Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council - EU relations with the Islamic Republic of Iran
Date: 2001-02-07
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: Iran, bilateral relations, cooperation agreement, economic agreement, energy policy, human rights, international affairs, investment policy, trade policy

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES

Brussels, 7.2.2001
COM(2001) 71 final

COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL

EU RELATIONS WITH THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN

COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL

EU RELATIONS WITH THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN

1.

BACKGROUND

Relations with the EU and Member States

At present the EU does not have any contractual relations with Iran, nor is
there any significant financial co-operation. An Agreement existed in the
time of the Shah, but it lapsed in 1977 before the Islamic Revolution. An EU-
Iran dialogue was initiated in 1995. After the election of President Khatami
in 1997 this was extended to new areas and became the Comprehensive
Dialogue in 1998. A dialogue meeting is held every six months in Troika
format.

The Comprehensive Dialogue allows a wide ranging exchange of views on :

–

–

–

global issues (terrorism, human rights and proliferation),

regional
Process)

issues (Iraq, Gulf, Central Asia,

the Middle East Peace

areas of cooperation (drugs, refugees, energy, trade and investment).

The Comprehensive Dialogue has contributed to improving relations but it is
clearly limited in scope. It has been complemented by a number of technical
working groups between the Commission and Iran, which have served to
identify areas of mutual interest and possible co-operation (see section 4
below). However, it is clear that the lack of a contractual framework limits
the development of such co-operation.

Relations with Member States have improved considerably since President
Khatami was elected in 1997. The Italian Prime Minister visited Teheran in
1997. In 1999, President Khatami visited Italy and France, and the Presidents
of Austria and Greece visited Iran in the same year. President Khatami
recently visited Germany. Numerous visits by Foreign Ministers and other
Ministers have taken place. British-Iranian relations were unblocked in 1998
by the defusing of the Rushdie fatwa issue and Ambassadors were exchanged
in mid-1999.

Iran has manifested a strong interest in strengthening relations with the EU,
and has shown interest in negotiating a Trade and Co-operation Agreement
and an enhanced relationship with the EU is clearly a major policy objective
for President Khatami.

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Relations with other countries

Since the US Embassy hostage crisis of 1980/1981 the US has followed a
policy of containment of Iran. It has applied a range of sanctions - most
recently the February 2000 Iran Non-Proliferation Act. US policy towards
Iran, which is largely driven by Congress, is slowly evolving. However,
despite recent0 statements from former Secretary of State Albright, further
rapprochement between the US and Iran will await events and the new US
Administration. Meanwhile the US wants the EU to maintain pressure on
Iran, especially over
issues such as human rights, weapons of mass
destruction and alleged state-sponsored terrorism. Views on Iran are
exchanged twice a year in the EU Troika-US-Canada trilateral talks.

2.

THE CURRENT SITUATION IN IRAN

Democratic municipal elections were held in Iran in February 1999 and
Parliamentary elections took place between February and April 2000, both
elections resulting in victory for reformers. The next Presidential elections
are scheduled to take place in June 2001.

Iranian politics are characterised by a constant power struggle between the
reformers and two major groups:

–

–

The Conservative centres of power (Council of Guardians, Assembly
of Experts, Militant Clergy Association etc.) under the final authority
of the Ayatollah Khameinei, keep control of much of the judiciary,
revolutionary armed and security forces and are able, and continue, to
obstruct reforms. They have reacted to the results of the parliamentary
elections by widespread closure of the reformist press and by arresting
a number of reformist figures;

The minority “Islamic Right” with only 50 - 60 out of 290 seats in the
largely from the Bazar merchants and
Majles, draws its support
shopkeepers,
certain
Foundations and the judiciary. It is now on the defensive.

revolutionary Guards

and militias,

the

President Khatami has succeeded in allowing the majority of the Iranian
electorate to express its wish for change through the democratic process. It is
clear from these elections that a large majority of voters (particularly women,
students, secular urban and rural populations) seek civil, political and
economic reform in Iran. While President Khatami has no intention of
threatening the foundations of the Islamic Republic, nor challenging the
unelected theocratic post of
the
groundswell of dissatisfaction with the arid politics of the Conservatives.
President Khatami and the Reformist movement will continue to pursue a
peaceful civil and economic evolution within the existing political
framework of the Islamic Republic. In this the Reformers will have some
tacit support from the more pragmatic hardliners, including the Supreme
Guide, who have recognised where their
lie.
Nonetheless, the evolutionary process will be slow and difficult.

the Supreme Guide, he recognises

term interests

longer

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While the democratising process of President Khatami has allowed reformers
to take the high ground both in the legislature and in the executive (the
previous Majles was dominated by hard-liners), it remains for the reformers
to prove that
they can implement President Khatami’s programme of
economic, civil and legal reform. Ayatollah Khamenei’s instruction to the
Majles not to debate the proposed Press Reform Bill is the most important
setback but there have been positive signs in other areas of reform.

In the field of human rights, the 2000 UNCHR Resolution sponsored by the
EU notes and confirms that considerable improvements in Human Rights
have been recorded in Iran, although much still remains to be done.

The trial of 13 Jews in Shiraz as well as the trial of the intellectuals
participating in the Berlin Conference are severe embarrassments for
President Khatami and the reformers. The sentences in both trials were
harder than anticipated. Regarding the Shiraz trial, the EU has formally
expressed its regret and its hope that the convicted will be pardoned. A
similar EU Declaration has been made expressing deep concern about the
harsh verdicts in the Berlin Conference trial and the hope that the appeals
procedure will lead to aquittal.

In other areas, the EU has also expressed its concern, e.g. the death sentences
passed on the student rioters (July 1999 riots) and, at the same time, the
acquittal or very light sentences passed on the police officers responsible for
provoking the students.

the previous (conservative) Parliament

In the field of press freedom, matters have deteriorated in the last few
months;
(Majles) succeeded in
adopting a more restrictive press law before elections in February, since
when more than 20 reformist journals and magazines have been closed and
their editors put on trial or indicted. Ayatollah Khamenei’s later intervention
forbidding the new Majles to debate a Press Bill was an unexpected setback
to the reform movement. Nonetheless, new journals which support reform
are beginning to appear.

President Khatami has indicated that press freedom and the reform of the
judiciary are high on his Government’s list of priorities and to be tackled as
soon as possible. In both cases the challenge is considerable; the judiciary
under Ayatollah Al-Hashini Shahrudi
the time being a
formidable instrument of the conservatives.

remains

for

Despite the mixed picture described above, the prospects for positive and
gradual political evolution in Iran are better than they have been since 1979.
Despite some recent setbacks,
the reformists are likely to be able to
consolidate their position on the basis of the broad and unambiguous support
they received in the February elections.

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3.

TRADE AND ECONOMY

The population of Iran is about 65 million and is growing fast. GNP is about
€
180 billion. The economy is inefficient, unreformed and centralised. In
order to improve its economic performance in the long term, Iran needs to
move towards a market economy and to open up to the rest of the world. A
reforming Five Year Plan was introduced at the end of 1999 and even though
it was diluted by the old Majles, it remains the main instrument for reforming
the economy. Despite the currently high price for oil Iran faces a difficult
economic situation and needs to accelerate the pace of reform.

Iran has the second largest gas reserves in the world (16% of total world
reserves), third largest oil reserves (10%) and straddles a most vital geo-
strategic position.

The EU is Iran’s largest trading partner (+ 40% of total Iranian imports). EU
€
exports to Iran have varied between
3.5 – 5.0 billion since 1995 and are
dominated by manufactured goods, vehicles, chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

€

Iran’s exports to the EU (+ 36% of total Iranian exports) have ranged
between
3.7 – 5.7 billion (Iran controls imports through licensing, so the
balance of payments is in its favour). Exports to the EU are dominated by
petroleum (+ 80% of total), followed by carpets, pistachios and caviar.

Iran’s external debt, including rescheduling undertaken 1996-9, now amounts
to $10 billion and has fallen in recent years.

The World Bank has recently made two loans amounting to $ 230 million for
water and sewerage projects and the IMF maintains normal relations and is
ready to assist with any macro-economic stabilisation programme.

The level of EU trade with Iran is far from being in line with the potential of
this country in terms of population and natural resources. Many difficulties
importers and investors remain - some improvements have been
for
announced but not yet
implemented. The administrative and legal
environment for trade and investment is, according to the representations of
the Member States in Teheran, intransparent and arbitrary and therefore
discouraging for importers and potential investors. Difficulties have been
reported,
for example, with regard to the treatment of the expatriate
personnel of foreign companies, the granting of import licences, foreign
ownership and the repatriation of profits.

4.

EC-IRAN COOPERATION

In October 1998, the Council asked the Commission to establish contacts
with Iran to explore possibilities for cooperation. A Commission-Iran
Technical Meeting was organised in December 1998 and it was agreed to
explore a number of possible areas for co-operation – energy, environment,
transport, agriculture, drugs control, refugees and human rights. With the
exception of some humanitarian assistance and limited aid for drugs control,

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there is at present no EC-Iran financial and technical cooperation. In some
areas working groups have been set up between the Commission and the
Iranian administration.

•

Current engagements

Working
Energy -

Group

on

Experts Meeting
Drugs -

on

Experts Meeting
Refugees -

on

Working
Trade and Investment -

Group

on

met in Teheran, May 1999 ;
A Synergy project will be
finished in February and a
second meeting
the
Working Group organised in
Brussels in March 2001

of

first meeting in December
1999 ; small project financed;
two others being examined
now (Council Reg. No.
2046/97)

meeting in April on Afghan
and Iraqi refugees; ongoing
projects with UNHCR and
examined
NGOs,
(Council Reg. No. 443/97),
also by ECHO

more

first meeting in Teheran on 28-
29 November 2000

Following the Energy working group meeting in 1999, Iran has become a
observer of the Commission funded INOGATE programme, and has the
possibility of becoming a full member. In addition, Iran is an observer in the
Tacis funded TRACECA-east-west land communication programme. In its
energy supply
recently adopted Green Paper on the
(COM(2000)/769), the Commission stresses the need to establish an on-
going dialogue with energy producing countries in order to increase market
transparency and price stability. EU energy discussions with Iran take place
in the framework of the Producer-Consumer Dialogue.

security of

To date, it has not been possible to undertake discussion in the other areas
listed above although there are some actions relating to human rights which
could be developed in the future.

5.

EU INTERESTS

The EU has both political and economic reasons to develop closer ties with
Iran. Increased democracy and greater respect for human rights would
contribute to making Iran a more stable partner in the region. Iran is an
important source of petroleum and gas in a strategic location with its own
strong interests in adjacent areas, e.g. in Central Asia. Iran could in future

6

have a significant potential as a regional economic partner, offering
substantial opportunities for trade and investment. However, this potential
will only develop if Iran engages in a major overhaul of its trade and
economic policies.

Drug trafficking through Iran from Afghanistan and beyond has a direct
impact not only on Iran but also on Europe, and Iran carries a heavy burden
in the fight against the traffic. In addition, Iran shelters a disproportionate
number of refugees (1.9 million), in particular from Afghanistan and Iraq.
The combination of a growing refugee fatigue in Iran together with the
continued instability of neighbouring countries risk possible further negative
developments in Iran itself.

Under the right circumstances the development of closer EU-Iran relations
could help to promote the reform process in Iran and contribute to greater
regional stability. Iran has indicated that it is ready to discuss human rights,
which is a positive sign since any future contractual relations with Iran would
have to include discussion on human rights issues. In addition, Iran is also
ready to discuss security issues, including regional security, and has begun to
do so with some Member States.

6.

CHALLENGES TO CO-OPERATION

A number of issues need to be addressed, bilaterally by the EU and Iran and
unilaterally by Iran if co-operation is to be deepened and extended to new
areas. These concern both political and economic issues. On the political
side, these include:

Human Rights

Although Iran has made positive changes in recent years, its human rights
record still gives cause for concern (on issues such as the position of women,
torture, persecution of certain minorities,
allegations on the use of
suppression of press freedom etc.). As part of developing closer relations the
EU and Iran should engage in regular dialogue on these issues.

Support for radical groups

The US and Israel regularly charge Iran with hostile rhetoric with respect to
the Middle East Peace Process as well as with giving support to extremist
groups, in particular certain Palestinian groups such as Hamas and Islamic
Jehad, and its support to the Hizbollah in Lebanon has never been hidden.
Some of the rhetoric is indeed unhelpful and Iran has made it clear that it
does not have confidence in the Peace Process.

In the early 1990s, both former President Rafsanjani and the Supreme Guide
Khamenei declared that Iran had ceased to export its revolution; President
Khatami has confirmed a more reconciliatory foreign policy and Iranian
sponsored terrorism in the EU seems to have ceased since 1995.

7

It should be noted that Iran itself claims to be a victim of terrorism. This
relates in particular to the Mojahedin-e-Khalq; based in Iraq whence attacks
are regularly launched on Iranian targets, but there has also been criticism of
European countries harbouring radical opposition groups.

Security Issues

Iran’s intention to develop weapons of mass destruction, and in particular
long-range missiles, is a matter of serious EU concern. The EU encourages
Iran to conclude a strengthened safeguards regime with the IAEA. Iran has
repeatedly stated that the conclusion of such a regime,
like its possible
willingness to ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), should
depend on prior removal of international export control measures against its
civilian nuclear programme. The EU does not accept such precondition.

All the above areas of concern are raised in the Comprehensive Dialogue.

Economic Reform Issues

On the economic side, any strengthening of trade and economic co-operation
between the EU and Iran will be conditional on Iran pursuing a policy of
economic liberalisation, which is a necessary pre-condition if the country is
to attract significant investment flows.

7.

ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Provided that the reform process continues, it is clear from the preceding
analysis that it is in the mutual interest of the EU and Iran to develop closer
ties, politically and economically, as well as in areas like environment, drugs
and migration. Given the possibilities of unforeseen reverses in Iran’s own
political evolution and its weak economic structures, a cautious approach is
required and in view of the number of areas which give rise to concern the
development of closer relations should be gradual and dependent on progress
made by Iran in these areas. The Commission and the Council should
regularly review progress in the light of indicators or benchmarks in areas
such as the rule of law, rights of minorities, press freedom, the regulatory
environment for the economy and Iran’s approach to foreign relations and
security matters.

In the light of the analysis set out above and the conclusions of the General
Affairs Council of 20 November 2000, the Commission recommends to the
Council to develop closer relations with Iran on the basis of the following
approach. It goes without saying that
the scope for promoting bilateral
relations will depend on the progress of political, economic and legislative
reform in Iran.

•

encouragement of political and economic reform through

–

more frequent official and unofficial bilateral contracts

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–

–

–

–

development of exchange/co-operation in areas of mutual interest
and concern (such as drugs, rule of law, refugees etc)

readiness to engage in dialogue on human rights

strengthening the CFSP dialogue by deepening the dialogue in
areas such as regional security, weapons of mass destruction ,
nuclear proliferation)

seeking appropriate ways of developing people to people contacts

•

promotion of bilateral economic relations through

–

–

negotiation of a Trade and Co-operation Agreement.

continuation of Commission – Iran working groups on energy,
trade and investment.

The Commission recommends the continuation of the dialogue on Iran with
other partners;

If these recommendations are accepted by the Council, the Commission will
consider presenting to the Council, in accordance with Article 300(1) of the
Treaty, a recommendation to be authorised to open the necessary
negotiations.

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