Report from the Commission - Annual report on humanitarian aid 1999
Date: 2000-12-01
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: EU aid, aid policy, aid system, humanitarian aid, report

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES

Brussels, 1.12.2000
COM(2000) 784 final

REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION

ANNUAL REPORT ON HUMANITARIAN AID 1999

REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION

ANNUAL REPORT ON HUMANITARIAN AID 1999

2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.

2.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................ 4

POLICY AND CO-ORDINATION –ART. 20 EVALUATION ..................................... 5

3. OVERVIEW OF OPERATIONS ................................................................................... 7

3.1.

3.2.

3.3.

AFRICA................................................................................................................... 7

EUROPE................................................................................................................ 10

ASIA, MIDDLE EAST/MEDITERRANEAN AND LATIN AMERICA................ 14

4. DISASTER PREPAREDNESS – DIPECHO................................................................ 17

5. RELATIONS WITH PARTNERS – FPA..................................................................... 18

6. GRANT FACILITY – NOHA...................................................................................... 18

7. COMMUNICATION/INFORMATION ....................................................................... 19

8.

EVALUATION, BUDGET AND AUDIT .................................................................... 19

9. Annexes1..........................................................................................................................

ANNEX 1 Financial Decisions for Humanitarian Aid by Region (1998,1999)

ANNEX 2 Humanitarian Assistance – Contracts by Financial Years

(1997, 1998, 1999)

ANNEX 3 Overview of Financial Decisions for EC Humanitarian Aid by Source
of Finance (1993-99)/Financial Decisions for EC Humanitarian Aid
(1994-99)

ANNEX 4 Amount of Contracts Signed in 1997, 1998 and 1999

ANNEX 5 Financial Decisions for Humanitarian Aid by Region in 1998 and 1999

ANNEX 6 EC Contracts for Humanitarian Assistance in 1997, 1998 and 1999

ANNEX 7 List of projects receiving financial support from ECHO’s Grant Facility

1

Please see box on page 22.

3

1.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1999 was a year full of change for the European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO),
both at the personnel level and regarding the ways in which ECHO conducts its business.

Mr Poul Nielson replaced Mrs Emma Bonino who had been the Commissioner responsible
for ECHO since 1995. Mr. Alberto Navarro left after more than 2 and a half years as Director
of ECHO. Mrs. Constanza Adinolfi was appointed as new director of ECHO in March 2000.

The year started with a new Framework Partnership Agreement, aimed at improving the way
ECHO co-operates with its partners both in the governmental and non-governmental world.

With respect to operations, the Kosovo crisis radically influenced ECHO’s priorities for 1999
and the funds it managed: for the first time ECHO provided2 more than
800 million in
support of humanitarian operations, roughly half of which devoted to the Kosovo crisis. The
latter included the largest single financial decision (
196 million) ever adopted by the
Commission in the context of humanitarian assistance. However, no funds were diverted from
other priority areas in ECHO’s budget (particularly Africa), but rather obtained from the
emergency reserve in the EC budget.

€

€

In 1999 ECHO funded projects in 70 countries and was present through 65 field experts.
Roughly 20% of ECHO’s funding was channelled through the UN family (13.7% went to
UNHCR and 5.1% to WFP), some 15% via the Red Cross movement, and the remaining 65%
were used to finance NGO projects.

The year also witnessed successful cases of “phasing out” by ECHO, giving way to
development programmes: Niger and Mali; the belated case of Bosnia Herzegovina; and
Kosovo itself, where for the first time the Commission set up a Task Force (heralding the
creation of an Agency for Reconstruction) which helped to ensure a smooth transition from
emergency relief to reconstruction.

As regards ECHO’s approach to the delivery of humanitarian assistance, the evaluation
conducted under Art.20 of the regulation governing humanitarian assistance was, no doubt,
the highlight of the year. While generally praising ECHO’s work, the evaluators highlighted a
number of issues in need of improvement : from the way ECHO is internally managed, to
relations with partners and the selection and monitoring of projects. Most of
these
recommendations were endorsed by the Commission in a Communication to the Council and
the Parliament.

The single most important message emerging from the Communication is the need to focus on
results. In order to implement the recommendation's of the Commission's Communication, a
work plan has been drawn up to guide ECHO’s reform in the years to come.

The implementation of this plan will be a major challenge for ECHO in 2000 and beyond.

2

While throughout the paper frequent reference to ECHO has been made for practical purposes, it should
be noted that it is the European Commission which decides on humanitarian funding and takes ultimate
responsibility for the activities of its humanitarian office.

4

2.

POLICY AND CO-ORDINATION – ART. 20 EVALUATION

Article 20 of Regulation (EC) 1257/96 concerning humanitarian aid calls on the Commission,
three years after the Regulation’s entry into force, to submit an overall assessment of
operations funded under it to the European Parliament and to the Council, together with
suggestions for the future of the Regulation and, as necessary, proposals for amendments to it.

Accordingly, the Commission drew up terms of reference for an independent evaluation,
which was carried out over a period of approximately one year and included extensive desk
and field studies. The consultants submitted their findings to the Commission in April 1999.

On balance, the evaluators are positive about ECHO’s record. In their view “ECHO is
currently financing the delivery of humanitarian assistance at least as well as any other
organisation, and probably better and in a more cost-effective manner than any other
comparable international organisation”.

the move to Global Plans

specific
They singled out
countries/regions) as a positive development in planning, found that budget implementation
rates were satisfactory by international standards; welcomed the steps already taken to
simplify the Framework Partnership Agreement; praised ECHO’s major contribution to
funding stability via support of international agencies and NGOs; found that projects were
cost-effective on the whole; and praised ECHO’s evaluation and audit achievements.

(i.e., broad strategies

for

However, evaluators also noted that partners did not always have adequate capacity and
experience; that ECHO was increasingly managing projects in the so-called “grey zone”
between relief and development, which increased the risk of humanitarian operations proving
unsustainable; health and nutrition interventions could have been better targeted and lacked
sustainability and capacity-building dimensions; the gender dimension was neglected, as was
protection; they questioned the reactive, project-based approach of the FPA when it comes to
major players such as the Red Cross and the UN; they also found that ECHO was not always
able to respond rapidly, even to emergencies, and that Global Plans would have benefited
from wider consultations, especially with the UN; they saw scope for improving cost-
effectiveness through the use of local resources, and for improving co-ordination with other
services of the Commission and Member States; and found that ECHO could do more to
avoid undermining local governance.

On that basis, Commission submitted a communication to the Council and the Parliament on
26 October3, reflecting on the findings and proposing measures to implement many of the
recommendations. Those measures have been included in a strategic work-plan to be
implemented throughout the next two years.

The basic philosophy involves a commitment to performance standards that will be drawn up
and monitored openly. Partners being central to the final quality of ECHO’s humanitarian aid,
the partnership principle that ECHO has always espoused must be further strengthened at all
levels. In particular, the Commission agreed that a review of the FPA system was desirable,
specially for the Red Cross and UN agencies, in particular to open up possibilities for
programmed support to these international organisations. Other specific objectives include:
developing a coherent and effective strategy for the “grey zone” dilemma; enhancing co-
ordination with Member States; strengthening ECHO's presence in "humanitarian capitals"

3

COM(1999)468 final.

5

(New York, Geneva, Rome); ; improving project cycle management; controlling results,
together with measuring inputs, improving synergies with staff in the field; strengthening
management at headquarters; and improving skills of staff both at HQ and in the field.

In the context of the general UN-EC negotiations that resulted in a EC/UN Framework Co-
operation Agreement in August, the new Commissioner, Mr. Poul Nielson, vowed to continue
and improve ECHO’s support of UN humanitarian operations, and to focus on its core
capacities and comparative advantages. He had preliminary discussions on these matters with
Ms. Sadako Ogata (UN High Commissioner for Refugees), Mr. Sergio Vieira de Mello (UN
Emergency Relief Co-ordinator) and Ms. Carol Bellamy (Executive Director of UNICEF)
during “first-contact” meetings held in Brussels in October and November. More in-depth
conversations between ECHO and the UN family on the future of their co-operation are to
take place in the spring of 2000.

As a result of the article 20 Communication DG DEV and ECHO also launched a debate
aimed at improving the existing Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development (LRRD)
policy with a view to clarify responsibilities in the grey zone, and a debate regarding a new
comprehensive approach vis-à-vis the UN family.

Closely linked to the Art. 20 evaluation, in 1999 ECHO adopted a new strategy aimed at
emphasising the protection dimension of its work. A discussion paper entitled “Towards a
Human Rights Approach to European Commission Humanitarian Aid” heralded the new
approach, and the decision to finance human rights-related projects on the Kosovo crisis
complemented it.

Throughout 1999 the Humanitarian Aid Committee (HAC), established in 1996 as
stipulated in regulation 1257/96, continued its work of assessing ECHO proposals and
contributing to co-ordinated EU action on humanitarian crises.

At its informal meeting on 15-16 January in Frankfurt under the German Presidency, and as
the Committee discussed the general guidelines of EC
established in the regulation,
humanitarian action in 1999.

The HAC met seven times in 1999, plus an extraordinary meeting on 9 April to discuss the
situation in Kosovo. On the whole, the proposals submitted by the Commission, whether
through an oral or written procedure, were appraised favourably by the Committee.

In June the HAC conducted for the second time ever a field mission, in this case to Central
America. The visit was very positive, allowing members of the Committee to familiarise
themselves with the implementation of EC humanitarian assistance and the humanitarian
conditions prevailing in the region.

The Committee also discussed horizontal issues in the field of humanitarian assistance, thus
contributing to develop the dialogue between ECHO and EC Member States on matters of
common interest. The main questions broached in 1999 relate to technical assistance and
ECHO operations, ways in which humanitarian assistance can promote human rights, and
above all the Communication on Art.20 evaluation. Bilateral contacts with ECHO’s main
donor partner outside the EU, the US, continued in 1999. Commissioner Nielson visited
Washington on 27-28 September, and held discussions with the US and multilateral
institutions (USAID, US Department of State, World Bank and Inter-American Development
Bank) on development and humanitarian assistance policies.

6

3.

OVERVIEW OF OPERATIONS4

3.1.

AFRICA

West Africa

1999 marked the last year of ECHO’s presence in Northern Mali and Northern Niger, in the
Tuareg post-rebellion context. ECHO’s action, which found its logic in the continuum
between relief, rehabilitation and development, will be henceforth replaced by development
programmes, implemented by DG Development or by Member States. The projects financed
by ECHO, which aimed to consolidate the socio-economic reintegration of returnees in the
priority fields of water, health and food security, ended in December 1999 and will be
replaced by medium and long term programmes aiming at sustainable development. In both
countries ECHO action, which started in 1996 in Mali and in 1997 in Niger, was praised as a
major contribution to social stabilisation and peace. On the whole, ECHO will have devoted
€
14.7 million to Northern Mali and

5,1 million to Northern Niger in this period.

€

Guinea-Bissau experienced in 1999 an uncertain return towards peace. In the absence of a
resumption of the development programmes, the main public services were still not operating
properly. The some 100,000 displaced returning to Bissau after the fights, had to repair their
houses before the rain season in order to guarantee decent living conditions and hygiene.
Other urgency concerned access to medical care, in the absence of a functional health system
and in a context of extreme epidemic risk. In this framework, a decision of
2.9 million was
taken to address the emergencies until development programmes are allowed to resume.

€

In Sierra Leone the humanitarian situation reached a trough in early 1999, after 8-years of
civil war, with all indicators (malnutrition, mortality and morbidity rates) ‘in the red’. Despite
the Peace Agreement, the situation has not improved at all. Humanitarian personnel, which
were heavily targeted by the combatants in early 1999 (looting, confiscation of equipment,
arrest of local staff, etc) faced difficulties in obtaining guarantees from rebel forces for
security and free access to populations in dire need of assistance.

The number of Sierra Leonean refugees living in camps set up in neighbouring Guinea and
Liberia is estimated at 500,000. There are some 200,000 internally displaced people. In this
context, ECHO’s intervention focused on providing core-humanitarian emergency assistance
mainly in Sierra Leone, but also for Sierra Leoneans in Guinea and Liberia. ECHO’s
contribution was directed towards medical and nutritional programmes,
food security
interventions, water & sanitation, transport and logistics. ECHO also supported psycho-social
programmes mainly aimed at assisting children affected by war (abducted and demobilised
14 million were
child soldiers as well as unaccompanied minors). In 1999, a total of
allocated in support of the victims of the conflict in Sierra Leone.

€

Central Africa/Great Lakes crisis

ECHO developed one Global Plan covering the second half of 1999 for the Great Lakes
region totalling

53.3 million, including the following activities5:

€

4

5

Please see box on page 22
€

5 million earmarked in the Global Plan for WFP’s activities in the region had not been contracted by
the end of 1999, but still appear as part of the

53.3 million Plan.

€

7

As a result of the continued fighting in the Democratic Republic of Congo, around 800,000
people were internally displaced, while 160,000 Congolese sought refuge in Tanzania,
Zambia and Rwanda. For its part, the DRC hosted over 230,000 refugees from neighbouring
countries.

Although slightly improved after the July Lusaka agreement, access and security remained a
major bottleneck for the humanitarian relief community in DRC. ECHO reopened its Goma
office in September (while keeping its Kinshasa office) and encouraged aid agencies to
develop a coherent strategy.

During 1999 the Commission took decisions worth
13.3million on humanitarian assistance
to the DRC. This amount was used to provide health support to key areas of the country as
well as for the distribution of food and non-food items to vulnerable population groups,
including refugees and IDPs.

€

As a result of the war that flared up in December 1998, more than 20% of the population of
Congo-Brazzaville found itself displaced in 1999, with a gradual return in certain areas since
July. Brazzaville and Pointe Noire became the convergence points for the IDPs, causing an
increasing demographic pressure. This endangered food security and the nutritional status of
the population affected, particularly in the case of Brazzaville.The intervention of ECHO,
totalling
6.94million, succeeded in addressing many of the major humanitarian problems
caused firstly by the displacement of people in the December 1998 war, and secondly by their
return in large numbers. ECHO funded mainly the provision of transport facilities, health,
food aid and nutritional programs.

€

In Burundi, violence between the various rebel factions and the army intensified in the
second half of 1999. The economy was further weakened, and the already degraded
humanitarian situation got worse, with the Government often unable to provide basic services.
The decision to forcefully displace large parts of the population of Bujumbura resulted in over
300,000 people regrouped in 53 overcrowded and unsanitary sites, many of which were not
accessible. This raised the total number of displaced people to over 800,000, or 12% of the
country's population.

October was marked by the brutal murder of 2 UN staff and 7 Burundians during a visit to a
camp in Rutana province. As a result UN and NGO's withdrew most of their staff from rural
areas and temporarily interrupted many crucial activities, to be resumed as soon as more
effective security measures were put in place.

€

ECHO provided
the fields of nutrition, sanitation and general health in IDP camps.

10.3 million-worth of assistance to Burundi’s war-affected populations in

As in previous years, the humanitarian situation in Tanzania was dominated in 1999 by the
presence of more than 370,000 refugees along its western borders with Rwanda, Burundi and
DRC. While the refugee influx from DRC was reduced to a trickle by September, the
increasing rebel/government hostilities in Burundi and the murder of UN-Staff in Rutana
triggered a sharp increase in the influx of Burundian refugees, and made contingency
planning essential.

Prohibited from developing self-sustaining livelihoods, the refugees are entirely dependent on
external assistance. ECHO supported a vast refugee care and maintenance programme,
comprising food aid, protection activities, water and sanitation, health and nutrition, education
and community services. Moreover, ECHO responded to calls by the Tanzanian Government

8

to provide more support for its own poorest groups of population by focusing on surveillance,
early warning and rapid targeted assistance in the food and health sectors. Humanitarian
assistance funded by ECHO in Tanzania amounted to

16.9million in the year.

€

By late 1999 there were no humanitarian emergencies in Rwanda. The food security situation
improved markedly over the year and malnutrition rates decreased significantly. Humanitarian
needs in the Northwest of the country were addressed in a comprehensive way. UNHCR and
its implementing partners completed the distribution of ECHO-funded NFIs to resettled IDPs
in the prefecture of Gisenyi, while the Government’s "umudugudu" policy (‘regroupment’ in
villages) remained a controversial point of discussion with the main foreign donors. The
favourable conditions in the north-west and the deteriorating living conditions in North Kivu
prompted the return of around 20,000 Rwandan refugees. The prefectures of Kibuye and
Byumba continued harbouring over 30,000 refugees, mainly from the Democratic Republic of
Congo.A total of
€

955.000 were devoted to humanitarian assistance in Rwanda.

€

€

On top of the
support of WFP food aid for refugees in Tanzanian camps.

53.3 million of the Global Plan, a separate

5 million decision was made in

Finally, from March 1999 some 25.000 refugees from the Democratic Republic of Congo
(RDC) fleeing the conflict in their country sought protection and assistance by crossing into
Zambia’s northern District of Kaputa. The European Commission contributed to the
humanitarian action in favour of the 25,000 Congolese refugees settled in northern Zambia
with a funding proposal for an amount of
1.5 million (outside the Global Plan). The funds
made available were channelled through the United Nations High Commission for Refugees,
which as lead agency co-ordinated the operation and ensured that the rights of the refugees
under international
law were protected. Funds covered the camp management, shelter,
provision of essential health, nutrition and water and sanitation services.

€

Horn of Africa

Internal tensions and fighting continued throughout central and southern Somalia, limiting
considerably the humanitarian space necessary for the International Community to provide
assistance to vulnerable populations. A number of international aid agencies had to
temporarily withdraw their expatriate staff. In contrast, the northern part of Somalia enjoyed
relative stability, which justified the start of rehabilitation measures.

€

ECHO’s efforts (
and Southern Somalia.

3.3 million) concentrated on medical and nutrition assistance in Mogadishu

The conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea, which had been simmering since June 1998,
developed into open hostilities in February 1999. Whilst there were only a few casualties
among the civilian population as a result of the military activities, several hundred thousand
persons were either internally displaced or deported from their country of residence.

€

10.2 million for humanitarian assistance
During 1999 the Commission took decisions worth
€
6.7 million) funded
to persons affected by this conflict. The largest portion of this amount (
operations in Eritrea, where a large part of the IDPs lived in some 30 camps under difficult
conditions (most Ethiopians driven from their homes had been integrated in existing
settlements). Most of the funds were used for the provision of food, the rest being spent on
clean water supply, shelter, health care and non-food items.

9

In 1999 the humanitarian situation in Sudan improved substantially, in comparison with the
previous year that had been marked by the worst famine in a decade. Nevertheless the country
is entering its 17th year of civil war with no real end in sight. Peace talks continued at different
levels, but none of the opposing sides seemed prepared for real compromise. The main areas
of insecurity in 1999 remained Northern Bahr el Gazal and Western Upper Nile around the
oilfields, whereas the Government of Sudan continued its occasional bombing raids all over
the South.

€

ECHO funded projects worth
13.5 million, mainly in the medical, water/sanitation, food
security and logistics sectors. Operations generally went smoothly, although humanitarian
access in Sudan is increasingly difficult. Consequently ECHO remained strongly opposed to
the proposed Memorandum of Understanding between NGOs and the SRRA (humanitarian
branch of the SPLA) which would further restrict humanitarian operations in the rebel-held
areas.

Angola

In 1999 the consequences of civil war in Angola exceeded any previsions in terms of
humanitarian needs and suffering. The hope for peace was shattered by the intensification of
the conflict that spread to almost every major town. The humanitarian situation deteriorated
throughout the year and there was a growing wave of displaced people fleeing from the
countryside to the provincial capitals. The number of new Internally Displaced People (NIDP)
since mid-1998 reached nearly one million and UNHCR country offices in D.R.C, Zambia
and (to a lesser extend) Namibia, confirmed substantial arrivals of Angolan refugees
Precarious security conditions and limited field access made working conditions for
humanitarian organisation very difficult in most war-affected provinces. No humanitarian
activities took place in UNITA controlled areas since March.

In 1999, the European Commission proposed to respond to this situation with a funding
strategy for humanitarian assistance worth
10 million. The aid was given to the recipients via
the most
more than 20 NGOs. The decision aimed to reduce mortality rates amongst
vulnerable sections of the civilian population and to support the provision of shelter and non-
food items to the growing number of IDPs in need.

€

ECHO-Flight

In 1999 ECHO-Flight continued its service in the Horn of Africa and in West Africa. Six
aircraft based in Nairobi, Djibouti, Mandera and Lokichoggio were used to support
humanitarian operations in Somalia, Kenya and Southern Sudan.

Due to a general improvement of conditions in the region and the re-establishment of
commercial flights, the service provided by one aircraft based in Bamako that delivered
humanitarian supplies in Mali, Niger, Senegal and Guinea Bissau was discontinued.

3.2.

EUROPE

Western Balkans

1999 was the year when open military conflict returned to the region of the former
Yugoslavia, and engulfed its southern part in a humanitarian tragedy of massive proportions.
While ECHO’s efforts in the region in recent years had focused on recovery and return, the
conflict sent the humanitarian community back to the task of helping hundreds of thousands

10

of refugees and displaced persons survive the immediate consequences of violent conflict and
sudden, massive displacement.

The Kosovo crisis also made a complex crisis in former Yugoslavia even more complicated,
with new layers of displacement added on to an already intricate pattern of forced population
movements.

€

ECHO responded massively to the Kosovo crisis during its different stages, deciding on a
total of
378 million in direct response to the events in 1999. This represents a marked
€
increase compared to 1998, when ECHO provided
21.6 million in favour of the victims of
the first escalation of tension and violence in Kosovo.

Initial efforts between March and June focused on the reception and accommodation of large
refugee and displaced populations streaming out of Kosovo and into the former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia, Albania, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina.

€

The Commission allocated
182 million to this end between the end of March and June 1999,
providing emergency humanitarian aid to meet the needs for food and hygiene aid, shelter
(refugee camps, collective accommodation, host families), health care, psycho-social support,
protection and community services. ECHO was the largest contributor to UNHCR’s operation
in response to the Kosovo crisis.

Support was also extended to cover the most vulnerable among the local population in
Albania, fYROM and Montenegro.

The adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 on 10 June and the
subsequent deployment of KFOR in Kosovo led to a quicker and more comprehensive return
than expected of the many refugees and displaced persons.

For the remainder of the year, ECHO’s efforts focused on providing emergency humanitarian
aid to Kosovo, where massive destruction of housing and infrastructure and widespread
returning refugees and displaced persons were in need of a
looting had meant
comprehensive package of support in order to ensure minimal living conditions over the
196 million for
winter. The Commission on 16 July adopted a further decision of
humanitarian aid to the victims of the crisis in the region.

that

€

ECHO and UNHCR had drawn up a comprehensive return assistance plan for Kosovo by
May, which subsequently formed the backbone of the international humanitarian assistance
effort in Kosovo. ECHO-funded NGOs, other donors and UNHCR together provided more
than 65,000 shelter and ‘winterisation’ kits, allowing returning refugees to repair their
damaged or destroyed houses and ensure one heated room for the winter. This programme
was complemented by small-scale agricultural projects, as well as by clearance of anti-
personnel mines and unexploded ordnance.

The rapid deployment of a Commission Task Force for the Reconstruction of Kosovo
(TAFKO) allowed for the early planning of the transition between humanitarian aid and
rehabilitation and reconstruction assistance.

Assistance programmes in neighbouring republics (Montenegro, Albania, fYROM) were
pursued for as long as required, while the support to vulnerable groups in these republics was
continued into 2000 in order to mitigate the negative consequences of the crisis on the
situation of vulnerable groups.

11

In Albania, aid programmes that became redundant when the refugees returned where re-
oriented towards meeting the most pressing needs of the local population, in particular in the
fields of health care and water and sanitation. This programme also constituted the
continuation of the earlier ECHO programme in Albania following the unrest and destruction
in 1997.

While prospects for Kosovo were good in the second half of 1999, the situation in Serbia
deteriorated sharply, and led ECHO to step up its assistance more than six-fold in comparison
with previous years. Food and hygiene programmes in favour of the old caseload of refugees
from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia were rapidly expanded to cover more than 800,000
refugees, displaced persons and vulnerable groups among the local population.

The accommodation of the displaced persons from Kosovo also warranted significant efforts
in the fields of emergency rehabilitation of collective centres and private accommodation.
Attention was also paid to the situation in social and health institutions, which received
targeted support with minor rehabilitation, equipment and heating fuel.

Prior to the Kosovo crisis, the Commission had allocated
69 million for the continuation of
the post-Dayton programme in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and the FRY. While the
situation in the FRY rapidly deteriorated, initial plans to gradually phase out ECHO’s
assistance to Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina were maintained, as the humanitarian
situation continued to improve and the need for traditional aid programmes was reduced as a
consequence of the general economic and social recovery.

€

The support of the return process in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia was maintained in
1999, while efforts were stepped up in order to ensure a smooth transition to longer term
Commission assistance programmes in support of return in the two countries.

CIS and rest of Europe

63.8 million in 19996. Aid programmes
Commission assistance in CIS countries totalled
directly related to the various ethnic conflicts that affected the region in the last decade
16 million in Tajikistan) or was
remained either at the same level as in previous years (
gradually reduced as the process of gradual transition from humanitarian to other type of
assistance continued.

€

€

However, the serious impact of the Russian financial crisis (August 1998) on the economic
situation of the whole CIS region and on the general living conditions of the local population
its
prompted the European Community to request special efforts by ECHO to adapt
in order to provide assistance to the most
humanitarian instruments as far as possible,
5.4 million had already been
vulnerable parts of local society. In the case of Russia,
allocated to this effect in December 1998 and under the 1999 budget, further
5.6 million
were made available. Funded activities focused mainly on tuberculosis-related programmes,
support to selected vulnerable medical and social institutions, assistance to “forced migrants”
and IDPs,
local capacity building and strengthening of the Visiting Nurses Services in
selected regions.

€

€

6

€

5 million were actually not spent by the end of 1999 and were transferred to the general ECHO

Some
Budget. This explains the apparent discrepancy with the figure in annex 5.

12

€

An amount of
20 million was transferred from the TACIS budget line to ECHO in order to
fund a special assistance programme in favour of 8 CIS countries that had particularly
suffered under the Russian financial crisis.

Unfortunately, the working environment for humanitarian actors, in particular NGOs, has
remained difficult in the region (problems with local authorities, taxation and customs). In an
effort to facilitate programming and monitoring of ECHO projects, but also in order to
support the implementing partners as far as possible in their dealings with local authorities,
ECHO opened a new office in Moscow in September 1999.

The Northern Caucasus proved to be an exceptional case. Like in the previous year, security
conditions remained extremely bad and prevented a resumption of substantial international
assistance. This fact was all the more regrettable, for it can be assumed that the renewal of
violence in the area (Dagestan and Chechnya crises) has exacerbated existing needs. The new
Russian military intervention in Chechnya has displaced more than 200,000 inhabitants of
Chechnya and despite all efforts by the international community to facilitate a political
settlement of the conflict, the outlook for a negotiated solution was at the time of writing this
report not very promising. The security problem made it impossible to become operational in
Chechnya itself. Even in neighbouring Ingushetia, where most of the refugees are currently
concentrated, humanitarian actors are facing numerous difficulties.

€

€

The Commission allocated
1.2 million in October to a relief programme organised mainly by
UNHCR. In December, a further
1 million was allocated to ICRC’s activities in the region.
the unresolved security problems, both programmes had to be
Taking into account
implemented via “remote control” (without permanent deployment of expatriate staff).ECHO
does not favour this approach, which has not offered satisfactory results in the past , but under
these exceptional circumstances it proved to be the only possibility to provide at least some
relief to the victims of the conflict.

By the end of the year, a number of other humanitarian actors (including several NGOs that
already had prior working experience in the region) were trying to identify possibilities to
become operational in the Northern Caucasus.

In Central and Eastern Europe, there was no need for major interventions in 1999. As a
result, ECHO’s role mainly consisted in the continued implementation of some 1998 projects
(medical supplies in Bulgaria). Only limited new interventions took place in specific
countries.

On 17 August a major earthquake, measuring 7.5 on the Richter Scale, struck the north-
western region of Turkey. Four provinces, Yalova, Kocaeli, Sakarya and Bolu, together with
surrounding areas of Istanbul were badly affected. Some 18,000 people lost their lives and up
to 40,000 were injured. Major structural damage also occurred. The Commission responded
2 million was adopted followed
rapidly to the disaster. On 19 August a funding decision of
2 million. NGO partners
two weeks later,on 25 August, by a second funding decision of
began to implement programmes which focussed on the supply of emergency items including
temporary shelter, hygiene kits, medicines and winter clothes. On 12 November a second
major earthquake struck; the epicentre was in the town of Duzce in the province of Bolu. The
Commission responded by adopting a funding decision of
3 million on 23 November. Given
23 million was
the scale of the disaster and continuing needs, a further funding decision of
adopted on 20 December, thus bringing the total amount allocated in support of victims of the
earthquake in Turkey to
30 million. In addition to the sectors already, support has also been
earmarked for post-trauma counselling and disaster preparedness mentioned initiatives.

€

€

€

€

€

13

3.3.

ASIA, MIDDLE EAST/MEDITERRANEAN AND LATIN AMERICA

Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean

€

At the end of 1998, Hurricane Mitch hit hard the entire region of Central America. Since
November 1998 ECHO has been continuously present in the region with the aim of assisting
the affected population. In October 1999, the Commission adopted a Global Plan amounting
to
16 million that envisages assistance activities for the four countries Honduras, Nicaragua,
Guatemala and El Salvador. This Global Plan completed the two precedent decisions in
favour of the victims of the hurricane, providing further assistance in the sectors of water and
sanitation, health and the rehabilitation of private houses.

Last May the Commission cleared a package of humanitarian aid for an amount of
2 million
for victims of the conflict in Guatemala. The overall aim of the programme was to assist the
resettlement of displaced families of the CPR of the Sierra and Peten (Comunidades de
Poblacion en Resistencia) and of the CPT (Comités pro Tierra) of the department of Quiché.
This decision was taken within the framework of ECHO support for the implementation of the
Peace Agreements, which started in 1996.

€

The programme will primarily contribute towards ensuring continuity in the resettlement
process of people who have been uprooted (provisions of basic shelters, drinking water,
medical and health assistance).

In August 1999, the Commission approved an intervention amounting to
500,000 in favour
of the population affected by two earthquakes and the subsequent eruption of the Cerro Negro
Volcano in the department of earthquakes León in Nicaragua. The aid consisted of the
distribution of basic relief items, the provision of medical care and the set up and organisation
of shelters.

€

€

€

9 million in 1999, devoted to food support, medicines and
Cuba benefited from an aid of
short-term rehabilitation of hospitals. An additional
2 million emergency aid targeted the
410,000 were allocated to disaster
needs created by hurricane Irene in October. Finally,
prevention projects. In the case of Cuba, each ECHO NGO-partner involved is responsible for
the purchase and international transport of one item (medicines, medical utensils, food,
sanitation equipment...), but monitors the distribution of all humanitarian items (by the Cuban
health ministry) in one or two provinces. ECHO field experts monitor the arrival and storage
1 million to assist flood victims in the states
of the aid.In Mexico, the Commission provided
of Puebla and Veracruz, plus

500,000 in favour of displaced population in Chiapas.

€

€

€

South America

The internal conflict in Colombia continued worsening during 1999; it is calculated that over
500,000 persons have been displaced during the last five years. In 1999, the Commission
approved a third Global Plan in favour of the displaced people in Colombia with a total
budget of

6.5 million .

€

After the earthquake on 25 January 1999, emergency and post-emergency aid was channelled
to the victims for a total amount of

3.4 million .

€

Following the catastrophic floods striking Venezuela in December, the Commission swiftly
decided to provide, via ECHO,

400,000 of emergency relief to those affected.

€

14

In Ecuador the Community provided and aid worth
displaced by the eruption of the Tungurahua volcano.

€

290,000 in favour of the population

€

Paraguay received
334,000-worth of humanitarian assistance aimed at people affected by
the drought caused by the climatic phenomenon called "La Niña". In the case of Peru and
€
Bolivia,
1.6 million were devoted to fund emergency food aid, water and sanitation, and
agriculture rehabilitation in support of the most vulnerable groups affected by the floods and
the fires caused by “La Niña”.

Middle East/Mediterranean

€

A
11 million global plan for the Middle East was adopted in July. It included assistance to
the Palestinian population in the occupied territories, Palestinian refugees in Lebanon, Syria
and Jordan, plus some specific aid in support of vulnerable groups in those countries.

With the calendar proposed by the UN Secretary-General on 13 May in mind (which
envisaged the start of repatriation in March 2000 and the holding of the referendum in July
2000), ECHO put together a
7.5 million assistance programme for Western Sahara. It
aimed to support the needs expected from the first movements of population back into the
territory; plus continuing food supplies and in general keeping acceptable living conditions
for the refugees.

€

€

A
500,000 decision adopted by the Commission on 25 February envisaged the strengthening
of operational capabilities of Algerian Red Crescent, partnership programmes between
Algeria’s and Europe’s psycho-social networks, and the establishment of counselling
structures for orphans and traumatised children.

€

500,000 decision on 10 September including assistance to
The Commission adopted a
support people having difficulties integrating into Yemenite society, repatriated people, the
handicapped and a vaccination campaign against measles. In addition, two operations to fight
against malaria, one of Yemen’s priorities in the health field, were funded by a
800,000
decision made on 6 May.

€

€

2 million decision adopted on 2 June permitted the funding or projects
Regarding Iraq, a
providing medical supplies, rehabilitation of sanitation infrastructure, support to institutions
assisting handicapped and stray children, as well as assistance to displaced persons.

Asia

En 1999, ECHO allocated
Afghanistan, namely Hazarajat, Panshir, the North and Kabul.

5 million to support displaced persons in certain areas of

€

In the Hazarajat region, ECHO funded cash-for-work food security operations, whereas in
Panshir and in the North ECHO financed projects aimed to support displaced persons.

The influx of 50,000 IDPs has much worsened the humanitarian situation in Kabul, on top of
the chronic underemployment situation and recent economic sanctions on the Taliban regime.
To address the emergency situation in Kabul, ECHO supported rehabilitation operations of
medico-nutritional programs, as well as specific food-for-work operations in favour of IDPs
and vulnerable groups.

Lastly, ECHO allocated
Kabul in February.

€

750,000 to assist victims of the earthquake that hit the south of

15

€

ECHO provided an additional
2 million to support victims of the floods affecting
Bangladesh in 1998, the worst in the history of the country. The projects financed by ECHO
aimed at reducing the dependency of the population vis-à-vis emergency relief via actions in
the areas of shelter, water and sanitation, and food security. Following the summer floods,
ECHO financed three projects totalling
1,075 million in the areas of food aid, medical
supplies and housing rehabilitation.

€

€

In February,
1 million was allocated to Cambodia, to assist the return and reintegration of
some of the 46,000 refugees that had returned from Thailand. Resettlement, though, was
difficult, especially in the north-west of the country where land mines and the lack of roads
prove a permanent obstacle. In 1999 ECHO also implemented a global plan worth
5.5
million. The target population consisted of internally displaced people, returnees and other
vulnerable groups living in former Khmer Rouge conflict zones. The focus was on four main
humanitarian areas: primary health care; provision of basic necessities; assistance to refugees
and returnees; and humanitarian de-mining.

€

In addition to the global plan,
€

310 000 in December.

€

545,000 were provided in August to the victims of floods, and

€

1 million to assist victims of floods in the Yangtse region, mostly
In China, ECHO provided
to address food and water needs of the population affected. The Tibet region also benefited
from an

500,000 aid in the form of shelter, food aid and medical assistance.

€

4 million global plan
In North Korea, ECHO’s action consisted in the implementation of a
if the fields of health and hygiene for children, delivery of medicines to hospitals and water
800,000 decision permitted ECHO to provide winter
and sanitation. A complementary
clothes for children, and coal to meet the heating needs of schools, orphan homes and
hospitals.

€

€

€

The Commission decided in February to provide
1 million worth of humanitarian assistance
to nomadic populations in the north-west of India, following the exceptional snowstorms
hitting that region and Tibet. That programme, including food aid, medical assistance and
survival equipment assisted a population of some 30,000 families for 9 months. In October an
exceptionally strong cyclone hit the eastern coast, particularly the state of Orissa, affecting
2 million decision to fund
directly more than 15 million people. The Commission adopted a
emergency relief, followed by another

5.2 million one.

€

€

2
In the case of East Timor, three decisions of humanitarian assistance were signed in 1999 (
€
10
million in July before the crisis,
million in November) The main sectors of ECHO intervention are health and medical
assistance, distribution of food and non-food items, transport of the returnees, water and
sanitation, shelters, protection and security of the IDP's.

3 million in September for emergency operations and

€

€

€

As regards Indonesia, a decision was first signed in March 1999 for emergency aid to
1 million for medical and health programmes and the
displaced people in Maluku islands of
3 million for
distribution of food. In December 1999, a new decision was signed providing
humanitarian assistance to the people victims of conflicts in Aceh, West Timor (refugees from
East Timor) and Maluku islands.
€

450,000 were devoted to assist cyclone victims in Pakistan, with a special attention to the

€

fishing community, and regarding the fight against malaria.

16

In the Philippines ECHO focused on the response to natural disasters and disaster
1.16 million to
preparedness projects (DIPECHO). In September the Commission granted
projects in favour of flood victims, providing urgently needed medical resources as well as
food and non-food aid. That sum also covered projects assisting internally displaced people in
the former MNLA guerrilla areas of Basilan and Central Mindanao, by meeting their water,
sanitation and education needs, in addition to providing food aid.

€

In Sri Lanka, the resumption of hostilities in the North provoked new internal displacement,
and the repatriation work by the Government continues, particularly in the Jaffna area. In that
context, the Commission granted
1.36 million to three projects focusing on shelter, wells
rehabilitation and sanitation, and the delivery of agricultural inputs to those being repatriated.

€

In May the Commission adopted a
4.5 million food aid global plan in favour of Burmese
refugees in camps along the border with Thailand. That plan benefited 120,000 refugees,
who received medical assistance and food for ten months.

€

€

Vietnam was included in the
July/August 1999. In December
swept the country in November.

€

2 million decision for flooding that affected South East Asia in
700 000 were allocated to the victims of the floods that had

4.

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS – DIPECHO

In 1999 ECHO continued, strengthened and broadened its action in the field of prevention of
and preparedness for, natural disasters, through its DIPECHO programme.

As the implementation of DIPECHO’s first set of Action Plans proceeded throughout the
year, ECHO also conducted an evaluation of each one of these Plans.

At the conclusion of the first Action Plan (DIPECHO Caribbean), the evaluation showed the
need to pursue the DIPECHO approach simultaneously along the three axes that had been
already defined: the Caribbean region, the national structures and the local communities. To
accomplish these objectives,
1.675 million second DIPECHO Action Plan for the
Caribbean was adopted in December 1999.

the

€

Two evaluations were conducted on DIPECHO's action in Central America and South East
Asia. Both evaluations showed that greater emphasis had to be given to two main levels of
intervention : national and regional and identified project guidelines for future Action Plan.

The DIPECHO programme was extended to two new regions: the Andean Community and
South Asia. ECHO conducted an assessment of needs in each region, to identify the risks and
analyse the socio-economic vulnerability of the population and the existing response
mechanisms:

• For the Andean Community, the assessment recommended to focus on preparing the
communities most vulnerable to flooding, landslides and earthquakes and on strengthening
disaster prevention structures at regional, national, district and local levels. The first
5.330.000 was
DIPECHO Action Plan composed of 17 projects for a total amount of
adopted in December 1999.

€

• The assessment for Southern Asia underlined three levels of interventions for the future
DIPECHO Action Plan to be adopted in 2000: at local and community level; at state and
district level to support the disaster management capacity-building; and at national and

17

regional
information and technical exchanges.

level

to further strengthen existing institutions and initiatives to promote

€

In 1999,
€

40.000 -- and Kyrgystan/Uzbekistan --

395.000 were also devoted to “out-of-DIPECHO-area” projects (Morocco --
120.000), as well as to promote the co-ordination of

€

preventive activities in the Caribbean.

5.

RELATIONS WITH PARTNERS – FPA

Co-operation between ECHO and its partners is governed by the Framework Partnership
Agreement (FPA). This instrument was revised in light of past experience and the new
version of the contract entered into force on 1 January 1999. This instrument is the fruit of a
thorough reflection and of an overall internal evaluation of the operational needs as well as of
a detailed dialogue with the ECHO partners. This tool enables ECHO to implement projects
quickly via partners known and identified according to their professionalism and their
experience in humanitarian matters. 163 partners have signed the Framework Partnership
Agreement. Since the entry into force of the new FPA, a team of ECHO has been carrying out
information and training sessions on this subject in all the European capitals for the attention
of the NGOs.

FPA was the subject of amendments for the International Federation of the Red Cross and the
International Committee of the Red Cross, so that the specific mandate of these organisations
could be taken into consideration.

In addition, after the signing of the Framework Agreement between the Commission and the
United Nations on 9 August, ECHO undertook the task of adapting the FPA to the operations
carried out by the Agencies of the United Nations that are financed by ECHO. Work is on-
going within ECHO as well as with partners on the evaluation, redefinition and interpretation
of the FPA, in line with the Article 20 Communication (see also point 2).

On 10 December, ECHO organised its annual meeting with partner NGOs, where several
issues of common interest were discussed. Commissioner Nielson addressed all ECHO
partners in Paris, vowing to strengthen and improve ECHO’s collaboration with them in the
common humanitarian endeavour.

An active ECHO representation was also ensured at the Commission’s inter-service working
group aiming to define a new partnership with NGOs. In this context, the FPA was mentioned
as an effective example of co-operation.

Within the framework of its co-operation policy with NGOs, ECHO financed activities geared
to the strengthening of the partnership through the pooling of the experience and know-how
of its partners

6.

GRANT FACILITY – NOHA

The Grant Facility was established in order to make available small grants - of a non-
renewable nature - for training initiatives, studies and networks in the humanitarian field,
corresponding to a number of priorities identified by ECHO on an annual basis. Thus, it is the
purpose of the facility to enhance the knowledge and expertise of humanitarian agencies and
their professional staff. In addition, ECHO contributes through the Grant Facility to the
understanding of humanitarian issues and to the development of appropriate policy responses.

18

Finally, the Grant Facility enables ECHO to maintain lines of communication with the key
actors in the international debate on humanitarian issues.

The priority areas identified in 1999 were:

• Security of relief workers.

• Military-civilian co-operation in humanitarian operations (with particular reference to the

possible contribution of WEU).

• Integration of human rights considerations
promotion of international humanitarian law.

in humanitarian operations,

including

• Case studies aiming at establishing and testing methodologies to assess the wider political,
social and economic impact of humanitarian assistance on communities or countries in
crisis.

Projects aiming at building capacity and enhance skills of humanitarian NGOs, as well as
projects developing networks and other mechanisms with a view to improving the co-
ordination and quality of humanitarian response, could also be financed under the 1999
facility.

The call for proposals for the Grant Facility was published on ECHO’s homepage in the first
quarter of 1999. This prompted some 40 applications. 8 projects received financial support in
1999 for a total of

484.350 (see annex 7).

€

7.

COMMUNICATION/INFORMATION

In 1999, ECHO's information strategy involved four aspects: media, publications, audio-
visual publications, activities organised jointly with international and with non-governmental
organisations, as well as programmes to mark the German and Finnish presidencies of the
European Union.

Press releases were published in close co-operation with the Spokesman's Service to announce
major funding decisions and other important activities. Other decisions were published in the
form of 'News in Brief' bulletins. The ECHO website was launched in English and French,
and improved over the course of the year. ECHO also co-operated closely with Reuters’
Alertnet, giving us an opportunity to reach a wider audience with news about ECHO
activities.

ECHO continued to work closely with the rotating presidencies of the Council and, in this
context, co-operated with the German and Finnish Presidencies in organising communication
initiatives (including conferences on child soldiers and old people held in Berlin and Helsinki,
respectively).

8.

EVALUATION, BUDGET AND AUDIT

In 1999, the financial resources (from the EC budget and the European Development Fund)
812.9 million.
devoted to humanitarian aid and managed by ECHO approached the figure of
This amount was far superior to the funds managed by ECHO in previous years. Originally,
330.9 million to humanitarian assistance. Yet the Kosovo
the 1999 EC budget had allocated

€

€

19

€

crisis, persisting needs in Russia, as well as those generated by the earthquakes in Turkey, led
396 million to the initial figure. Bearing in mind the pressure exerted on
to the addition of
the EC budget, most operations in favour of ACP countries were financed with EDF resources
€
(

83 million).

In 1999 ECHO’s evaluation unit oversaw two major evaluations of all humanitarian
operations financed by the European Union in the last eight years.

The first of those was requested by the Council of Development Ministers and covers the
period January 1991 – July 1996. This evaluation confirmed the efficacy of the aid provided
in spite of the enormous difficulties confronted and improvements needed.

The second evaluation was foreseen in art. 20 of the Council Regulation concerning
humanitarian assistance and comprised all actions financed under that regulation since its
entry into force in July 1996. This evaluation confirmed the results of the other one as regards
the pertinence of ECHO’s action and the efficacy of its activities, but underlined the necessity
of improvements. As foreseen in the regulation, the results of this evaluation were the subject
of a communication of the Commission submitted to the Council and the European
Parliament (see point 2).

In addition, ECHO conducted an evaluation of humanitarian global plans implemented in
1998 and 1999 in Tanzania and Rwanda. ECHO’s funding activities in Rwanda in 1998
supposed a shift from a preference for clear targeted humanitarian emergency aid to the
funding of large rehabilitation and resettlements projects in the politically sensitive grey zone
between relief and development in Rwanda. When compared to previous decisions the 1998
Global Plan represented the first actual occasion that ECHO’s field correspondents provided a
high (quality and quantity) input to its content and rationale. It thus successfully prepared for
a second financial decision that year which funded many other humanitarian programmes and
projects in the region.

As far as ECHO’s contributions in the frame of the 1998 and 1999 Global Plans in Tanzania
are concern, they helped to carry out essential assistance within the given constraints in this
country. These good results are reflected by the assessment of these two Global Plans. For the
first time, planning assumptions were introduced in a format that allowed for adaptation to
changes and a range of potential actions were chosen on a priority basis. The chosen format
also resulted in a much more concise and accessible document.

A “Manual for the evaluation of humanitarian aid”, actually a revised version of the one from
1996, was also published in 1999. The new manual, conceived as a practical tool, targeted
mainly all those who work in the humanitarian field, and was disseminated widely.

Finally, an analysis of the evaluations undertaken since 1996 was also carried out. The
purpose sought was to better disseminate lessons learnt from the evaluations, and to create a
link between evaluations and operational decisions by ECHO.

In the area of auditing, a total of 22 financial audits were conducted by ECHO in 1999. These
audits concerned partners having received some 82% of ECHO’s funding. In 1999 officials
from ECHO’s budget unit carried out 22 audit controls. The audits were carried out on both
existing ECHO partners and on NGO’s that had applied for partnership with ECHO.

20

These audits function as a two-way communications tool, by which ECHO obtains an audit
opinion on its existing and potential future partners and the NGO’s audited obtain guidance as
to the functioning of ECHO.

By the end of 1999 ECHO had audited those of its partners that have received over 82% of
ECHO’s funds. The European Court of Auditors has commented favourably on the audit work
completed by ECHO, but it has also called for the number of audits carried out by ECHO to
be considerably increased. This is under review.

21

The figures in the annexes, particularly in annex 5, are those reflecting
country-specific decisions. Much of ECHO funding, however, is aimed at
more than one country, which explains any possible divergence between
these figures and those provided in the text of the report.

For the total ECHO spending devoted to each particular country (including
funding decisions affecting more than one country), please refer to the text
of the report.

22

ANNEX 1a

FINANCIAL DECISIONS FOR HUMANITARIAN AID BY REGION

As per: 31/12/99

TOTAL : 812.9
MECU

EX-YUGOSLAVIA
55,2%

1 9 9 9

NORTH AFRICA/MIDDLE
EAST
2,3%

LATIN AMERICA
6,0%

C.I.S
6,8%

EASTERN EUROPE
0,2%

ASIA
11,2%

n.a.
2,1%

ACP
15,8%

IRAQ
0,2%

23

ANNEX 1b

1 9 9 8

NORTH AFRICA/MIDDLE
EAST
5,8%

LATIN AMERICA
10,7%

(1)

TOTAL : 517.7 MECU

C.I.S
7,6%

EASTERN EUROPE
2,7%

ASIA
12,9%

(1)

n.a.
3,2%

(1) GLO BAL (11 %) inc lud es, a mo ng o the r thing s,
19.1 MECU for the hurric a ne s "G eo rg es" (2.8
MEC U) a nd "Mitc h" (16.3 MECU) a nd 9.5 MECU
fo r EC HOFLIG HT (ACP Co untries).

(1)

ACP
30,6%

EX-YUGOSLAVIA
23,8%

IRAQ
2,7%

a nn 1 1999.XLS

24

ANNEX 2

Huma nita ria n Assista nce - Contra c ts by Fina ncia l Yea rs

AS PER : 31/12/1999

1997

1998

1999

EC NGO'S

UNITED
NATIONS

OTHER
INTERN. ORG.

CEC
DIRECT

MEMBER
STATES
GOVNTS

OTHER
GOVNTS

OTHER NGO'S

LOCAL
NGO'S

450.000.000

400.000.000

350.000.000

300.000.000

250.000.000

200.000.000

150.000.000

100.000.000

50.000.000

0

25

B7-210

B7-511
B7-211

ANNEX 3

OVERVIEW OF FINANCIAL DECISIONS FOR EC HUMANITARIAN AID BY
SOURCE OF FINANCE 1993-1999 As per 31/12/99

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Source
of
finance /
Budget
Line

Description

DECISIONS DECISIONS
(in ECU)

(in ECU)

DECISIONS DECISIONS DECISIONS DECISIONS

(in ECU)

(in ECU)

(in ECU)

(in ECU)

LOME IV ART 164 and ART 254 (1)

263.268.603

46.456.000

3.487.000

7.420.000

37.387.000

83.082.000

B7-510 DISASTER AID

109.522.247

_

_

_

_

_

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
(2)

_

238.339.500 386.550.000 212.162.954 283.089.060 197.974.000

EMERGENCY FOOD AID

46.000.000
_

(2)

_

33.710.000

271.380.000

_

_
_

_

_
_

_

_
_

_

_
_

_

B7-514 HUMANITARIAN AID TO
C & E EUROPE

B7-214

(2)

_

236.670.000 187.150.000 158.985.000 135.097.000 450.250.000

B7-515 HUMANITARIAN AID TO

50.000.000

_

_

_

_

_

EX-USSR

B7-215

(2)

_

93.350.000

49.750.000

36.050.000

37.040.000

55.325.000

B7-516 HUMANITARIAN ACTION

3.998.574

IN 3RD COUNTRIES

B7-216

(2)

_

B7-517 REFUGEES & DISPL.

20.000.000

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

PERSONS IN DEV.
COUNTRIES

B7-217

(2)

B7-219 OPERATIONAL SUPPORT,

DISASTER PREPAR.

B7-644 HUMANITARIAN AID TO

WESTERN SAHARA POP.

_

_

_

38.540.000

21.420.000

19.960.000

17.044.000

18.360.000

5.027.012

6.298.500

7.034.000

8.000.000

7.570.000

_

2.000.000

_

_

_

TOTAL

764.169.424

692.092.512 656.655.500 441.611.954 517.657.060 812.911.000

(1) First 5-year allocation under Lome IV (1991-95) was 250,000,000. The second (1996-2000) was 143.000.000 ecu. in 1999,
only Art 254/F8.
(2) In 1995, the budget chapter that corresponds to Echo becomes B7-200 instead of B7-500.

26

Financial Decisions for EC Humanitarian Aid 1994-
1999

900.000.000

800.000.000

700.000.000

600.000.000

500.000.000

812.911.

000

656.655.5

00

517.657.0

441.611.9

60

54

400.000.000

764.169.4

24

300.000.000

692.092.5

12

200.000.000

100.000.000

0

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

27

ANNEX 4

Amount of Contracts Signed in 1997,
1998 and 1999

As per : 31/12/99

NUMBER OF CONTRACTS SIGNED

#

1400

MECU

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

1243

1229

926

1997

1998

1999

Financial Year

Financial Years

28

VALUE OF CONTRACTS SIGNED (MECU)

600.000.000

MECU
500.000.000

400.000.000

300.000.000

200.000.000

443.052.842

100.000.000

0

514.510.586

593.764.631

1997

1998

1999

Financial year

29

ANNEX 5

FINANCIAL DECISIONS FOR HUMANITARIAN AID BY REGION IN 1998 AND 1999
19981999
As per 31/12/99
COUNTRY/REGION

COUNTRY/REGION

DECISIONS IN
ECU

EX-YUGOSLAVIA

123.097.000 EX-YUGOSLAVIA

ACP

143.317.000 ACP

OF

REPUBLIC

ANGOLA
ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA
BAHAMAS
BURKINA FASO
CHAD
CHAD AREA (INSECTS INFESTATION)
COMOROS
DEMOCRATIC
CONGO
DJIBOUTI
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
EASTERN & CENTRAL AFRICA
ERITREA
ETHIOPIA
FRENCH POLYNESIA
GAMBIA
GHANA
GREAT LAKES REGION
GUINEA BISSAU
GUINEA
GUYANA
HAITI
HORN OF AFRICA (Air Transport)
KENYA
LIBERIA
MADAGASCAR
MALI
MOZAMBIQUE
NIGER
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
SENEGAL
SIERRA LEONE
SOMALIA
SUDAN
TANZANIA
ZAMBIA
REGIONAL ACP

C.I.S (1)
ARMENIA
AZERBAIJAN

BELARUS
GEORGIA
KIRGYZSTAN
MOLDOVA
RUSSIAN FED
TAJIKISTAN
TCHERNOBYL Disaster
UKRAINE
REGIONAL C.I.S.

EASTERN EUROPE
ALBANIA
BULGARIA
ROMANIA
SLOVAKIA

ASIA (2)
AFGHANISTAN
BANGLADESH

DECISIONS IN
ECU

448.500.000

128.652.000

10.000.000

300.000

ANGOLA
ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA
BAHAMAS
BURKINA FASO

1.450.000 CHAD

CHAD AREA (INSECTS INFESTATION)

400.000 COMOROS
942.000 DEMOCRATIC

REPUBLIC

OF

1.610.000
20.000.000

CONGO (TANZANIA)
DJIBOUTI
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
EASTERN & CENTRAL AFRICA

1.790.000 ERITREA
2.190.000 ETHIOPIA, ERITREA, DJIBOUTI

105.000 FRENCH POLYNESIA

GAMBIA
GHANA

76.695.000 GREAT LAKES REGION

2.850.000 GUINEA BISSAU
2.290.000 GUINEA
300.000 GUYANA

HAITI
HORN OF AFRICA (Air Transport)

75.000 KENYA
950.000 LIBERIA

MADAGASCAR

5.000.000 MALI

MOZAMBIQUE

2.000.000 NIGER
1.000.000 PAPUA NEW GUINEA

660.000 SENEGAL

6.660.000 SIERRA LEONE
4.000.000 SOMALIA

33.960.000 SUDAN

TANZANIA
ZAMBIA
REGIONAL ACP

39.490.000 C.I.S

1.600.000 ARMENIA
4.600.000 AZERBAIJAN, ARMENIA,

GEORGIA
118.000 BELARUS
6.410.000 GEORGIA
1.800.000 KIRGYZSTAN

MOLDOVA

6.451.000 RUSSIAN FED

16.800.000 TAJIKISTAN

TCHERNOBYL Disaster

1.711.000 UKRAINE

REGIONAL C.I.S.

14.000.000 EASTERN EUROPE
11.000.000 ALBANIA

1.500.000 BULGARIA
1.000.000 ROMANIA
500.000 SLOVAKIA

62.536.000 ASIA
19.770.000 AFGHANISTAN
8.450.000 BANGLADESH

30

177.000

2.200.000
7.800.000

2.900.000

1.130.000

800.000

500.000
285.000

2.000.000
3.340.000
13.500.000
5.000.000
1.500.000
55.610.000

55.325.000

7.000.000

6.800.000
16.000.000

1.225.000
24.300.000

1.750.000

1.750.000

59.745.000
5.750.000
3.075.000

CAMBODIA
CHINA
INDIA
INDONESIA
LAOS
MYANMAR
NEPAL
NORTH KOREA
PAKISTAN
PHILIPPINES
SRI LANKA
TAIWAN
THAILAND
VIETNAM
REGIONAL ASIA

10.000.000 CAMBODIA

4.730.000 CHINA
1.732.000 INDIA
2.500.000 INDONESIA

890.000 LAOS

1.195.000 MYANMAR
175.000 NEPAL

4.665.000 NORTH KOREA

PAKISTAN

1.700.000 PHILIPPINES
1.000.000 SRI LANKA

TAIWAN

4.644.000 THAILAND
1.085.000 VIETNAM

REGIONAL ASIA

NORTH AFRICA/MIDDLE EAST
ALGERIA
EGYPT
JORDAN
LEBANON
PALESTINE/ISRAEL
SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC
YEMEN
REGIONAL MIDDLE EAST

32.000.000 NORTH AFRICA/MIDDLE EAST
17.200.000 ALGERIA
330.000 EGYPT
1.500.000 JORDAN
4.300.000 LEBANON
6.000.000 PALESTINE/ISRAEL

600.000 SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC

1.570.000 YEMEN

REGIONAL MIDDLE EAST

Turkey

IRAQ

LATIN AMERICA
ARGENTINA
BOLIVIA
BRAZIL
COLOMBIA
CUBA
ECUADOR
GUATEMALA
HONDURAS
MEXICO
NICARAGUA
PARAGUAY
PERU
URUGUAY
VENEZUELA
REGIONAL LATIN AMERICA

500.000 Turkey

14.000.000 IRAQ

32.325.000 LATIN AMERICA
500.000 ARGENTINA

1.950.000 BOLIVIA
1.000.000 BRAZIL
6.500.000 COLOMBIA
9.000.000 CUBA
2.000.000 ECUADOR
1.410.000 GUATEMALA
1.405.000 HONDURAS
2.250.000 MEXICO
1.560.000 NICARAGUA
500.000 PARAGUAY

3.950.000 PERU

300.000 URUGUAY

VENEZUELA
REGIONAL LATIN AMERICA

Miscellaneous

56.892.060 Miscellaneous

6.500.000
1.100.000
7.200.000
19.000.000

1.000.000

4.800.000
450.000

1.360.000
310.000
4.500.000

4.700.000

20.300.000
8.000.000

1.300.000
11.000.000

30.000.000

2.000.000

49.024.000

1.000.000

9.900.000
11.000.000
290.000
2.000.000

1.500.000
500.000
334.000
600.000

400.000
21.500.000

17.615.000

GRAND TOTAL
(1) Commonwealth of Independent States
(2) Apart from Iraq and Ex-URSS

517.657.060 GRAND TOTAL

812.911.000

31

ANNEX 6

EC CONTRACTS FOR HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE IN 1997 - 1998 - 1999 (Signature Years)

As per 31/12/99
TYPE OF CONTRACT

EC COMMISSION-DIRECT

SUBTOTAL

1997

1998

1999

ECU

IN % OF
TOTAL

ECU

IN % OF
TOTAL

ECU

IN % OF
TOTAL

39.199.214

6,4%

38.100.895

6,6%

20.805.415

3,1%

MEMBER STATES SPECIALIZED AGENCIES

SUBTOTAL

7.388.000

1,2%

8.070.000

1,4%

5.162.900

0,8%

OTHER GOVERNMENTS

SUBTOTAL

EC NGOs (1)

AUSTRIA
BELGIUM
DENMARK
FINLAND
FRANCE
GERMANY

GREECE
IRELAND
ITALY
LUXEMBOURG
NETHERLANDS
PORTUGAL

SPAIN
SWEDEN
UK

SUBTOTAL

OTHER NGOs (1)

NORWAY
SWITZERLAND
USA

SUBTOTAL

LOCAL NGOs (1)

SUBTOTAL

UNITED NATIONS

FAO
IDNDR

PAHO
UNDHA
UNDP
UNESCO
UNHCR
UNHCS

UNICEF
UNOCHA
UNRWA
WFP
WHO

SUBTOTAL

0

0,0%

0

0,0%

698.192

0,1%

4.012.000
27.143.380
5.186.091
1.760.000
91.196.669
22.162.640

1.755.000
1.668.900
35.492.024
253.529
21.633.760
1.790.000

32.589.878
4.700.000
44.010.740

0,7%
4,4%
0,8%
0,3%
14,8%
3,6%

0,3%
0,3%
5,8%
0,0%
3,5%
0,3%

5,3%
0,8%
7,2%

5.885.672
34.709.559
10.318.800
1.417.000
69.896.507
35.631.570

1.270.000
3.879.000
56.747.208
153.000
25.422.706
2.086.108

48.953.103
1.716.394
46.898.913

1,0%
6,0%
1,8%
0,2%
12,1%
6,2%

0,2%
0,7%
9,8%
0,0%
4,4%
0,4%

8,5%
0,3%
8,1%

4.598.195
28.521.128
24.325.812
2.329.189
87.382.821
43.052.769

10.397.000
8.541.754
78.997.000
0
23.104.500
2.755.000

44.880.270
1.420.000
70.121.493

295.354.611

48,0%

344.985.540

59,7%

430.426.931

2.956.000
4.113.000
4.263.000

11.332.000

0,5%
0,7%
0,7%

1,8%

1.900.000
2.830.000
13.370.000

18.100.000

0,3%
0,5%
2,3%

3,1%

1.000.000
4.055.000
18.977.445

24.032.445

0,8%
4,9%
4,2%
0,4%
15,1%
7,5%

1,8%
1,5%
13,7%
0,0%
4,0%
0,5%

7,8%
0,2%
12,1%

63,6%

0,2%
0,7%
3,3%

3,5%

0

0,0%

500.000

0,1%

1.750.000

0,3%

0

1.530.000

1.020.000
3.000
61.794.000

13.445.000
32.000
200.000
27.793.059
1.030.000

0,0%
0,0%

0,3%
0,0%
0,2%
0,0%
10,7%
0,0%

2,3%
0,0%
0,0%
4,8%
0,2%

560.000
123.000

1.350.000

79.020.000

15.710.200
445.000
1.020.000
29.695.000
6.000.000

0,1%
0,0%

0,0%
0,0%
0,2%
0,0%
13,7%
0,0%

2,7%
0,1%
0,2%
5,1%
1,0%

106.847.059

18,5%

133.923.200

19,8%

800.000

306.000
100.000

100.571.000
700.000

12.186.703

1.680.000
70.712.069
3.515.000

190.570.772

0,1%
0,0%

0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
16,3%
0,1%

2,0%
0,0%
0,3%
11,5%
0,6%

31,0%

32

OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORG.

SUBTOTAL
Decomitmments
Others

TOTAL

71.657.600

11,6%

60.822.950

10,5%

50.224.632

7,4%

615.502.197

100%

577.541.444

100%

676.988.632

100%

115.000

0,0%

9.964.917

0,0

(1) INCLUDING NATIONAL RED CROSS ASSOCIATIONS
(2) A FULL BREAKDOWN OF ECHO PARTNERS CAN BE FOUND IN ECHO'S QUARTERLY STATISTICS

33

List of projects receiving financial support from ECHO’s Grant Facility

ANNEX 7

Name of recipient
organisation

Country
recipient
organisation

of

Country
of
beneficiaries

Amount
awarded
EUR

Financing
(of
total
budget)

Subject matter of the grant

Institut
Droit
(Jean Pictet)

Français

de
Humanitaire

FR

INT

13.550

29%

International competition for students
from 24 countries
in International
Humanitarian Law

MOVIMONDO

IT

INT

50.000

35%

school

Summer
international
humanitarian law for African and
European students

on

University of Alicante
(M.Hernandez)

University
Marseilles III

Aix-

BIOFORCE

International
Committee

Rescue

ES

FR

FR

INT

28.000

70%

INT

47.800

57%

INT

24.300

55%

Training session on ethics for relief
workers from more than six countries

Intensive Education Programme on
Humanitarian Assistance
eight
countries

for

Workshop on ethics organised in co-
operation with international bodies

Strategic training initiative for staff
security

UK

INT

72.400

39%

School SSSA-PISA

University
Bilbao

Deusto-

IT

ES

INT

17.000

26%

INT

231.300

16%

Training sessions on peace-keeping
for
humanitarian
and
students from 25 countries

operations

Education on humanitarian assistance
and general functioning of budget for 8
countries

34