Report from the Commission to the Council on the results of Finnish aid for certain quantities of seeds and certain quantities of cereal seeds
Date: 2000-09-08
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: Finland, State aid, cereals, production aid, seed

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES

Brussels, 08.09.2000
COM(2000)540 final

REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION
TO THE COUNCIL

on the results of Finnish aid for certain quantities of seeds
and certain quantities of cereal seeds

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 3

2. The system of national aid for seed production....................................................... 3

2.1

Aid for herbaceous seeds .............................................................................. 4

2.1.1.

2.1.2.

2.1.3.

2.1.4.

2.1.5.

2.1.6.

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) ........................................................... 5

Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) .................................................................. 6

Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis huds.) ................................................. 6

Cocksfoot (Dactilis glomerata L.)............................................................. 7

Rye-grass (Lolium perenne L.) ................................................................. 8

Conclusion ............................................................................................... 8

2.2

Aid for cereal seeds ...................................................................................... 8

3. Proposal for a regulation ........................................................................................ 9

ANNEXES ............................................................................................................... 10

2

1.

INTRODUCTION

Under Article 8 of Council Regulation (EEC) No 2358/711, as last amended by
Regulation (EC) No 1405/19992, the Commission must, on the basis of information
supplied in good time by Finland and within a period of three years as from accession,
present to the Council a report on the results of the aid authorised for certain quantities
of seeds and for certain quantities of cereal seeds, accompanied, where appropriate, by
any necessary proposals.
Commission Decision 95/282/EC of 17 July 19953 authorised Finnish State aid in the
herbaceous seed sector. Article 4 of that Decision required the Finnish authorities to
send a report on national aid for seed production to the Commission by
30 April 1996 at the latest.

Commission Decision 96/152/EC of 2 February 19964 authorised Finnish aid in the
cereal seed sector. Under Article 2 of that Decision, this authorisation was to be
reviewed during the course of 1999 at the latest.

This Report is based on the information communicated by the Finnish authorities on
26 October 1998 under Article 4 of Decision 95/282/EC on the amounts of aid actually
granted, the area cultivated and the production and marketing of each species and
variety for which aid is granted. Technical discussions were held between the Finnish
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and the Commission on this information.

2.

THE SYSTEM OF NATIONAL AID FOR SEED PRODUCTION

The Act of Accession of Austria, Finland and Sweden amends Article 8 of Council
Regulation (EEC) No 2358/71. On this legal basis, the Commission authorised the
grant of national aid for certain quantities of seeds produced solely in Finland
because of its specific climatic conditions.

Commission Decision 95/282/EC authorised aid for the production of red clover
(Trifolium pratense L.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.), meadow fescue (Festuca
(Lolium
pratensis huds.),
perenne L.), while Commission Decision 96/152/EC authorised aid for various varieties
of cereal seeds covered by the common organisation of the market in cereals.

(Dactilis glomerata L.) and rye-grass

cocksfoot

is
Since Finland has the northernmost agricultural production areas in the EU, it
essential to produce seed of selected varieties suited to its specific climatic conditions.
These varieties are adapted to extremely short seasons, averaging between 190 and
temperatures above 5°C, compared with 300/240 days in the United
110 days at
Kingdom and 220/210 days in Denmark. In some cases, particularly certain herbaceous
seeds and cereal seeds, the varieties required for cultivation in Finland are not produced
in any other country.

1

2

3

4

OJ L 246, 5.11.1971, p. 1.
OJ L 164, 30.6.1999, p. 17.
OJ L 173, 25.7.1995, p. 58.
OJ L 34, 13.2.1996, p. 48.

3

The seed prices received by producers in Finland for the period 1995 to 1998 are among
the highest in the European Union (Annex 1). This is due to the limited size of the
market and the small size of seed-producing holdings. Such high price levels encourage
farmers to use cheaper uncertified seed.

Article 151 of the Act of Accession authorised Finland to maintain the marketing of
uncertified seed on its territory until 31 December 1996 at the latest by way of
derogation from Council Directive 66/401/EEC on the marketing of fodder plant
seed5 and Council Directive 66/402/EEC on the marketing of cereal seed6.

2.1

Aid for herbaceous seeds

Commission Decision 95/282/EC of 17 July 1995 authorised Finland to grant aid for
1995 within the limits of the following maximum areas:

–

–

–

–

–

red clover

timothy

meadow fescue

cocksfoot

rye-grass

320 hectares

5 000 hectares

1 200 hectares

30 hectares

60 hectares.

Decision No 531 adopted on 7 April 1995 by the Finnish Council of State laid down
maximum areas for national aid for fodder seed production. These areas are not the
same as those in the Commission Decision. By contrast, Finland’s Decision No 4 of
5 January 1996, which is still in force today, adopted the maximum areas laid down
by Commission Decision 95/282/EC. Under Finland’s Decision aid is fixed annually
on the basis that the income of producers, after receipt of the aid, should be no more
than the average income of producers during the reference period from 1989 to 1993.

The aid in question was authorised for varieties listed in Finland’s national catalogue
and which, except for small quantities cultivated in regions bordering on Finland, are
produced solely in that Member State. The list of varieties by species is shown in
Annex 2.

The Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry requested the Commission for
authorisation to fix maximum areas on the basis of areas cultivated for herbaceous
seeds and was permitted to do so because of the significant fluctuations in production
per unit of area in this sector. This is down to climate effects, which result in very
different per-hectare yields from one year to the next.

The area covered by Commission Decision 95/282/EC is the equivalent of Finland’s
average production during the period 1989 to 1993 and corresponds to the country’s
domestic requirements estimated in 1995. The area aid is fixed annually on the basis
of real per-hectare production so that the income of producers, after receipt of the aid,
remains within the average income of producers during the reference period from 1989
to 1993.

5

6

OJ 125, 11.7.1966, p. 2298.
OJ 125, 11.7.1966, p. 2309.

4

Finland applied Commission Decision 95/282/EC for the 1995 to 1999 marketing
years. The calculations for the 1999 marketing year have not yet been finalised. The
areas of red clover for which State aid was paid exceeded the limits laid down by the
Commission in 1995 from 1997 onwards (point 2.1.1). The same occurred with
meadow fescue and rye-grass in 1998. The amounts of State aid for the species
concerned were reduced proportionally.

This Decision was applied to marketing years beyond 1998 owing to the Finnish
authorities confusing Commission Decision 95/282/EC on Finnish State aid for
herbaceous seeds, which applied to 1995 only, and Commission Decision 96/152/EC
on the cereal seed sector, which does not restrict the granting of aid to producers of
cereal seeds to certain marketing years. Under the latter Decision authorisation must
be reviewed during the course of 1999 at the latest (point 2.2).

2.1.1. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

The areas and production in receipt of national aid and the amounts granted are as
follows:

Total production (100 kg)

Total area (ha)

1995

1996

1997

1998

590

190

480

269

530

521

186

673

Per-hectare aid (FIM*)

2 714

1 020

1 658

1 284

*EUR 1 = FIM 5.94573

The quantity of seed produced remained stable between 1995 and 1997, but fell
significantly in 1998. By contrast, there has been a significant
increase in areas.
Compared to the limit of 320 hectares fixed by the Commission for 1995, the areas
under production have increased steadily since 1997 and are now double that limit. This
in organic production which grew from some
is linked to an increased interest
30 000 hectares in 1995 to over 100 000 hectares in 1998.

Seed production was 310 kg/ha, 178 kg/ha and 102 kg/ha in 1995, 1996 and 1997
respectively. Consumption during this period was 349 tonnes and production
160 tonnes. 165 tonnes were imported between 1995 and 1998 (see Annex 3), and no
seed was exported. Stocks fell from 103 tonnes in 1995 to 79 tonnes in 1998, marking a
decrease of 24 tonnes in this period.

The import trend (38 tonnes in 1995, 37 tonnes in 1996 and 45 tonnes in 1997 and
1998) and the absence of exports show that the granting of national aid for this species
did not have a negative effect on the EU market. In any case the approximately 20%
increase in imports in 1997 was not repeated in 1998, even though consumption
increased from 49 tonnes in 1996 to 80 tonnes and 130 tonnes in 1997 and 1998
respectively. This leads us to conclude that the quantities of varieties suited to the
Finnish climate available on the world market are not sufficient to follow the increase in
Finnish demand.

5

By letter of 6 November 1997, the Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry asked
the Commission to increase the maximum areas eligible for national aid by
300 hectares. It stressed that certain varieties of this species were almost the only ones
to bind nitrogen in the soil since they were very well-suited to the cold Finnish winters
and were consequently very much in demand both for organic farming and for crop
rotation.

2.1.2. Timothy (Phleum pratense L.)

The areas and production in receipt of national aid and the amounts granted are as
follows:

1995

1996

1997

1998

Total production (100 kg)

17 110

22 320

12 410

11 354

Total area (ha)

3 631

4 776

4 900

4 295

Per-hectare aid (FIM*)

1 450

1 351

1 383

1 350

*EUR 1= FIM 5.94573

The quantity of seed produced varies: in 1996 it rose by around 30% over the previous
year, then went on to fall by around 30% in 1997 and 1998 compared to 1995. The
areas under production increased steadily until 1997 when they reached almost
5 000 hectares, the limit fixed by the Commission for 1995.

Seed production was 471 kg/ha, 467 kg/ha, 253 kg/ha and 264 kg/ha in 1995, 1996,
1997 and 1998 respectively. Consumption during this period was 6 790 tonnes, against
production of 6 319 tonnes. A total of 152 tonnes of seed were imported (0 tonnes in
1995, 111 tonnes in 1996, 1 tonne in 1997 and 40 tonnes in 1998), 1 of which from
within the EU. No seed was exported. Stocks fell from 795 tonnes in 1995 to
404 tonnes in 1998, marking a decrease of 319 tonnes in this period.

2.1.3. Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis huds.)

The areas and production in receipt of national aid and the amounts granted are as
follows:

1995

1996

1997

1998

Total production (100 kg)

4 290

3 540

2 660

3 103

Total area (ha)

1 005

945

981

1 331

Per-hectare aid (FIM*)

1 602

1 633

1 650

1 442

*EUR 1= FIM 5.94573

6

The area under production remained around 1 000 hectares until 1997, and it was not
until 1998 that it topped the limit of 1 200 hectares laid down by the Commission for
1995. The quantity of seed produced fluctuated over time, but remained below 1995
levels owing to the low per-hectare production which marked the 1996, 1997 and 1998
marketing years.

Consumption during this period was 1 503 tonnes and production 1 359 tonnes.
537 tonnes were imported between 1995 and 1998, 536 of them from other EU Member
States. No seed was exported. Stocks rose from 82 tonnes in 1995 to 475 tonnes in
1998, marking a increase of 393 tonnes in this period.

2.1.4. Cocksfoot (Dactilis glomerata L.)

The areas and production in receipt of national aid and the amounts granted are as
follows:

1995

1996

1997

1998

Total production (100 kg)

Total area (ha)

50

29

10

15

0

10

150

12

Per-hectare aid (FIM*)

2 000

346

2 000

2 000

*EUR 1= FIM 5.94573

The yield from this species varies greatly from one year to the next depending on
climatic conditions. As a result, the quantity produced varied widely over the period in
question and production failed completely in 1997 due to severe weather conditions.
The area under production fell steadily until 1997, and was always below the limit of
30 hectares set by the Commission.

Seed production was 172 kg/ha, 67 kg/ha and 1 250 kg/ha in 1995, 1996 and 1998
respectively. Consumption during this period totalled 154 tonnes, against production of
21 tonnes. 100 tonnes were imported between 1995 and 1998, 94 of them from other
EU Member States. Stocks fell from 118 tonnes in 1995 to 85 tonnes in 1998, marking
a decrease of 33 tonnes over this period.

2.1.5. Rye-grass (Lolium perenne L.)

The areas and production in receipt of national aid and the amounts granted are as
follows:

1995

1996

1997

1998

Total production (100 kg)

Total area (ha)

450

39

290

33

270

177

58

71

Per-hectare aid (FIM*)

2 400

1 460

1 160

2 054

*EUR 1= FIM 5.94573

7

Seed production was 1 153 kg/ha, 878 kg/ha, 465 kg/ha and 250 kg/ha in 1995, 1996,
1997 and 1998 respectively. The wide fluctuations from one year to the next are due to
climatic conditions. The area under production increased steadily in 1997 and again in
1998, when it went beyond the 60 hectares fixed by the Commission. The quantity
produced has however fallen progressively since 1995.

Consumption between 1995 and 1998 was 360 tonnes, against production of
119 tonnes. 218 tonnes were imported during the same period, 190 tonnes of which
from other EU Member States. No seed was exported. Stocks fell from 647 tonnes in
1995 to 614 tonnes in 1998, marking a decrease of 23 tonnes in this period.

2.1.6. Conclusion

The granting of area aid, with the amount fixed annually and calculated in such a way
that the income of producers after receipt of the aid remains within the average
income of producers during the reference period from 1989 to 1993, has proved
effective and has helped maintain stability in this sector. Despite the severe climatic
conditions which produce considerable differences in per-hectare production from
one year to the next, area aid has helped guarantee a minimum income level for
producers.

Based on the results of the application of the national aid in Finland during the period
1995 to 1998, and in view of the fact that this aid has not affected trade between the
Member States, the Commission considers that the system of area aid should be
continued until 2006.

2.2

Aid for cereal seeds

Commission Decision 96/152/EC of 2 February 1996 authorised Finland to grant aid
not exceeding 15 Finnish marks per 100 kilograms of cereal seeds of certified
varieties for a maximum quantity of 100 000 tonnes per year. That quantity
corresponds to half Finland’s annual requirements. The additional cost of producing
cereal seeds in Finland based on the Community method was taken into account in
calculating the rate of aid. Commission Decision 96/152/EC laid down that this
authorisation should be reviewed during the course of 1999 at the latest. Finland’s
Decision No 253 adopted on 11 April 1996 by the Council of State adopted the rules
laid down by the Commission Decision.

As in the case of herbaceous seeds, authorisation was granted for aid for varieties
listed in Finland’s national catalogue which, with the exception of small quantities
cultivated in bordering regions, are produced solely in that Member State. The list of
varieties by species is shown in Annex 4.

Finland applied Commission Decision 96/152/EC to the 1995 to 1999 marketing
years. The data for the 1998 and 1999 marketing years have not yet been finalised by
the Finnish authorities and that period is not therefore covered by this Report.

Seed production increased by around 14% from 1995 to 1997. However, production
was only 58% of the maximum laid down by the Commission (Annex 5). No seed
was exported, with the exception of a small quantity exported with the express
authorisation of the Commission.

8

Extremely limited quantities were imported, including small quantities of certain
Swedish and Norwegian varieties of basic seed and, in the past few years, of certain
varieties of seed from central Europe. Consumption of certified seed remained
between 18% and 22% of total seed consumption between 1995 and 1997 (Annex 6).

Should it prove necessary to maintain the system of national aid for the production of
cereal seeds from 2000 on, Finland will have to present a special duly justified
request under the common organisation of the market in cereals.

3.

PROPOSAL FOR A REGULATION

On the basis of the information provided in the Report, a proposal for a Council
Regulation is presented at the same time.

9

ANNEX 1

Prices paid to producers 1995-1998

PRODUCT

B

DK

D

EL

ES

F

IRL

IT

L

NL

ÖST

PO

SV

FI

UK

(ECU/100 kg)

81,71
81,71

54,78

TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE L.
PHLEUM PRATENSE L.
FESTUCA PRATENSIS HUDS.
DACTILIS GLOMERATA L.
LOLIUM PERENNE L. high persist.
LOLIUM PERENNE L. new var.
LOLIUM PERENNE L. low persist.

TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE L.
PHLEUM PRATENSE L.
FESTUCA PRATENSIS HUDS.
DACTILIS GLOMERATA L.
LOLIUM PERENNE L. high persist.
LOLIUM PERENNE L. new var.
LOLIUM PERENNE L. low persist.

TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE L.
PHLEUM PRATENSE L.
FESTUCA PRATENSIS HUDS.
DACTILIS GLOMERATA L.
LOLIUM PERENNE L. high persist.
LOLIUM PERENNE L. new var.
LOLIUM PERENNE L. low persist.

TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE L.
PHLEUM PRATENSE L.
FESTUCA PRATENSIS HUDS.
DACTILIS GLOMERATA L.
LOLIUM PERENNE L. high persist.
LOLIUM PERENNE L. new var.
LOLIUM PERENNE L. low persist.

49,10

196,78
64,27
115,45
90,88
69,05
60,73
77,65

183,10
71,02
95,65
89,90
75,67
68,15
68,29

198,99
94,08
97,06
96,38
79,06
84,47
73,78

195,93
87,28
97,36
94,08
78,46
72,55
75,21

179,31
74,18
90,73
86,99
59,77
59,77

195,02
75,25
87,44
96,98
66,24
67,83

184,40
80,07
93,68
115,71
72,83
73,35

196,05
74,98
82,58
93,21
71,43
69,91

Source: communicated by the Member States.

1995

122,70

121,99

140,84

114,13

190,61

52,15
61,35

75,78
45,82
54,87

1996

124,73

138,39

155,95

77,96

62,37

87,10
56,33
66,59

1997

153,00

181,36

39,78

77,81

56,19
56,19
1998

149,65

157,28

201,30

89,79
65,85

82,56
55,39

120,14
100,12
64,84
65,31

60,96
57,07

113,42

69,60
61,81

80,58
100,49
87,69
79,16
75,84

95,22

70,16
61,39

110,40

89,24
85,56

93,30

57,70
61,38

202,34
89,48
179,86
76,89
70,15

198,51

155,94

190,85

139,47

196,19
86,39
107,99
172,79

10

232,96
80,48
110,16

59,79
53,79

227,16

89,44
82,11
65,31
57,41

241,95

71,73
77,31
85,24
72,88

257,91
59,69
76,99
77,45
76,41
64,91

320,77
81,71
75,45
242,92
85,02

356,14
77,53
86,08
232,41
85,74

314,80
68,91
95,30

86,22

56,70
88,08
108,59
77,22
82,05
72,39

84,91
108,83

95,67
108,83
94,48

104,87
135,40

108,85
115,49
102,22

87,37

122,46
97,33
88,68
82,95

ANNEX 2

List of varieties of herbaceous seeds in receipt
of national aid between 1995 and 1998

1995

1996

1997 and 1998

SPECIES

VARIETY

VARIETY

VARIETY

Cocksfoot
(Dactilis glomerata L.)

Meadow fescue
(Festuca pratensis
huds.)

Rye-grass
(Lolium perenne L.)

Timothy
(Phleum pratense L.)

Red clover
(Trifolium pratense L.)

Apelsvoll
Haka
Tatu

Antti
Boris
Kalevi
Kasper
Salten

Norlea
Riikka
Svea

Alma
Bottnia II
Grindstad
Hankkijan Tiiti
Iki
Nokka
Saga
Tammisto
Tarmo
Tuukka

Bjursele
Björn
Hankkijan Venla
Jesper
Jokioinen
Tepa

Haka

Antti
Boris
Kalevi
Kasper
Salten

Riikka
Svea

Alma
Bottnia II
Grindstad
Hankkijan Tiiti
Iki
Nokka
Saga
Tammisto
Tammisto II
Tarmo
Vähäsöyrinki

Bjursele
Björn

Jokioinen

Haka

Antti
Boris
Kalevi
Kasper
Salten

Riikka
Svea

Alma
Bottnia II
Grindstad
Hankkijan Tiiti
Iki
Nokka
Saga
Tammisto
Tammisto II
Tarmo
Vähäsöyrinki

Bjursele
Jokioinen

11

ANNEX 3

Imports of red clover

1.1.1995 - 31.12.1995

1.1.1996 - 31.12.1996

1.1.1997 - 31.12.1997

1.1.1998 - 25.2.1998

SPECIES

QUANTITY
(kg)

IMPORTING
COUNTRY

QUANTITY
(kg)

IMPORTING
COUNTRY

QUANTITY
(kg)

IMPORTING
COUNTRY

QUANTITY
(kg)

IMPORTING
COUNTRY

8 700

1 200

24 875

4 000

50

0

0

0

0

Bjursele

Björn

Rajah

Hermes

Karim

Krano Pajbjerg

Kvarta

Jesper

Oldenwälder

Sweden

Sweden

Denmark

Estonia

France

36 900

205

0

0

0

0

180

0

0

Sweden

Sweden

Denmark

Denmark

France

5 000

5 550

30 825

0

0

500

0

3 000

200

Sweden

Sweden

Denmark

Denmark

Sweden

Germany

25 000

Sweden

0

20 075

Denmark

0

0

0

0

0

0

TOTAL

37 625

37 285

45 075

45 075

12

ANNEX 4

List of varieties of cereal seeds in receipt
of national aid between 1995 and 1997

1995

1996

1997

SPECIES

VARIETY

VARIETY

VARIETY

Oats

Rye

Wheat

Spring wheat

Barley

Aarre
Freja
Katri
Leila
Lisbeth
Puhti
Roope
Salo
Veli
Virma
Yty

Akusti
Hankkijan Jussi
Kartano
Voima

Aura
Gunbo
Tryggve

Bastian
Mahti
Manu
Satu
Tjalve

Arra
Artturi
Arve
Botnia
Filippa
Hankkijan Pokko
Inari
Kilta
Kinnan
Kustaa
Kymppi
Loviisa
Mette
Pohto
Rolfi
Saana
Thule

Aarre
Freja
Katri
Kolbu
Leila
Lisbeth
Puhti
Sisko
Salo
Veli
Virma
Yty

Akusti
Anna
Hankkijan Jussi
Kartano
Ponsi
Ensi

Aura
Otso
Tryggve

Bastian
Mahti
Manu
Reno
Satu
Tjalve

Arra
Artturi
Arve
Botnia
Filippa
Hankkijan Pokko
Inari
Kilta
Kinnan
Kustaa
Kymppi
Loviisa
Mette
Pohto
Prisma
Saana
Thule
Tyra
Kalle
Hankkijan Eero

Aarre
Freja
Katri
Kolbu
Leila
Lisbeth
Puhti
Roope
Sisko
Salo
Veli
Virma
Yty

Akusti
Anna
Hankkijan Jussi
Kartano
Ponsi
Amilo
Voima
Ensi

Aura
Otso
Gunbo
Tryggve

Bastian
Mahti
Manu
Reno
Tjalve

Arra
Artturi
Arve
Botnia
Filippa
Hankkijan Pokko
Inari
Kilta
Kinnan
Kustaa
Kymppi
Loviisa
Mette
Pohto
Kalle
Saana
Thule
Viivi
Tyra

13

ANNEX 5

Production of cereal seeds (tonnes)

YEAR

1995

1996

1997

Rye
Wheat
Spring wheat
Oats
Barley

Total production

1 020
788
4 439
25 151
19 133

50 531

261
320
5 634
28 892
20 555

55 662

361
568
3 802
30 528
22 400

57 659

Production of certified cereal seeds (ha)

Production area
(ha)

Consumption
(t)

Production
(%)

1988/89
1989/90
1990/91
1991/92
1992/93
1993/94
1994/95
1995/96
1996/97
1997/98

65 467
61 414
48 095
16 558
14 235
17 121
19 283
15 659
12 467
18 142

44 672
38 178
49 459
57 659

22
18
2225

National aid in the cereal seed sector (FIM)

YEAR

1995

1996

1997

Rye
Wheat
Spring wheat
Oats
Barley

TOTAL

153 000
108 200
665 850
3 772 650
2 869 950

39 150
48 000
845 100
4 333 800
3 083 250

54 150
85 200
570 300
4 579 200
3 360 000

7 579 650

8 349 300

8 648 850

14

ANNEX 6

Consumption of cereal seeds 1994-97

Total seed
consumption
(t)

Certified seed
consumption
(%)

Certified seed
consumption
(t)

7 220
5 670
22 880
100 620
64 155

200 545

Total seed
consumption
(t)

Certified seed
consumption
(%)

7 220
5 670
22 100
104 910
71 955

211 855

Total seed
consumption
(t)

Certified seed
consumption
(%)

4 750
4 410
26 780
115 440
75 855

227 235

3
5
25
21
27

22

14
14
9
17
23

18

5
7
17
22
25

22

217
284
5 720
21 130
17 322

44 672

Certified seed
consumption
(t)

1 011
794
1 989
17 835
16 550

38 178

Certified seed
consumption
(t)

238
309
4 553
25 397
18 964

49 459

1994/1995

Rye
Wheat
Spring wheat
Oats
Barley

TOTAL

1995/1996

Rye
Wheat
Spring wheat
Oats
Barley

TOTAL

1996/1997

Rye
Wheat
Spring wheat
Oats
Barley

TOTAL

15