Report from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament - Designing tomorrow's education - Promoting innovation with new technologies
Date: 2000-01-27
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: information technology, innovation, new technology, teaching, vocational training

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES

Brussels, 27.1.2000
COM(2000) 23 final

REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL
AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT

DESIGNING TOMORROW'S EDUCATION
PROMOTING INNOVATION WITH NEW TECHNOLOGIES

REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL
AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT

DESIGNING TOMORROW'S EDUCATION
PROMOTING INNOVATION WITH NEW TECHNOLOGIES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.

Introduction..................................................................................................................4

THE PROBLEM OF DOVETAILING TECHNOLOGY WITH ACTUAL

2.
PRACTICE ............................................................................................................................5

2.1. Technology: significant breakthroughs ...................................................................5

2.1.1.

Towards a new step-up in technology ...........................................................5

2.1.2.

From the Web to interactive multimedia services ..........................................6

2.1.3.

Having the keys to access .............................................................................6

2.2. Use of ICT : Understanding the situation ................................................................7

2.2.1.

Current practice in teaching ..........................................................................8

2.2.2.

Teaching methods and organisational aspects................................................9

3.
use

THE CONDITIONS CONDUCIVE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ICT
..................................................................................................................................10

3.1. The gradual emergence of a market ......................................................................10

3.1.1.

Increasing the provision of equipment.........................................................10

3.1.2.

Structuring of provision of educational software and services .....................11

3.2. Action by public authorities..................................................................................13

3.2.1.

Capitalising more effectively on experience ................................................13

3.2.2.

Setting priorities with regard to equipment and infrastructure .....................14

ii

3.2.3.

Strengthening the European dimension .......................................................14

3.2.4.

The need to define development models......................................................15

3.3. Developing teacher-oriented services....................................................................16

3.3.1.

Going beyond the purely technical aspect of training provided....................16

3.3.2.

More diversification in training processes ...................................................17

3.3.3.

Structured exchange and support services ...................................................17

3.4. Developing a global and consistent strategy..........................................................18

4.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRIORITY ACTIONS...............................................18

4.1. Making the best use of a store of knowledge which is constantly being

updated ......................................................................................................................19

4.1.1.

Stimulating observation and comprehension of uses and of
technologies ...............................................................................................................19

4.1.2.

Building up a shared vision of the changes taking place ..............................19

4.1.3.

Developing prospective analyses.................................................................20

4.2. Managing and promoting innovation ....................................................................20

4.2.1.

Launching innovative experiences

in key areas having a

European dimension...................................................................................................20

4.2.2.

Fostering the development of quality on the supply side.............................21

4.2.3.

Strengthening social cohesion .....................................................................21

ANNEX 1: AN OVERVIEW OF INITIATIVES IN THE MEMBER STATES OF THE

EUROPEAN UNION AND AT THE COMMUNITY LEVEL

ANNEX 2:

STATISTICS

iii

1.

INTRODUCTION

Following a proposal from the Commission, the Council of Education Ministers,
on 6 May 1996, adopted a resolution1 relating to educational multimedia software
in the fields of education and training. This was followed on 22 September 1997
by the Council’s Conclusions on education,
information and communication
technology and teacher-training for the future2.

These two texts helped to increase awareness of what is at stake at the European
level and to pencil in the outlines of a common policy. This awareness has
emerged at a time when the impact of ICT is being increasingly felt at all levels of
society. The way in which people generate, build up, store and transmit
information is being radically changed, along with modes of communication,
exchange and work. The education and training systems have to take due account
of these trends when defining the shape and content of learning.

There has been a drastic change in the situation since 1996. The scale and
complexity of the area makes any attempt to provide an exhaustive inventory of
experience at all levels futile. However, common pointers are emerging which
need to be taken into account and these are illustrated in this report. Numerous
challenges remain. They go beyond the issue of equipment and have a crucial
bearing on actual practice, and the widespread introduction of innovation.

This report seeks to take stock of progress since the Council’s Resolution and
Conclusions were adopted and to lay down a preliminary marker with a view to
preparing a fresh stage in European cooperation in order to rise to these
challenges as we move into the 21st century. It is based on an analysis of the
trends observed over the past
three years, what has been achieved through
Community programmes and the findings of specific studies, e.g. on the impact of
ICT on the role of the teacher, and the initiatives of the Member States3.

The first part describes how difficult it is to get actual practice and technology to
dovetail when the situation is unsettled and diversified. The second part examines
the conditions conducive to more harmonious development of actual practice and
the progressive emergence of a market; action by the public
technologies:
authorities; training and the development of services for teachers. The third and
last part is given over to recommendations in order to create these conditions.
The annexes give a summary of the main initiatives in the Member States and at
Community level, accompanied by statistical information.

1

2

3

OJ C 195 of 6.7.1996, p. 8.
OJ C 303 of 4.10.1997, p. 5.
Source: Multimedia Educational Software Observatory. (http://europa.eu.int/en/comm/dg22/meso/)
and "How learning is changing: information and communications technology across Europe. ICT in
education policy". EENet (http://www.ecmc.de/eenet/index2.html).

4

There is a need to produce a political impact in that ambitious initiatives are
needed in order to incorporate ICT purposefully in education,
to generalise
innovative and effective practices, and to develop the European dimension. This
necessitates concerted efforts in order to plan tomorrow’s education and to put
ICT at
the service of innovation and the improvement of the quality of
education. What is at stake during the next decade hinges on the capacity to
innovate.

2.

THE PROBLEM OF DOVETAILING TECHNOLOGY WITH
ACTUAL PRACTICE

The arrival of the PC at the beginning of the 1980s enabled schools to start
obtaining the hardware and software which had appeared on the market mainly for
professional uses. More often than not imposed on a top-down basis, these tools
failed to live up to the expectations created. Since then their capacity has been
enhanced substantially. The arrival of multimedia and Internet, particularly the
Web4, at the start of the 1990s, heralded the dawn of a new era.

There is a close relationship between the level of development of ICT and the
applications made possible and gradually available to the general public. The pace
of technological innovation however makes it difficult to get the distance needed
to appreciate the organisational, social and cultural dimensions of
these
applications. The fact is that unlike the speed of proliferation of technological
innovation and the phenomenon of obsolescence related thereto, education is a
long-term process. Consequently, although technical
trends are not entirely
foreseeable and controllable, they need to be examined in order to seize the
opportunities available while remaining aware of their limitations, and develop
strategies which are consistent over time.

2.1.

Technology: significant breakthroughs

2.1.1.

Towards a new step-up in technology

The current turnaround rate in terms of renewal in ICT of around nine months is a
driving force in the development of the information society. Digitalisation,
miniaturisation, portability, the widespread availability of technical access to the
Internet, enhanced performance and a reduction in costs, will considerably
facilitate and diversify what can be done in practice. These developments are well
under way and serve to boost the creation of educational multimedia applications
which are more attractive and interactive.

One of the main problems is the limitations of software and the relevant user
interfaces. Designers have always given priority to technical control of the

4

The World-Wide-Web was developed in Europe at the CERN in 1991 for the purposes of
cooperation, exchange and dissemination of information in the area of scientific research. The
origin of Internet dates back to 1969 and American military programmes (http://www.w3.org/).

5

development process because of the very heavy technical constraints imposed
upon them by the material platforms at any given time. Applications fields are
broadening out and successive versions of software are becoming enhanced as
technical specifications and the intensity of exchanges with users improve.
However, educational software must meet requirements and constraints which are
considerably higher than word processing, spreadsheets and games, which remain
the industry market leaders. Falling costs, the increasing success of Internet and
tools for the 'bottom-up' creation of multimedia applications suggest
that a
threshold will soon be crossed, which will allow the use of ICT in education to
take off in a significant way.

2.1.2.

From the Web to interactive multimedia services

The appearance of the Web on the Internet has been the big event of the 1990s.
With it came the possibility to generate, disseminate and exchange information, to
communicate, to cooperate and to access a vast range of services and multimedia
contents without any constraints of time or place. There are problems of
performance, security, confidentiality, etc., which prompt numerous initiatives in
terms of self-regulation by the players involved, adjustments on the legislative
front, improvement of infrastructures, and development of systems for indexing,
searching, translating, protecting, evaluating and filtering information5.

The Web currently allows people to exchange and access contents which are
mainly made up of text, graphics and pictures. It constitutes a huge library which
everyone can enrich and peruse as they please, and an unprecedented forum of
communication. Developments are now moving towards a second phase with the
addition of video, which will require the availability of high speed networks at an
affordable cost. Schools are currently equipped with connections based on the
telephone network with a speed of around 28.8 Kb/s or on the ISDN network with
64 Kb/s. As a compressed television picture conforming to the MPEG 2 standard
requires a speed of the order of 4 Mb/s access infrastructures will therefore
need to be improved. A third stage will involve the incorporation of interactive
multimedia services with fast and reliable response times. This should take 10
years or so depending inter alia on telecommunications operator strategy. In this
context, the liberalisation of the sector in Europe in 1998 plays a very important
part. It is considered that the big differences which continue to exist between
telecommunications charges in the USA and in most European companies is an
obstacle to the democratisation of Internet in Europe.

2.1.3. Having the keys to access

The very broad consensus around the immediate benefits and the potential of
Internet has helped to simplify decision-making. One major objective for the

5

For instance, the multiannual Community action plan on promoting safer use of the Internet by
combating illegal and harmful content on global networks. OJ L 33 of 6.2.1999, p. 1
(http://www2.echo.lu/iap/).

6

public authorities is to gradually give everyone the opportunity to get to grips with
ICT and to access the Internet from all forums of learning.

However, with a virtually unlimited quantity of information and resources
accessible, where the best is to be found alongside the worst, pupils and teachers
could well find themselves quickly at a loss after an initial flurry of enthusiasm.
The problem is how to apportion time effectively. Education presupposes quality
and consistency of information. That information has to be identified, sorted,
structured and combined in a relevant way in a specific context. It
is also
important to structure exchange of information and experience if it is to be
useful. The process must have an educational aim and the technology-based
interactions must have a teaching dimension.

Education and training sites on the Internet which will attract the highest number
of users should be those capable not only of supplying contents and services of
good quality, particularly in terms of communication, but also guide their users
and help them to find their way through a phenomenal amount of information.
They could provide people with the keys to access knowledge and thus represent
an ethical challenge for public authorities and the private sector inasmuch as by
incorporating e-commerce solutions these sites could charge for their use, or make
it conditional upon the showing of advertising messages, the exploitation of
personal data, etc.

2.2.

Use of ICT : Understanding the situation

ICT is no panacea, but can be conducive to active teaching methods, contribute to
better quality teaching and act as a catalyst for change. However, the potential on
offer is not always mirrored in actual practice. As a study6 conducted in the field
has shown, use of educational multimedia is still based essentially on video, TV
programmes and software. Use of Internet, electronic mail and videoconferencing
is still lagging behind.

Furthermore, the situation is very difficult to circumscribe both in terms of quality
and of quantity. Quality-wise, it is still complex to analyse actual practice because
it is constantly changing, because of the diversity of a huge number of one-off
experiments, and more generally because of the increasingly blurred borders
between education, work, culture and leisure. Actual use must also be assessed in
relation to the teaching contexts and methods into which it fits. Analysing actual
practice does not always receive enough attention from the various players
concerned.

From a quantitative point of view, the data available are still rudimentary.
Information sources are dispersed, the frequency of collection and the definition

6

Source: "The Impact of Information and Communication Technology on the Teacher". Institute for
Applied Social Sciences (ITS) University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands; University of Leuven,
Belgium; University of Cologne, Germany; Nexus Europe Ltd., Ireland; University of Barcelona,
Spain. 1998.

7

of indicators are very variable and imprecise. The statistical report published in
November 1998 in the United Kingdom is a notable exception7. But it is still
impossible to find information on matters which are so relevant with regard to
actual practice, e.g. the location and accessibility by pupils of PCs with an Internet
connection in schools, the comparison of actual practice in the classroom and
actual practice at home or elsewhere, the rate of use of equipment, software,
informatics laboratories; teacher attitude as a function of age, etc.

Despite the growing awareness of the implications of using ICT, an extra effort is
needed to obtain reliable indicators to provide regular information for decision-
makers, the education community, the industry and the citizenship of progress
made, and to identify and disseminate best practice.

2.2.1. Current practice in teaching

In higher and post-university education, the borders between distance training
provision and traditional training provision are becoming gradually blurred and
thus contribute to the emergence of a mixed mode. Conceptual and
methodological investment made in the past as part of the development of open
and distance learning is proving particularly useful. What we have therefore is
increased convergence, virtual mobility and new flexible forms of access to
knowledge stemming from the gradual disappearance of technical barriers and the
proliferation of partnerships and pilot experiments at the European level.

While there have been clear advances in the most prestigious institutions, the
weakness of institutional strategy remains a cause for concern, as is stressed
by the European university association8. University schools and departments are
developing specific strategies for educational multimedia and this maintains the
traditional divide between subject areas and intensifies rivalry within the same
university. In addition, the question of certification and equivalences has still not
found an unambiguous solution.. Nevertheless, a joint declaration was signed in
Bologna on 19 June 1999 by the ministers of 29 countries9 providing for the
gradual introduction of a European area of higher education and proposing an
action plan to be implemented during the next decade.

Secondary education has received priority attention from the public
authorities10. For instance, expenditure on ICT in the UK in 1998 was £15 per
pupil at primary level, compared with £ 46 per pupil at secondary level. At the
beginning of the 1980s, the accent was on planning and then on the use of word
processing and spreadsheet software. Word processing remains the most widely
used application, followed by exercisers, simulation software, spreadsheets and

7

8

9

10

l'université. Les TIC dans l'enseignement et

Source: "Survey of ICT in schools 1998". Dfee Statistical Bulletin Issue 11/98.
Source: "Restructurer
stratégiques pour l'université". CRE Guide N° 1. ISSN 1028-9291. Avril 1998.
The 15 Member States of the European Union, the 10 associated countries of central and eastern
Europe, Iceland, Norway, Malta and Switzerland. (http://www.europedu.org).
Source: Dfee Statistical Bulletin Issue 11/98.

l'apprentissage. Pistes

8

databases. The activities are defined and supervised by the teacher and more often
than not carried out in groups of two. The secondary level continues to suffer from
serious pitfalls such as the acquisition of items of knowledge not linked with one
another and a focus on exam preparation. These pitfalls can be eliminated as
several projects have shown, particularly by using local adjustments to foster team
work.

The uses of ICT for the most advanced teaching purposes are to be found in
primary education. This may be because a single teacher is responsible for a
whole group of children and because the use of multimedia software in that
context is more diversified, attractive and game-oriented. Pupils frequently use
exercisers, word processing and games as a break. The applications are more
pupil-centred than at secondary level. They do not revolve solely around the
school’s teaching functions, but also around functions of socialisation which the
school pursues implicitly11. It
to take on board these
functions for education in communication and its intercultural dimension.

is particularly useful

Nevertheless, observations in the field often stress the dynamism of small schools
situated in rural areas. Their prominence in the descriptions of ICT use is
immeasurably greater than their level of representativeness. Despite a positive
perception of the role of ICT, it is still difficult to establish scientifically a
correlation between ICT investment and school performance, and efforts
should be made to identify and evaluate the most effective practices in more
precise terms.

2.2.2.

Teaching methods and organisational aspects

interaction via the Internet and the gradual
Given the opportunities for
generalisation of e-mail, actual practice is no longer determined simply by access
to software and multimedia resources. It is linked to the fresh opportunities for
exchanges between pupils, teachers, external partners, experts and other “resource
persons”.

The pupil gets greater autonomy, while the teacher has to motivate and supervise
exchanges between pupils, geographically near or far, so that they become a part
of the education process. The teacher also has to use the catalytic effect provided
by the use and generation of resources on the Internet by pupils. A broad
consensus seems to be emerging against this backdrop that ICT can be conducive
to learning based on curiosity, discovery and experimentation. Nevertheless, as
stressed by the teachers taking part in the ACOT programme12 they need to
practice team work, make numerous adjustments and adopt stringent approaches
for each project.

11

12

Source: Projet MAILBOX financed by the ODL action of the Socrates programme.
Apple Classrooms of Tomorrow (ACOT) programme conducted since 1985 in the USA and since
the mid-1990s in Europe.

9

The conditions needed for developing the role of the teacher are progressing
slowly. The most
innovative projects are often the result of the work of
enthusiastic teams of teachers who have accepted to devote considerable time to
experimentation in this area. Regular individual use of the computer, team work,
exchanges between colleagues, are the most effective ways of improving teachers’
skills. However, the resources allocated to teachers for this purpose remain very
limited in many countries and the resulting increase in workload is seldom taken
into account. Many projects rely on volunteers13.

In addition, while there is now in Europe a comparative consensus on the need to
redefine school programmes, it does not extend yet to the nature and scale of the
changes to be made to the contents and organisation at classroom level. While the
contents of primary teaching are not exam-orientated, the same is not true of the
contents of secondary teaching. When ICT is used across the different subject
areas, it does not fit easily into the context of examinations.

in this respect, fundamental. The
The question of certification of skills is,
Commission’s Communication “Strategies for employment
in the Information
Society” suggests that accreditation systems specifically destined for the needs of
teachers, for the purpose of enabling them to learn how to make use of ICT, must
be identified and be the subject of approval mechanisms, and that full benefit must
be derived from them.

Alongside consideration of the use made of ICT, debates are therefore looming on
the outlook, priorities and objectives for education systems, but these go beyond
the framework of this report. Education and training are areas for which different
ways of contemplating and preparing for the future are being devised and
consolidated in Europe. These prospects should be gone into in depth and be the
subject of regular exchanges and consultations, particularly as part of the
forecasting activities by the Member States and by the Commission,
in
conjunction inter alia with the Council of Europe, the OECD and Unesco.

3.

THE CONDITIONS CONDUCIVE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF
ICT USE

3.1.

The gradual emergence of a market

3.1.1.

Increasing the provision of equipment

The indicators most frequently quoted remain the number of pupils per computer
and the percentage of schools which have an Internet connection.
In the
Scandinavian countries, which are the most advanced in Europe, the average ratio
is around one PC for eight pupils and one PC for two teachers, and most

13

E.g. the sites created on the Web by teachers such as the De Digitale School in the Netherlands
(http://digischool.bart.nl/) and Premiers pas sur Internet (http://www.momes.net/) in France.

10

secondary schools already have an Internet connection. The figures are given in
the annex.

However, these indicators are not perfect. One incorporates several generations
of equipment of which a minority has multimedia functions. For instance, over
45% of desktop PCs installed in British schools are over five years old14. The
other includes very different levels of infrastructure quality. They reflect very
diversified situations with regard to frequency and duration of use by pupils and
teachers. A final point is that they mask in each country and in each region
growing disparities. There are major differences in Europe particularly as
regards the infrastructures offered to primary schools. Around 10% of primary
schools had an Internet connection in France at the start of 1999, compared with
90% in Finland. Similarly, between 12 and 83% of German schools have an
Internet connection according to the Länder. The United States15 are hoping to
connect all classrooms to the Internet in the year 2000 whereas most Member
States have as their target the connection of all schools by 2002. At the end of
1998, the average was six pupils per PC in the USA, with 89% of schools having
an Internet connection and 51% of classrooms. Be that as it may, there is great
disparity between states.

largely
Innovative teaching practices on either side of the Atlantic are still
experimental in primary and secondary schools. By contrast, in higher and post-
university education, the USA have a significant lead, as most
traditional
European institutions have embarked on nothing more than an exploratory phase
whereas their American counterparts have moved on to an operational phase, with
new commercial enterprises setting up in partnership with the most famous
universities. For example,
the UNEXT company groups the universities of
Chicago, Columbia, Stanford, Carnegie Mellon and the London School of
Economics, along with several Nobel prize winners16. Despite the dynamism
shown by European ODL universities, this is worrying in a context of increasing
competition in the provision of education and training internationally and the
emergence of a “franchising” model. The increased opportunities for choice and
autonomy for learners will challenge the status quo.

3.1.2.

Structuring of provision of educational software and services

The growth of the market for educational software in schools is somewhat
piecemeal because of a still uneven pattern of equipment issue. It does not
justify innovative developments in trough periods, as operating costs swallow up
the bulk of available budget resources. While recent public authority policies are
gradually making it possible to equip schools for multimedia, the market remains
very fragmented as a function of age group, language and subject area. Building
up a provision of educational multimedia software and services of good quality
presupposes partnership between the public authorities and the industry,

14

15

16

Source: Dfee Statistical Bulletin Issue N°11/98.
Source: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Technology.
(http://www.unext.com/).

11

increasing investment and a change in practices. It is a complex process which is
simultaneously technical, cultural, economic, social and institutional.

At the end of 1998, European publishers felt that the sums earmarked by the
public authorities were too small to allow a genuine market
to get off the
ground17. The growth is driven essentially by private individuals who make up
the boom segment. This is partly due to the practice of sales grouped and/or
combined with the hardware, which is a threat to the diversity of provision and
freedom of choice for consumers. The equipment in European households, over
50% of which will have a computer in two years time18, should speed up the
establishment of promising synergy around products such as cultural, science,
geography, history software, along with dictionaries, encyclopaedias, exam
preparations, etc. As time goes by school manuals could be targeted as
encyclopaedias have been, resulting in the paper medium being replaced by the
digital medium. This is a context in which the publishers give priority to certain
flagship products or profitable niches in order to cover the increase in investment
needed. The budgets for creating, marketing and promoting the most sophisticated
products and services increase rapidly.

In the long run, one of the economic models likely to emerge could be
comparatively close to that of the audiovisual industry. The scale of investment in
multimedia creation, the fragmented structure of the sector in which each of the
players must have a leading-edge competence, and the complex management of
intellectual property rights, offer similarities. This could suggest a move towards
an oligopolistic type of market. If that event, the question of controlling the
“distribution circuits”,
the conditions of access by ordinary people to
educational multimedia resources and services, would warrant in-depth analysis
along with the possible role of digital libraries.

i.e.

At the same time, the costs of digital distribution tend to fall drastically and
design software becomes accessible for the general public. Openings outside the
mainstream market emerge rapidly and could play a very important role in the
years to come with the creation of a wide range of software and resources which
do not conform to the usual market logic. In this context, the pooling of resources,
the interacting of knowledge and know-how at all levels have a very appropriate
medium in the form of the Internet. The development of these “free” spaces
presupposes the support from and recognition by the public authorities of the
remarkable work already carried out in this area.

17

18

Conclusions of a workshop organised by the Socrates programme on 27 November 1998 in
Brussels.
Source: MESO.

12

3.2.

Action by public authorities

3.2.1. Capitalising more effectively on experience

As long ago as 1983, the Council had adopted a Resolution19 on measures to
introduce ICT in education at a time when the inroads made by micro-informatics
heralded vast opportunities. The inconclusive results of the actions launched at the
time stressed the need for closer evaluation of experience, deemed disappointing
by some and instructive by others. All in all, the main shortcoming was an
inadequate awareness of the context in which computers would be used. There
were nevertheless certain encouraging points, particularly the human investment
made in the field. Many had the opportunity to familiarise themselves and give
some solid thought to the impact of ICT and the media, thus evaluating the
limitations of these tools but also their advantages. This exercise has undoubtedly
been underestimated.

The Council considered a coordinated action worthwhile in the mid-1990s and
adopted a resolution on educational multimedia software on 6 May 1996 and the
conclusions relating thereto on 22 September 1997 on the training of teachers. The
objectives
set were to contribute to the improvement of quality and
effectiveness of education and training systems, particularly by implementing
new teaching practices and organisation, and to provide teachers and learners with
access to the information society.

There was a proliferation of initiatives, a description of which is attached. At the
Community level,
they started as from 1988 in the area of research and
technological development20. In the period 1994-98, the Telematics Applications
Programme helped to fund 86 projects with over EUR 100 million in the area of
education and training. These efforts continued into 1999 under
the IST
(Information Society Technologies) programme. They have been strengthened
since 1996 by the funding of pilot projects under the Socrates and Leonardo da
Vinci education and training programmes. These initiatives have focussed inter
alia on the promotion of open and distance learning (ODL)21 and awareness-
raising activities such as the Netd@ys22. Over the period 1995-99, the ODL action
under the Socrates programme has funded 166 projects involving over EUR
30 million for cooperation on the theme of ICT in education and the development
of open and distance learning. In 1998, 46 projects were launched under the joint
call of
the “educational and multimedia software” task force whereby a
coordinated approach to Community actions on converging objectives was
established. In this context, the EUN project has allowed promising cooperation to
be started up between 19 ministries of education in Europe and the Commission
on the theme of on-line educational multimedia services for schools by linking the

19

20

21

22

OJ C 256 of 24.9.1983.
(http://www.cordis.lu/ist/home.html).
(http://europa.eu.int/en/comm/dg22/socrates/odl/ind1a.html).
(http://europa.eu.int/en/comm/dg22/netdays/index-fr.html et http://www.netdays99.org).

13

contributions of national and regional networks, and developing services with a
specific European dimension.

The many initiatives which have been launched by the public authorities stress the
very great endeavour made to make these new tools available to as many people
as possible. Nearly all secondary schools now have multimedia equipment and an
Internet connection. In 2002, most primary schools should have a connection, too.
The drive to familiarise teachers with ICT and to provide them with appropriate
training has intensified. The accent henceforth is to be more on content and
teaching innovation. The decision-makers at the various levels have given priority
to the use of ICT in order to familiarise pupils and teachers with these tools and,
more generally speaking, to prepare them for the information society. There is
evidence of an increasing resolve to promote the overhaul of teaching methods
and to carry out a broader-based reflection on institutional programmes and
organisation.

3.2.2.

Setting priorities with regard to equipment and infrastructure

Given the size and the diversity of the education community23, no plan for
infrastructure can wholly satisfy demand. The management, securing and renewal
of vast pools of computer-related equipment would be prohibitive, particularly for
local authorities. The need to be able to keep up with the pace of renewal of
platforms entails appropriate funding and partnership arrangements, and above all
concentrating investment on infrastructure and services rather than being obsessed
with the number of users per PC.

With the availability of multimedia configurations at affordable prices and the
achieving of a quality threshold in a comparatively near future, there should be
assistance to help families purchase or hire computers, to foster the emergence of
a second-hand market, and to focus public investment by way of priority on the
quality of access infrastructures to use the Internet (fast connections,
local
networks), and the development of quality on-line services and content. Specific
measures for disadvantaged families and handicapped persons will be essential in
promoting equality of access. The equipping and connecting-up of homes is
generally proceeding at an increasing pace. In actual fact, ICT is used by way of
preference – more intensively and for longer – outside timetable constraints,
particularly at home. It should therefore be possible to limit the quantity of PCs
for collective use in educational establishments to a reasonable number, which
should make it possible to renew them regularly.

3.2.3.

Strengthening the European dimension

The funding of European-level pilot projects is part of a twofold logic. Some
projects give priority to undertaking in different countries similar experiences in

23

There are approximately 4 million teachers and 80 million pupils and students in Europe,
distributed throughout 320 000 establishments, including 5 000 universities and higher education
establishments.

14

the use of ICT, which makes it possible to make comparative analyses and to
evaluate the respective progress made. Other projects undertake specifically
European experiments based on collaborative work to develop methods,
information and knowledge by teams from different countries. The point is to
allow cooperation between the experts in the field, the public authorities, schools,
companies and the universities with regard to the use of learning-oriented
technologies.

Exchanges between European universities, training centres and schools, carried
out under Socrates through the Erasmus and Comenius actions has prompted the
networking of universities and schools around themes of common interest. This
cooperation has already produced a pooling of experience and teaching resources,
a trend which should go from strength to strength with the use of ICT to facilitate
the cooperation commenced with the Erasmus thematic networks. The networking
of Comenius projects on identical themes should enhance the impact of the results
of cooperation between schools.

The problem is how to sustain and generalise this experience. A special effort
must be made to set up projects which take account of how they can be extended.
All too often the additional funding which the extension of these experiments
would need cannot be provided at the Community level, which can go no further
than the pilot projects, and is very rarely forthcoming at the national and regional
levels.

3.2.4.

The need to define development models

The development of educational multimedia applications of good quality cannot
go ahead without the establishment of viable economic models. The current state
of market development
is not conducive to achieving this stage and public
subsidies remain essential, particularly to play a catalyst role.

The launch of national plans in the Member States has remedied a situation
characterised by lack of hardware and Internet connections. They have made it
possible to start a phase to foster the use of ICT, but it is still difficult to clearly
identify ongoing development strategies to encourage their increased use and
widespread introduction, long-term funding guarantees, effective support for the
creation of good quality contents and services, real consideration of the European
dimension and a significant contribution by ICT to the development of education
systems. Strategic approaches need to be defined which take account of different
options for development models. These strategies must be part of a long-term
approach and take due account of trends in education systems, of the European
dimension, of the ongoing nature of human investment and the definition of
working arrangements both in public service and in the context of partnerships
with the traditional media industries and the ICT sector.

In addition to the European and national initiatives, the support of the local
authorities for action started on the ground and a degree of autonomy in
establishments are very important factors when it comes to the adoption of

15

innovation. The initiatives taken by the players on the ground to manage space
and time differently, to develop original funding mechanisms and partnerships and
to define projects associating technological options and teaching projects, all show
the considerable well-springs of motivation which exists at local level. In each
education establishment and each teacher training centre, defining, in conjunction
with the local authorities, a consistent and durable investment policy based on a
clear formulation of strategies for teaching and organisation and for developing
skills, is a sine qua non which calls for new managerial practices.

Establishments need to be given more flexibility when it comes to incorporating
and using ICT in a context of central guidelines defining a coordinated and
managed development of education systems and of the role of pupils and
teachers. The emphasis should be on pragmatic approaches to support and
coordinate local initiatives, large-scale pilot experiments in conditions as close as
possible to reality, backed up by thorough evaluation. Likewise, there is a need to
pinpoint the biggest regional and national disparities and take the steps needed to
promote gradual alignment on the best practices.

3.3.

Developing teacher-oriented services

While it is generally agreed that the training of teachers has an essential role to
play in creating a favourable environment, there is less agreement on exactly what
types of training should be organised and how they should be delivered.

3.3.1. Going beyond the purely technical aspect of training provided

The training plans instigated at
the start of the 1980s were by no means
conclusive. More often than not, training went no further than foundation courses
in informatics, where the emphasis was on knowing the essential functions of PCs
and networks or on the technical characteristics of software designed for
professional uses (word processing, spreadsheets, databases, etc.). This technical
knowhow is not static and needs to be refreshed regularly. Once back inside their
classrooms, most teachers make insufficient use of what they learned in training
and there is little change in their teaching approach as a result. In this area,
learning and doing are two activities so closely interlinked that expertise, as in the
case of sport, is derived from practice and not the other way round, usually by
immersion and imitation24.

One observes that it is training in the tools that is predominant and that there is
little investment in significant training, particularly innovative teaching practices.
Yet investment in training cannot be fully justified without substantial motivation
among the players and the existence of real development projects backed up by
appropriate and sustained resources. It therefore appears important to develop two
additional training levels. Firstly, the use of ICT must be put into perspective in

24

Observation and analysis of network uses. Ministry of Culture and Communication, France,
February 1998.

16

relation to teaching practices. Secondly, the use of ICT must be set in context in
relation subject areas and the promotion of a cross-curricular approach.

In the case of secondary school teachers, the choice of their vocation is often
explained by their interest in a subject area. This partly explains their comparative
lack of interest in training which lays emphasis on the tools rather than their
subject area. But
it also explains the interest shown by science teachers in
software which enables them to go beyond the limitations of the traditional
blackboard thanks to powerful simulation and display functions. This is where the
question of content becomes acute as soon as training in the new tools is
organised. As ICT permits a rethink of the traditional divides between subject
areas, and as many innovative pilot projects straddle several subject areas or
traditional areas,
the question which must be asked before examining the
relevance of any tool or method is what knowledge, knowhow and skills have to
be acquired before it can be used.

3.3.2. More diversification in training processes

Given the problems encountered by traditional training, the current innovations
place the emphasis on opening up training more. One observes the emergence of
the concept of training teachers 'throughout their careers' linking initial and
ongoing training, which may have many training actions and tools in common.
Several of the approaches adopted strengthen the autonomy of teachers with
regard to their continuing training. This has been tested successfully in the United
Kingdom, where over one thousand teachers from nearly 600 schools have been
issued with their own portable multimedia PCs allowing them to use the Internet
at school and at home25.

This has also led to more teamwork. Recognising the developments in progress,
certain Member States have given priority to training modes based on
cooperation, initiative and creativity. Study circles have also been set up in the
Scandinavian countries, particularly Sweden, to help teachers define their needs
and take responsibility for their own training. The links thus created during
training are extended beyond it and continue once the teacher is back in class,
making it possible to set up mutual assistance arrangements. In addition, the
Internet allows bridges between what goes on at school and what goes on outside
(museums,
for
documentation and information which are converted into self-training.

resource centres, etc.), and creates opportunities

libraries,

3.3.3.

Structured exchange and support services

The wealth, quality and reliability of services will to a very large extent determine
the attitude of the education community. If they are to integrate ICT in their
teaching practices, teachers, trainers and managers need to have easy access to
structured exchange and support services and to educational multimedia content

25

Source: NCET/BECTA.

17

both at school and at home. It is crucially important to develop services to
facilitate levels of interaction via the Internet: exchange and dialogue, access and
selection of educational multimedia content, on-line collaborative work on the
preparation and handling of contents.

The development of such services could prove a major element at stake for
education authorities inasmuch as it will influence the behaviour of millions of
people. Accordingly, the development of educational multimedia services via the
Internet and the support for the creation of contents should play essential
structuring roles, allowing supply and demand to be better matched. This should
be carried out under the auspices of the Ministries of Education or bodies of user
groups in the area of education and training.

3.4.

Developing a global and consistent strategy

Costs which are solely additional will represent a difficult problem to solve if
there is no overall coherent strategy over time entailing changes in the operational
environment and approaches. As observed in other sectors of society, the nature of
expenditure in ICT is both recurrent and increasing;
is fully justified by
innovation,
in quality, and by the transformation and
improvement
effectiveness of processes.

it

The time available is a major hurdle. The use of educational multimedia
applications clashes with current activities and requires upstream planning and
preparation on a big scale in order to maximise their effectiveness and their
impact. On this front, the enthusiasm and the behaviour of the pioneers could well
lead to some big errors of appreciation. Substantial adjustments will have to be
proposed in order to mobilise a critical mass of teachers. Hence the importance of
pilot experiments in contexts close to reality, and the provision of comprehensive
and adaptable good quality on-line services incorporating training, maintenance
and support
to allow the processes of changing organisation, practice and
behavioural patterns to be initiated and followed through.

Lastly, new skills are required, both at management level and in order to support
teachers as they come to terms with the new tools: creation and management of
legal and
multimedia contents, backup, assistance and maintenance services;
organisational skills. While the teacher is admittedly asked to acquire new skills,
certain of these skills correspond to profiles of different posts and indeed to new
professions. The notion of distributed and collective skills is expected to take on
increasing importance.

4.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRIORITY ACTIONS

In order to understand better the changes taking place and to link better the
different
of
recommendations should be introduced. Firstly, recommendations designed to
make better use of what has been achieved to date and of a store of knowledge

of management

intervention,

levels

series

and

two

18

which is constantly changing; secondly, a series of recommendations designed to
better manage and promote innovation at all levels so that everyone can benefit. In
conjunction with the Member States and on the basis of a broad consultation, a
Community initiative should be launched in 2000 in order to implement these
recommendations, achieve targets for
the year 2004 and to promote the
widespread introduction of innovation by drawing on all Community programmes
and instruments concerned. These objectives will be consistent with the European
employment strategy.

4.1.

Making the best use of a store of knowledge which is constantly
being updated

In order to capitalise on human investment at all levels, three types of horizontal
actions should be launched: continuous observation of practices, uses and
technologies; the pooling of conclusions and analyses by experts and by education
system managers; and the definition of prospective scenarios to fuel discussion
for management and generalisation of
of
innovations which are effective, i.e. which has proved its merits in the field. This
would make it possible to develop a system of management of the expertise
acquired and still to be acquired with regard to interaction between uses and
technologies.

the various potential options

4.1.1.

Stimulating observation and comprehension of uses and of technologies

One first recommendation is to step up the work already started to better
understand practices, based on observation arrangements at all levels. On the
ground, it is important to better circumscribe the concept of good practice, the
educational purposes of these practices, the teaching methods used, how effective
they are, and the organisational conditions for promoting and implementing
innovation in the Member States.

If this is to be achieved, it is vitally important for the Commission and the
Member States to jointly examine the setting up of observation and analysis
arrangements at European level and for them to have reliable indicators in order
to monitor trends in the uses and the dissemination of ICT in education.

4.1.2.

Building up a shared vision of the changes taking place

A second recommendation – based on these observations – is to get experts’
groups, which should include users and their representatives, to work with those
responsible for national and regional education and training policies, and for
employment policies, and to get them to establish a concerted vision of changes
joint action. This presupposes regular
and to identify priority areas for
consultation and structured exchanges on targeted areas of common interest.

19

Within this context, it would be necessary to reflect more deeply on ways of
learning and of organising learning26, for ICT will bring little added value if it
is merely tacked on to traditional organisation and practices. There may also be a
case for discussing specific issues such as the development of appropriate
interfaces as part of setting up “gateway” sites for educational multimedia at
is crucial for public authorities to
European, national and regional levels. It
contribute to the definition of quality criteria in a partnership with the designers
and suppliers of applications and multimedia services. Otherwise, access to
resources and the development of provision will be structured by de facto
standards which will emerge and will put the industries’ leading players in a
dominant position.

4.1.3. Developing prospective analyses

A third recommendation is to develop prospective scenarios on the basis of field
observations and experts' analyses in order to provide those responsible and
decision makers with pointers and regular information on the potential options
available and to guide their strategic reflection. The point would be to anticipate
on changes shaping up technologically and with regard to practice. The players in
the field and within the key institutions (teacher training, centres dealing with
inspection offices, etc.) could be
matters concerning specific subject areas,
involved in the development and discussion of these scenarios.

Links with non-EU countries and international organisations concerned need
to be strengthened for these three levels of recommendation. Analyses should not
be restricted to the situation of the EU but should also take account of the
prospects stemming from enlargement and of approaches used outside the
Union. The results obtained from work at these three levels should be broadly
disseminated by the Commission to the publics concerned and should be
published on the Internet.

4.2.

Managing and promoting innovation

To back up these first three levels of recommendations it is essential to step up
the drive in terms of research and of social and technical experimentation in
order to anticipate on likely changes on the area of organisation of education and
training, and to generalise the best practices.

4.2.1.

Launching innovative experiences in key areas having a European
dimension

The conclusions of the most advanced pilot experiments stress that technology
prompts a rethink of the structure and contents of education and training

26

This includes learning methods, school rhythms, timetables, teaching methods, syllabus contents,
the organisation of the establishments and classes,
relations between teachers and learners,
hierarchical relationships, evaluation of pupils and staff, their initial training and their continuing
training, evaluation and recognition of skills, etc.

20

programmes, making it essential to launch experimentation in order to derive
pointers on what the school, university and training of tomorrow should be,
associating closely teachers, trainers, learners, parents and their representative
organisations, industry and the social partners.

This recommendation accordingly seeks to develop innovative experiences which
would feature futuristic hypotheses concerning school, the university and training
and more effective ways of teaching and learning. In this context, cross-
disciplinary prospects should be examined in greater depth, particularly when it
comes to education in communication and the media, links between the sciences
and the humanities, and modern language learning through intercultural education.

These experiments would provide an opportunity to strengthen the study and
evaluation of conditions of use of ICT in a prospective light and to identify on the
ground changes which might be possible. They could also take account of new
organisation and management
in education and training
establishments, new formulas for participation and cooperation by learners and
teachers, and with existing or future partners in education and training.

configurations

4.2.2.

Fostering the development of quality on the supply side

This recommendation aims to stimulate the market and particularly to strengthen
the European dimension of the contents and services accessible via the Internet
while respecting cultural and linguistic diversity. This would entail stimulating the
development of on-line services particularly by associating and extending
initiatives by the Member States. This presupposes in particular better
understanding of demand – e.g., with regard to courses having an international
dimension, virtual mobility and the continuing training of teachers.

Public investment should be increased in order to give access to fast networks in
all learning contexts, and in order to develop contents and provide education and
training multimedia services available over the Internet. An infrastructure of fast
networks linking education establishments, research institutes, businesses and
public forums such as libraries and museums is essential in allowing universal
access to education, training and culture. With regard to contents, priority could
be given at European level to language skills and intercultural comprehension,
skills in the teaching-related use of
ICT, European cooperation between
establishments and between peer groups, and to the interconnection of different
networks and educational multimedia sites developed in the Member States on the
Internet in order to promote a virtual European education area.

4.2.3.

Strengthening social cohesion

What this recommendation seeks to achieve is for the widespread introduction of
the use of ICT in education to take full account at all levels of the needs of those
who are most disadvantaged through economic, social, geographical or other
circumstances.

21

the point

is above all

With regard to the equipment and infrastructures,
to
guarantee more equitable access through appropriate measures and funding
arrangements, and to promote the development of alternative forums and ways to
raise awareness, and to provide training and access to ICT as close as possible to
the target populations. On the services side, there should be more systematic
consideration of specific requirements. There is also a need to increase
intercultural comprehension, self-esteem and self-confidence in the learning
process, particularly in conjunction with the work of organisations involved in
specialised education and the fight against exclusion.

22

ANNEX 1

AN OVERVIEW OF
INITIATIVES IN THE MEMBER STATES
OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
AND AT THE COMMUNITY LEVEL

23

T H E M A I N I N I T I A T I V E S L A U N C H E D

I N T H E M E M B E R S T A T E S O F T H E E U

PROMOTION OF A LONG-TERM VISION

There has been a proliferation of national, regional and local initiatives since the mid-1990s.
Compared with previous actions, the trend is mostly for them to go beyond the experimental
framework and to fit into a long-term vision. A broad-based consensus around a long-term
vision including a policy of regular investment in ICT in the interests of innovation is needed
in order to cater for the expectations of the players concerned and to secure their lasting
support. This is an area to which the Scandinavian countries gave the utmost attention from
the early 1990s. Most European countries gradually followed suit, particularly from 1997 on.

The Superhighway Initiative27 in the United Kingdom, for instance,
launched in 1995,
involved 25 projects and 1 000 schools. The results made it possible to define and launch in
1998 the National Grid for Learning28 which sets ambitious targets for the year 2002 with
regard to connection, training of teachers, skills and use of ICT for educational purposes in all
subject areas and in administration.

PRIORITY FOR EQUIPMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE

The national plans deal to varying extents with hardware, the training of teachers (an area
which receives increased focus), stimulation for the development of contents, and –
something new – widespread connection to the Internet, the creation of national and regional
educational multimedia sites and the creation of partnerships with the industry, the latter
contributing hardware, technical backup and financial support through sponsorship and even
on-line publicity29. Top priority, however, was given to equipment and infrastructure in
order to improve the availability of multimedia platforms in establishments. This focus was
echoed by the local authorities.

In Italy30, for instance, a four-year programme was launched in April 1997 to allow 15 000
schools, from nursery to secondary level, to purchase telematics multimedia equipment for
teachers and learners. In Portugal31, each secondary school was equipped with a multimedia
computer and an Internet connection, and this issue will be extended to primary schools under

27

28

29

30

31

Out of 25 projects, 12 projects attained all their objectives, six projects attained some of their objectives, and five
none. Source: "Preparing for the information age: Synoptic report of the Education Department's Superhighway
Initiative (1997)".
Comprising a mosaic of networks and interconnected educational services using the Internet, and supplying a
medium for teaching, learning and administration for education establishments, museums, libraries, businesses and
households. It provides a way of finding and using on-line educational multimedia resources and is backed by a
2002.
budget
(http://www.ngfl.gov.uk/).
This is particularly the case of the Berlin Land. Source: EENet.
(http://www.istruzione.it/).
(http://www.uarte.mct.pt/) and (http://www.dapp.min-edu.pt/nonio/nonio.htm).

148 million.

expected

received

500 000

teachers

training

have

are

by

of

to

€

24

the Nonio Seculo XXI programme designed to promote and accelerate the use of ICT in
teaching.

INTERNET-RELATED SERVICES AND ELECTRONIC MAIL

Policies to promote specific hardware platforms got nowhere in the 1980s and priority was
switched to services, teacher training, exchanges and the testing of innovative teaching
practices. Provided it is accessible, electronic mail is the most popular application with
pupils and teachers alike. Most plans seek to give each teacher and each pupil an individual
electronic address at secondary level in the near future.

France, for instance, in November 1997 launched a plan with the aim of providing each
teacher, each student and each class with an e-mail address in the year 2000. The number of
establishments having an Internet connection in 1998 doubled in six months and over 80% of
higher secondary schools had a connection by the end of June 1998. The creation of the
Educnet and Educasource on the Internet32 helps all the players involved in the education
system to find interesting material and to dialogue with one another.

ESTABLISHMENT OF PARTNERSHIPS WITH INDUSTRY

A number of ambitious initiatives on the networking of schools are linked to partnerships
with hardware suppliers or telecommunications operators.

In Germany, for instance, the Federal initiative Schulen ans Netz33 developed in cooperation
with Deutsche Telekom has made it possible to equip and connect over 8 000 schools to the
Internet, with 5 000 more to come subject to the assembly of local and regional funding. The
EUR 50 million contribution by the Irish government to the Schools IT 2000 initiative34
designed to speed up the incorporation of ICT in schools has been topped up by EUR
12 million by contributions from partners such as Telecom Eireann. It is often at local and
regional levels that partnerships of this type are the most striking. Nevertheless, certain
achievements
solutions may ultimately prove
inappropriate.

focusing on very specific technical

CONTINUATION OF EFFORTS AND LONG TERM CONSISTENCY

By assembling resources over a limited period national action plans tend to succeed one
another regularly and to establish increasingly ambitious objectives. This is partly a
reflection of the relative uncertainty over the guarantee of sustained public funding and over
the continuity and following up of policies in this area.

In Denmark, for instance, the introduction since 1994 of Sektor Net35 for the whole of the
education system is based on over EUR 67 million of public funding up to the year 2000.
After an evaluation by international experts, an action plan (1998-2003) was launched in
order to speed up the implementation of the objectives set in 1997, and of reforms affecting
institutional matters, programmes and teaching methods. The investment should gradually be

32

33

34

35

The Ministry labels products and services of
(http://www.educnet.education.fr/ and http://www.educasource.education.fr/).
(http://www.san-ev.de/).
(http://www.scoilnet.ie/).
Sektor Net links over 1 000 schools, 10 000 teachers and 100 000 pupils. Each school has open access
to the
education network and a restricted access for administrative purposes and to Internet. Utilisation costs for the first
two years are covered by subsidies, but not the connection charges. (http://www.sektornet.dk/).

teaching interest and updates an information database.

25

transferred from network setup and back-up activities to the development and support of
added-value services.

STEPPING UP TRAINING ON A MORE WIDESPREAD BASIS

The training of teachers has now become a major concern reflecting the account taken of the
essential role of teachers in the process of incorporating ICT and teaching innovation.

Accordingly a two-year emergency programme was launched in France in 1998 in order to
train future teachers in the use of ICT in their teaching. However, as the vast majority of
teachers are in service and likely to remain so for the next 20 years, the main challenge is to
equip and provide this population with training and back-up. Spain36 introduced a plan in
order to provide 40 000 teachers with an Internet connection, and Sweden37 in June 1998
launched the Tools for Learning initiative (1999-2001) in order to speed up the widespread
introduction of ICT use and provide training in small groups and on tangible projects for over
40% of teachers in service, in close conjunction with their pupils, the administrative staff,
librarians and local authorities.

MANY CHALLENGES STILL TO BE MET

In many respects Finland is a genuine information society laboratory in Europe and has the
most Internet sites38 per 1 000 inhabitants,
just behind the USA and ahead of other
Scandinavian countries. In the year 2000, there should be one PC for every eight or so pupils
at primary level and one for every six secondary pupils, and the rates of Internet connection
should be close to 100%. However, an evaluation conducted at the end of 1998 at the
instigation of the Finnish Parliament, made the criticism that:

– there was not always sufficient availability of hardware;

– there was a continuing shortage of good quality educational multimedia content;

– teaching and technical back-up services remained inadequate;

– the training of teachers needed to be stepped up and better targeted;

– there was a need to continue research efforts, to increase dissemination of the most

promising practices and to take due account of the vital problem of equal access.

These are the challenges which Finland is proposing to take up as part of a national strategy
on education, training and research for the information society over for the period 2000-
200439.

36

37

38

39

(http://www.pntic.mec.es/indice.html).
Sweden is one of the most advanced countries. At the end of 1997, the number of pupils per PC was 13 at primary
level and six at secondary level. 20% of pupils used the computer daily at school and 50% weekly. 56% of primary
schools
Skoldatanätet.
(http://www.skolverket.se/skolnet/english/index.html).
106 Internet sites per 1 000 inhabitants. Source: Network Wizards.
(http://www.minedu.fi/julkaisut/information/englishU/welcome.html).

secondary

connected

schools

were

91%

and

the

of

to

26

These are also the challenges facing all Member States to varying extents. Their scale will
require significant and sustained effort. Their complexity should increasingly justify the use
of greater cooperation at the European level in order inter alia to promote a concerted
vision, to exchange information, experience and best practice in a structured and effective
way, and to pool developments in terms of resources and services of common interest.

27

T H E M A I N I N I T I A T I V E S A N D A C H I E V E M E N T S

A T C O M M U N I T Y L E V E L

THE EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE AND MULTIMEDIA TASK FORCE (1995-1998)

A “educational and multimedia software task force” was set up in March 1995 in order to
allow six European programmes40 to pool their efforts to speed up the development of
technology for education and training and their implementation in the European Union.

The Task Force in July 1996 published an analysis41 of the educational multimedia situation
in Europe, thus making a major contribution to discussions prior to the adoption of the
Council Resolution on educational multimedia software. A common plan of work was drawn
up to cover the areas listed in the Council Resolution, along with the Community action plan
“Learning in the information society”.

This cooperation led to the organisation of a joint call for proposals in December 1996 backed
by a Community contribution of EUR 49 million. Over 800 proposals were sent in by over
4 000 European organisations. These figures reflect the level of interest raised and the players'
need to get access to joint public funding in order to foster the creation of a provision whose
cost-effectiveness is still somewhat uncertain. Over 425 companies and institutions took part
in the 46 educational multimedia projects selected. Half of the participants were universities
and schools, and the development of technology was thus enhanced by demonstrations in real
circumstances, research on teaching methods and practices, and the dissemination of best
practice.

The experience showed the advantage of cooperation between different programmes in order
to contribute to the implementation of policies drafted at the European level in the areas of
education and training.

THE ACTION PLAN “LEARNING IN THE INFORMATION SOCIETY” (1996-1998)

The action plan “Learning in the information society” was launched on 2 October 1996 to
back up and supplement national initiatives and other Community actions. Four lines of
action were pursued: encouraging the introduction of electronic networks between schools
throughout Europe; stimulating the development of educational multimedia resources;
promoting the training of teachers in the use of ICT and providing information on the
potential of audiovisual and multimedia education tools.

40

41

Socrates, Leonardo da Vinci, TSER, Esprit, Telematics Applications and TEN-Telecom.
July 1996 – SEC(96) 1426 (http://www2.echo.lu/emtf/en/report796-toc.html).

28

The development of the European multimedia network of schools EUN42, co-financed by the
“Educational multimedia software” task force, extending and associating at the European
level the national and regional multimedia educational networks, made a major contribution
to the implementation of the first line of action. This initiative was launched in Brussels on
17 December 1996 by the Swedish Minister, Mrs Ylva Johansson, at
the conference
“Towards a European electronic schools network”. She received the support of the Ministers
of Education at an informal meeting of the Council in Amsterdam on 3 March 1997, then
during the presentation of a progress report on 26 June 1997 in Luxembourg. EUN could
play a significant role in allowing the exchange of innovative teaching practices between
European classes and their environment: libraries, multi-media libraries, museums, etc. It
could also contribute to strengthening the European dimension in education, particularly in
subject areas such as languages, sciences, history or art, and should be associated with the
new Socrates programme. The first experiences show the teaching advantages that can be
expected. These include a more outward-looking attitude to the rest of the world, greater
ability to seek and exchange good quality information, a sense of team work around themes of
common interest, and familiarisation with cultural and linguistic differences. Nineteen
countries have so far joined their efforts to organise this network in cooperation with the
Commission.

The second line of action has been implemented through creating awareness and interest
among European players in the audiovisual and publishing sectors. A first database43 on
publishers and European educational multimedia products was developed in 1997. The
conference “Learning differently”, organised on 26 September 1997 in Cannes with the
participation of the main players in the audiovisual sector highlighted five avenues for
cooperation: improvement of market transparency; focus on contents ensuring continuity with
regard to what is done at school; cooperation in building up “programme and documentary
product modules”; the promotion of compatible digital platforms; security and limiting
network access and utilisation costs. A European Education Partnership44 was set up in
September 1997 bringing together a large group of players from the ICT, audiovisual and
publishing sectors, along with representatives of the education community.

The training of teachers was a priority set by the Dutch Presidency. The exchanges carried out
on this theme at an informal meeting of the Council in Amsterdam on 3 March 1997 led to the
adoption of conclusions by the Council45 inter alia calling upon the Member States to add a
European dimension to the strategies they were preparing. An average budget of around
EUR 4 million is earmarked yearly by the Community programmes for this theme, and the
Commission encourages the networking of teacher training institutes, on the basis of the
outcomes of work carried out under education and research programmes. EUN also seeks to
develop a virtual forum for the training of teachers and the exchange of best practice.

In implementing the fourth line of action,
the Commission has every year since 1997
organised, in conjunction with the Member States and private sponsors, a wide range of
activities to raise awareness and promote the use of Internet during the Netd@ys week46. The
focus was initially on schools, but has since 1998 targeted an increasingly wider public.

42

43

44

45

46

EUN: The European Schoolnet, grouping the 15 Member States of the European Union, plus Norway, Iceland,
Switzerland and Slovenia. (http://www.eun.org).
BASE project financed by the Socrates programme’s ODL action.
EEP: European Education Partnership. (http://www.eep-edu.org/).
OJ C 303 of 4.10.1997 pp. 5-7.
In 1998, 108 Commission-funded projects, including 73 under the Socrates programme, 31 under the Leonardo da
Vinci programme and 4 by ISPO. (http://www.netdays99.org).

29

COMMUNITY PROGRAMMES IN THE AREA OF RESEARCH, EDUCATION AND TRAINING
(1995-1999)

The launch of 1996 as the European Year of Lifelong Learning with a budget of
EUR 8.4 million raised awareness in the Member States on the central themes linked to
developments in education and training in Europe, and on what ICT could contribute in this
context.

166 projects involving over 1 000 organisations were funded during the period 1995-99 under
the action47 to promote open and distance learning under the Socrates programme. The
priority was focused on understanding and developing the processes involved, the creation on
a collaborative basis of resources and networks, and information services specific to the areas
of application of ODL and educational multimedia.

Since 1997, a dozen or so pilot projects48 for second chance schools have been launched in
the Member States, in partnership with the public authorities concerned, associations and
social services, as well as the private sector, targeting young people living a situation of social
exclusion. Their purpose is to bring these young people back into society by offering them
suitable training with a view to their entering the employment market. The emphasis is on the
acquisition of skills in the area of ICT.

Over 700 organisations took part in the 86 projects funded by the Telematics Applications
programme in the area of education and training during the period 1994-9849. The European
Commission contributed over EUR 100 million to the projects. The Esprit programme in
1998 launched around ten projects for creating multimedia school environments, backed by
funding of EUR 13 million. The aim is to try out on a European scale the tools, interfaces and
methods which might provide the new learning environment for young children.

Thanks to all these projects, it has been possible to build up in Europe a wealth of experience
and know-how. Be that as it may, the needs and expectations of teachers and learners at
school, university and in informal contexts, continue to represent major challenges.

As from the year 2000, the new Minerva action under the Socrates II programme and the
fifth Community R&D framework programme will make it possible to speed up the
the availability of
development and experimentation of
multimedia educational applications using wide band telecommunications infrastructures, and
tools whereby Internet’s huge resources can be used for learning purposes.

innovative teaching methods,

The aim will be to support lifelong learning, to encourage creativity, to promote linguistic
and cultural diversity and to improve the functions of future information products and
services. Thanks to these, the study, design, experimentation and validation of methods,
systems and innovative services targeting the widest possible range of learners and trainers, in
close conjunction with the education policies of the Member States and those devised
jointly at the European level, can be pursued in a way which is consistent with the European
employment strategy.

47

48

49

and

"Open

distance
Source:
(http://europa.eu.int/en/comm/dg22/socrates/odl/ind1a.html).
(http://europa.eu.int/en/comm/dg22/2chance/home.html).
Source: "Review of
(http://www2.echo.lu/telematics/education/en/news/intermediate_report.html).

research and development

learning in

current

actions

action:

in technologies for education and training: 1994-1998".

and

reflections

in

the

field".

30

ANNEX 2

STATISTICS

1.

GENERAL INFORMATION

1999: 195 million Internet users throughout the world, including approximately 46 million

in Europe and 107 million in North America (Source: NUA)

Latin America
3%

Africa
1%

Asia/Pacific
17%

Canada/USA
55%

Europe
24%

(cid:1)

(cid:1)

(cid:1)

Distribution of Internet users (Source: NUA. 1999)

The number of Internet sites rose by 118% between 1997 and 1999.

The average risk capital invested in the creation of an Internet-linked company
was around $ 10 million in the first quarter of 1999, compared with $ 7.8 million in
1998. (Source: Harper's Index)

Finland has the highest number of sites per 1 000 inhabitants in the world

(Source NUA).

31

O ffice

H o m e

6 0

5 0

4 0

3 0

2 0

1 0

0

1 99 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 99 9

2 00 0

2 0 0 1

Distribution of Internet users in Europe (Source: EITO. 1998)

2003: 47 million household in Europe should have an Internet access at home (Source:

NUA).

2005: Non-American users should reach 700 million within a total community of over

1 billion. (Source: NUA).

1.1

NUMBER OF INTERNET USERS IN EUROPE

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

6.466

9.266

12.530

13.247

13.904

15.161

16.279

5.860

8.663

11.398

18.231

27.007

37.820

50.394

12.326

17.889

23.928

31.478

40.911

52.981

66.673

Office

Home

Total

Source: EITO 98

8 0
7 0
6 0
5 0
4 0
3 0
2 0
1 0
0

1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1

Growth in the number of users in Europe. Source: EITO.1998

32

1.2

TYPOLOGY AND FREQUENCY OF USE OF THE COMPUTER AT HOME

MAIN USER OF THE COMPUTER

France Germany

Italy

UK

USA

Japan

Child under 6

Child between 6 and 12

Adolescent aged 13-18

Child over the age of 19 not in
education

Child over the age of 19 in
education

Male head of household

Female head of household

Other adult

At least once daily

2 to 3 times weekly

Once weekly

Once or twice monthly

Less than once monthly

At least once daily

2 to 3 times weekly

Once weekly

Once or twice monthly

Less than once monthly

Source: EITO. 1998

0

4

14

6

14

42

18

2

0

4

9

6

6

57

16

2

FREQUENCY OF USE

44

34

11

5

5

50

38

7

2

2

1

5

15

18

12

39

8

2

53

27

10

5

3

USE OF A MODEM TO COMMUNICATE

16

31

6

11

13

19

31

29

8

10

34

17

12

14

0

1

6

11

3

10

47

19

3

46

36

8

4

4

32

44

15

1

8

1

5

8

4

4

42

34

2

65

26

5

3

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

2

2

3

4

8

63

5

13

54

23

14

5

3

21

18

20

11

16

2.

PENETRATION OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN EUROPE

Per capita spending on ICT. (Source MESO.
1998)

1 .6 0 0
1 .4 0 0
1 .2 0 0
1 .0 0 0
8 0 0
6 0 0
4 0 0
2 0 0
0

Belgium/Lux.
Austria

Danemark

France

Germany

Greece

Ireland

Italy

Netherlands

Portugal

Spain

Kingdom

Sweden
United

33

Percentage spending on ICT in relation to GDP. (Source MESO. 1998).

Number of PCs per 100 persons
% Internet users in 1998

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

Belgium/Lux.
Austria

Denamrk

France

Germany

Greece

Ireland

Italy

Netherlands

Portugal

Spain

Kingdom

Sweden
United

Number of PCs per 100 inhabitants and percentage of Internet user. (Source MESO. 1998)

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

Belgium/Lux.
Austria

Denmark

France

Germany

Greece

Ireland

Italy

Netherlands

Portugal

Spain

Kingdom

Sweden
United

34

3.

SUMMARY OF THE FACTORS CONCERNING THE DEVELOPMENT OF
THE MARKET IN NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN THE WORLD OF
EDUCATION

Source: MESO. 1998

Denmark

France

Germany

Greece

Ireland

Italy

Portugal

Spain

Sweden

United Kingdom

United States

Source: MESO. 1998

Penetration
rate of ICT

Development
of provision

Use in
education and
training

Implement-
ation of
market
mechanisms

Overall
evaluation

High

Average/High

Average/High

Low

High

High

High

Average

Low/Average

Yes

Yes

Yes

Non

Yes

Yes (début)

Non

Yes (début)

Yes

Yes

Yes

H

H

A

H

A

A

A

L

A

L

H
(cid:1)

(cid:1)

(cid:1)

(cid:1)

A
(cid:1)

A

H

H

H

Low

Very low

Average/High

Average/High

Average

Low

Average

Very low

Average/Low

Average/High

High

High

High

High

High

High

Low

High

Low

Low

Low

High

High

High

35

4.

INDICATORS IN EDUCATION

Number of pupils per computer . (Source: EUN and U.S Department of Education. 1999)

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

Primary

Secondary

High
schools

Belgium (a) Denmark

Finland

France

Netherlands

United
Kingdom (b)

Sweden

United States
(d)

Percentage of schools connected to the Internet. (Source: EUN and U.S Department of Education. 1999).

100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%

Primary

Secondary

High school

Germany (*)

Belgium (a)

Denmark

Finland

France

Netherlands

United Kingdom
(b)

Sweden

United States
(d)

Number of pupils per computer

% schools connected to the Internet

Primary

Secondary

Primary

Secondary

Germany

Belgium (a)

Denmark

Finland

France

Netherlands

United Kingdom (b)

Sweden (c)

United States (d)

n.a.

25

14

12

n.a.

13

6.6

10

Between 12.38% and 82.94% (*)

24 %

75 %

90 %

72 %

100 %

95 %

30.9

17.5 - 7 (**)

10.5 %

52.9 % - 84 % (**)

23

13

13

6

30

8

6

n.a.

23 %

62 %

56 %

89%

72 %

93 %

91 %

n.a.

(a) Flanders only. (b) England only. (c) 1997 figures. (d) Source US department of Education. 1999
(*) According to the different Länder (primary schools and secondary schools together). (**) The first figure corresponds to

lower secondary schools the second to higher secondary schools.

36

The number of teachers per computer is not known, except in the case of Denmark (1.3 at
secondary level) and in Sweden (6 at primary level and 2 at secondary level). The percentage
of computers installed in schools with basic multimedia functions is not known. In
Denmark, however, 47% of computers in secondary schools have a CD-ROM and 73% a
sound card. In Finland, 30% of the computers installed have basic multimedia functions. In
Sweden, two out of three primary schools, and the majority of secondary schools, have CD-
ROM.

Targets:

Germany

To connect all schools to the Internet in 2001

Denmark

Between 5 and 10 pupils per computer installed within the past 5 years in 2002-2003
at primary level.

Belgium

15 pupils per computer in 2000 then 10 pupils per computer in 2002 at primary and
secondary level.

Finland

10 pupils per computer at primary level and 7 per computer at secondary in 2000.

Sweden

To train and equip 60 000 teachers between now and 2001.

The percentage of schools with fast connections is now known. However, in Belgium the
programme commenced in Flanders gives only 64 Kbits/second. In Denmark all connections
are fixed and have a speed of 64 Kbits/second or more. In Sweden, 14% of primary schools
have a fixed connection (6% ISDN) compared with 65% of secondary schools (5% ISDN).
The percentage of schools connected having a local network is not known. All schools in
Denmark have a local network. In the Netherlands, only 7% of primary schools and 88% of
secondary schools do. These percentages stand at 37 and 80% respectively for Sweden.

Average public spending on ICT per teacher and per pupil is not known, but in England
the average expenditure is GBP 5 700 per school and GBP 27 per pupil at primary level and
GBP 38 200 per school and GBP 45 at secondary level.

The percentage of teachers having basic skills in ICT is not known. However, in Sweden, 8
out of 10 teachers in 1997 stated they were not conversant enough with ICT. 20% of teachers
in Finland have basic skills and in England 68% of primary school teachers and 66% of
secondary school teachers were confident about their capabilities. No information is to hand
concerning the percentage of students using ICT daily and monthly, but in Sweden, 20%
of pupils use it daily and 50% monthly.

37

5.

OVERALL EXPENDITURE IN EDUCATION

Capital
expenditure
as a % of
GDP
1997

Annual
expenditure for
€

a pupil (
) at
primary level
1997

Annual
expenditure
€

per pupil (

) at

secondary
level
1997

Annual
expenditure
€
per student (
)
1997

Average
expenditure
€
per capita (
)
1997

Austria

Belgium/Lux

Denmark

France

Germany

Greece

Italy

Spain

Sweden

United
Kingdom

Japan

United States

5.6

n.a.

7.0

6.2

5.8

2.4

4.7

5.6

6.7

n.a.

4.9

6.6

4.521

5.857

8.010

2.763 (B)

4.768(B)

5.271(B)

4.067

2.706

2.764

3.655

2.128

4.150

2.772

3.390

4.372

5.205

4.793

5.082

1.229

4.306

2.698

4.537

3.655

3.778

5.511

7.012

4.958

6.913

2.211

4.001

3.324

10.576

6.270

7.326

12.796

6.129

4.267

5.428

4.152

4.920

1.720

3.987

2.717

6.421

4.232

4.831

7.560

Source. MESO based on data from different sources (MESO Report, Education at a Glance – OECD Indicators 1997, OECD,
Paris, 1997)

Primary

Secondary Higher Average

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Austria
Belgium/Lux

Denmark

France

Germany

Greece

Italy

Spain

Kingdom

Sweden
United

Source: MESO. 1998

38

Japan

States

United