Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - Action Plan to improve energy efficiency in the European Community
Date: 2000-04-26
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: EU action, action programme, energy policy, energy saving

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES

Brussels, 26.04.2000
COM(2000) 247 final

COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION
TO THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT,
THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND
THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS

Action Plan to Improve Energy Efficiency in the European Community

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

There is a pressing need to renew commitment both at Community and Member State level to
promote energy efficiency more actively. This is especially true when seen in the light of the
Kyoto agreement to reduce CO2 emissions, where improved energy efficiency will play a key
role in meeting the EU Kyoto target economically. In addition to a significant positive
environmental impact, improved energy efficiency will lead to a more sustainable energy
policy and enhanced security of supply, as well as to many other benefits.

An estimated economic potential for energy efficiency improvement of more than 18% of
present energy consumption still exists today in the EU as a result of market barriers which
prevent the satisfactory diffusion of energy-efficient technology and the efficient use of
energy. This potential is equivalent to over 160 Mtoe, or 1900 TWh, roughly the total final
energy demand of Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Greece and the Netherlands
combined.

The Action Plan presented below outlines policies and measures for the removal of these
barriers and the realisation of this potential. If a proposed indicative target for improvement of
energy intensity by an additional one percentage point per year above the estimated yearly
baseline change is met, this can realise two-thirds of the available savings potential by the
year 2010. This would result in avoided energy consumption of over 100 Mtoe, equivalent to
avoided CO2 emissions of almost 200 Mt/year or around 40% of the EU Kyoto commitment1.
Meeting the Community-wide target of doubling the use of cogeneration to 18% of EU
electricity production by 2010 is expected to lead to additional avoided CO2 emissions of
over 65 Mt CO2/year by 20102.

Three groups of mechanisms for improving energy efficiency are put forward:

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–

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1

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Measures to enhance the integration of energy efficiency into other Community non-
energy policy and programme areas, such as regional and urban policy, taxation and
tariff policy, etc.

Measures for re-focusing and reinforcing existing successful Community energy-
efficiency measures.

New common and co-ordinated policies and measures.

See footnote 12, page 5.
European Cogeneration Review, July 1999.

2

1.

1.1

BACKGROUND

Introduction

In its Resolution on energy efficiency of 7th December 19983, the Council invited the
Commission to come forward as soon as possible with a proposal for a prioritised Community
action plan for energy efficiency. It proposed a number of measures, sought indications of the
contribution of other Community policies towards energy efficiency, and stated that the plan
should show Community and Member State responsibilities, particularly regarding financing
and timetables.

The Resolution was itself a response to the Commission’s Communication on energy
efficiency4, which set out a Community strategy for energy efficiency. The Council supported
this strategy and the proposed indicative target for the Community as a whole of a one
percentage point per year improvement in energy intensity5 to the year 2010 over and above
that which would otherwise be attained. The European Parliament has presented a positive
opinion on the Communication, expressing clearly the need for renewed and forceful action in
energy efficiency and proposing an even more ambitious annual target for improving energy
intensity6.

In addition to the Council Resolution and the opinion of the European Parliament referred to
above, opinions from individual Member States, the Economic and Social Committee,
industry and other stakeholders have been taken into account. A first meeting was held with
Member States on 14th January 1999 with the purpose of obtaining further information on
national programmes and hearing their views on the future shape of the Action Plan. An EU-
wide energy efficiency conference was held on 8-10 November 19997 where technical details
of possible policies and measures were discussed. The results of this conference have also
been considered.

The Action Plan, as it is set out below, must be read and seen against the background of the
Commission Communication and the Council Resolution on energy efficiency, which are
logical steps in a process. Moreover, the Action Plan must be seen in the wider context of
Community energy and environmental policy and indeed other relevant Community policies.
It is also constructed in such a way as to contribute substantially to the integration of energy
and environmental objectives into other policy areas8.

The Council Resolution confirms the importance of an energy efficiency strategy at
Community level and stresses the crucial role to be played by Member States in achieving this
strategy. The Action Plan makes a point therefore of distinguishing between Community and
Member States’ responsibilities. Great store is set in the Action Plan on Member States’ own

3

4

5

6

7

8

OJ C 394/01, 17.12.1998.
Energy Efficiency in the European Community – Towards a Strategy for the Rational Use of Energy,
COM(1998) 246 final, 29.04.1998.
Changes in energy intensity for final energy consumption are a first and rough estimate indicator for
changes in energy efficiency. This is due to the fact that energy intensity can also include temperature
effects and the weighting effects of economic restructuring. A more definitive indicator is the bottom-
up aggregation of the energy consumption of all end users, corrected for temperature and structural
effects. A set of such indicators is envisaged to be produced officially by Eurostat during the year 2000.
Stockmann Report, PE 228.977/final, 25.02.1999 and Resolution A4-0086/99.
The SAVE Conference for an Energy-efficient Millennium, Graz, Austria.
Strengthening Environmental
14.10.1998.

Integration within Community Energy Policy, COM(1998)571 of

3

policies and programmes in this field, a number of which have already led to significant
progress.

1.2

Market Barriers and Renewed Efforts to Promote Energy Efficiency

The underlying assumption behind a plan of action for energy efficiency is that, whilst market
forces have gradually improved energy efficiency in past years, it is clear that additional steps
can and should be taken. There still remains a large economic potential for
further
improvement that can be estimated now to be over 18% of present energy consumption9. This
remains as a result of the existence of a number of market imperfections and barriers specific
to the energy and energy technology markets. Policies and measures exist which, when
implemented, can reduce or even remove these barriers and lead to the realisation of a large
part of this potential, thereby significantly reducing levels of energy intensity and lowering
greenhouse gas emissions.

Neither the Community nor the Member States’ efforts undertaken so far have managed to
overcome all of the existing barriers to investment in energy efficiency. Energy prices, for
example, still do not accurately reflect energy costs including externalities; lack of or
incomplete information often hampers the use of cost-effective and energy-efficient
technology. There are also numerous institutional and legal barriers which prevent
improved energy efficiency. One example is the continued practice of selling energy in the
form of kWh instead of efficient heating and cooling, lighting and power, which is what the
energy consumer actually wants. There are also many different types of technical barriers to
energy efficiency, including the lack of harmonised and standardised components. Another
important technical barrier is the lack of appropriate transmission infrastructures. Financial
barriers also exist, an example of which is the unduly short pay-back period required for
many demand-side investments compared with those for energy production.

1.3

Aims of Action Plan

The mechanisms to remove existing market barriers in order to allow market forces to work
effectively to improve energy efficiency are described only briefly and indirectly in the
Action Plan. They have been addressed in earlier documents, including the Commission
Communication on energy efficiency from 199810. The primary objectives in presenting the
Action Plan for Energy Efficiency may be summarised as follows:

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9

10

11

To refocus attention on promoting energy efficiency and to activate stakeholders;

To present for endorsement common and co-ordinated policies and actions to be
undertaken in the light of the Kyoto Agreement to contribute to the reduction of
greenhouse gas emissions by 8% by the period 2008-2012, and to achieve other
Community energy and environmental goals including those set forth in the
European Climate Change Programme11;

To clarify the roles, related costs and to suggest timetables for the Community and
the Member States;

MURE model estimation. European Commission March 1998.
COM(1998) 246 final, 29.04.1998. Op cit.
Draft Communication under discussion in the Commission.

4

–

–

–

To realise the available economic potential for improving energy efficiency in line
with the proposed target for reduced energy intensity of one percentage point per
year, compared to a business-as–usual trend which is estimated now to be close to
zero. Meeting this target would realise two-thirds of the estimated savings potential
of 18% by the year 2010. This would result in avoided energy consumption of over
100 Mtoe, and avoided CO2 emissions of nearly 200 Mt/year or around 40% of the
EU Kyoto commitment12. Meeting the Community-wide target of doubling the use of
cogeneration to 18% of EU electricity production by 2010 is estimated to result in
additional avoided CO2 emissions of more than 65 Mt CO2/year by the year 201013.

To increase awareness of the fact that, although a target of 1% per year improvement
is ambitious, it can be exceeded if additional resources are made available.

To establish the foundation for a continuous and long-term improvement in energy
efficiency through the use of market
transformation, with
accelerated development and diffusion of new energy-efficient technologies.

forces and market

1.4

Means of Implementation

The Action Plan presented below is an integrated and coherent combination of policy
instruments which reinforce each other. They are designed to complement and reinforce
Member State activity in this area, not to duplicate them. Proposed actions consist of :

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–

–

Measures designed to integrate the energy efficiency dimension into Community
non-energy policies and programmes;

Measures to strengthen and expand existing energy efficiency policies and
measures; and

new policies and measures.

Many proposed actions fall
Community level. In other cases, legislation is proposed when it is deemed necessary.

into the category of voluntary measures, co-ordinated at

The SAVE programme within the Energy Framework Programme will be used as the
principal co-ordinating arm of the Action Plan, both as a basis for preparing common actions,
and to provide the means of implementation and evaluation at Community level. Other
Community programmes, including the 5th RTD Framework Programme, are also important
in this process.

The selection of measures is based on relative economic potentials in the targeted areas, on
the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of implementing the measures and on their expected
impact. As the measures complement each other, an optimal mix is an important objective.

The time frame for the Action Plan covers essentially the period to 2010 and much of its
impact will be measurable until then and beyond. Most of the actions, however, will be

12

13

This is based on a carbon intensity of 2.2 tn CO2/toe 1996; 2.1 tn CO2/toe in 2010. 3086 Mt CO2
emissions 1990 and a 7% baseline increase in emissions to 2010. 50% fossil-based primary energy is
assumed for 2010. The Kyoto target of –8% for six GHG will require a total of 450 Mt/year of avoided
CO2.
European Cogeneration Review, July 1999, Op cit.

5

initiated during the present lifespan of SAVE and other ongoing Community programmes,
i.e., up to and including 2002.

With regard to resources, the Action Plan assumes that present budget levels for Community
programmes, including SAVE, will be at least maintained. The same is assumed for the
average of the budgets for Member State energy efficiency programmes. Evaluations will
provide information on the future adequacy or otherwise of funding in this field, including
recommendations for funding upon the expiry of now ongoing programmes.

Co-ordination of Community policies and measures with those of Member States requires a
strong level of consultation. Experts meeting as well as high-level meetings on energy
efficiency policies and measures will be held on a regular basis. Member State objectives and
targets in the area of energy efficiency and cogeneration will be reviewed and analysed with a
view to establishing their contributions to overall Community targets.

Monitoring and evaluation of individual measures and programmes and of the Action Plan
itself will be conducted at regular intervals. At the expiry of the implementation phase of the
Action Plan, a full-scale review will be undertaken in the light of progress made in order to
assess what further steps may need to be taken. This will be co-ordinated with similar
monitoring and evaluation activities undertaken for renewable energy sources.

More detailed information on the policies and measures proposed in this Action Plan,
including suggested timetables, costs, impact analysis and responsibilities, are found in
Annex 1.

2.

2.1

PROPOSED POLICIES AND MEASURES

Measures
Programmes

to Integrate Energy Efficiency into Non-energy Policies and

A general emphasis is placed in this Action Plan on integrating energy efficiency into other
non-energy policy instruments and programmes where there are known cost-effective
advantages and where it is possible to do so without significantly altering the original intent
of the policy or programme in question. This has been pointed out in the Commission
In many cases energy
Communication on Strengthening Environmental
efficiency is not adequately addressed in these policy areas due to a lack of knowledge on
how such goals can be attained while pursuing other policy objectives.

Integration14.

Transport policy is a priority area for energy efficiency as transport absorbs over 30% of total
final energy consumption. Road traffic is of particular importance as its accounts for about
transport CO2. Policy priorities of a non-technological nature include
85% of overall
incentives for optimal occupancy of vehicles, public and private, the promotion of new and
alternative infrastructure and subsequently modal shifting and modal integration, management
alternatives to air transport, completion of the internal market in rail transport and changing
behaviour regarding mobility. A clearer mandate is sought to accelerate and broaden these
developments through incentive programmes, pilot actions and greater Member State
involvement.

For modern enterprise policy, sustainable development is a cornerstone. As energy efficiency
is a key factor for the competitiveness of many industry sectors, it forms an important part of

14

COM(1998) 571 of 14.10.1998, op. cit.

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the overall action plan on sustainable development, which is under preparation for the domain
of enterprise policy. The development of self regulation and similar arrangements, often being
the most effective mechanism for achieving further progress, will have a key place in this
process. Where it is necessary to propose regulatory measures, there will be a full assessment
of the costs and benefits arising, and the regulatory provisions will be framed in such a way as
not to jeopardise the single market.

Regional and urban policy and programmes, such as the Regional Development and
Cohesion Funds, have potentially large energy efficiency dimensions in both Objective 1 and
Objective 2 areas. The Structural Funds regulation as well as the regulation for the Regional
Fund and the guidelines for the Structural Funds and their co-ordination with the Cohesion
Fund support improved energy efficiency. In this respect the guidelines give priority to the
promotion of energy-efficient equipment in SMEs, in households and public buildings as well
as to investment by industry in energy-efficient and innovative technologies, such as
Combined Heat and Power (CHP). These can therefore be more closely coupled with, for
labelling and best practice initiatives in
example, voluntary agreements, energy audits,
Member States. The proposed Green Paper on urban policy in the transport sector will also
provide information for additional initiatives.

Taxation and tariff policy are important instruments for promoting energy efficiency. The
Commission's tax proposal15 concerning the broadening of the minimum tax base for energy
products is an example of this. It provides for a minimum base and possible tax-exemptions
for energy efficiency investments. Member State measures in this area are also important and
their use in promoting energy efficiency will be encouraged. Carefully designed tariff
structures for energy supply and distribution can also improve efficient end use and will
therefore be promoted.

such as

International co-operation and pre-accession activities are critical elements in promoting
energy efficiency in and outside the Union. Harmonised efficiency standards
for
internationally traded goods and services are a good example. For the Accession Countries,
the Fifth Framework
early co-operation through Community programmes
Programme, SAVE and Synergy will allow for approximation of legislation, dissemination of
information and diffusion of technology. This process is already underway. Implementation
of the Energy Charter Protocol on Energy Efficiency and Related Environmental Aspects
should facilitate the accession process and help CIS countries. Energy efficiency will be given
increased importance in EU relations with developing countries, inter alia through actions
implemented jointly and anticipated increased possibilities for generating carbon credits in
these countries by increased collaborative RTD and by the transfer of energy-efficient
technologies and services. International liberalisation initiatives, particularly in the framework
of a new multilateral trade round, are crucial in promoting the wide diffusion of energy-
efficient technologies worldwide.

Member State policies and measures form the bedrock of energy efficiency in the European
Union. Greater integration and co-ordination with Community Programmes will be necessary
to meet proposed objectives. For this reason Member State policies and measures will be
examined and Member State programmes monitored on a regular basis. Focused conferences
and workshops will be held at regular intervals for the presentation of Member State activities
as well as Community initiatives in an effort to re-define continually the roles of each in the
implementation of individual measures. A summary table of Member State policies and

15

COM(1997)30 final.

7

measures can be found in Annex 2. This is intended to provide an indication of the
frequencies of the most common categories of activities.

In addition, Member State objectives and targets in the area of energy efficiency and co-
generation will be reviewed and analysed in collaboration with the respective Member States.
These goals will be placed in a common framework for measuring and monitoring, with a
view to establishing their probable contributions to overall Community targets.

2.2

Initiatives to Strengthen and Expand Existing Successful Energy Efficiency
Policies and Measures

In the following section, brief descriptions,
implementation plans and complementary
measures for specific ongoing programmes are presented for all end-use sectors. These
initiatives are designed to reinforce and strengthen each other and normally involve
considerable Member State collaboration. Detailed information on these measures, including
descriptions and timetables for individual actions, are provided in Annex 1.

2.2.1

Transport Efficiency

Unless appropriate action is taken, CO2 emissions from transport are expected to increase by
about 40% between 1990 and 201016. Despite the existing difficulty to limit energy
consumption in the transport sector by taxation, increased information, and similar measures a
number of ambitious Community and Member State initiatives to improve energy efficiency
are now under implementation with the common objective of achieving sustainable mobility.
The European Union has adopted a strategy on CO2 and cars, which aims to reduce by one-
third the average CO2 emissions of new cars by 2005/2010 compared to the 1995 baseline,
using voluntary agreements. These must be fully implemented and monitored, and additional
incentives provided to accelerate the rate of compliance. The measures presented for the
transport sector include further action on vehicle fuel economy and improved pricing.

The long-term EU target as expressed in the 5th Framework Programme is a 50% reduction in
CO2 emissions per passenger-kilometre and per payload-kilometre. In the shorter term the aim
is 5 to 10% energy savings in order to achieve aggregate reductions in CO2 emissions. Other
technical targets include the improved use of hydrocarbon fuel and increased competitiveness
of alternative transport fuel. With a view to monitoring and to identify successful practices in
the field of environmental integration into transport policy, the Transport and Environment
Reporting Mechanism (TERM) has been set up. Several of the indicators on which the
Reporting Mechanism is based relate directly or indirectly to energy efficiency. As TERM has
been conceived as a continuing process it will need to be further extended and to be revised
regularly.

2.2.2 Household Appliances, Commercial and Other End-use Equipment

- Energy efficiency labelling scheme

For domestic appliances, the EU labelling scheme17 has been established for a number of
years in an effort to increase the flow of accurate and objective consumer information. It will
now be strengthened and extended to cover all major appliances and installed equipment, in
full conformity with Community WTO-relevant commitments.

16

17

COM(97)481final of 1.10.1997.
92/L 297/16, OJ, 13.10.1992.

8

A SAVE financed study published in September 1998 evaluated the energy labelling scheme.
It found that the level of compliance was comparatively low18. In spite of this, the label, when
applied, was shown to have had a substantial impact, with a third of purchasers saying that the
label had influenced their choice of refrigerator or freezer. This study will form the basis of a
forthcoming report to the Parliament and the Council.

The previous success of the labelling scheme will now be built upon through increased and
more pro-active enforcement by Member States regarding unlabelled and inaccurately
labelled appliances. Increased promotion of the scheme will also be an important element in
increasing its impact. The effectiveness of Member States enforcement agencies will be
improved by increased co-operation. Additional supporting measures (such as a public
database to disseminate information on models, efficiency levels and prices) will be
implemented either by agreement with manufacturers or, failing this, by an amendment to
Directive 92/7519 prescribing such a database. For office equipment the Commission will
present to Council and Parliament during the year 2000 a Regulation to implement the Energy
Star labelling scheme, following the conclusion of an agreement with the U.S.

The energy label will also be closely co-ordinated with the Community Eco-label award
scheme, which is a voluntary and selective label already applicable to certain domestic
appliances, such as washing machines and refrigerators, and which is awarded only to
products that meet strict environmental requirements, including requirements related to their
energy consumption.

- Negotiated Agreements and minimum efficiency standards

A number of Member States and many manufacturers have indicated a preference for the use
of negotiated agreements in the form of voluntary commitments on the part of and between
equipment manufacturers, instead of regulatory legislation. These are recognised by the
Commission (inter alia by means of a Recommendation) and have the same objective as
mandatory minimum efficiency requirements. Since the adoption of the "Refrigerator
Directive" for mandatory energy efficiency standards (96/57/EC), negotiated agreements have
more and more become an accepted and practical alternative to this type of legislation.
Currently two agreements have been negotiated by the Commission with appliance
manufacturers: the reduction of stand-by losses of televisions and video recorders and an
agreement for washing machines. In the commercial and industrial sectors there is no
labelling scheme, and mandatory minimum efficiency standards are necessary here unless
acceptable negotiated agreements are concluded. A large number of appliances will now be
the subject of negotiated agreements or commitments. These include water heaters, air
conditioners, dishwashers, driers, electric motors, pumps, fans and commercial refrigeration
equipment, pending a satisfactory resolution of the issue of the involvement of the European
Parliament in future negotiations. A framework Directive will also be presented which will
raise the ambitions of negotiated agreements and, should it prove necessary, facilitate the
adoption of mandatory minimum efficiency standards based on pre-established economic
criteria.

18

19

“Cool Labels”, ECU, University of Oxford, 1998 .
92/L 297/16, OJ, 13.10.1992, op. cit.

9

2.2.3

Industry (including the electricity and gas supply industry)

- Long-term Agreements in industry

There is a large savings potential which can be realised by the removal of technical barriers in
industry through minimum efficiency protocols or equivalent agreements in which industries
follow guidelines for cost-effective energy-efficient processes and methods in production.
Through the use of bench-marking, Long-term Agreements have led to the increased use of
effective motors, compressors, pumps, fans and other equipment, as well as to efficient
processes. This has taken place nationally, where a number of Member States have ongoing
programmes, comprising successful agreements with industry. An increased supporting and
co-ordinating role at Community level has been sought by Member State industry and will
now be implemented. Agreements in industry will be strengthened and their use expanded to
include the chemical, steel, pulp and paper, cement and textile industries, and the energy
supply industry, following preparatory activities. In addition, a Commission Communication
on the subject of harmonisation and co-ordination of Community-level and Member State
Long-term Agreements will be prepared. The purpose of this is to provide a harmonised
framework to facilitate EU-wide negotiations and allow a level playing field for European
industries. If after these initiatives, Long-Term Agreements were seen to be ineffective in
achieving significant improvements in energy efficiency and a reduction in emissions, then
the Commission would be ready to adopt mandatory energy efficiency objectives tailored to
specific industries.

- Combined heat and power (CHP)

The use of combined heat and power (CHP) presents a substantial potential for increased
energy efficiency and reduced environmental impact. It is also considered to be a priority area
for many Member States. The Communication on CHP (COM(97)514 final) outlines the
barriers and a strategy for the European Union, and was endorsed by Member States in
December 1997 in the form of a Council Resolution20. The impact of energy market
liberalisation on the penetration rate of cogeneration and the development of improved
financing mechanisms will be followed closely, as will RTD in the area. It should also be
noted that the Commission proposal for a revision of Council Directive 88/609/EEC on
polluting emissions from large combustion plants will require that new plants apply CHP
where feasible, making provision for the use of biomass and promoting efficient production
with fossil fuels. The Community-wide target of raising the use of cogeneration to 18% of EU
electricity production by 2010, as outlined in the Communication on CHP, will be pursued
through numerous strengthening policies and measures, often in co-operation with Member
States. Meeting this target is expected to lead to avoided CO2 emissions of over 65 Mt
CO2/year by 201021. Measures will address i.a. the technical barriers and costs associated
with connection to the grid.

- Energy services offered by utilities and SME’s

The Commission remains of the view that there is a need to increase the focus on the
electricity and gas industry's role in promoting the development and use of energy services
and energy-related services. Commitments will therefore be sought from utilities and service
companies on a voluntary basis to include energy efficiency along with performance

20

21

Council Resolution of 8.12.1997.
European Cogeneration Review, July 1999.

10

contracting and similar proven approaches to market energy efficiency as a part of their
corporate goal, provided they meet normal criteria for cost-effectiveness. The use of rational
planning techniques will also be encouraged. These efforts will be directed toward correcting
the institutional barrier resulting from the continued practice of selling energy in the form of
kWh instead of efficient heating and cooling, lighting and motive power, the services which
the consumer actually wants. The Commission will continue to promote demand-side
management in Member States through pilot projects and dissemination activities under the
SAVE, RTD and other Community Programmes with a view to providing a comparison of
demand-side and supply-side options on an equal economic basis. The impact of such activity
on SME’s and the emerging market for innovative bundling of services from multi-service
companies in this context will be stressed. The use of information technology in providing
energy and energy-related services will be a priority area.

2.2.4

Buildings

- An Amended Council Directive (93/76/EEC)

Council Directive 93/76/EEC to Limit Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Improving Energy
Efficiency (SAVE), contains six measures to be taken by Member States to promote energy
efficiency in buildings and other end-use sectors. This Directive has led to the introduction of
successful programmes in many Member States; in some the results have been limited.

Council Directive 93/76/EEC has the potential to improve energy efficiency substantially and
to avoid or reduce carbon dioxide emissions in all Member States by helping to overcome a
number of barriers in buildings and in other sectors. Strengthening specific articles in the
Directive will enhance the Directive`s impact by providing additional precision and more
stringent monitoring requirements.

The Commission envisages to propose an Amended Directive which will more clearly define
the proposed measures and strengthen reporting and compliance procedures. This will allow
for increased co-ordination and harmonisation of programmes which , however, will remain
primarily Member States’ responsibility. The Directive will be extended to cover such areas
as thermal insulation in existing buildings, installed equipment, expanded certification and
granting of licenses. It is also proposed that it be extended to cover small-scale renewable
transport efficiency, CHP, energy audits, energy
energy use in individual buildings,
management and Guarantee of Results schemes.

- Additional Measures for the Building Sector

Buildings account for 40% of the EU's energy requirements. The building sector offers one of
the largest single potentials for energy efficiency and should thus be a major focus for action.
Among the main Community actions in the building sector are the “Boilers Directive”
the “Construction Products Directive” (89/106/EEC) and the “buildings”
(92/42/EEC),
articles in the existing Directive 93/76/EEC. Numerous technical barriers will be removed as
standards and norms are established on a wider scale.

Pilot projects, the Amended Directive 93/76/EEC and energy labelling will be designed to
help Member States in their task of ensuring that efficient “installed systems” (heating,
cooling, and hot water) and building components (e.g., windows) are supplied by qualified
installers, who use appropriate and simple design tools. In addition, for existing buildings,
when renovated, energy efficiency standards will approach those for new buildings.

11

Measures to achieve efficient installed systems include best practice information, labelling
and its extension into local information schemes, the incorporation of energy efficiency into
public procurement, and measures to promote the upgrading of outmoded systems. This
information will provide final customers with clear and reliable comparisons of the
performance of the energy systems they may be considering. Also included is the extension of
energy certification to such systems and training and certification of installers. Pilot projects
to develop design tools and studies to identify efficient equipment and systems will likewise
be proposed for use by architects, energy consultants, etc. An EU Green Light programme to
promote efficient lighting and best practice in commercial and public buildings is also being
launched.

Measures will be taken to encourage building companies to use integrated environmental
management systems such as EMAS in order to allow a more systematic inclusion of
environmental issues such as the nature of building materials and to ensure and improve
monitoring and evaluation of these measures. The revision of Council Regulation (EEC) No.
1836/93 allowing voluntary participation by companies in the industrial sector in EMAS
during the year 2000 will facilitate this.

Horizontal Measures

2.2.5 Research and technology policy

New technology plays an important role in energy efficiency under the Fifth RTD Framework
€
Programme. 1042 M
will be allocated between 1999 and 2002 for energy, out of which some
€
are expected to concern energy efficiency, mainly for research on and demonstration
440 M
of energy-efficient
industry,
technologies on the demand side (domestic and tertiary,
transport), but also for utilities. The renewed focus under the Energie Programme on
downstream projects promoting the market uptake of end-use technology will be an important
element
in technology diffusion strategy. This will be closely co-ordinated with other
activities proposed below. European Energy RTD on energy efficiency will thus have a
crucial impact not only in the short term but especially in the longer term in achieving a
sustainable energy system.

2.2.6

Energy Efficiency at the Local and Regional Levels

There is a large savings potential which can be realised by greater decentralisation of energy
management and increased public involvement at the local and regional levels. The search
costs to consumers involved in obtaining site-specific information on available technology
can be reduced considerably. The Commission has encouraged the involvement of elected
representatives, alongside other local partners, since the early 1990s, by supporting the
establishment of energy management agencies in regions, islands and cities through, inter
alia, the SAVE Programme. These agencies will now assume added responsibilities in the
form of increased dissemination of information and results from Community and Member
State studies, pilot actions and programmes. Networks have been set up or are being set up
whose role is to promote transnational co-operation and transfer of know-how; among these
are OPET's, EnR, FEDARENE, ENERGIE-CITES and ISLENET.

2.2.7

Third-Party Financing (TPF), Guarantee of Results and Related Schemes

Third-Party Financing and model contracts are presently being promoted in the public sector
in Member States in accordance with Directive 93/76/EEC. Numerous TPF pilot projects
have been implemented, increasingly on a purely commercial basis. This is also true of

12

Guarantee of Results schemes. Additional action, however, is needed to establish more firmly
including performance
the credibility and viability of these, other financing schemes,
contracting and investment clearing houses in order to remove financial and institutional
barriers to investments in energy efficiency. In an Amended Directive 93/76, enhanced
measures to promote the use of these instruments will be proposed, while increased
involvement by the European Investment Bank in using them will be explored.

2.2.8

Increased Dissemination of Information and Training

A renewed Community information campaign is planned, focusing the attention of consumers
and other stakeholders on energy efficiency and valorising its environmental and other
benefits. This campaign will be implemented in co-operation with Member States and will
build on the results of recent programmes and projects.

Training and certification on the use and maintenance of energy-efficient technology will be
expanded. In a later stage, standards of quality for training and certification will be
established.

Information resulting from labelling, benchmarking, best practices guidelines and results from
pilot actions and studies supported by Community programmes will be made more readily
available to decision-makers and other interested parties, especially through the increased use
of information technology.

2.2.9

Increased Monitoring and Evaluation

In order to promote policies, programmes and measures which provide the intended impact on
energy intensity at the lowest possible cost, it is necessary to establish common effective and
reliable monitoring and evaluation methods. For this to be done, increased co-operation
among Member States and other organisations is required to ensure comparability of data and
harmonisation of methodology. Monitoring and evaluation methodologies in Member State
and Community programmes for energy efficiency are therefore to be reviewed with a view to
harmonisation. Community-level activity in the area of energy intensity and energy efficiency
indicators is being increased with a view to developing a set of common harmonised
indicators for the Community. Eurostat and Member States will work closely together for the
development of energy efficiency indicators. The work will be co-ordinated with similar
activities carried out by the IEA and will exploit existing work already developed under the
SAVE Programme. Tracking of the impact of specific policies and measures on emissions of
CO2 will be enhanced using this and similar instruments. International comparisons of energy
intensity changes will also be given special consideration.

Regarding evaluations, the Action Plan,
conjunction with planned evaluations of SAVE and the Energy Framework Programme.

itself, will be evaluated at regular intervals in

2.3

New Policies and Measures

A number of new policies and measures are outlined below. These are measures which have
been successfully implemented on a limited scale in a number of Member States. Studies and
pilot actions indicate that there is added value in developing larger, EU-wide initiatives based
on these successes.

13

2.3.1

Public Procurement of Energy-efficient End-use Technology

It has been demonstrated in a number of countries, including some Member States, that the
use of co-ordinated public procurement guidelines, regulations and agreements by public
sector entities is an effective way to promote the diffusion and demonstration of energy-
efficient technology and to provide leadership by example. Such guidelines can be applied by
the EU Institutions as well as by Member State, regional and local governments. They can
cover virtually all energy-using equipment, including transport vehicles. The intention is for
public bodies to take the lead by setting good examples regarding energy efficiency and to use
the significant public procurement potential which exists to increase demand for energy-
efficient
technology. This work will be closely co-ordinated with the Community
environmental management and audit scheme (EMAS), the Community eco-label award
scheme, with existing Member State public purchasing guidelines and practices, and with
Community Best Practices as they become established. Account will also be taken of public
procurement regulations and Community WTO commitments. A study of existing public
procurement programmes will soon commence to provide recommendations for launching a
large EU-wide pilot project to develop harmonised public sector guidelines for constructing,
purchasing,
leasing and maintaining energy-efficient and environmentally sustainable
buildings and equipment, including that in the transport sector. The European Commission
will take the lead in this endeavour by launching a public buildings initiative for energy-
efficient Commission buildings, soon to be followed by suggestions for similar initiatives for
the buildings of the European Parliament and the Council.

2.3.2

Co-operative Technology Procurement

Technology procurement is an instrument used to specify and develop new energy-efficient
technology, generally through a competitive tendering process. It aims at creating and
launching new products with higher energy-efficiency requirements than comparable existing
products on the market. Technology procurement in the present context is used to match
producers' possibilities and consumers' needs and aggregated demand, and to allow the market
to function more efficiently with regard to the often neglected dimension of energy efficiency.
Such competitive procurements have been shown in several Member States to promote
market transformation in terms of the types and availability of the energy-efficient technology
which is both demanded and supplied. The results of ongoing pilot projects and discussions
with Member States will provide guidance on appropriate technology areas to be pursued at
Community level. Both common EU-wide procurements and co-ordinated procurements
involving Member States with diverging technology requirements will be pursued. The
diffusion and impact of the resulting technological improvements will be strengthened and
broadened through the use of the EU labelling scheme, negotiated agreements, public
procurement and best practice initiatives.

2.3.3.

Energy Audits in Industry and the Tertiary Sector

A number of Member States have implemented successful energy auditing programmes, with
and without financial incentives. These have been shown to have positive and measurable
effects on CO2 emissions, on competitiveness and on the profitability of the audited
companies. Energy audits also produce large amounts of real data on energy consumption and
energy saving opportunities in different
industrial sectors, building types and technical
systems. This information is often difficult and unnecessarily costly to obtain by other means.

Energy audits in Member States comprise a wide range of different types of working methods
and scopes of work. Energy audits can range from a preliminary study, intended to detect

14

areas where a subsequent and more detailed and targeted audit should be carried out, to a
complete package of proposed measures ready for implementation. A study is planned on
energy audits and optimal replication possibilities in the EU, including an updated and
comprehensive review of Member State activities in this area. Thereafter, an initiative at
Community level will be proposed. The main areas of interest are industry and the tertiary
sectors, where it is shown that such measures are feasible and cost-effective. Consideration
will be given to the approach and methodology defined in EMAS.

2.3.4

A Best Practice Initiative

Successful Best Practice programmes have been implemented in several Member States. A
feasibility study has been carried out to determine the added value of these actions and of the
applicability on a Community level of such an initiative. The study has considered possible
structures for wider best practice applications and possible interactions with the best available
the auspices of the Integrated Pollution
techniques and benchmarks developed under
frameworks. A European Energy
Prevention and Control (IPPC) Directive and other
Efficiency Best Practice Initiative, implemented in full co-operation with Member States, will
now be launched as a large pilot action under the auspices of the SAVE Programme. The
scheme will provide a framework for decision-makers and end-users for a comprehensive
source of independent and accessible energy efficiency advice, guidance and training on new
technology and techniques, adding substantially to the information necessary for a more
effective functioning of the energy and energy technology markets.

3.

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE COURSE OF ACTION

The measures outlined in this plan of action, although ambitious, are realistic. As Member
States will be called upon to participate actively in the plan, it is clearly for the Council and
the Parliament to establish a mandate for the implementation of this Action Plan by endorsing
it and by identifying the proposals set forth in it as priority areas.

Co-ordination of Community policies and measures amongst each other and with those of
Member States is also critical in the implementation of this plan. Following the first experts
meeting on energy efficiency policies and measures held in January 1999, further such
meetings to improve co-ordination and convergence of national and Community actions are
planned, at the working as well as the policy level. These will promote a renewed impetus and
commitment to energy efficiency in the context of a sustainable energy policy, permit
experience to be shared and follow and review progress and co-ordination at EU and Member
State level.

15

ANNEX 1

COMMUNITY INITIATIVES FOR COMMON AND CO-ORDINATED POLICIES AND MEASURES BY
SECTOR AND INDIVIDUAL ACTION

Transport Policy and Transport Efficiency

Transport sector initiatives include transport policy, with infrastructure and modal integration and shifting, as well as
technical energy efficiency. For the period 2000-2002, activities in the transport sector which promote energy
efficiency include legislation, voluntary agreements, and information dissemination as well as integrated transport and
land-use planning, reducing individual motorised vehicle movement, pricing, and infrastructural development.
Comments
(financing, impact, etc.)

Current status and
timetable

Definition of action

Action by

a. Legislative measures
Auto oil II programme
Passenger cars
• Voluntary Agreement
automotive industry.
Fiscal measures

•
• Consumer

Car
Labelling Directive 1999/94/EC.

information.

Taxation of Energy Products
COM (97)30 12.03.97
Efficient internal rail freight
•

Pricing of
Directives.

rail

infrastructure

Ongoing

Ongoing.

• Relationship between the State

•

and the railways.
Technical
interoperability.

harmonisation

and

Ongoing.

Under discussion

Parliament, Council

Cost for relevant studies.

with

Concluded.

Limited cost for industry.

Under discussion.

Adopted 1999.

Commission,
Parliament, Council

Under discussion.

Parliament, Council.

Non available.

No direct cost.

Commission,
Parliament, Council.
Commission,
Parliament, Council.
Commission,
Parliament, Council.

b. Other Actions
Strategic Environmental Assessment
(SEA) of TEN-T*. Environmental
sustainability considerations in the
selection of projects.
Global Navigation Satellite Systems
(GNSS).
Fair and efficient pricing of transport
modes.
Galileo.
PACT programme**.

Promotion of low and zero-emission
vehicles.
Promotion of electronic alternatives
to transport.
Revision of Council Regulation No.
1836/93 on EMAS.
Communication on air transport and
the environment.
*
**

Trans European Network.
Pilot Actions for Combined Transport.

Ongoing.

Commission.

Ongoing.

Ongoing.

Ongoing.
Ongoing.
(1998-2001).
Ongoing.

Ongoing.

2000.

Adopted. Council
Conclusions 2000.

Commission.

Commission.

Commission.
Commission.

and

and

Commission
Member States.
Commission
Member States.
Commission,
Council, Parliament .
Commission, Council
Parliament.

of

external

(Internalisation
costs.)

€
1999 budget 6M

Pilot actions.

Pilot actions.

Extended to include transport
sector`s environmental impact.

16

Equipment

The equipment sector below covers domestic, commercial, industrial and to a limited extent transport energy end use.
Important areas are white goods,
lighting, building components, brown goods and peripheral commercial and
industrial equipment.

Continuing work in the standardisation bodies CEN and CENELEC to improve the repeatability and reproducibility of
test results for energy efficiency levels in equipment will be supplemented by efforts to improve the co-operation
between test labs, and the consistency of their results.

Among other measures, adequate funding to allow technical/economic analysis and mandates to the standardisation
bodies shall be sought to implement these agreements.

Definition of action

Current status and
timetable

Action by

Comments
(financing, impact, etc.)

of

on

database

labelling
individual

a. General
Public
information
appliances.
Council Regulation setting up a
voluntary labelling programme
for office equipment, using the
Energy Star logo.
Technology procurement.

White Goods
-Refrigerator/freezers -Phase 2:
Labelling.
Agreement
Negotiated
Amended Directive 96/57)
-Washing Machines -
Phase 1 Negotiated Agreement.

(or

Phase 2 Labelling.
(Higher efficiency levels.)
Negotiated agreement.
-Dishwashers
Phase 1 – Negotiated agreement
Phase 2 – Labelling.
(Higher efficiency levels.)
-Driers – negotiated agreement.
-Domestic ovens: Labelling –
Electric
Labelling - Gas
Negotiated Agreement (electric).
Lighting
-Lamps Labelling
Extension of Directive 98/12 to
excluded types.
-Proposed Directive for Ballasts.

-CFL’s: Competition to increase
domestic sector penetration ;cam-
paign & fixtures competition.
'Green light programme'.

Discussions
Envisioned 2000.

underway.

Commission.

USA

Negotiations between EU
and
completed;
agreement expected to be
adopted in 2000.
Following EU procure-
ment for refriger-
rator/freezers, motors &
lighting, e.g. to be
implemented.

Commission,
Council,
Parliament.

Commission,
Member State
industry and
organisations.

p.a.

€
100k
database. Will
impact of labelling.

budget

for
increase

See also industry table.

Adopt 2001; in force 2002.

Commission.

Study underway.

Envisioned 2002.

Agreed;
first level in force 1998;
second level in force 2000.
Adopt 2001, in force 2002.

Envisioned 2003.

1999.
Adopt 2003; in force 2004.

Envisioned end 2000.

Adopt 2000, in force 2001.
Adopt 2001, in force 2002.
Envisioned end 2002.

standards

Measurement
mandated
Adopt 2001, in force 2002.
Adoption envisioned 2000;
first level in force in 2002.
Finalised 2000.

Launched 2000.

17

Commission.

Impact 7 TWh.

Commission.

Mandate (on 40°C wash);
study underway
€
budget).
(250k

Study completed.
€
Study 200k

.

Commission.
Commission.

Study completed.
Study underway.

Commission.

Additional cost for mandate
(100k

).

€

Commission, Coun-
cil, Parliament.
Commission with
and
Eurelectric
utilities.

Impact 10 TWh.

National energy agencies in
competition; dedicated
fixtures.
See (“Buildings”).

Study in 2000.

Commission

€
150K

for study.

Adopt 2000; in force 2001. Commission.

.

Study on Heating Systems
€
(1999) cost 300k
Measurement standards
€
.
mandate 100k
Second study underway.
Impact 2 TWh.

Commission

Commission.

Study underway .
€
Mandate 100k

.

in

force

start

Commission.

Impact 7 TWh.

Equipment - continued

Building Components
-Windows
Installed Equipment
-Boilers:
Information (Dir. 92/75)

-Water Heaters:
Negotiated Agreement (elect.).
Negotiated Agreement (gas)
Information (Dir. 92/75)(el. gas).
-Individual air-conditioners:
Labelling.
Negotiated Agreement.
Brown Goods
-TV and VCRs (stand-by mode
and on mode).
Negotiated agreements.
-Other consumer electronics (hi-
fi, power supplies, etc).
Commercial and Industrial equipment
Negotiated Agreements for
-Vending
washers and driers.
Negotiated Agreement for
- Electric motors.
Negotiated
Pumps, air compressors,
Industrial fans.

Agreements

machines,

ovens,

for

Envisioned 2000.
Envisioned end 2001
Adopt 2000 – 2001.

Adopt 2000.
Envisioned end 2000.

Agreed;
2000.

Envisioned 2000.

Envisioned 2000.

Envisioned 2000.

Envisioned between end
2000 and end 2001.

Commission.

Commission.

Study underway.

Commission.

Study completed.

Commission.

Studies underway.

18

Industry (including the electricity and gas supply industry)

All industrial sectors including the energy transformation sector are included in the sector dealing with industry.
Energy-intensive as well as less energy-intensive industry comprise the enterprises dealt with here. In addition to
information dissemination and best practice, Long –term Agreements, audits, technology procurement and innovative
financing schemes are important elements in industrial energy efficiency actions.
Action by

Definition of Action

Current Status and
timetable

Comments,
(financing, impact, etc.)

the

with

a. Programmes
Draft Communication on Long-
Term Agreements.
Long-Term Agreement at EU
level
chemical
industry.
Long-Term Agreements
in
steel, pulp and paper, cement,
textile, energy supply industry.
Promotion of Electric Motor
System database EuroDEEM
to end-users; linked to VSDs,
pumps, fans and compressors.
Promotion of energy services
and
the
electricity supply industry to
foster demand-side measures.

agreements

in

for

Use of technology procurement
at EU level
equipment
procurements.
Energy audits in Member States
reviewed and analysed. Pilot
actions
and
to
harmonise methods.
Industry
Programme.

co-ordinate

Practice

Best

Launch 2000.

To be negotiated during
2000.

To be negotiated during
2001-2002.

To be carried out during
2000.

Commission, Coun-
cil & Parliament.
Commission with
Member States and
industry.
Commission
with Member States
and industry.
Commission
with Member
States.

Application in collaboration
with Member State industry.
Preceded by a SAVE pilot
feasibility study.
project or
.)
(Cost 200 k
Preceded by pilot projects or
feasibility studies.

€

€
Development cost of 600 k
from the 4th RTD Framework
Programme.

Commission,
Eurelectric and
individual ESI
companies.

Commission with
Member States and
industry.
Commission
in
collaboration with
Member
States,
industry, tertiary.
Commission,
Member States, nat.
agencies, industry.

Joint study -
Commission/Eurelectric on
energy services; pilot actions.

of
Cost
project
€
/feasibility study 300 k
).

pilot

€
Study cost 200k

.

Co-ordination with EMAS,
IPPC Directive, etc.
(See “Buildings”).

on

for a
Rational

Amended Proposal
Directive
Planning
Techniques.COM (97)69fi
nal under review.
EU pilot
procurement 2000-2001.

actions

on

Study 2000. Community
Initiative 2001.

Pilot action 2000-2001.

19

Buildings

Buildings account for around 40% of energy consumption, and have a savings potential of over 20%. However, under
the subsidiarity principle, most actions are primarily the responsibility of Member States. The various actions
described in the table represent those areas where the added value of action at Community level is clearest.

Definition of action

heating

extended
and

Insulation of new buildings.
Requirements
to
other
include
installed systems to allow for
the use of renewables.
Imposing efficiency standards
renewing
when granting or
licences, incl. rentals (e.g. for
change of use, bldg. processes).
Programmes or
incentives to
improve insulation of existing
buildings.
Energy certification
- already in 93/76; to include
installed equipment.

for

to be

provision

of
schemes'

installed
included in

Requirements
systems
building codes.
Regular inspection of boilers,
heating, air conditioning and
hot water systems; promotion
of upgrading. Boilers Directive.
'local
The
information
for
installations and components.
Training and certification of
installers. Third-Party Financ-
ing and Guarantee of Results.
EU Green Light programme
to promote efficient
lighting
and best practice in commercial
and public buildings. (To feed
into a wider EU Best Practice
Initiative.)
Public Procurement Guide-
lines
and
demonstrate energy efficiency.
Best Practice in Buildings.

increase

to

Current status and
timetable
Already in 93/76/EEC and
implemented
in most
Member States.

Action by

Member States,
some already
imposing overall
energy use limits.

Comments
(financing, impact, etc.)
Requirement could often be
higher
some Member
States.
Amended Dir. 93/76/EEC.

in

Some limited experience
in Member States.

Member States.

Promotion in Member States.
Amended Dir. 93/76/EEC.

Many Member
already promote this.

States

Member States.

large
Programmes exist;
potential
for penetration,
coverage of e.g. heating,
air-
ventilation
conditioning ( HVAC) .
Will be
Member States.

encouraged in

and

Member States.

Member States.

existing

Directive
In
93/76/EEC for
heating
systems. Boilers Directive
(92/42/EEC) report 2001.
Pilot projects in 2000.

Member States.
Commission.
Council,
Parliament.
Member States.

actions

Pilot projects. New co-
ordinated
under
preparation.
Participation
broadened 2000.

be

to

Member States.

Commission in
collaboration with
Member State
energy agencies.

Very large savings potential in
average existing building.
Amended Dir. 93/76/EEC.
Existing
strengthened.
Amended Dir. 93/76/EEC.

actions

be

to

encourage

Heating
cooling
and
efficiencies in building codes.
Amended Dir. 93/76/EEC.
Should
the
replacement of inefficient (20-
30 year) old systems.
Amended Dir. 93/76/EEC.
To be implemented by trained
installers;
linked to energy
labelling of installed products.
of
Advice
energy systems.
Amended Dir. 93/76/EEC.
Tertiary sector buildings.
Cost of 200 k
for
Cost of 200k
test of programme in 1999.

for 4th FWP
definition.
for SAVE II

programme
€

installation

on

€

Study 2000. Pilot action
2001.

Pilot action planned 2000.

Commission,
Council,
Parliament.
Commission,
National agencies.

€

Study and pilot action cost
. Strong Member State
300k
participation required.
See also industry.

20

CHP

Initiatives promoting increased use of CHP installations will cover a range of different sectors, including industry, the
domestic and tertiary sector, the power sector and the heating sector. The target for wider use of CHP will be followed
by legislative measures, higher priority in programmes, and a number of other actions aimed at improving co-
ordination of promotional activities, market monitoring etc.
Current status and
timetable

Comments
(financing, impact, etc.)

Definition of action

Action by

a. Legislative measures
Combustion
Large
Directive. Amended
Directive proposed.
Member States to promote CHP
through national actions.

Plant
88/609

group

State
to

the
sectors,

domestic
the

proposals
amended

Reform of agricultural policy
and production of biomass for
use in CHP.
b. Programmes
Projects promoting CHP in
and
industry,
tertiary
power
sector and the heating sector in
many Community and national
programmes.
Use of Structural Funds.
Member
according
regulations.
c. Other Action
Co-ordination of Commission
activities concerning CHP. Ad
hoc
for
working
information exchange.
the
for
Follow-up
of Directives
transposition
96/92
electricity
market) and 98/30 (Internal gas
market). To avoid obstacles for
CHP.
CHP Statistics (data collection).
Monitoring of CHP penetration
in the European energy market.
for Energy
Directors-General
Committee.
National
programmes for the promotion
of CHP discussion.
Actions supporting cross-border
strategies for promotion of CHP
at regional level. (with energy
authorities,
CHP
producers etc.)
Promotion of CHP through
public
technology
procurement initiatives.

(Internal

utilities,

groups

and

Under
Council.

discussion

in

Parliament,
Council.

New proposal
2000.

Commission,
Member States

Proposals under debate.

Commission.

Ongoing.

Commission,
Member States,
Member State
organisations

Under discussion
2000-2006.

Commission,
Member States.

cost

for EU budget.
No
Feasibility studies. CHP a
priority.
No
cost
Possibly
Directive 93/76/EEC.
Cost
available.

for EU budget.
an Amended
in

calculations

not

yet

5th

Includes
Programme
and
Energy
Programme (SAVE).

Framework

Framework

New initiative.

Commission.

No additional cost.

Ongoing.

Ongoing.

Commission,
Member States.

No additional cost.

Commission,
Eurostat.

€
0,1 M

/year.

To be proposed during
2000.

Commission,
Member States.

No additional cost.

New initiative.

Commission,
Member States,
energy industry.

Cost of pilot actions.

New
initiative.

Commission.

Costs of
actions to be made available.

studies and pilot

21

Horizontal measures

Definition of action

Research
Policy

and Technology

Local and Regional level
Activity.

Increased Dissemination of
Information.
Third-Party Financing and
other Financing Schemes.

Increased Monitoring
Evaluation.

and

and

Current status and
Timetable
Increased links between
technological
non-
technological programmes
to remove barriers and
develop, demonstrate and
promote new approaches
leading
increased
to
energy efficiency. 2000-
2002.
Continued expansion and
use
and
agencies
networks 2000-2002.
Campaign 2000-2002 to
gain wide acceptance.
Review and pilot studies
2000-2001. More focus on
financial institutions.
Harmonised methods for
monitoring energy
efficiency and evaluations
2000-2002 and beyond.

of

Action by

Commission,
Member States

Comments
(financing, impact, etc.)

€
to
Approximately 440 M
energy efficiency RTD 1999 –
2002.

Commission,
Member States, nat.
& local authorities.
Commission,
Member States.
Commission,
Member States,
industry.
Commission,
Council,
Parliament,
Member States.

Open to Associated Countries.

Focus on energy efficiency in
reduction strategy.
Clearing houses for
investments in energy
efficiency to be considered.
All sectors. Partially financed
through SAVE . Major review
of programme by 2003.

22

ANNEX 2
Member State Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures22

Number of Policies or Measures

26 implemented; 1 planned
11 implemented; 1 planned
42 implemented; 2 planned

24 implemented
68 implemented; 2 planned
27 implemented; 1 planned
9 implemented; 1 planned
25 implemented; 1 planned

Type of Policy or Measure
Mandatory
Laws/Permits
Standards
Labelling
Individual metering
Inspections
Voluntary
Sectoral Agreements
Certification
Programmes
Financial Incentives
Subsidies
Loans
Incentives/Audits
Fiscal Measures
Procurement
Incentives/TPF
Social and Special Funds
Information
Technical Guides
Advice Centres
Consulting
Energy Accounting
Awards
Associations
Training
Includes policies and measures in industry, the residential, tertiary and transport sectors.

72 implemented; 3 terminated
5 implemented
15 implemented; 1 planned
88 implemented
3 implemented
1 implemented; 1 planned
8 implemented

29 implemented
16 implemented
10 implemented
4 implemented; 2 planned
4 implemented
6 implemented
10 implemented

22

Detailed tables and analysis are available in the publication Member State Energy Efficiency Policies
and Measures 1999, European Commission, 1999.

23