when the person against whom it is issued enjoys
is the
immunity in the executing State. The introduction of this ground for
consequence of the conversion of the surrender process into a wholly judicial process. In the
previous situation, it was for a political authority to rule on the immunity issue and act
accordingly. Henceforth this situation must be seen as an explicit ground for exclusion. The
decision whether or not to recognise a person’s immunity may be entrusted to the central
authority (Article 5).

refusal

Article 32 - Lack of necessary information

This is a traditional clause for refusal to execute an arrest warrant.

There must be certainty as to the identity of the person arrested and the warrant must have
been established in accordance with Article 6 of the Framework Decision.

Chapter IV: Grounds for refusal to surrender

Article 33 - Principle of integration

If the European arrest warrant was issued pursuant to a final judgment, the judicial authority
of the executing State may decide that it is preferable for the future social rehabilitation of the
person in question to serve his sentence on the spot. The interest of the person is the only
criterion which makes it possible to apply this provision, and his consent is necessary.

This requirement of consent is not in conflict with Article 69 of the Schengen Convention.
That Article covers situations where a person who has been convicted flees to another
Member State and the issuing State transmits the conviction for enforcement. The interested
party’s consent to execution is not, of course, necessary. But the present situation does not
primarily concern transmission of a conviction but execution of an arrest warrant. The
principle must be that the warrant must be executed even if it concerns a national. However, it
may be preferable for the requested person (national or permanent resident) to serve his
sentence in the State where he was arrested. In that case, the executing State will be able, with
the person’s consent, to decide to execute the sentence on its territory rather than executing
the warrant.

Technically, for the implementation of this principle, Member States may look for inspiration
to the 1983 Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons and the Agreement on the
Application, between the Member States of the European Communities, of the Convention of
the Council of Europe on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons of 25 May 1987, where they have
ratified these instruments. Articles 6 (2), 7, 8, 12 and 15 of the 1983 Convention are
particularly relevant. But the better reintegration clause in this Article could be implemented
even between two States one of which has not ratified the 1983 Convention. It will then be for
the two States to find the suitable procedures for executing the sentence.

Where this Article is applied, the amount of the penalty cannot be amended, even if it is
different from what would have been ordered in the executing State. The text does not take
the implementation of which is basically
over Article 10 (2) of the 1983 Convention,

18

incompatible with the principle of mutual recognition. The executing State’s system of
execution of sentences will apply.

Article 34 - Videoconferencing

In a number of cases, it will not be necessary to physically surrender of the requested person,
as he will be able to take part validly in the trial while remaining in the executing State. This
mechanism could for example be used when the person is imprisoned in the executing State
or his transfer is difficult for practical reasons. The procedures for setting in place such a
mechanism are taken over from Article 10 (9) of the European Union Convention relating to
mutual judicial assistance in criminal matters of 2000. It will be for the executing State’s
judicial authority to organise the videoconference procedures in close cooperation with the
issuing State’s judicial authorities. As the Convention provides, this is mandatory neither for
the issuing State nor for the executing State. It can be organised only if both systems accept
the videoconferencing mechanism. If one of the two judicial authorities refuses to do so on
grounds connected with its internal legal order, the European arrest warrant will have to be
executed, subject to the other provisions of this Framework Decision.

If this Article is applied, it will be for judicial authority in the executing State to decide what
happens to the person pending the physical organisation of the videoconference (detention or
provisional release) in accordance with its national procedure.

Chapter V: Special cases

Article 35 - Judgments in absentia

The fact that a judgment was given against a person in absentia according to the definition in
Article 3d does not preclude execution of the European arrest warrant issued pursuant to it.
The proposed text, however, goes further than Article 3 of the 1978 Protocol. Where the
Decision which serves as a basis for the European arrest warrant has been given in absentia,
the executing authority must
record the person’s opposition in accordance with the
instructions in the European arrest warrant. In practice, in this type of case, there must be
direct contact between the two judicial authorities, if necessary with the aid of the central
authority, in order to ensure that the opposition is valid. The execution of the arrest warrant
must proceed in such a way that the interested party can validly assert his rights to oppose it.
In practice, at the time of notification of the opposition, the judicial authorities of the issuing
State must notify the person of a date on which he must appear for trial. In practice, the
execution of the arrest warrant must be so organised as to allow the person to attend the trial
and secure his defence rights.

Article 36 - Return to the executing Member State

The executing State may make the execution of the European arrest warrant conditional on
voluntary return condition once the person has been convicted. This condition should
facilitate the execution of the European arrest warrant for Member States which have
difficulties with the extradition of their nationals. The proposed text is inspired by the
statements made at the time of the ratification of the 1996 Convention.

Article 37 - Life imprisonment

This Article is inspired by the declaration by Portugal on the 1996 Convention. It makes it
possible to submit the execution of a European arrest warrant to an assurance by the issuing
State that if the person is sentenced to life imprisonment the sentence will not actually be
carried out.

19

Article 38 - Deferment of execution on humanitarian grounds

This Article concerns concrete situations in which the European arrest warrant should not be
executed on account of the practical situation of the person, and in particular his health. It can
be deferred until the person’s situation has improved. The warrant will then have to be
executed as soon as possible.

Article 39 - Concurrent proceedings in several Member States

This Article aims to regulate situations in which the person prosecuted is the subject of
criminal proceedings on account of separate facts in the issuing State and in the executing
State.

Three types of situation must be distinguished:

a)

b)

the document which gave rise to the issue of the European arrest warrant is a final
judgment. In this case, the transfer to the issuing State will take place either at the end of
the proceedings carried out in the executing State or when the sentence passed there is
executed;

the document which gave rise to the issue of the warrant is a pre-trial decision or a
judgment in absentia. In this case priority must be given to the current proceeding so that
the issuing State can be in a position to arrive as soon as possible at a final decision. The
person must therefore be transferred to the issuing State, which would be responsible for
re-transferring him to the executing State to serve his sentence at
the end of the
proceedings.

Of course, the possibility of using a videoconference system to try the case will have to
be examined on the facts;

c) when the person is the subject of proceedings in both Member States for separate facts at
the same time, there should be a provisional transfer so that the two judicial authorities
can be in a position to arrive at a final decision as soon as possible. Depending on the
progress of each proceeding, the judicial authorities of both Member States are invited to
act in concert to transfer the person, if necessary several times, so as to allow the success
of the investigations and of the trials. Here again, the possibility of videoconferencing
will have to be considered.

Paragraph 4 is inspired by Article 9 (2) of the European Union Convention on mutual
assistance of 2000.

When a Member State has had a European arrest warrant executed, it must ensure that the
person subsequently appears before the executing State’s judicial authority. If necessary, it
might be convenient for the issuing State to enforce the executing State’s judgment on its
territory. All the documents required for enforcement of the judgment must consequently be
supplied by the competent authority of the executing State.

In addition, if the nature of the offence for which the person is prosecuted in one of the two
States allows, the judicial authorities there should consider the possibility of approaching the
other State’s judicial authorities with a denunciation in accordance with Article 21 of the 1959
European Convention on mutual judicial assistance to allow the two proceedings to be joined.
The interest of the European Convention on the transfer of criminal proceedings of
19 May 1972 and the Agreement between the Member States relating to the transmission of
the criminal proceedings of 6 November 1990 is worth highlighting in this connection.

Article 40 - Multiple requests

20

This Article deals with the rather more complex situation where the requested person is the
subject of European arrest warrants issued simultaneously for different offences by several
judicial authorities of several Member States. This situation can, moreover, exist
in
combination with the previous one.

On this point, the text broadly takes over the general provisions in Article 17 of the 1957
European Extradition Convention. The reference to the person’s nationality, however, is
abolished. The text also establishes the principle of close cooperation between the judicial
authorities of the relevant Member States so that prosecutions can take place in each of them
the authorities
and a final decision be given as soon as possible. In this cooperation,
concerned must be inspired by Article 39.

In addition, provision is made for Eurojust to be consulted on cases of this type.

In relations with such non-member countries as may be seeking the person, the principle of
the priority given to execution of
the European arrest warrant established by the
Italian-Spanish Treaty is not included in relations with non-member countries parties to the
1957 Convention so as to avoid affecting relations between Member States and other
signatories and in particular to avoid violating Article 17 of the Convention. If precedence is
to be given to the European arrest warrant even when it is in competition with an extradition
request from a third country party to the Convention, the Convention would have to be
amended.

But with regard to an extradition request emanating from another third country, the rule is to
give priority to execution of the European arrest warrant. This choice is justified by the fact
that the procedure for execution of the European arrest warrant must be simple and fast while
relations with the non-member countries remain subject
to the traditional and longer
mechanism of extradition. It will be for non-member countries to address their extradition
request to the State whose judicial authorities issued the European arrest warrant.

As regards paragraph 4, which deals with the hypothesis of a conflict between a European
arrest warrant and request for surrender from an international tribunal, cooperation between
the States concerned in compliance with existing international obligations will be necessary.

Article 41 - Other offences

This Article enshrines the abolition of the principle of speciality. The only limits to this
exception are the offences on the negative list provided for by Article 27, the situations to
which Article 28 applies (extraterritorial jurisdiction exercised by the issuing Member State)
or Article 30 (amnesty or limitation periods applicable to the offence in the executing
Member State).

Article 42 - Handing-over of property

This Article is taken over direct from the 1957 Convention with the aim of preserving the
existing legal order in this matter. It must be interpreted in the light of the specific provisions
of the 2000 Convention on mutual judicial assistance in criminal matters, in particular
Article 7.

Chapter VI: Relation to other legal instruments

Article 43 - Relation to other legal instruments

The purpose of this Article is to draw the conclusions of the major changes made by the
Framework Decision in relations between Member States. The legal instruments governing
extradition are replaced by the European arrest warrant in relations between Member States.

21

The Member States will accordingly have to make a notification to the Secretary-General of
the Council of Europe pursuant to Article 28 of the 1957 Convention. The extradition
provisions of the 1977 Convention on terrorism are also affected insofar as the principle of
double criminal liability is abolished.

In addition, the extradition provisions in European Union instruments which enshrine the
principle that a Member State which refuses to extradite its nationals would be required to
the case to its prosecution authorities3 will no longer be applicable when the
submit
Framework Decision on the European arrest warrant
is in force. The more favourable
provisions of instruments signed between some of the Member States of the Union (Benelux
Convention, bilateral treaties, laws of the Nordic States) are not affected. It will be for the
States concerned to decide if they extend among themselves the scope of the European arrest
warrant in order to maintain the previous rule of their law.

Article 44 - Provisions relating to the Schengen acquis

This Framework Decision is a development of the Schengen acquis. But Articles 59 to 66 of
the convention implementing the Schengen agreement, which refer
to the extradition
mechanism, are replaced, as is Article 95, since the contents of paragraph 2 henceforth
constitute the European arrest warrant and “flag” cases will be limited. The same applies to
Article 94 (4) as it concerns extradition requests.

The agreement concluded by the Council of the European Union with the Republic of Iceland
and the Kingdom of Norway on 18 May 1999 applies to this Framework Decision.

Chapter VII: Practical provisions

Article 45 - Transit

This text is inspired partly by Article 16 of the 1996 European Union Convention that it
extends.

No Member State may refuse transit on its territory of a person with respect to whom a
European arrest warrant has been executed. It is systematically warned of all transits taking
place on its territory and it will be for it to decide if specific safety measures must be taken at
the time of the person’s transit. It may if necessary allow the authorities of the issuing State or
the executing State to accompany the person on its territory by themselves.

The person must be accompanied by the following supporting documents:

– evidence of identity;

– the European arrest warrant, with a translation;

– the Decision of the executing judicial authority, with a translation.

The provisions of the 1996 Convention concerning overflight of the territory are taken over
unchanged.

The Framework Decision does not affect relations with non-member countries which might
be crossed at the time of execution of a European arrest warrant. In this case, however, insofar
as the usual documents concerning the extradition procedure will be abolished, it will be
necessary to make sure prior to transit that the authorities of the crossed country are satisfied
with the presentation of the European arrest warrant in place of the documents usually
required.

3

For example, Article 10 (1) (b) of Council Framework Decision 2001/413/JAI of 28.5.1 (OJ L149, 2.6.1).

22

Article 46 - Transmission

The provisions of this Article are taken over from Article 6 of the European Union
Convention on mutual assistance in judicial matters (29 May 2000). There is a major
innovation here in that the European arrest warrant may be sent by any means, in particular by
fax or e-mail, so long as its authenticity can be checked and perfect confidentiality is ensured.
The transmission of the European arrest warrant must benefit from the mechanisms set up
between Member States under the mutual assistance Convention (cf. Explanatory Report ad
Article 6) so that “precise arrangements [are] made for establishing authenticity where
requests are made by fax, e-mail or other means of telecommunication”.

In addition, since the European arrest warrant is in itself a sufficient enforceable document,
the transmission of related documentation and checks on their authenticity are highly
simplified. It is mainly in the cases referred to in Article 33 (additional information) that
questions of transmission of other documents and authenticity might arise. They will be
regulated by mutual agreement by direct contact between the judicial authorities of the
Member States, if necessary with the central authorities’ support.

Article 47 - Languages

The European arrest warrant is to be transmitted in the language of the issuing State or in the
language of the executing State. The text does not diverge from the 1957 European
Extradition Convention.

On the other hand, the text takes as a starting point the Treaty between Italy and Spain when it
makes the central authority of the executing State responsible for translation into its language
of the warrant, if necessary, and of all documents that are required for the procedure.

Article 48 - Expenses

The text of the Framework Decision makes a minor change to simplify matters in comparison
with Article 24 of the 1957 European Extradition Convention.

The principle is as follows: all expenses incurred on the territory of the executing State are to
be borne by that State, whereas travel expenses and all other expenses are to be borne by the
issuing State.

Chapter VIII: Safeguard

Article 49 - Safeguard

The system of the European arrest warrant can function only when there is perfect trust
between the Member States as to the quality and reliability of their political and legal systems.
It is accordingly possible for a Member State to decide unilaterally to suspend recognition of
European arrest warrants issued by another Member State when it is suspected of serious and
repeated violations of fundamental rights within the meaning of Article 6 of the Union Treaty.
A declaration to that effect must be made to the Council and to the Commission. This
declaration could serve as the starting point for the procedure provided for by Article 7 of the
Union Treaty. But if the procedure of that Article has not been initiated within six months, the
suspension of recognition of European arrest warrants must cease to operate.

Where this Article is applied, it will be for the executing Member State to decide, according
to the circumstances, if it the person should be prosecuted on its territory for the facts which
gave rise to the issue of the European arrest warrant.

The Article should, however, be applied only during a transitional period pending a Decision
on the application of Article 7 to the relevant Member State.

23

Chapter IX: Final provisions

Article 50 - Publication

The information concerning the central authority and its jurisdiction pursuant to Article 5
must be published before the entry into force of the Framework Decision.

The “negative list” of offences for which a State could state that it does not recognise the
European arrest warrant must be published. Any change to this list must be communicated to
the General Secretariat of the Council and to the Commission at least three months before its
entry into force. The General Secretariat of the Council will inform the other Member States
of any change to this list. These changes will also be published.

Articles 51, 52 and 53 are self-explanatory.

24

2001/0215 (CNS)

Proposal for a

COUNCIL FRAMEWORK DECISION

on the European arrest warrant and the surrender procedures
between the Member States

THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,

Having regard to the Treaty on European Union, and in particular Article 29, Article 31 (a)
and (b) and Article 34 (2)(b) thereof,

Having regard to the proposal of the Commission1,

Having regard to the Opinion of the European Parliament2,

Whereas:

(1)

(2)

(3)

The achievement of a Common Area of Freedom, Security and Justice is based on
mutual trust in the criminal justice systems of the Member States. Those systems are
founded on the principles of liberty, democracy and the rule of law and they respect
fundamental rights as guaranteed by the European Convention for the Protection of
Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 4 November 1950 and by the Charter of
fundamental rights of the European Union.

All or some Member States are parties to a number of conventions in this field. They
include the European Convention on Extradition of 13 December 1957 and the
European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism of 27 January 1977. The
Nordic States have extradition laws with identical wording.

In addition, the following three Conventions dealing wholly or in part with extradition
have been agreed upon among Member States, and form part of the Union acquis:
the
Convention of 19 June 1990 implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985
on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders in relations between the
Member States which are parties to that Convention3,
the Convention of 10 March
1995 on simplified extradition procedure between the Member States of the European
Union4, and the Convention of 27 September 1996 relating to Extradition between the
Member States of the European Union5.

(4)

In order to remove the complexity and potential for delay inherent in the present
arrangements on extradition, it is necessary to introduce a new simplified scheme with

1

2

3

4

5

OJ …
OJ …
OJ L239 22.9.2000, p. 19.
OJ C78 30.3.1995, p. 1.
OJ C313 23.10.1996, p. 11.

25

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

respect to surrender of persons for the purpose of prosecution and execution of
sentences. It would replace the traditional extradition schemes which are no longer
adapted to the requirements of a Common Area of Freedom, Security and Justice
where the importance of national borders is diminishing.

The European arrest warrant provided for in this Framework Decision aims to replace
the traditional extradition arrangements and must have the same scope of application
as the multilateral system of extradition built upon the European Convention on
Extradition of 13 December 1957.

Since this objective cannot be sufficiently achieved unilaterally by the Member States
and can therefore, by reason of reciprocity, be better achieved at the level of the
Union, the Council of the Union may adopt measures, in accordance with the principle
of subsidiarity as referred to in Article 2 of the EU Treaty and as set out in Article 5 of
the EC Treaty. In accordance with the principle of proportionality, as set out in the
latter Article, this Framework Decision does not go beyond what is necessary in order
to achieve those objectives.

The European arrest warrant is based on the principle of mutual recognition: if a
judicial authority of a Member State requests a person for the purposes of prosecution
for an offence which is punishable by deprivation of liberty for a period of at least
twelve months or for the execution of a criminal judgement involving deprivation of
liberty of at least four months, the authorities of other Member States should comply
with that request.

The decision on the execution of the European arrest warrant must be subject to
sufficient controls, which means that a judicial authority of the Member State where
the person has been arrested will take the decision on whether to execute the warrant.

The role of central authorities in the execution of a European arrest warrant must be
limited to practical and administrative assistance, and to situations where the central
authority is better placed to take the decision than a judicial authority.

There is a need for a common format of the European arrest warrant in order to enable
the executing judicial authority to decide whether to execute the warrant without need
for any supplementary documents.

In order to ensure the effectiveness of the procedure, and on condition that the
fundamental rights, the
execution of the warrant does not lead to a violation of
possibility to refuse the execution of the European arrest warrant should be limited to
clearly identified circumstances.

Since the European arrest warrant is based on the idea of citizenship of the Union as
provided in Articles 17 to 22 TCE, the exception provided for a country’s nationals,
which existed under traditional extradition arrangements, should not apply within the
Common Area of Freedom, Security and Justice. A Citizen of the Union should face
being prosecuted and sentenced wherever he or she has committed an offence within
the territory of the European Union, irrespective of his or her nationality.

(13) Due consideration should however be given to the possibility of reintegration of a
person who serves a prison sentence. It should therefore be possible for a prison

26

sentence to be served in the Member State in which the person has the best chances of
reintegration.

(14) A consequence of the application of the principle of mutual recognition is that the
double criminality condition must be abolished as well as the rule of speciality.
However, where the execution of a warrant for certain conduct would run counter to
the fundamental principles of the legal system of a Member State, it must have a
possibility to opt out for those offences. This can be done by giving each Member
offences for which the
State the possibility of establishing a 'negative'
execution of the European arrest warrant would be excluded.

list of

(15)

(16)

The execution of a European arrest warrant could be restricted in cases where a
Member State exercises extraterritorial competence for activities which are not
considered as offences in the executing Member State.

The mechanism of the European arrest warrant is based on a high level of confidence
between Member States. Implementation of that mechanism may be suspended only in
the event of a severe breach by one Member State of the principle of Article 6 of the
Treaty on European Union which could lead to the application of Article 7 of that
treaty.

(17)

The European arrest warrant should replace between Member States all the former
instruments concerning extradition,
including the provisions of the Convention
implementing the Schengen Agreement concerning extradition6.

(18) All Member States have ratified the Council of Europe Convention of 28 January 1981
for the protection of individuals with regards to automatic processing of personal data.
The personal data processed in the context of the implementation of this Framework
Decision will be protected in accordance with the principles of the said Convention.

(19) As regards the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway, this Framework
Decision represents a development of the Schengen acquis within the meaning of the
Agreement concluded on 17 May 1999 by the Council of the European Union and
those two States7.

(20)

This Framework Decision must respect
the fundamental rights and observe the
principles recognised in particular by the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the
European Union, and notably Chapter VI thereof.

HAS ADOPTED THIS FRAMEWORK DECISION:

6

7

Articles 59-66, 94(4) and 95 of the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 19 June 1990,
OJ L239 22.9.2000.
OJ L176 of 10.07.1999 p. 31.

27

Chapter I : General principles

Article 1 – Subject-matter

The purpose of this Framework Decision is to establish the rules under which a Member State
shall execute in its territory a European arrest warrant issued by a judicial authority in another
Member State.

A European arrest warrant may be issued for:

Article 2 - Scope

(a)

(b)

judgements in criminal proceedings, and judgements in absentia, which
liberty or a detention order of at least four months in the

final
involve deprivation of
issuing Member State;

in criminal proceedings which involve
other enforceable judicial decisions
deprivation of liberty and relate to an offence, which is punishable by deprivation of
liberty or a detention order for a maximum period of at least twelve months in the
issuing Member State.

Article 3 - Definitions

For the purposes of this Framework Decision, the following definitions shall apply:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

“European arrest warrant” means a request, issued by a judicial authority of a
Member State, and adressed to any other Member State, for assistance in searching,
arresting, detaining and obtaining the surrender of a person, who has been subject to
a judgement or a judicial decision, as provided for in Article 2;

"issuing judicial authority" means the judge or the public prosecutor of a Member
State, who has issued a European arrest warrant ;

"executing judicial authority" means the judge or the public prosecutor of
a
Member State in whose territory the requested person sojourns, who decides upon
the execution of a European arrest warrant;

“judgement in absentia” means any judgement rendered by a court after criminal
proceedings at the hearing of which the sentenced person was not personally present.
It shall not
is clearly
include a judgement given in proceedings in which it
established that the person was effectively served with a summons, in time to enable
him or her to appear and to prepare his or her defence, but he or she deliberately
decided not to be present or represented, unless it is established that his or her
absence and the fact that he or she could not inform the judge thereof were due to
reasons beyond his or her control;

(e)

"detention order" means any order involving deprivation of liberty which has been
made in criminal proceedings in addition to or instead of a prison sentence;

28

(f)

“requested person” means a person in respect of whom a European arrest warrant is
issued.

Article 4 - Competent judicial authorities

Each Member State shall designate according to its national law the judicial authorities that
are competent to

(a)

issue a European arrest warrant

(b)

take decisions under Section 4 of Chapter II without prejudice to Article 5(4).

1.

2.

3.

4.

Article 5 - Central authority

Each Member State shall designate a central authority, or when its constitutional
system so requires, more than one central authority for the purposes of this
Framework Decision.

The central authority shall assist the competent judicial authority. In particular, the
central authority shall provide translation, administrative and practical facilities, and
general information.

Each Member State may decide that its central authority shall be responsible for the
practical transmission and reception of the European arrest warrant as well as for
other official correspondence relating to it.

Each Member State may indicate that its central authority may decide on matters
covered by Articles 31, 37 and 38.

The Member State shall ensure that the requested person is given the opportunity to
express his or her views on the question which will be decided by the central
authority.

The executing judicial authority shall decide on the execution of the European arrest
warrant on the basis of the central authority's decision.

Article 6 - Content of the European arrest warrant

The European arrest warrant shall contain information set out in accordance with the form in
the Annex regarding:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

the identity of the requested person,

the issuing judicial authority ,

whether there is a final judgement or any other enforceable judicial decision, within
the scope of Article 2,

whether the European arrest warrant results from a judgement
in absentia, and if so,
a statement as to the right to lodge an opposition and on the applicable procedure in
conformity with the second subparagraph of Article 35(1),

29

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

the nature and legal classification of the offence,

a description of the circumstances in which the offence was committed, including the
time, place and degree of participation in the offence by the requested person,

the penalty, if there is a final judgement, or else, the prescribed scale of penalty,

if possible, other consequences of the offence,

whether the requested person has already been arrested for the same offence, and let
free, or released after some pre-trial detention under condition of return, or whether
the person has escaped from prison.

30

Chapter II: Procedure

SECTION 1 – GENERAL

Article 7 - Communication between authorities

1.

2.

If the whereabouts of the requested person are known, the issuing judicial authority
shall communicate the European arrest warrant directly to the executing judicial
authority.

Paragraph 1 shall not prejudice the possibility of the communication of the European
arrest warrant or information concerning it and its execution

(a)

(b)

(c)

from a central authority of a Member State to a central authority of another
Member State; ,

from a judicial authority of a Member State to a central authority of another
Member State; or

from a central authority of a Member State to a judicial authority of another
Member State.

SECTION 2 – USE OF THE SCHENGEN INFORMATION SYSTEM

Article 8 - Alert

If the whereabouts of the requested person are not known, the issuing judicial authority may
request that an alert is entered in the Schengen Information System (SIS) for the purpose of
arrest of that person for surrender.

The alert and the information referred to in Article 6 shall be issued via the national authority
that has central responsibility for it. Both the alert and that information shall be sent by the
quickest secure means possible.

Article 9- Flag

1.

2.

Insofar as an executing Member State considers that the alert is covered by Article
27, 28, 30 or 31 or if provisional release has been granted according to Article 14, it
may subsequently add a flag in the SIS to the effect that the execution of the
European arrest warrant will not take place in its territory. Prior consultations must
be held in this connection with the other Member States.

If the arrest cannot take place because of the application of paragraph 1, the alert
must be regarded as being an alert
the purpose of communicating the
for
whereabouts of the requested person.

31

SECTION 3 – ARREST AND DETENTION

Article 10 - Coercive measures

An executing Member State may take necessary and proportionate coercive measures against
a requested person according to the conditions laid down by its national law, including the
provisions on judicial review that are applicable when a person is arrested with a view to
extradition..

Article 11 - Rights of a requested person

1.

2.

When a requested person is arrested on the territory of another Member State, the
competent authority of the latter state shall, in accordance with its national law,
inform that person of the warrant and of its content, and of the possibility of
consenting to surrender to the issuing judicial authority.

From the moment a requested person is arrested for the purpose of the execution of a
European arrest warrant, that person shall have a right to be assisted by a legal
counsel, and, if necessary by an interpreter.

Article 12 - Notification to the judicial authorities

The issuing judicial authority and the executing judicial authority shall immediately be
notified of the arrest.

1.

2.

3.

Article 13 - Verification and suspension

Immediately after notification of an arrest, the issuing judicial authority shall inform
the executing judicial authority whether it maintains the European arrest warrant.

If the issuing judicial authority does not maintain the European arrest warrant, the
arrested person shall be released immediately.

The issuing judicial authority may decide to suspend the warrant, under the condition
that the arrested person undertakes to present himself or herself, at a certain date and
place, on a voluntary basis. That undertaking shall be received by the judicial
authority of the executing Member State and notified to the issuing judicial authority.
The issuing Member State may add a flag accordingly in the SIS. If the arrested
person fails to respect the undertaking the issuing judicial authority may reactivate
the European arrest warrant, and complement
the information contained in the
European arrest warrant, in particular as regards the information referred to in Article
6(i). The person shall be informed of all the consequences of a non respect of the
undertaking.

32

Article 14 - Provisional release

1.

When a person is arrested on the basis of a European arrest warrant, the executing
judicial authority shall take a decision on whether the requested person shall remain
in detention.

If the executing judicial authority has reason to believe that the arrested person will
not escape, continue to commit offences or destroy evidence with respect to the
is based, and if the arrested person
offence(s) on which the European arrest warrant
undertakes to remain available for the execution of the European arrest warrant, the
executing judicial authority may decide to release that person until a later date fixed
in the agreement between the issuing Member State and the executing Member State.
If necessary, the release shall be submitted to the respect by the requested person of
conditions laid down by the executing judicial authority in accordance with the law
of the executing Member State.

The arrested person shall be informed of all the consequences of a non respect of the
undertaking to remain available for the execution of the European arrest warrant.

2.

If the requested person does not respect the undertaking to remain available for the
execution of the European arrest warrant, the executing judicial authority shall
inform the issuing judicial authority. In that case, the latter may complement the
information contained in the European arrest warrant in particular as regards the
information referred to in Article 6(i) .

SECTION 4 – JUDICIAL PROCEDURE FOR SURRENDER

Article 15 - Examination of the European arrest warrant

The European arrest warrant shall be examined by the executing judicial authority as quickly
as possible and in any case no later than ten calendar days after the arrest.

Article 16 – Consent to surrender

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

If the arrested person consents to his or her surrender, he or she shall be surrended as
provided for in Article 23.

The consent shall be given to the executing judicial authority in accordance with its
national law.

The consent shall be established in such a way as to show that the person concerned
has expressed it voluntarily and in full awareness of the consequences.

Consent shall be recorded in accordance with the national law of the executing
Member State.

Consent may not be revoked.

Consent shall immediately be notified to the issuing judicial authority.

33

1.

2.

3.

Article 17 - Previous release

The executing judicial authority shall execute the European arrest warrant
immediately without the necessity to hear or verify the consent of the requested
person if he or she escaped from detention or failed to comply with the conditions of
return after

(a)

being allowed to remain free from the beginning,

(b)

being released after some pre-trial detention ,

(c)

benefiting from the provisions of suspension of the European arrest warrant
under Article 13(3) or from the provisional release under Article 14.

If the executing judicial authority has reason to believe that the requested person
referred to in paragraph 1 is in one of the circumstances referred to in Articles 27 to
34, it shall submit the matter for a hearing by a court in accordance with Article 18.

Where execution takes place according to paragraph 1, the requested person may
contest before a court the reasons justifying the recourse to that paragraph.

Article 18 - Hearing

A court in the executing Member State shall decide on whether the European arrest warrant
after a hearing, held in accordance with the national rules of criminal
shall be executed
procedure:

(a) if the requested person does not consent to his or her surrender;

(b) in cases referred to in Articles 17(2) and (3).

The issuing Member State may be represented or submit its observations before the court.

Article 19 - Supplementary information

If the executing judicial authority finds the information communicated by the issuing Member
State to be insufficient to allow it to decide on the execution of a European arrest warrant, it
shall request the necessary supplementary information urgently and may fix a time-limit for
the receipt thereof.

Article 20 – Time limit for the decision whether to execute the European arrest warrant

The decision on whether to execute the European arrest warrant shall be taken as soon as
possible and in any case no later than 90 calendar days after the arrest of the requested person.

34

Article 21 – Refusal and expiry of the time limit

1.

If the executing judicial authority refuses to surrender the requested person, or if no
decision on the surrender of the requested person is taken within the period provided
for in Article 20, the arrested person shall be released immediately unless it is
necessary to maintain him or her in detention pursuant to Article 33, or on another
ground for detention.

2.

Reasons shall be given for any refusal to execute a European arrest warrant or on the
reason of expiry of the time limit provided for in Article 20 without a decision.

Article 22 – Notification of the decision on whether to execute the European arrest warrant

The executing judicial authority shall immediately notify the decision on whether to execute
the European arrest warrant to the issuing judicial authority .

1.

2.

3.

Article 23 – Time limit for the surrender of the requested person

The requested person shall be surrendered as soon as possible on a date agreed
between the authorities concerned.

Subject to paragraph 3 the requested person shall be surrendered
twenty calendar days after either:

no later than

(a)

the consent of the arrested person,

(b)

the decision of the executing judicial authority provided for in Article 17(1), or

(c)

the decision of the court pursuant to Article 18, to execute the European arrest
warrant.

After the expiry of that period , if the person is being held, he or she shall be released
in the territory of the executing Member State.

Should the surrender of the requested person within the period laid down in
paragraph 2 be prevented by circumstances beyond the control of the executing
Member State, the executing judicial authority shall immediately inform the issuing
judicial authority and agree on a new surrender date. In that event, the surrender
shall take place within twenty calendar days of the new date thus agreed.

If the person in question is still being held after the expiry of that period, he or she
shall be released unless the delay is linked to the personal situation of the requested
person.

4.

The time limits provided for in paragraphs 2 and 3 shall not apply where Article 39
(1), (2) and (4) apply.

35

Article 24 - Deduction of the period of deprivation of liberty from the sanction

1.

2.

The issuing Member State shall deduct from the total period of deprivation of liberty
which is imposed any period of deprivation of liberty arising from the execution of a
European arrest warrant .

To this end, all the information concerning the duration of the deprivation of liberty
of the requested person on the basis of the European arrest warrant shall be
transmitted to the issuing Member State.

Article 25 – End of effect

The issuing judicial authority shall ensure that the European arrest warrant shall cease to have
effect as from the date of the surrender and where necessary.

36

Chapter III – Grounds for non-execution

Article 26 - General provision

The executing judicial authority may refuse to execute a European arrest warrant under the
circumstances described in Articles 27 to 34.

Article 27 - List of exceptions

Without prejudice to the objectives of article 29 TEU, each Member State may establish an
exhaustive list of conduct which might be considered as offences in some Member States, but
in respect of which its judicial authorities shall refuse to execute a European arrest warrant on
the grounds that it would be contrary to fundamental principles of the legal system in that
State.

The list and any change to it shall be published in the Official Journal of the European
Communities at least three months before a Member State may invoke the first paragraph in
respect of the conduct concerned.

Article 28 - Principle of territoriality

The executing judicial authority may refuse to execute a European arrest warrant issued in
respect of an act which is not considered an offence under the law of the executing Member
State and which did not occur, at least in part, on the territory of the issuing Member State.

Article 29 - Ne bis in idem

1.

2.

The executing judicial authority shall refuse to execute a European arrest warrant, if a
judicial authority in the executing Member State has passed final judgement upon the
requested person in respect of the offence for which the European arrest warrant has
been issued.

The execution of a European arrest warrant shall be refused if the judicial authorities
of the executing Member State have decided either not to institute or to terminate
proceedings in respect of the offence for which the European arrest warrant has been
issued.

Article 30 - Amnesty

The executing judicial authority may refuse to execute a European arrest warrant in respect of
an offence covered by an amnesty in the executing Member State where that Member State
was competent to prosecute the offence under its own criminal law.

37

Article 31 - Immunity

The execution of a European arrest warrant shall be refused if the legal system of the
executing Member State grants immunity to the requested person .

Article 32 - Lack of necessary information

The executing judicial authority may refuse to execute a European arrest warrant, if:

(a)

the European arrest warrant does not contain the information referred to in Article 6,
or

(b)

the identity of the requested person cannot be established.

38

Chapter IV – Grounds for refusal to surrender

Article 33 - Principle of integration

1.

2.

The execution of a European arrest warrant in respect of a requested person may be
refused if this person would have better possibilities of reintegration in the executing
Member State, and if he or she consents to serve the sentence in this Member State.

In that case, the sentence pronounced in the issuing Member State shall be served in
the executing Member State in accordance with the laws of the latter Member State.
The sentence pronounced in the issuing Member State shall not be substituted by a
sanction prescribed by the law of the executing Member State for the same offence.

The final judgement on the basis of which the European arrest warrant was issued, as
well as all the necessary documents shall be transmitted to the competent judicial
authority of the executing Member State in order to enable the execution of the
sentence.

1.

The executing judicial authority may refrain from surrending the requested person if:

Article 34 - Videoconference

(a)

it is possible by means of a videoconference system for the requested person to
take part from a place in the executing Member State in criminal proceedings
conducted in the issuing Member State; .

(b)

the executing Member State and the issuing Member State accept such
proceedings.

The proceedings shall be conducted in accordance with the national law of the
Member States concerned and relevant international instruments, including the 1950
European Convention for the Protection of Human rights and fundamental freedoms.

2.

3.

The detailed arrangements for those proceedings shall be agreed between
executing judicial authority and the issuing judicial authority.

the

In case of application of paragraph 1, the executing judicial authority shall decide, in
conformity with the provisions of its national law, on the detention of the requested
person.

39

Chapter V – Special cases

Article 35 - Judgements in absentia

1.

2.

If
in
the European arrest warrant has been issued on the basis of a judgement
absentia, a new hearing of the case shall take place in the issuing Member State after
the surrender.

The executing judicial authority shall inform the arrested person of his or her right to
lodge an opposition to the judgement and on the procedure for lodging it.

Each Member State shall enable its judicial authorities to receive the opposition
lodged by a person subject to a judgement
in absentia and to inform the issuing
judicial authority of this opposition.

Article 36 - Return to the executing Member State

The European arrest warrant may be executed subject to the condition that the arrested person
is returned to the executing Member State to serve his or her sentence, if there are reasons to
believe that he or she would have better possibilities of reintegration in that Member State.

Article 37 – Life sentence or life time detention order

If the offence on the basis of which the European arrest warrant has been issued is punishable
by life sentence or life time detention order, the execution of the European arrest warrant may
be subject to the condition that
the
application of any measures of clemency to which the person is entitled under its national law
and practice .

the issuing Member State undertakes to encourage

1.

2.

1.

Article 38 – Deferment of execution on humanitarian grounds

The execution of a European Arrest Warrant may exceptionally be deferred , if there
are substantial grounds for believing that the execution would manifestly endanger
the requested person’s life or health because of his or her age or state of health or
because of other peremptory humanitarian reasons.

The execution of the European arrest warrant shall take place as soon as these
grounds have ceased to exist.

Article 39 - Deferment of surrender

Where a European arrest warrant has been issued on the basis of a final judgement
against a person, subject to a criminal proceeding in the executing Member State,
the final
the execution of the European arrest warrant may be deferred until
judgement in that proceeding or the completion of the sentence imposed, if any, in
the executing Member State.

40

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

1.

2.

3.

Where a European arrest warrant has been issued on the basis of a final judgement
against a person serving a sentence in the executing Member State, the execution of
the European arrest warrant may be deferred until the completion of any sentence
imposed in the executing Member State.

Where a European arrest warrant has been issued on the basis of another enforceable
judicial decision or a judgement in absentia against a person serving a sentence in the
executing Member State, the European arrest warrant may be executed under the
condition that after the final decision in the issuing Member State, the person returns
to the executing Member State to serve the remaining part of the sentence, unless
Article 34 applies.

Where the European arrest warrant has been issued on the basis of another
enforceable judicial decision or a judgement in absentia against a person subject to a
criminal proceeding in the executing Member State, the temporary transfer of the
requested person in order to enable the procedure to take place on the condition that
the person
returns, shall be subject to agreement between the issuing and the
executing Member State, unless Article 34 applies.

In cases referred to in paragraphs (3) and (4), the issuing and the executing Member
States shall determine by mutual agreement
the duration and conditions of the
transfer.

In cases referred to in paragraphs (3) and (4), the issuing Member State shall ensure
that the requested person will remain available for the executing Member State,
either by enforcing in its territory the final judgement of the executing Member State
or, where appropriate, on the basis of a pre-trial decision issued by its judicial
authority.

Article 40 - Multiple requests

If two or more Member States have issued a European arrest warrant for the same
person, the decision on which of the European arrest warrants shall be executed shall
be taken by the executing judicial authority with due regard to all the circumstances
and especially the relative seriousness and place of the offences, and the respective
dates of the European arrest warrants.

All the judicial authorities involved shall co-operate closely in order to enable the
prosecutions to take place in each of the Member States as soon as possible.

If multiple requests are made, they may be submitted to Eurojust, which shall deliver
its opinion as soon as possible.

In the event of a conflict between a European arrest warrant and a request for
extradition presented by a third country party to the European Convention on
Extradition of 13 December 1957, the decision on whether the European arrest
warrant or the extradition request takes precedence shall be taken by the executing
judicial authority with due consideration of all circumstances, in particular those
mentioned in Article 17 of the said convention.

41

In the event of a conflict between a European arrest warrant and a request for
extradition presented by a third country which is not a party to that convention, the
execution of the European arrest warrant shall take precedence.

4.

In the event of conflict between a European arrest warrant and a request for surrender
presented by an international criminal court, whether or not that court is recognised
by all the Member States, consultations shall take place between the Member States
concerned as to how to meet the requirements of the statute of the criminal court
before any decision is taken.

Article 41 - Other offences

A person who has been surrendered pursuant to a European arrest warrant may, in the issuing
Member State, be prosecuted, sentenced or detained for an offence other than that for which
the European arrest warrant was issued, except where that offence has been entered by the
executing Member State in the list referred to in Article 27, or with respect to Articles 28 or
30.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Article 42 - Handing over of property

The executing judicial authority shall, insofar as its law permits, at the request of the
issuing judicial authority, or on its own initiative, seize and hand over property
which:

(a) may be required as evidence, or

(b)

has been acquired by the requested person as a result of the offence .

The property referred to in paragraph 1 shall be handed over even if the European
arrest warrant cannot be carried out owing to the death or escape of the requested
person .

If the property referred to in paragraph 1 is liable to seizure or confiscation in the
territory of the executing Member State, the latter may, if the property is needed in
connection with pending criminal proceedings, temporarily retain it or hand it over to
the issuing Member State, on condition that it is returned.

Any rights which the executing Member State or third parties may have acquired in
the property referred to in paragraph 1 shall be preserved. Where such rights exist,
the issuing Member State shall return the property without charge to the executing
Member State as soon as possible after the trial.

42

Chapter VI – Relation to other legal instruments

Article 43 – Relation to other legal instruments

1.

The following legal instruments or provisions of instruments shall cease to apply
between Member States from 1 July 2004:

(a)

(b)

The European Convention on Extradition of 13 December 1957, its additional
protocol of 15 October 1975, its second additional protocol of 17 March 1978,
and the European Convention on the suppression of terrorism of 27 January
1977 as far as extradition is concerned;

the Agreement between the Member States of the European Communities on
the simplification and modernisation of methods of transmitting extradition
requests of 26 May 1989;

(c)

the Convention of 10 March 1995 on simplified extradition procedure between
the Member States of the European Union; and

(d)

the Convention of 27 September 1996 relating to Extradition between the
Member States of the European Union.

This Framework Decision shall not affect
the application of simplified proceedings
or conditions existing in bilateral or multilateral agreements or agreed on the basis of
uniform or reciprocal laws between Member States.

Article 44 - Provisions relating to the Schengen acquis

Without prejudice to Article 8 of the Agreement concluded by the Council of the
European Union and the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway
concerning the latter's' association with the implementation, application and
development of the Schengen acquis8, this Framework Decision shall enter into force
for Iceland and Norway […].

Articles 59 to 66,
94(4) and 95, of the Convention implementing the Schengen
Agreement, as far as extradition is concerned , shall cease to apply from 1 July 2004.

2.

1.

2.

8

OJ L176 of 10.7.1999 p. 36.

43

Chapter VII – Transit, transmission, language and
expenses

Article 45 - Transit

1.

Each Member State shall permit the transit through its territory of a requested person
who is being surrendered provided that it has been given:

(a)

information on the identity of the requested person ;

(b)

(c)

a copy of the European arrest warrant and its translation in the official
language or one of the official languages of the Member State of transit;

a copy of the decision of the executing judicial authority to execute the
European arrest warrant and its translation in the official language or one of the
official languages of the Member State of transit.

In the case of transport by air without a scheduled stopover, if an unscheduled landing
occurs, the issuing Member State shall provide the Member State concerned with the
information and documents provided for in paragraph 1.

Article 46 - Transmission of documents

The issuing Member State may transmit the European arrest warrant by any secure
means capable of producing written records under conditions allowing the executing
Member State to establish the authenticity of transmission.

All difficulties concerning the transmission or the authenticity of any document
needed for the execution of the European arrest warrant shall be dealt with by direct
contacts between the judicial authorities involved, or, where appropriate, with the
involvement of the central authorities of the Member States.

Article 47 - Language

The European arrest warrant may be sent in the official language or languages of the
issuing or the executing Member State(s).

When appropriate, the central authority of the executing Member State shall arrange
for a prompt translation of the European arrest warrant, and of all the necessary
documents transmitted for the purpose of the procedure. The translation shall be sent
without delay to the executing judicial authority.

Article 48 - Expenses

Expenses incurred in the territory of the executing Member State for the execution of
the European arrest warrant shall be borne by that Member State.

2.

1.

2.

1.

2.

1.

44

2.

All other expenses, including travel expenses, and expenses incurred by transit on the
territory of a third State, shall be borne by the issuing Member State.

45

Chapter VIII - Safeguard

Article 49 - Safeguard

1.

2.

Each Member State may, by a declaration to the Council and to the Commission,
decide to suspend the application of this Framework Decision with regard to another
Member State in the event of a serious and persistent breach of violation of
fundamental human rights as provided in Article 6 (1) of the EU Treaty in that
Member State. This unilateral suspension will have a temporary application. If the
procedure of Article 7 in that Treaty is not initiated within six months, the suspension
shall cease to have effect.

If a Member State applies paragraph 1, it shall take all the necessary measures to
establish its jurisdiction over the offence on the basis of which the European arrest
warrant was issued, if appropriate.

46

Chapter IX – General and final provisions

Article 50 - Publication

1.

2.

Member States shall communicate to the General Secretariat of the Council and to
the Commission before 31 December 2002 the information relating to the central
authority provided for in Article 5. This information shall be published in the Official
Journal of the European Communities.

Member States shall communicate the list provided for in Article 27 and any change
to it to the General Secretariat of the Council and to the Commission.

The General Secretariat of the Council shall immediately inform the other Member
States of any changes on this list made by one of the Member States.

Article 51 - Transitional provision

The legal instruments and provisions of instruments referred to in Articles 43 and 44 shall
continue to apply to extradition requests submitted before the measures necessary to comply
with this Framework Decision have entered into force.

Article 52 - Implementation

Member States shall
by [31 December 2002].

take the necessary measures to comply with this Framework Decision

They shall communicate to the General Secretariat of the Council and to the Commission the
text of any provisions they adopt and information on any other measures they take to comply
with this Framework Decision.

On that basis the Commission shall, by [31 December 2003], submit a report to the European
Parliament and to the Council on the operation of this Framework Decision, accompanied,
where necessary, by legislative proposals.

The Council shall assess the extent
Framework Decision.

to which Member States have complied with this

Article 53 - Entry into force

This Framework Decision shall enter into force on the twentieth day following its publication
in the Official Journal of the European Communities.

Done at Brussels, […]

For the Council
The President
[…]

47

ANNEX

EEUURROOPPEEAANN AARRRREESSTT WWAARRRRAANNTT

I hereby certify that this warrant corresponds to the authentic documents on which the warrant
is based and request that the person mentioned below shall be arrested and surrendered to the
judicial authority mentioned below:

(a)

Information regarding the identity of the requested person:

Surname: ………………………………………………………………..

Forename(s): ……………………………………………………………..

Sex: ……………. …………………………………

Nationality: ………………………………………………………………

Date of birth: ………………………………………………………………

Place of birth: ………………………………………………………………

Residence: …………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………

Distinctive marks: …………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………….

Photo and fingerprints of the requested person (if available):

48

(b)

The judicial authority, which issued the request, and to which the person shall be
surrendered:

Name of the authority: ……………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………

Competent official (title/grade and name): ………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………

Address: ……………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………

Tel. nr.: ……………………………… Fax nr: …..………………………..

Email: ……………………………………..

(c)

Enforceable criminal judgement or other judicial decision, within the scope of Article
2 of the Framework Decision [date] on the European arrest warrant and the surrender
procedures between the Member States of the European Union:

Type: …………………………………………………………………………..

Date: ……………………………………………………………………………

(d)

Has the judgement has been rendered in absentia in accordance with Article 3(e) of
the Framework Decision [date] on the European arrest warrant and the surrender
procedures between the Member States of the European Union?

Yes o

No

o

(Mark the appropriate answer with “x”)

If the answer is “yes” a statement as to the legal means available to prepare his or her
defence or to have the case retried in his or her presence should be provided here:

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

49

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

Authority to be contacted:………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………….

(e)

Nature and legal classification of the offence: …………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………..

(f)

Description of the circumstances in which the offence was committed, including the
time, place and degree of participation in the offence by the person reported:

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

(g)

The penalty, if there is an enforceable criminal judgement, or else, the prescribed scale
of penalty, and, if possible, other consequences of the offence or the offences:

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

50

(h)

Other consequences of the offence, particularly as regards the situation of the victim:

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

( i)

Has the person already been arrested for the same offence and let free, or released
under condition of return? If yes how long has been the deprivation of liberty? Has the
person escaped from jail?

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

(j)

Other information:

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

Signature of the competent official:

Title/grade and name:

51

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I: GENERAL PRINCIPLES

Article 1 – Subject matter
Article 2 – Scope
Article 3 – Definitions
Article 4 – Competent judicial authorities
Article 5 – Central authority
Article 6 – Content of the European arrest warrant

CHAPTER II: PROCEDURE

Section 1 – General

Article 7 – Communication between authorities

Section 2 – Use of the Schengen Information System

Article 8 – Alert
Article 9 – Flag

Section 3 – Arrest and detention

Article 10 – Coercive measures
Article 11 – Rights of a requested person
Article 12 – Notification to the judicial authorities
Article 13 – Verification and suspension
Article 14 – Provisional release

Section 4 – Judicial Procedure for surrender

Article 15 – Examination of the European arrest warrant
Article 16 – Consent to surrender
Article 17 – Previous release
Article 18 – Hearing
Article 19 – Supplementary information
Article 20 – Time limit for the decision whether to execute the European arrest warrant
Article 21 – Refusal and expiring of the time limit
Article 22 – Notification of the decision on whether to execute the European arrest warrant
Article 23 – Time limit for the surrender of the requested person
Article 24 – Deduction of the period of deprivation of liberty from the sanction
Article 25 – End of effect

CHAPTER III: GROUNDS FOR NON-EXECUTION

Article 26 – General provision
Article 27 – List of exceptions

Article 28 – Principle of territoriality
Article 29 – Ne bis in idem
Article 30 – Amnesty
Article 31 – Immunity
Article 32 – Lack of necessary information

52

CHAPTER IV: GROUNDS FOR REFUSAL TO SURRENDER

Article 33 – Principle of integration
Article 34 – Videoconference

CHAPTER V: SPECIAL CASES

Article 35 – Judgements in absentia
Article 36 – Return to the executing Member State
Article 37 – Life sentence or life time detention order
Article 38 – Deferment of execution on humanitarian grounds
Article 39 – Deferment of surrender
Article 40 – Multiple requests
Article 41 – Other offences
Article 42 – Handing over of property

CHAPTER VI: RELATION TO OTHER LEGAL INSTRUMENTS

Article 43 – Relation to other legal instruments
Article 44 – Provisions relating to the Schengen acquis

CHAPTER VII: TRANSIT, TRANSMISSION, LANGUAGE AND EXPENSES

Article 45 – Transit
Article 46 – Transmission of documents
Article 47 – Language
Article 48 – Expenses

CHAPTER VIII: SAFEGUARD

Article 49 – Safeguard

CHAPTER IX: FINAL PROVISIONS

Article 50 – Publication
Article 51 – Transitional provision
Article 52 – Implementation
Article 53 – Entry into force

53