Report from the Commission - Annual Report on humanitarian aid 1998
Date: 1999-07-26
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: EU aid, aid policy, aid system, humanitarian aid, report

COMMISSION  OF THE EUROPEAN  COMMUNITIES 

Brussels, 26.07.1999 
COM(l999)367  final 

REPORT  FROM THE  COMMISSION 

Annual Report on Humanitarian Aid 
1998 

i  XL 

TABLE  OF CONTENTS 

Executive summary 

1. General  framework 

1.1  Policy  initiatives 

1.2 Supervision and monitoring of aid 

1.3 Financial data 

2. Operational  framework 

2.1 Revision of the Framework Partnership Contract 

2.2  Coordination: 

- with Member  States 
- with other donors 
- with partners 
- with the United Nations 

2.3 Disaster prevention  (DIPECHO) 

3. Humanitarian  operations 

3.1 Africa,  the Caribbean and the  Pacific 

3.2 Eastern Europe and the CIS 

3.3 Asia, Latin America and the Middle East 

4. Horizontal  activities 

4.1 Impact and evaluation of aid 

4.2 Inter-departmental  coordination 

4.3  Information 

4.4 Databases and management  systems 

4.5 Education and training 

5. Prospects 

Annexes 

ifi 

p. 1 

p. 1 

p. 3 

p. 3 

p. 3 

p. 5 

p. 6 

p.10 

p.12 

p.16 

p.17 

p.17 

p.18 

p.19 

p.19 

p.20 

Annexes 

Annex  1 
Annex  2 
Annex  3 

Annex  4 
Annex  5 
Annex  6 

Humanitarian aid financial  decisions by region 
Humanitarian assistance -  contracts by financial  year 
Overview of financial  decisions for EC humanitarian aid by source of  finance 
1993-1998 
Value of contracts signed in  1997 and 1998 
Humanitarian aid financial  decisions by region in  1997 and  1998 
EC contracts for humanitarian assistance in  1993-94-95-96-98  (financial  years) 

4 

Executive  Summary 

With  fighting  flaring  up  again  in  several  African  countries  where  peace  initiatives  failed  to  produce 
their  anticipated  results,  famine  used  as  a  weapon  of  war,  Central  America  devastated  by  Hurricane 
Mitch  and  fresh  conflicts  breaking  out  in  the  very  heart  of  Europe,  1998  found  ECHO  once  again 
responding  to  new  humanitarian  emergencies  as  well  as  managing  operations  in  more  than 
70 countries through some  1200 partnership contracts with a total value of ECU 471 million. 

In many strife-torn  regions the warring parties deliberately  deny relief agencies  access to victims and, 
in addition to their military objectives,  systematically  violate human rights, sometimes for purposes of 
ethnic  cleansing.  ECHO  therefore  again  faced  the  increasingly  difficult  task  of  maintaining  the 
humanitarian  space in areas such as Sudan, Central Africa  and Afghanistan  whilst continuing to apply 
an approach based on denouncing violations of human rights and of humanitarian  law. 

Many  attempts  to  strengthen  the  link  between  emergency  aid,  rehabilitation  and  development  were 
thwarted,  in  particular  in  Angola,  Congo-Brazzaville,  Sierra  Leona  and  the  Democratic  Republic  of 
Congo. 

Nevertheless,  in  some  countries  which  have  emerged  from  crisis,  ECHO  stepped  up  its  withdrawal 
procedure so as to support earlier implementation of development  aid. 

ECHO  also  confirmed  its  readiness  for  greater  involvement  in  disaster  preparedness  and  prevention, 
notably  through  the  DIPECHO  programme  which  was  put  into  effect  in  1998  through  a  financing 
decision  on an Action  Plan  for  each  of the  regions  originally  selected  for  the programme,  i.e.  South-
East Asia and Bangladesh, Central America and the Caribbean. 

In  1998  ECHO  spared  no  effort  in  the  interests  of  greater  speed,  effectiveness,  cooperation  and 
transparency:  management  rules  were  simplified  through  the  revision  of  the  framework  partnership 
contract,  numerous  evaluations  were  produced  on  past  and  present  activities  and  operating  methods 
(evaluation  of activities  from  1992 to  1996, revision  of Article 20 of the Regulation)  and  cooperation 
with Member  States (joint missions), UN agencies, international  organisations and NGOs was stepped 
up. 

Finally,  1998  was  also  notable  for  the  result  of  UCLAF's  investigation  into  administrative 
irregularities  and  suspected  embezzlement  in  the  management  of  four  contracts  signed  by  ECHO 
between  1993  and  1994.  The  contracts  in  question  covered  support  expenditure,  i.e.  on  monitoring, 
evaluation and technical assistance, intended  for the preparation and monitoring of humanitarian  relief 
operations  in-the  former  Yugoslavia  and  the  Great  Lakes  region.  The  matter  was  referred  to  the 
Luxembourg judicial  authorities  by the  Commission  on  10 July  and  disciplinary  measures  were  also 
initiated. 

1c 

1. General  framework 

1.1 Policy  initiatives 

In  addition  to  keeping  abreast  of  the  overwhelming  glut  of  humanitarian  disasters  and  implementing 
swift  and  effective  aid  projects,  ECHO  also  launched  a number  of  initiatives  designed  to  incorporate 
essential principles and values into its humanitarian activities. 

The  concept  of  human  rights  is  increasingly  being  invoked  in  the  context  of  humanitarian  relief. 
Advocacy  is  a  tool  that  ECHO  tries  to  use  in  the  promotion/awareness  of  human  rights.  Advocacy 
embraces the promotion of all activities and principles carried out by humanitarian actors. 

It  was  in  this  context  that  ECHO  organised  a  workshop,  on  2  December,  with  academics  and 
representatives  of  human  rights  and  humanitarian  organisations.  Numerous  questions  were  raised 
regarding  the  interface  between  the  Conventions  on  International  Humanitarian  Law  and  Human 
Rights Law and how human rights can be promoted or even protected  in any given  situation. 

The  "Flower  for  the  women  of  Kabul"  campaign  organised  on  8  March  was  the  main  advocacy 
campaign  of  the  year,  integrating  gender  aspects  and  awareness-raising  strategies  on  behalf  of  the 
women of  Afghanistan. 

Linked  with  humanitarian  activities  and  advocacy  of  human  rights,  the  question  of  the  security  of 
relief  workers  was  also  addressed  seriously  by ECHO. A Commission  working  paper  on the  security 
of  relief  workers  and  humanitarian  space  (SEC(98)797),  adopted  following  consultations  with 
ECHO'S major  partners,  outlined  the problem  in  depth  and  suggested  concrete  action  for  improving 
the  security  of aid  workers.  Several  projects  were  initiated,  including  a network  on  security  amongst 
NGOs with database and  analytical  capacity  (HSPN project  - VOICE), a field and best  practice  study 
(King's College London) and training  (Bioforce). 

Specifically  on  the  protection  issue,  the  WEU  (Western  European  Union)  ministerial  meeting  in 
Rome on  16-17 November  highlighted  the need  for  coordination  with  the  Commission  with regard  to 
military  interventions  for  humanitarian  purposes.  In  November  ECHO  played  an  active  role  in 
"Exercise CRISEX 98", a simulation  by the WEU of Petersberg mission's on the basis of Article J.4 of 
the EU Treaty. 

ECHO  played  a  constructive  role  in  suggesting  practical  ways  of  working  together  to  plan  for  and 
respond to humanitarian crises. 

1.2 Supervision  and monitoring of aid 

Set  up  in  1992,  ECHO  has  in  recent  years  become  the  world's  leading  donor  of  humanitarian  aid,  a 
giant  on  the  world  humanitarian  stage  according  to  the  Court  of  Auditors'  Special  Report  No 2/97 
concerning humanitarian  aid from  the European Union (OJ  C  143, 12 May  1997). 

The effectiveness  of humanitarian  aid  is not just  quantified  in financial  terms (minimal  administrative 
costs, short project  lead times, impact on crises and in beneficiary  countries) but in human (millions of 
beneficiaries  and thousands  of lives saved  each year) and political  terms too (one of the most  positive 
images of the Community's external action). 

JO 

A  number  of  measures  have  been  adopted  over  the  years  to  ensure  that  the  aid  managed  by  the 
Humanitarian Office  is managed in a sound and effective  manner: 

* 
Adoption  of  the  Council  Regulation  on  humanitarian  aid  on  20  June  1996.  This 
Regulation  provides  Community  humanitarian  assistance  with  its  legal  basis  and  created  the 
Humanitarian  Aid  Committee  on  which  the  15 Member  States  sit  in  monthly  meetings.  ECHO  is 
therefore  based  on  a  legal  act  which  lays  down  the  objectives  and  adminstrative  procedures  of 
humanitarian aid. 

* 
The  signature  of  a  framework  partnership  contract  with  almost  200  partners.  The 
framework  partnership  contract  is  an  agreement.  On  13  March  the  Commission  adopted  a  new 
framework  partnership  contract  providing  for  greater  flexibility  in  the  allocation  of  ECHO  funding 
and management procedures which promote  responsibility. 

* 
The  adoption  of  a  new  organisational  structure  for  ECHO  in  February  1996  including 
the creation of three  new  units.  ECHO'S is now structured  according to the SEM2000  guidelines so 
that  the  management  of  resources  is  separate  from  the  evaluation  of  humanitarian  requirements  and 
the preparation of contracts with partners. 

•* 
The  setting-up  of  an  evaluation  unit  in  1996  helped  strengthen  the  monitoring  and 
effectiveness  of  humanitarian  operations.  Between  1996  and  1998,  the  unit  completed  116 
evaluation reports at very low cost: 

Operational  evaluation  reports of Community  humanitarian  aid 

Year 

1996 

1997 

1998 

Total 

Number of 
reports 
54 

Amount 
evaluated 
86 878 329 

37 

' 

152 879 335 

25 

116 

19 260 000 

259 017 664 

An  evaluation  is  currently  in  progress  into  all  aid  managed  by  ECHO  between  1992,  the  year  the 
Office  was set up, and June  1996, the date of the humanitarian aid Regulation. 

* 
Financial  audits of ECHO'S principal  partners.  Between  December  1995 and  1998 ECHO 
officials  responsible  for  financial  audits  carried  out  a  total  of  72  audits  of  ECHO's  partners  (UN 
humanitarian agencies, Red Cross and NGOs) who receive in total some 80% of the amounts  allocated 
by ECHO. These financial  audits concerned a total of  15% of ECHO's funds. 

Enhancing  coordination  with  the  Member  States  and  other  humanitarian  actors.  Draft 
* 
decisions  for  amounts  exceeding  ECU  2  million  (or  ECU  10  million  in  the  case  of  emergency 
operations)  must  be presented  by  the  Commission  to  the  Humanitarian  Aid  Committee  for  approval. 
The Committee has met  18 times since its inception  in September  1996. 

In order to enhance coordination and ongoing project monitoring, ECHO has consolidated  its presence 
in the field with the opening of new offices,  particularly  in areas affected  by the El Nino  phenomenon 
and in connection with the implementation of DIPECHO operations. 

In view of the  complexity  of  crises ECHO  has  invested  in  the  training  of  experts  in the  field  with  a 
view to maximising  the impact  of humanitarian  activities. A training  seminar was held  in Brussels  in 
June to this end also involving the Commission's other external affairs  departments. Coordination was , 
stepped up with the Joint Relex service. 

1.3 Financial data 

In  1998 the humanitarian  aid  budget  managed  by  ECHO  stood  at  ECU  517.6  million.  Although  this 
budget  was  larger  than  the  1997  budget  of  ECU  437.8  million,  it  was  still  smaller  than  the  budgets 
disbursed by ECHO  in each of the two years preceding  1997 (ECU  656 million  in  1996 and ECU 692 
million in  1995). The  1998 budget was initially set at ECU 325.1 million, however, this was topped up 
by an extra ECU  150 million  in September as a result of continuing needs in Bosnia, Albania, Kosovo 
and in East and Central Africa  and to deal with humanitarian  needs caused  by  'El Nino'.  Some of this 
extra amount was subsequently  diverted to aid the victims of Hurricane Mitch. 

2. Operational  framework 

2.1 Revision of the Framework Partnership  Contract 

On  13  March  the  Commission  formally  adopted  the  new  framework  partnership  contract  which 
entered into force on  1  January  1999 once its annexes had been  finalised. 

The revision achieved  its desired  objectives: the new instrument  is simpler,  clearer  and more  flexible 
and yet maintains an adequate level of control over the use of Community  funds. 

The  exercise  was  conducted  in  consultation  with  humanitarian  operators  working  with  ECHO,  thus 
helping to enhance and considerably strengthen existing partnership ties. 

The  Commission  instructed  the  Commissioner  responsible  for  humanitarian  affairs  to  make  the 
necessary  changes  in the  framework  partnership  contract  to  take  account  of the  special  remits  of the 
UN  humanitarian  agencies,  the  International  Committee  of  the  Red  Cross  and  the  International 
-Federation of the Red Cross. 

In close cooperation with the Member  States, ECHO also embarked  on verification  of the criteria and 
features  listed  in Article  7(1)  and  (2)  of  the humanitarian  aid  Regulation  which  determine  whether  a 
non-governmental  organisation is eligible for  Community  funding. 

2.2  Coordination 

with the Member States 
Throughout  1998  the  Humanitarian  Aid  Committee,  set  up  in  1996  following  the  entry  into  force  of 
Council Regulation (EC) No  1257/96 of 20 June on humanitarian aid, carried out its task of delivering 
opinions  on  ECHO'S  proposals,  thus  helping  to  contribute  to  a  more  coordinated  approach  to 
humanitarian crises. 

At  its  first  meeting  in  January  1998,  in  accordance  with  the  relevant  provisions  of  the  Regulation 
concerned,  the  Committee,  attended  by  Ms  Bonino,  discussed  policy  and  guidelines  for  the  year 
ahead. This discussion was very fruitful  and set out the basis for  similar exercises in the  future. 

The  Committee  met  seven  times.  All  the  draft  proposals  referred  to  the  Committee  by  the 
Commission,  either  by  oral  or  written  procedure, were  approved  except  for  a  proposal  on  the  Great 
Lakes  submitted  at  the  15th meeting.  A further  proposal  submitted  subsequently  at  the  17th meeting 
was eventually  endorsed. 

The Committee  also met on a more informal  basis in March for  an exchange  of views with Mr Sergio 
Vieira de Mello, Emergency  Relief Coordinator of the United Nations, and to discuss developments in 
the  field  of  humanitarian  aid  resulting  from  the  creation  of  this  new  office.  Other  top  humanitarian 
figures  such as Mrs Ogata, UN High Commissioner for Refugees,  and Mrs Bertini, Chief Executive of 
the  World  Food  Programme,  were  guests  of  the  Committee.  Such  experiences  proved  positive  and 
ECHO intends to follow  the same path in the year ahead. 

In  1998, for  the  first  time, the  Committee  made  a field trip  to  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  and  Croatia. 
The visit was very positive, allowing the members  of the Committee, to familiarise  themselves  on the 
spot  with  the  conditions  under  which  Community  humanitarian  assistance  is  implemented  and  with 
the  prevailing  humanitarian  situation  in the  region.  ECHO  intends  to  pursue  the  idea  of  annual  field 
visits as a means of obtaining common reference points and sharing impressions. 

Some Member  States joined  ECHO on evaluation missions so as to find out more about ECHO modus 
operandi  in the field and enable them to see for themselves the complexity of delivering  humanitarian 
aid.  Joint  missions  were  organised  in  the  Great  Lakes  region,  Afghanistan,  Sudan,  North  Korea  and 
Sierra Leone (Guinea). 

The Committee  also dealt with more horizontal  issues in the field of humanitarian  aid, thus helping to 
develop  dialogue  with  Member  States  on  issues  of  common  interest.  The  main  issues  examined 
concerned  revision  of  the  Framework  Partnership  Contract  (see  chapter  2.1), protection  and  security 
of relief workers and the evaluation of humanitarian  aid. 

with other donors 

ECHO  in its role  as one'of  the  main  donors  of humanitarian  aid  in the world  considers  coordination 
with  other  major  donors  -  apart  from  EU  Member  States  -  to  be  of  great  importance.  In  times  of 
falling  funding  levels  and  increasing  needs  it  is  vital  to  create  synergies  and  economies  of  scale 
between donors. 

As  a main  player  in  the  humanitarian  world,  the  US has  long  been  one  of  ECHO'S  main  partners  in 
dialogue.  By  now  regular  contacts  have  been  established  both  at  desk  and  management  level, 
including  regular  exchanges  of  funding  data, joint  missions  and  debriefings,  and joint  approaches  to 
particular  crisis  regions  (i.e.  the  attempt  to  secure  rules  of  engagement  for  the  eastern  Democratic 
Republic of Congo and also vis-a-vis the crisis in Sierra Leone). 

ECHO and USAID/OFDA also started a series of in-depth dialogue sessions during the year,  covering 
regional  and topical  aspects of humanitarian crises with a view to establishing  a coordinated  approach 
at  both  political  and  programming  level.  The  first  of  these  sessions  dealt  with  the  situation  in  Sierra 
Leone. 

ECHO  furthermore  continued  its  dialogue  with  other  major  third  country  donors  such  as  Norway, 
Canada and Japan. 

9 

with  partners 

Throughout  the  year  ECHO  met  its  partners  to  discuss  general  topics  of  mutual  concern  whenever  it 
could.  In  particular,  this  included  a  seminar  organised  in  Lisbon  by  ECHO,  together  with  the  ICRC, 
on  27 and  28  March  on  "Humanitarian  action: perception  and  security". 

A  meeting  was  held  in the  Borschette  Centre  with  all  ECHO's  partners  in  December  to  discuss  topical 
matters  under  consideration  by  ECHO,  including  the  security  of  relief  workers,  incorporating  human 
rights  into humanitarian  aid  and  the future  of EU  humanitarian  assistance. 

with  the  United  Nations 

In  1998,  as  in  earlier  years,  the  UN  was  one  of  ECHO's  main  partners  through  its  agencies  and 
programmes,  both  at  operational  and  coordination  level.  Most  of  the  UN  agencies,  e.g.  UNHCR, 
UNICEF  and  WFP,  are  also  some  of  ECHO's  main  partners  in  policy  and  strategic  discussions,  and 
this  year  saw  a new  emphasis  on  this  dialogue.  Regular  meetings,  especially  with  UNHCR,  dealt  with 
ongoing  crisis  scenarios. 

Both  Mrs  Ogata  (High  Commissioner  for  Refugees)  and  Mrs  Bertini  (Head  of  WFP)  attended 
meetings  of 
the  Humanitarian  Aid  Committee,  and  work  continued  on  a  Memorandum  of 
Understanding  within  the  framework  of  the  new  FPA  (Framework  Partnership  Agreement)  that  takes 
the  specific  mandates  of the UN  agencies  into  account. 

The  year  also  saw  consolidation  of  the  process  of  reform  in  the  UN,  including  the  establishment  of 
UNOCHA  (UN  Office  for  the  Coordination  of  Humanitarian  Affairs).  ECHO's  good  record  of 
cooperation  with  this  body  continued,  especially  in  the  context  of  establishing  strategic  frameworks 
for  selected  countries  in  crisis,  e.g.  Afghanistan,  in  particular.  From  1999  on,  ECHO  and  OCHA  will 
cooperate  on  a range  of  advocacy  projects. 

2.3  Prevention  of  natural  disasters  (DIPECHO) 

ECHO  confirmed  its  readiness  in  a  number  of  ways  during  the  year  for  greater  involvement  in  the 
prevention  of  and  preparedness  for  natural  and  manmade  disasters  (excluding  conflicts)  in  particular 
through  its proactive  and  regional  approach. 

The  DIPECHO  programme  was  put  into  effect  through  an  ECU  6.9  million  financing  decision, 
adopted  in  July,  on  an  Action  Plan  for  each  of  the  selected  regions,  i.e.  South-East  Asia  and 
Bangladesh,  Central  America  and  the  Caribbean.  The  plans  were  prepared  on  the  basis  of  analyses 
and  regional  consultations,  the  last  of  which  was  held  in  Bangkok  in  March  covering  the  South-East 
Asia  and  Bangladesh  region. 

ECHO  extended  the  coverage  of  the  DIPECHO  programme  to  include  other  disaster-prone  regions, 
i.e.  the  Andean  Community,  South  Asia,  Central  Asia  and  sub-Saharan  Africa  (prevention  of 
epidemics).  The  procedure  to  select  the  firms  to  carry  out  the  analyses  for  the  Andean  Community  and 
South  Asia  by  invitation  to  tender  was  launched  at the  end  of the  year. 

Two  other  financing  decisions  were  taken  in  January  and  December  1998  for  a  total  of  EUR  780  000 
on  five  projects,  four  of  which  were  located  in  countries  in  regions  not  yet  covered  by  DIPECHO 
action  plans. 

The  objective  of  the  action  plans,  some  of  which  are  in  progress,  others  under  preparation,  is  to 
remedy  shortcomings  in  disaster  prevention  and  preparedness  systems  and  ensure  consistency.  The 
activities they cover range through human resource development,  improving response capabilities and 
carrying out demonstration  microprojects. 

ECHO took part in a number  of international  conferences  on the subject,  strengthening  ties with other 
international  parties and with the Member  States so as to improve cooperation  and the coordination  of 
activities. 

D1PECHO activities  take  account  of  the  1994  Yokohama  action  plan  recommendations,  approved  as 
part of the UN International  Decade for Natural  Disaster Reduction  (IDNDR). 

3.  Humanitarian  operations 

3.1 Africa, the Caribbean and the  Pacific 

In Angola,  four  years  after  the signing  of the  Lusaka Protocol,  it  is widely  felt  that  the peace  accords 
have collapsed  with  a resumption  of  hostilities  in several  provinces  bringing  about  a fresh  exodus  of 
more than half a million displaced persons since January. 

Insecurity  forced  relief  agencies  to  evacuate  their  staff  and  suspend  their  programmes  in areas  where 
fighting  was continuing and new mines were being laid. 

The  Commission  granted  a total  of ECU  19 million  in humanitarian  aid to the people of Angola over 
the  year,  from  which  41  operations  were  financed  via  26  NGOs  and  international  organisations  to 
meet  the  basic  needs  of  the  vulnerable  as  regards  health  care,  water  and  sanitation,  logistics  and  the 
distribution of basic necessities. 

The  1998 Global  Plan  was  intended  to  cover  a. period  of  twelve  months  (the  whole  of  the  year)  and 
benefit  an  estimated  population  of  2 300 000,  but  the  worsening  political  and  military  situation 
hampered  its implementation  from  April onwards. 

Central Africa/Great  Lakes crisis 

ECHO  developed  two  Global  Plans  in  the  year  for  the  Great  Lakes/Central  Africa  region  totalling 
ECU 76.7 million. 

Democratic  Republic of Congo  (DRC) 

Little  more  than  one  year  after  the  overthrow  of  the  Mobutu  dictatorship  by  Kabila,  a new  rebellion 
started  in the  eastern  provinces  of  DRC  in early  August.  The  uprising,  supported  mainly  by  Rwanda 
and Uganda,  quickly  spread  towards  Bas  Congo and  around  Kinshasa,  where  it was contained  thanks 
to the military support  lent to Kabila mainly by Angola, Zimbabwe and Namibia (and later Chad). 

Humanitarian  needs  of  many  displaced  communities  have  not  been  met  since  1996.  Eastern  DRC 
remained  the  main  battlefield,  with  vast  areas  beyond  the  control  of  either  the  Government  of 
Kinshasa or the rebel  coalition.  In order to gain  access and  develop humanitarian  aid  in eastern  DRC, 

11 

ECHO  started  at  the  end  of  the  year to  encourage  OCHA  aid  and  agencies  to  develop  a unified  and 
coherent strategy together with rules of engagement. 

The  war  led  to  the  internal  displacement  of  tens  of  thousands  of  people  and  to  the  exodus  of  some 
18 000  Congolese  refugees  into  Tanzania,  6 000  into  Uganda  and  about  the  same  number  into  the 
Central African  Republic. 

During  1998 the Commission  took decisions worth ECU  12.13 million  for  humanitarian  assistance to 
the  DRC.  This  amount  was  used  for  the  distribution  of  food  and  non-food  items  to  refugees  and 
displaced persons, to provide health and nutrition  support to key areas of the country, including in the 
fight  against  epidemics,  and,  after  the  new  conflict  that  started  in  August,  to  cover  the  most  urgent 
needs in Kinshasa and Bas-Congo. 

Rwanda 

During the  second half of  1997, it was generally  considered  that humanitarian  aid should  be reduced, 
and that the Rwandan authorities should move towards development policy. 

However  access  to  north-west  areas  was  limited  because  of insecurity  resulting  from  civil  strife  (the 
danger  not  only  of  military  confrontation,  but  also  of  humanitarian  organisations  becoming  soft 
targets). The number  of  internally  displaced  persons  was  estimated  at over  600 000  at the  end  of the 
year, but no proper needs assessment was carried out because of security/access problems. 

In  1998, a total  of  19 ECU  million  was  allocated  by  the  Commission  for  humanitarian  assistance  in 
Rwanda. This was used to try to meet some of the basic shelter, health, water and nutritional needs of 
the  most  vulnerable  sections  of  the  population,  which  included:  around  31 000  refugees  from  DRC 
and  3 400 
the  131000  detainees; 
from  Burundi, 
6 393 unaccompanied  minors; 85 000 households run by children. 

in  camps;  some  of 

refugees 

living 

Tanzania 

The  refugee  situation  -  basically  270 000  Burundians  and  70 000  Congolese  in  the  care  of  the  HCR 
with operational  support  by the IFRC, WFP, UNICEF  and  a number  of NGOs  - continues  to pose the 
main humanitarian challenge in Tanzania. 

The  country  has  also  been  hit  by  heavy  rains  linked  to  the  El  Nino  phenomenon  which  has  caused 
serious  food  security  problems  and  an  upsurge  in  water-related  diseases.  ECHO  supported 
distributions  by  the  WFP  and  programmes  of  partners  such  as  UNICEF,  OXFAM  and  MSF  to  help 
deal with the crisis. 
Humanitarian  assistance  funded  by  ECHO  in  Tanzania  amounted  to  about  ECU  19.5  million  in  the 
year. ECHO is the main donor in respect of relief work. 

Burundi 

Sporadic  clashes  between  the  army  and  various  rebel  factions  continued  to  destabilise  the  western 
provinces  in  particular,  where  there  were  still  large, numbers  of  displaced  persons  (between  500 000 
and  600 000  in  1998).  Faced  with  the  social  consequences  of  the  regional  embargo  on  Burundi, 
ECHO  supported  the  endeavours  of  a  number  of  partners  to  build  the  Health  Ministry's  capacity  in 

12 

hospitals and health  centres. ECHO provided  funding  totalling  some ECU  17 million to Burundi  over 
the year in respect of nutrition, sanitation and general health in the displaced persons' camps. 

Congo-Brazzaville 

Fighting between the Ninja  and  Cobra militias south of the capital at the end of the year caused  major 
damage,  displaced  more  than  150 000  persons  and  cost  the  lives  of  several  thousands,  according  to 
estimates. The ECHO programme came to a total of ECU  1.6  million. 

In Sudan, the year was one of extreme peril  for  the inhabitants  of the south of the country. An  SPLA 
offensive  on government  strongholds  in Bahr el Ghazal led to more than  700 000 being displaced  into 
regions  already  suffering  from  successive  droughts.  The  Government's  ban  on  overflying  during  the 
months of February and March compounded this catastrophic  situation (120 deaths per day in July). 

The World  Food  Programme  upped  its distributions  of food  (mainly  by plane)  from  2 000  tonnes  per 
month to more than  15 000 in September, October and November. 

The  European  Commission  allocated  approximately  ECU  75  million  to  deal  with  the  Sudan  crisis. 
ECHO  contributed  ECU  33.960  million.via  the  WFP,  UNICEF  and  numerous  NGOs  while  an 
additional  sum  estimated  at about  ECU  3 million  for  the year  was contributed  directly  in the  form  of 
the ECHO-flight  service. 

Open conflict  broke  out  between  Ethiopia  and  Eritrea  for  a short  period  in May/June  1998.  While 
intensive  hostilities  had  not  resumed  at  the  end  of  the  year,  a  growing  mobilisation  of  troops  and 
public  opinion  on  both  sides  seemed  to  reduce  the  prospects, of  a peaceful  settlement  to  the  dispute. 
Up to 400 000-500 000 persons had in any case already been  affected. 

During  1998  the  Commission  took  decisions  worth  ECU  3.98  million  for  humanitarian  assistance. 
This amount, divided  roughly equally between the two countries, was used for  the distribution of  food 
and  non-food  items  to  the  displaced  and  for  the  provision  of  clean  water  supplies.  A portion  of  the 
funds  was  also  allocated  to  the  International  Committee  of the  Red  Cross  for  protection  activities  in 
favour  of persons either deported or taken prisoner in connection with the  conflict. 

Throughout  1998 much of central and  southern Somalia  continued  to be characterised  by an unstable 
and insecure 'no war, no peace' environment.  While a number of relatively positive political  advances 
seem  to  have  been  made  -  for  example  the  gradual  establishment  of  a  single  administration  for  the 
long-divided  city  of  Mogadishu  -  these  have  yet  to  translate  into  a  real  improvement  of  living 
conditions and basic  security  for  the most  vulnerable  sections  of the population.  Commission-funded 
humanitarian  assistance  therefore  had  to  continue  throughout  the  year  in  the  more  insecure  and 
unstable  areas  of south  and  central  Somalia,  much as it had  done  in  1997.  In more  secure  and  stable 
areas  of  the  country  the  Commission  was  able  to  pursue  more  ambitious  rehabilitation  and 
development  programmes. 

During  1998 a total of ECU 4 million was allocated  by the Commission  for  humanitarian  assistance in 
Somalia.  This  was  used  to  try  to  meet  some  of  the  basic  health,  water  and  nutritional  needs  of  the 
most vulnerable sections of the population, in particular women, children, the poor and the displaced. 

The  ECHO  Flight  service  created  in  1994  continued  operations  throughout  the  year  in  the  Horn  of 
Africa  and  West  Africa.  Its  six  aircraft  based  in  Nairobi,  Djibouti,  Mandera  and  Lokichoggio  were 
used  for  humanitarian  operations  in Somalia,  Kenya and  southern  Sudan.  Another  plane  operates out 

13 

of Bamako in Mali to cover humanitarian  transport  requirements  in Mali, Niger,  Senegal and Guinea-
Bissau.  Two light cargo planes and a Hercules transporter run ad-hoc missions in Angola. 

Between  May  1994 and the end  of  1998, ECHO-flight  earned  more  than  135 000  relief  personnel, 
delivered more than 40 000 tonnes of humanitarian  supplies through its light cargo carriers and logged 
more  than  46 000  flight  hours,  without  incident  and  accident-free,  in  a  war  environment,  serving 
destinations not used by commercial  airlines. A total of ECU  11 million  was allocated  during the year 
to enable ECHO-flight  to maintain its operations. 

ECHO  kept  up  its  commitment  in  North  Mali  and  North  Niger  so  as  to  meet  the  challenge  of 
consolidating  peace  and resettling  people  after  several  years  of Tuareg  rebellion.  The projects  funded 
by  ECHO  are  designed  to  consolidate  the  socio-economic  reintegration  of  returnees  (refugees  and 
displaced  persons)  through  the resumption  of income-generating  activities  and by providing  access to 
water,  the  number  one  priority  in  semi-desert  areas.  ECHO'S  initiative  is  in  total  keeping  with  the 
transition  towards  sustainable  development.  The  emphasis  is  on  coordination  with  the  main 
development aid donors, primarily DG VIII but also the Member  States, other  international  donors and 
local authorities in Mali and Niger. 

In  view  of  slight  differences  in  setting  and  requirements,  ECHO  allocated  ECU  5  million  for  Mali 
during the year (a one-year programme ending in July  1999) and ECU 2 million for Niger (nine-month 
programme ending in May 1999). 

Guinea-Bissau  became  a  country  at  war  in  1998. After  years  of  latent  political  crisis,  the  Guinea-
Bissau  army  under  General  Mane  led a revolt  in early  June  against  the authority  of President  Vieira. 
Following  five  months  of fighting  which  confirmed  the military  and territorial  superiority  of the  self-
proclaimed junta, President Vieira was forced,  despite the support  of troops  from  Senegal  and Guinea-
Conakry, to agree to the signature of a peace agreement on 1  November. 

The  fighting  forced  250 000 people  - one quarter  of the country's  population  - to  leave  their  homes. 
Access  to  victims  and  deliveries  of  humanitarian  aid  were  virtually  systematically  obstructed  or 
blocked  by  Senegalese  troops  at  the  border  between  the  two  countries  and  in  Bissau  itself.  On 
9 November  ECHO  became  the  first  organisation  to  succeed  in  running  humanitarian  flights,  via 
ECHO-flight,  to  Bissau  airport  which  had been  closed  down  during  the fighting.  ECHO  allocated  a 
total of ECU 2.85 million to the people of Guinea-Bissau over the year. 

Sierra  Leone descended  even  further  into the horrors of war  in  1998.  The campaigns  of violence and 
systematic  massacres,  given the code  name  "Operation  no living thing",  were  denounced  by Amnesty 
International as the worst of their type in Africa. 

Some  200 000  new  refugees  fled  to  Guinea-Conakry  (150 000)  and  Liberia  (50 000), swelling  the 
numbers  of existing  refugees  to a total  of more  than 400 000. Difficulties  of access  for relief  workers 
made  it  impossible  to  put  a  precise  figure  on  the  numbers  of  those  displaced  internally  but  it was 
estimated at 200 000. 

Together  with  its partners,  ECHO  continued  to focus  on the medical  and nutrition  sectors  where the 
situation  had  badly  deteriorated  and  also  helped  step  up  coordination  within  the  international 
humanitarian  community  (donors and agencies)  at technical  group  level  for the sector,  in the updating 
of  the  relief  workers'  code  of  conduct  (for  avoiding  the  danger  of  diversion  of  aid)  and  in  the 
promotion of human  rights in response to the massacres  committed. 

14 

A total of ECU 9.9 million was spent in connection with the crisis in Sierra Leone, including ECU 6.5 
million for the country itself and ECU 2.7 million and ECU 0.7 million for refugees  from  Sierra Leona 
in Guinea and Liberia, respectively. 

3.2 Eastern Europe and the CIS 

Former Yugoslavia 

The  former  Yugoslavia  remained  a  major  area  of  intervention  for  ECHO,  with  a  newly  intensified 
crisis  in  Kosovo  adding  to  the  consequences  of  earlier  conflicts  in  Croatia  and  Bosnia  and 
Herzegovina. 

In Bosnia  and Herzegovina  (ECU  88 million),  some  sections  of the population,  in particular  elderly 
people living alone, continued to rely on humanitarian  assistance in the absence of comprehensive and 
functioning  systems of social security. The health sector also continues to depend on external  support 
for medical consumables and emergency rehabilitation and re-equipment of destroyed health  facilities. 

The main programme in Bosnia and Herzegovina was in support of the return and re-integration of the 
numerous displaced persons and refugees  who still remained  following  the conflict  of  1992-95.  More 
than  800 000  persons  remain  displaced  inside  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina,  while  still  more  are  waiting 
abroad  for  return  or permanent  resettlement,  many  in the  Federal  Republic  of  Yugoslavia  and  in EU 
host countries. 

In  order  to  promote  the  return  process,  and  complementing  EC  activities  under  the  OBNOVA 
programme,  ECHO  funded  small-scale  quick 
integrated  return  programmes,  mainly 
implemented  by  NGOs,  supporting  in  particular  so-called  minority  return,  where  the  families  and 
individuals who return to their homes end up as part of a local ethnic minority.  The very  low level of 
minority  returns  since  the  signing  of  the  Dayton  Agreement  reinforces  ethnic  separation  and  makes 
this  a  major  challenge  for  the  international  community  in  its  efforts  towards  reintegration  and 
reconciliation  in  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina.  ECHO  equally  supported  UNHCR  and  the  International 
Management  Group,  an  international  technical  support  organisation  for  which  the  Commission 
provided more than 50% of the funding  over the year as a whole. 

impact 

In Croatia  (ECU  6.95  million),  ECHO  continued  to  provide  basic  food  aid  and  hygiene  to  100 000 
displaced  persons  and  refugees  through  the  IFRC  in  cooperation  with  the  Croatian  Red  Cross.  In 
addition,  increased  emphasis  was  put  on  assisting  returning  or  remaining  Croatian  Serbs  with  food 
aid,  domestic  items  and  minor  rehabilitation.  Prospects  for  future  return  have  improved,  as  the 
Croatian  Parliament  in  June  adopted  a  comprehensive  return  plan  for  Croatian  Serb  refugees  in  the 
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Bosnia and  Herzegovina. 

In  the  Federal  Republic  of  Yugoslavia  (ECU  8.1  million),  ECHO  continued  to  assist  the  125 000 
most vulnerable refugees  from  Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, through the IFRC in cooperation 
with  the  Yugoslav  Red  Cross.  Meanwhile,  it  continued  to  cooperate  with  the  UNHCR  in  support  of 
refugees  in  collective  centres,  while  stepping  up  its  return  counselling  and  information  activities  in 
order to encourage people to return to Croatia and Bosnia and  Herzegovina. 

However, most emphasis was put on the escalating crisis in Kosovo (ECU 20.1 million), where rising 
tension from  March on gradually deteriorated  into open, armed conflict  between  State security  forces 
and the  Kosovo  Liberation  Army (UCK). The conflict  prompted  ECHO to intervene with  emergency 
assistance programmes  (UNHCR, ICRC, NGOs)  in the fields of health care, domestic items, food  aid 
and  emergency  rehabilitation,  as  well  as  the  urgent  re-allocation  of  food  and  non-food  items  from 

10 

-  - 

15 

Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to Montenegro  and Northern Albania. The  Holbrooke-Milosevic 
agreement in October allowed the internally displaced persons living out in the open to return to their 
villages or to find  shelter with host families  or relatives  in the cities. An emergency  winterisation  and 
shelter programme  adopted  in November  allowed  the returnees to  find  at  least  some  shelter  over  the 
winter. 

Others 

During the year ECHO  contributed  to the response to a number  of natural  disasters  occurring  mainly 
in Eastern Europe. 

In  Poland  and  the  Czech  Republic,  rehabilitation  projects  in relation  with the  disastrous  floods  that 
ravaged Central Europe in the summer of  1997 were continued. 

In Romania, a total of ECU  1  million was allocated to the repair and rebuilding of houses damaged or 
destroyed  in the floods  of  1997 and  1998.  Replacement  of household  goods and school  furniture  was 
also  provided  for.  Flash  floods  occurred  in the  eastern  part  of the  Slovak  Republic  in  July.  ECHO 
intervened with an allocation of EUR 500 000 to provide heating facilities  and basic food  items and to 
replace  household  goods.  A  severe  earthquake  hit  the  Southern  Anatolia  region  of  Turkey  in  June. 
ECHO  responded  with  an  allocation  of  EUR  500 000  to  the  IFRC  to  provide  essential  relief  items 
including  tents,  blankets  and  mobile  kitchens.  In  addition  to  funding  natural  disaster  relief  in  the 
region, ECHO also  launched  a social assistance programme  in Bulgaria.  A continuation  of the  1997 
programme, 
this  intervention  was. allocated  a total  of ECU  1.5  million.  Following the  severe  floods 
in Transcarpathia/Ukraine  (November),  EUR 850 000 was allocated for an assistance programme. 

A total of ECU  11 million in humanitarian aid was allocated to Albania during the year. In addition to 
assistance  for  refugees  from  Kosovo  (ECU  1.5  million),  this  aid  package  also  enabled  the 
Commission to continue its support for the health system, notably through the rehabilitation of priority 
services  in  hospitals  and  polyclinics,  as  well  as  humanitarian  assistance  to  specialist  institutions  or 
particularly vulnerable social groups. It also helped to improve drinking water distribution networks in 
poor suburbs of Tirana. 

In the Russian  Federation,  humanitarian  assistance  to the Northern  Caucasus  came to  a  standstill: 
the  continuing  deterioration  of  security  conditions  in  the  area  prompted  all  ECHO's  partners  to 
withdraw early in the year. By contrast, ECHO operations in other parts of the Russian Federation -  in 
particular  in  the  field  of  public  health  -  continued  throughout  the  year.  The  alarming  spread  of 
tuberculosis  became  a  major  priority.  In  addition  to  ECU  1.5  million  allocated  earlier  in  the  year, 
ECHO was -  at the time of writing -  preparing a decision for further  5,435 MECU 

Although  all three countries  in the  Southern  Caucasus  continued  to  experience  economic  growth,  it 
is clear  that  certain  groups  in  society  do  not  benefit  from  this  progress  and  remain  very  vulnerable. 
ECHO'provided  assistance  to  the most  vulnerable,  such as bed-ridden  elderly  people  living  alone. In 
addition,  ECHO  continued  to  assist  victims  of  the  different  armed  conflicts  in  the  region  such  as 
Internally  Displaced  Persons  (IDPs)  and  refugees  from  Nagorny  Karabakh  and  Abkhazia  who 
remained  dependent  on  outside  assistance  in the  absence  of  any  lasting  political  settlement.  In  May, 
renewed  fighting  broke  out  in  the  Gali  district  of  Abkhazia  causing  30 000  persons  to  flee  their . 
homes. ECHO approved additional assistance worth ECU  1.15 million to assist these IDPs. In July, an 
earthquake  shook  the  southern  district  of  Lerik  and  Yardimli  in  Azerbaijan.  ECHO  released  an 
additional ECU 0.5 million  to assist the worst hit and most vulnerable families  with temporary  shelter 

11 

16 

and  reconstruction  of  their  houses.  Total  funding  made  available  to  the  region  in  1998  amounted  to 
ECU  11.31 million. 

In Central  Asia,  ECHO was mainly  involved  in Tajikistan  where, since  the  country's  independence 
in  1991, a severe economic crisis has reigned the effects  of which have been exacerbated  by civil war. 
Despite  the June  1997 peace  agreements, the  economic  situation  remains  disastrous  and  the  political 
situation  extremely  tense.  Tajikistan,  which  is  now  ranked  amongst  the  poorest  countries  in  the 
world,  continues  to  suffer  from  an  overall  shortage  of  food.  Humanitarian  needs  exist  in all  sectors. 
Of the approximate  total  of one million  people who ought to be receiving  food  aid, ECHO  is helping 
some  350 000.  The  health  system  has  totally  collapsed  and  is  only  functioning  at  all  thanks  to 
international  aid, mainly  from  ECHO.  ECHO is also funding  water  and  sanitation,  rehabilitation  and 
disaster  preparedness  and  prevention programmes.  In  Kyrgyzstan,  where  the  overall  situation  has 
improved,  ECHO  continued  to  reduce  the  amount  of  aid  over  the  year.  Two  medical  programmes 
designed  to  support  ongoing  health  system  reforms  and  two  food  programmes  targeting  a  specific 
population group have been maintained. 

3.3 Asia, Latin America and the Middle East 

Central America 

ECHO'S  operations 
in  Guatemala  are  targeted  at  specific  population  groups.  Funding  of 
EUR  1410 000 was approved  to continue emergency  aid for  returnees and  displaced  persons  through 
four  projects.  As  emergency  humanitarian  aid  requirements  resulting  from  the  war  should  cease  to 
exist  in  the  coming  months,  ECHO'S  specific  mission  should  be  finished  by  2000.  Only  ad  hoc 
operations  in  connection  with  natural  disasters,  weather  phenomena  etc.,  may  be  allowed  after  that 
date. 

ECHO'S commitment  in Nicaragua  consists  of  continuing  operations  under  the  1997 Global  Plan  to 
support  Government  strategy: improvements  to local health centres  (SILAIS), health training  and  aid, 
including  prevention  measures,  to  those  suffering  from  epidemics.  A  total  of  EUR  1  560 000  was 
allocated. 

Again  in the health  sector,  aid to Honduras  targeted  the most vulnerable  sections  of the population  -
mothers, children and indigenous minorities - with a total of EUR  1  405 000 being granted. 

At  regional  level,  the  first  DIPECHO  disaster  prevention  Action  Plan  for  Central  America  was 
implemented for a total of EUR 2  100 000. 

From  early  November  onwards,  all  ECHO  activities  in  the  region  were  targeted  at  victims  of 
Hurricane  Mitch.  On  4  November,  a  total  of  ECU  6.8  million  in  emergency  humanitarian  aid  for 
Central  America  (Honduras,  Nicaragua,  El  Salvador  and  Guatemala)  was  approved  by  emergency 
procedure.  In  addition  all  funding  to  NGOs  for  ongoing  humanitarian  activities  in  the  region  was 
mobilised  and reassigned  to helping the disaster victims.  On 21 December the Commission  approved 
a  second  emergency  operation  to  help  Central  America  for  a  total  of  ECU  9.5  million  (emergency 
procedure).  The priority areas targeted were water, sanitation, health and temporary shelters. 

A total of ECU 9 million was granted  to Cuba  in the form  of food  aid and  assistance  with  medicines, 
medical  equipment  and  hygiene  products  for  hospitals.  Emergency  aid  totalling  EUR  500 000  was 
granted in November in response to needs arising out of the impact of Hurricane Georges. 

12 

17 

In Mexico  funding  of EUR  2 250 000 was  released  to  cover  the  minimum  conditions  for  survival  of 
displaced persons in Chiapas state. 

Andean  countries 

A  response  was  mounted  in Ecuador,  Peru  and  Bolivia,  targeted  at  the  most  vulnerable  sections  of 
the  population,  to  meet  the  humanitarian  needs  of those  affected  by  the  El  Nino  phenomenon.  Aid 
consisted  of  emergency  food  aid,  water  and  sanitation  components  and  agricultural  rehabilitation. 
Total aid channelled to these countries as a consequence of El Nino  amounted  to ECU 5.95 million. 

Peru also benefitted  from  a humaniatrian aid package (ECU  1.950  million)  in favour  of victims of the 
violence in Ayacucho province.  The objective was to consolidate the return process. 

Internal  conflict  in  Colombia  caused  huge  movements  of  internally  displaced  persons.  The 
Commission  approved  a second  Humanitarian  Aid  Global  Plan during  the year  (ECU 6.5  million)  for 
these people. 

Middle East / north  Africa 

In North Africa,  this year  was meant  to see the return  of the  Sahrawi  refugees  in the  Tindouf  region 
of  Algeria.  ECHO  adopted  a humanitarian  aid  decision  for  a total  of  ECU  7.2  million  to  this  end  as 
early as 20 March.  The programme,  mainly of food  aid,  was  intended  to  help cover  requirements  up 
to September-October,  the deadline for the start of operations for the refugees  to return.  However, the 
prospects of a return have receded  again and the officially  estimated  three-month  delay  in the original 
schedule  might  be  even  longer  (end  of  1999).  ECHO  therefore  devised  a  second  Global  Plan  of 
ECU  10 million,  adopted  by  the  Commission  on  20  October,  to  ensure  that  the  camps  received  the 
necessary  supplies  of  food  staples  and  living  conditions  were  maintained  at  an  acceptable  level  until 
the first half of 1999. 

In the Middle  East, a Global Plan of humanitarian  assistance worth ECU  10.9 million was adopted  in 
September  as  a  result  of  the  uncertainty  surrounding  the  Israeli/Palestinian  peace  process.  The  plan 
has  four  parts:  aid  to  Palestinians  living  on  the  Gaza  Strip  and  West  Bank  (ECU  5 million),  aid  to 
Palestinian  refugees  in  Lebanon  and  vulnerable  Lebanese  groups  (ECU  2.5  and  1.8  million, 
respectively),  aid  to  Palestinian  refugees  in  Jordan  (ECU  1 million)  and  aid  to  Palestinians  living  in 
camps in Syria (ECU 0.6 million). 

The  programme  complements 
Palestinians  in the Gaza Strip and West Bank and the poorest  sections of the Jordanian population. 

two  earlier  decisions  concerning  ongoing  projects 

to  support 

In Egypt  ECHO, provided  pharmaceutical  assistance  to most  vulnerable  refugees  such as  Palestinian, 
Sudaneses, Ethiopian,  Somalian and Yemeni who have not access to health  services for  a total  amount 
of  EUR  330 000  for  medicines  and  medical  and  paramedical  equipment.  Globally,  ECHO  assisted 
Somali,  Eritrean  and  Yemeni  refugees  for  a  total  of  EUR  1  750 000  in  the  form  of  emergency 
medical/health  aid, drinking water supplies and training (health sector and specialised  agency  staff). 

In Iraq ECHO allocated ECU  14 million in humanitarian  assistance.  ECHO's current programme  has 
been  compiled  as  a complement  to  the  humanitarian  aid  allowed  under  the  oil-for-food  arrangement, 
concentrating  on topical sectors where it would remain useful  and cost-effective.  ECHO'S programme 

13 

provided  support  for  malnourished  children,  assistance  to  victims  of  landmines,  renovation  of  water 
supplies,  and  the  rehabilitation  of  hospitals,  water  and  sanitation  services.  There  has  also  been 
significant  support for children in special institutions for the handicapped  and orphans. 

Asia 

In  Bangladesh  the  flooding  from  July  to  September  was  the  worst  in  Bangladesh's  history  and 
inundated three-quarters  of the  country.  30.9  million  people  were  affected  with  1.1  million  homeless 
and  nearly  one  million  houses  destroyed.  As  an  immediate  response  to  the  crisis,  ECHO  cleared  a 
package worth ECU  1  million  in September  complemented  by two  others decisions  in October  and in 
December. The total value is ECU  8.45  million. The assistance provided  includes sanitation activities, 
seeds and agricultural  inputs and others articles aiming at reducing dependence on emergency aid. 

In  India,  following  the  exceptionally  heavy  rains  which  started  in  August  and  affected  more  than 
thirty  million,  leaving  eight  million  homeless,  ECHO  allocated  ECU  1.907  million  in  humanitarian 
assistance. Consisting of food  aid and,aid for water purification,  this programme is being implemented 
by the IFRC, Deutchse  Welthungerhilfe,  Dan ChurchAid, the Lutherian  World Federation and  Caritas 
NL in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. 

In Sri Lanka,  ECHO approved funding  of ECU  1  million to provide displaced persons and returnees 
in  the  Wanni  Region  (northern  conflict  zone)  with  shelter,  sanitation,  essential  relief  items  and 
additional medical services to help bring malaria under control. 

In Afghanistan, the continual violation of fundamental  humanitarian  principles  led ECHO to  suspend 
aid to Kabul and, following  the American air strike and the resulting threat to expatriates, to run down 
its operations throughout the country. 

A Global Plan (January/June  1998) worth ECU  17 million in total was put in place, targeted mainly at 
Kabul.  It  covered  water  treatment,  sanitation  and  mine  clearance  projects  as  well  as  primary  heath 
care activities. The continual  difficulty  of access to recipients, especially  women, represented  a  major 
obstacle to the proper running of projects, particularly in Kabul. 

A  proposed  second  plan  worth  a  total  of  ECU  10  million  (July  1997/March  1998)  was  cancelled 
because of the working conditions in Kabul and hazardous security conditions  throughout the  country 
in the wake of the American  attack.  ECHO  decided  instead  to  focus  on rural  areas,  in particular  the 
Hazarajat  region  where  food  security  problems  caused  by  the  Taliban  blockade  justified  a  food 
support operation as winter  approached. Two  further  decisions were taken totalling ECU  1.77 million 
and  ECU  1 million  respectively,  to aid  victims  of earthquakes  in February  and  June.  The  rebuilding 
operations were successfully  completed by the winter. 

In  China,'victims  of  flooding  received  assistance  under  decisions  adopted  in August  and  September 
for  a  total  of  EUR  1  655 000  in  response  to  urgent  requirements  for  food  aid  and  supplies  of  water 
purification  tablets to prevent  the spread  of epidemics. Another decision, adopted  on 23 October  for a 
total  of ECU 2 million,  is  intended  to  fund  in particular  rehabilitation  projects  for  medical  and  social 
establishments  providing  shelter  to  the  handicapped,  orphans  and  the  elderly.  An  amount  of 
ECU 525 000 was also approved to help victims of the earthquake in Hebei Province. 

Tibet  again  received  humanitarian  assistance  (EUR 550 000)  to help withstand  the  rigours of  winter: 
shelters, food  aid and medical  assistance. 

In  North  Korea,  conditions  in the  country  -  stemming  from  political  and  military  factors  -  made  it 
difficult  for  humanitarian  agencies  to  have  access  to  information  or  to  certain  areas  (although  there 

.9 

was a significant  increase  in the number  of accessible  areas)  and to  supervise  operations,  particularly 
supply operations. 

In  addition  to  a  public  health  system  in  a  total  state  of  collapse,  the  country  is  still  experiencing 
chronic malnutrition as was shown by the joint medical/nutritional  survey conducted  by UNICEF, the 
WFP and ECHO with the North Korean authorities. 

Already  faced  with  these  chronic  shortcomings,  the North  Koreans  must  deal  with  the  rigours  of the 
coming winter  1998/1999  and ECHO therefore  decided to adopt a financing  decision  worth a total  of 
ECU 2 million,  consisting  of winterisation  operations,  distribution  of  clothing,  blankets  and  coal  for 
hospitals, childcare centres and nurseries so as to help the most vulnerable sections of the population. 

In  view of  the problems  for  monitoring  and  access  experienced  in the  medical  sector  during  1998, 
ECHO has reduced  its operations in North Korea: a total  of ECU 20 million was allocated  in  1997 as 
against ECU 2.5 million this year. 

In  South  East  Asia  ECHO  implemented  its  first  Global  Plan  for  Cambodia  for  a  total  amount  of 
ECU 6.5  million.  An  additional  ECU 3.5  million  has  been  earmarked  to  cover  needs  until  March 
1999.  As an estimated  50% of the population has no access to basic health care, one of the  objectives 
of ECHO's partners has been to improve the dramatic medical  situation of the population,  particularly 
in  isolated  and  destitute  areas.  Other  priorities  include  support  to  refugees,  returnees  and  IDPs, 
provision  of drinking  water and assistance  to mine victims and  resettlement  on mine-cleared  land. La 
Nina brought difficulties  to the Philippines  in  1998. Altered weather patterns caused a severe drought 
in the summer  and  flooding  and  landslides  in the autumn.  ECU  1 million  was allocated  to victims  of 
the  drought  for  food  and  medicines  and  ECU  0.7  million  in  relief  assistance  to  those  affected  by 
typhoon Babs, which hit the country in October. 

Laos was also affected  by drought in  1998 resulting in the rice harvests being reduced to 50% and less 
in  some  areas.  Through  its  partners  ECHO  was  able  to  provide  food  and  water  amounting  to 
ECU 0.89  million.  The primary  beneficiaries  of the  aid  were remote  and  destitute  villages  with  large 
minority populations. 

In late  1997 Vietnam was affected  by two consecutive typhoons, Linda and Fritz. During the first  part 
of  1998 ECHO'S partners provided relief and rehabilitation assistance to the victims for a total amount 
of ECU  1.655  million. 

Between October and December, central provinces were hit by a series of floods  and storms including 
four  typhoons.  Approximately  2.5  million  persons  were  affected,  with  a  number  of  casualties  and 
extensive  damage  to  infrastructure.  ECHO  contributed  ECU  1.085  million  to  the  emergency  relief 
operation. 

The number of persons'affected  by dengue haemorrhagic fever  rose to epidemic  levels in a number of 
countries  in South East Asia in  1998.  Although  not a traditional  area of intervention, ECHO  decided 
after  numerous  requests to  intervene  and provide  aid to the victims  in  Cambodia,  Philippines,  Laos 
and  Vietnam  for  a  total  amount  of  ECU  1 million.  Aid  was  provided  through  medical  assistance, 
cleaning up campaigns, training and water  rehabilitation. 

In  Thailand,  four  decisions  for  a  total  of  EUR 4 644 000  were  taken  to  provide  aid  to  Burmese 
refugees  settled  in  17 camps  along  the  Burma-Thailand  border.  This  was  used  to  fund  humanitarian 
relief programmes in the medical field and to distribute food and charcoal substitutes to  refugees. 

15 

In  Burma/Myanmar  two  decisions  worth  a  total  of  EUR  1 195 000  were  signed  covering  a 
programme  of  aid  to  victims  of  flooding,  a  water  and  sanitation  programme  for  Rakhine  state  and 
medical assistance to displaced persons in the suburbs of Rangoon. 

In Indonesia, two decisions were adopted for  a total of EUR 2 500 000 in respect of food  aid, medical 
and drinking  water programmes  to  support  the poorest  sections  of the community  hit  by the  drought, 
in particular in Kalimantan, Irian Jaya, Nusa Tenggara and Timor. 

4.  Horizontal  activities 

4.1 Impact and evaluation of aid 

ECHO  is  aware  that  humanitarian  assistance  is  almost  never  free  from  a  whole. range  of  social, 
political, economic, and security  implications  which go far  beyond  the intended  humanitarian  impact. 
Some  of  these  implications  can  be  positive,  others  disruptive  and  negative.  Only  by  acknowledging 
and  studying  the  wider  implications  of  humanitarian  assistance  can  ECHO  hope  to  minimise  those 
(negative)  implications  and  assume  a  proactive  and/or  a  preventive  stance.  This  is  why  ECHO  has 
embarked on a study on "Humanitarian Policy and Operations: Consequences beyond assistance". The 
aim  of  the  study  is  to  examine  the  wider  political,  social  and  economic  impact  of  ECHO-funded 
humanitarian  aid  with  a  view  to  drawing  the  attention  of  ECHO  itself  and  its  partners  to  the  wider 
implications  of  humanitarian  assistance.  By  better  understanding  the  interplay  of  humanitarian 
assistance  and  local  factors  ECHO  hopes  to  be  better  placed  to  adapt  its  policies.  The  focus  of  this 
first study is the crisis in Sudan.  The study is being done with the help of CPN.1 

In  1998,  as  in  former  years,  the  evaluation'  of  ECHO-funded  programmes  and  operations  was 
conducted  by ECHO'S  evaluation  unit.  In the course  of the year,  an audit  on the  evaluation  function 
within  ECHO was undertaken  by the Commission's  Financial  Control  service, which  showed  that the 
work  of  ECHO's  evaluation  unit  not  only  strongly  supported  the  work  of  the  operational  units,  but 
could also be measured by high standards in the field of evaluation. 

In  1998  ECHO's  evaluation  unit  devoted  itself  primarily  to  the  organisation  of  two  complementary 
global evaluations  of humanitarian  aid operations. The first of these evaluations  was requested  by the 
Council  of  Development  Ministers  and  covers  all  humanitarian  aid  operations  financed  by  the 
European  Commission  over  the  period  January  1992  until  July  1996.  The  second,  provided  for  in 
Article  20  of  the  Council  Regulation  on  humanitarian  aid,  covers  all  humanitarian  aid  operations 
financed  under that Regulation  since July  1996. Both evaluations will be completed  in the first half of 
1999. These  comprehensive,  integrated  evaluation  reports  are  expected  to  have  an  undoubted  impact 
at the overall political  and  operational  level  since they will provide in-depth  analysis  of the  response 
funded  by the Commission to different  crises. 

these 

two  comprehensive  evaluations,  the  ECHO  evaluation  unit  conducted 

Besides 
three 
methodological  studies  in  1998.  The  first  of  these  studies  consists  of  an  update  of  the  'ECHO 
Operational  Manual  for the Evaluation  of Humanitarian  Aid',  first  published  in  1996. Since then, the 
European  Council  has  adopted  the  Regulation  on  humanitarian  aid  and  the  Commission  has  taken  a 
number  of  decisions  and  presented  a  number  of  communications  that  touch  upon  the  field  of 
evaluation. The evaluation  unit  felt  that these developments, together with ECHO's growing  practical 

1 The  Conflict  Prevention  Network  is  composed  of  academic  institutions,  NGOs  and  independent 
experts. 

16 

21 

experience  in the field  of evaluation,  ought to be translated  in a new version  of the manual, which is 
now  ready  for  publication.  The  other  two  methodological  studies  consist  of  two  complementary 
studies  into  the  applicability  of  economic  and  non-economic  'indicators'  for.  the  evaluation  of 
emergency  aid  operations.  Until  now the  study  into the  applicability  of non-economic  indicators  has 
made  most  progress:  a  manual  on  the  use  of  non-economic  indicators  has  been  tested  and  will  be 
published in 1999. 

Finally  ECHO'S  evaluation  unit  has  organised  four  evaluations  of  humanitarian  aid  programmes  in 
specific  countries  in  the  course  of  1998.  These  evaluations  covered  all  ECHO-funded  humanitarian 
aid operations in four  specific  countries: Colombia, Peru, Albania and Laos. 

Evaluation  is also one of the day-to-day  tasks of ECHO'S experts in the field,  sometimes  in extremely 
difficult  and  hazardous  conditions.  This  work  is  of  vital  importance  to  ECHO  in  terms  of 
programming or of impact  assessment. 

4.2 Inter-departmental  coordination 

In.  1998  ECHO  continued  to  participate  actively  in  the  relevant  Commission  inter-departmental 
coordination  bodies, notably  in the field  of human rights (Steering  Committee  on Human Rights), the 
ECHO-chaired  Permanent  Interservice  Group  on  Refugees  (PISG)  and  the  whole  area  of  RELEX 
coordination. 

At  the  same  time  ECHO  considerably  stepped  up  its  activities  within  the  essentially  European 
Commission  funded  Conflict  Prevention Network  (CPN), notably  in  relation to projects  of  relevance 
to "Impact Assessment of Humanitarian Aid in Sudan". 

4.3  Information 

In  1998,  ECHO'S  strategy  for  information  combined  five  instruments:  media,  publications,  audio 
visual productions, activities organised jointly with international  and non-governmental  organisations, 
and those organised jointly with Member States. 

Press  releases  were  published  in  close  cooperation  with  the  Spokesman's  Service  to  announce 
important  funding  decisions  and  other  activities.  Other  decisions  were  presented  in  'News  in  Brief 
announcements  as  required.  An  ECHO  website  was  presented  and  relaunched  in  an  improved, 
interactive  version  during  the  course  of  the  year.  ECHO  also  cooperated  closely  with  the  Reuters 
Alertnet  service  as  an  Associate  Member,  which  enabled  us  to  give  ECHO-generated  information  a 
wider audience, while providing access to Reuters news, NGO news and reference  material. 

Field visits for journalists  were organised  to ECHO-funded  operations, including  those  in Bosnia and 
southern  Sudan.  In  close  cooperation  with  the  Spokesman's  Service,  opinion  pieces  and  letters  to 
editors  were  drafted  and  published  in  international  newspapers,  including  the  International  Herald 
Tribune and Financial Times. 

ECHO  Information  contributed  to  an awareness-raising  campaign  entitled  'A  Flower  for  the  Women 
of  Kabul'  run  jointly  with  NGOs  and  other  partners  to  coincide  with  International  Women's  Day, 
March 8. 

Audio-visual  productions  were  co-financed  to  highlight  humanitarian  aid  in  action,  and  ECHO  TV 
and Radio awards were presented for the third successive year during the Austrian  presidency. 

17 

22 

At  EXPO  98  in  Lisbon,  a  five-month  ECHO-sponsored  exhibition  offered  visitors  an  opportunity  to 
take a virtual walk in a minefield.  Among seminars and conferences  organised with ECHO  co-funding 
were  events  mounted  in  cooperation  with  the  British  and  Austrian  presidencies  -  'Dispatches  from 
Disaster  Zones',  'Principled  Aid  in  an  Unprincipled  World',  'Humanitarian  Aid  and  the  Media'.  In 
Barcelona,  ECHO  supported  a  Solidarity  Festival.  A  second  'Artists  in  Arms'  event  was  held  in  the 
UK,  with  paintings  donated  by  artists  and  celebrities  to  raise  funds  for  awareness-raising  campaigns 
on landmines. Also during the  British  presidency, an event  highlighting the plight  of Children  in War 
was held in Birmingham. 

All NGOs were required  to build a visibility component  into their programmes  as appropriate. ECHO 
Information  activities  contributed  significantly  to  raising  awareness  of  the  organisation  and  its 
partners, both within Member States and internationally mainly through publications.2 

4.4 Databases and management  systems 

Humanitarian  assistance  embraces  a  wide  variety  of  scenarios,  conditions,  actors  and  requirements, 
spread across the surface  of the planet. Proper communication  is a must if all the various factors  are to 
be mobilised  with adequate cohesion to help the victims and make best use of the available resources. 
Modem  electronic  databases  and  informatics-based  communication  and  management  systems 
increasingly have a key role to play. 

During  1998,  ECHO'S  financial  management  database,  the  Humanitarian  Office  Programme 
Environment  (HOPE),  which  monitors  contracts  and  financial  information,  was  totally  revised  to 
adapt  to  the  new  FPA.  A  number  of  new  modules  designed  to  help  evaluate  the  efficiency  of 
humanitarian  action and provide operational  follow-up  are now expected to be commissioned  in  1999 
after  work could not start on them in  1998. 

1998  also  saw  the  implementation  of  a revised  web  site  on  the  Commission  Web  Server  EUROPA. 
The  14-point fax  system  was  integrated  into HOPE which  will  make  the production  of aggregate  and 
comparative statistics possible in the  future. 

The  address  of the  ECHO  home  page  on  the  Commission's  World  Wide  Web  server  (EUROPA)  is: 
http://europa.eu.int/comm/echo 

4.5 Education  and training 

•2  Publications: 

1.Annual  Review:  an  overview  of  ECHO'S  activities  during  the  year,  illustrated  with  good  quality 
photographs and graphics, published  in English, French, German, Italian and  Spanish. 

2.ECHO News, a quarterly newsletter published  in English and  French. 
3.Humanitarian  Aid  Review,  a  quarterly  discussion  journal  published  in  conjunction  with  Forum 

Europe. 

4.General  information  in Echo at a Glance and  brochures on  specific  aspects  of ECHO  work,  such as 
disaster.preparedness  and  landmines.  Other  leaflets,  magazines  and  pamphlets  were  published  in 
cooperation  with ECHO partners,  including  a special  issue of Crosslines,  '50  years of  Humanitarian 
Aid',  illustrated with photos from  Magnum. 

18 

23 

ECHO  continued  its  support  for  the NOHA  (Network  on  Humanitarian  Assistance)  diploma  during 
1998. Based  on  the  Socrates  model,  the  programme  was  launched  in  conjunction  with  DG  XXII  in 
1994  with  the  aim  of  enhancing  the  professionalism  of  relief  workers.  The  programme  has  already 
proved  its worth and  continues to attract much interest  from  many universities, mainly  in Europe. As 
part of an overall policy to enhance the quality of its partners' human resources, ECHO will  continue 
to  finance  other  types  of  training  in response  to  demand,  with the  participation  of  humanitarian  aid 
agencies, universities or training centres. 

5. Prospects 
In accordance ^vith Article  16 of  Council  Regulation  1257/96  on Humanitarian  Aid, the  Commission 
will discuss its general guidelines with the Member  States in the Humanitarian Aid Committee in early 
1999, The guidelines  will be available Trom ECHO on request. 

19 

24 

ANNEXES 

Statistical  Overview 

Operations in the  1998 financial  year were up on  1997 with a total of ECU 517.657 million as opposed 
to ECU 441.661 million the previous year (see Annex 3). 

The geographical  distribution  of funds  is similar  to  1997's but with  an increase  in  "global"  allocations 
(from  2.7% to  11%) as  a result  of  the  substantial  financing  decisions  approved  following  Hurricanes 
Georges  and  Mitch  and  the  relaunch  of  ECHO-flight  operations.  The  Central  European  share  was 
proportionately  down (from  7.3% to 2.7%)  as a result  of the exceptional  amounts allocated  in  1997 to 
Poland (flooding), Bulgaria and the Czech Republic which were not renewed for  1998 (Annex  1). 

Annex 2 shows the development  of distribution of funds  between ECHO'S partners for each year since 
1993. 

Annex  3 provides  a  breakdown  by  budgetary  source  since  1993. The  8th  EDF  remains  an  important 
source of funds  for humanitarian  aid. 

Annex  4  illustrates  the  difference  between  decisions  taken  in  a financial  year  (ECU  517.6 million  in 
1998)  and  the  amount  contracted  on  the  basis  of  decisions  in  the  current  and  the  previous  financial 
years  (ECU  567  million  in  1998,  of  which  ECU  428  million  on  the  basis  of  1998  decisions  and 
ECU  139 million on  1997 decisions). 

Annex 5 shows the financial  decisions taken in  1998 by region and Annex 6 by partner. 

ECHO  produces  a  set  of  detailed  quarterly  statistics  which  are  available  on  request.  Some  summary 
statistics and contract lists are also available on the web page. 

25 

20 

FINANCIAL  DECISIONS  FOR  HUMANITARIAN  AID  BY  REGION 

19  9  7 

LATIN AMERICA 
8.6% 

Asper: 31/12/90 

T O T AL 

4 4 1 .6  M E CU 

ANNEX 1 

NORTH AFRICA/MIDDLF EA -1 

^d^sSsSzitSm 

41% 

- ^ ^ | ^ a ^ a M ^ Hi 

K- 

. • " - ». 

m:.&& '--?•>, 

R 

,  '. ' 

\ t \V 

' -,".j, 

., ys^ 

^ 

L>, YUGOSLAVIA 

c.i.s  j[»f|MW 
e2% ^MgfMgfefc. 

^ I 9 K! 
^ K i l ll 

»•* 

'«•'.'•  -.W-^:-. \ 
j y -1. 
" - i '1-"  „  , - . -V 
'I >":-.' 

1 
S i '* 
»> 
HI  •'*"-;•£.-••*•-.'./>.•••-':  -.-
•5 . *.*  • '"  <*„"--,'"'>  *-  z" 
Brig*  "^  ^ " V"  « . . " «.  .  "^'i  p t *™*\t/*s-r* 
l»i* ' '  *J  **"  *  *' ' '..  *"'  " 

tT>>'  '*'•-**••'-  . '• 

.'  '' 

/  ^. 

EASTERN EUROPE 
7.3% 

"^""^S^E^^W^. 
" ' M l11 III 
.  ,,i 

- 

t 

, 

-  / 

o'  fl 

/ 

•* T^*"* 

-wtr-*..' </ -* *  v  -  ••->•«.-•;"?.' •  • 

'  * 

*- 

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M[rr-[*Wtwffjflw^^^^^ffi 

7 

l S ^ ^ S »y 

/ 

ypSmBr  / 

n.i%  X  1 t H Hr 

/ 

^"-tStoi.'" 

^•Ssfflnw^.'  ,, 

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, ' .' 

' ( ?' 
.0 

/  ' 

-/ 

" * * * ^ ^ f e ^s<  JWM/ 

^ " ^ * > - &'  IRAQ 
/  0.6% 

/  ' * 

GLOBAL 
2.7% 

^ ^ ~_ 

^"~"-~—__ 

•— 

26.7% 

19  9 8 

NORTH AFRICA/MIDDLE EAST 
6.2% 

LATIN AMERICA 
6.2% 

T O T AL 

5 1 7 .7  M E CU 

C IS 
i  L\, 

_^«S 
jmmMj 

H n f f ^ ' -v 

EASTERN EUROPL 
2.7% 

^ ^ M ^ J | M | i B i fe 
i  iTHnwiiiiiiniwiM 

j^^^fc^JHk 

iBiig^S^JSffi^^^M&^?^m 

ASIA 
121% 

^ ^ ^ »' 
B W K "! 

-'  - 

'.>• 

' • . '-  i 

#*' ' 
,%>-•-• 

'x 
'V 

EX-YUGOSLAVIA 

H H H r - ' -,',i ' 'A 

'*•  '•-»'"'({/'•.*' 

^ 

2 3 8% 

• t f i , , ' , * , . ' ? *1 

,-w.*j,f  " „ - > " * •' 

^7^^-Bto^iJ* 
/ 
' 

^^^S&S&&*2L' 

"-'* 
^**S^S«*taw-' 

^ ^ ^ ? l S £ Sa 

* 

'  ''''^  *  < 
' 
,K  " " '" 
'**" 
'  ' 
* 
,t 
* -  * 
I 
'-*•'•_, 
^ w S h > s/  V 

^*<-atgfei^^jgP^hqaa 

' 

\ 

"' 

GLOIVAl  \ 
11.0"* 

\ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

^, 

^-SBaJP-,  I«AQ 
^i i iV  .7% 

/ 

/ 

(1)  GtOBAL  111  %)  inHudns.  among  other  things,  1 9 .1 

MECU for the hurricanes  "Georges"  12.8  MECU) and 
-Milch"  (16.3 MECU)  and 9.5  MECU lor  ECHOFUGHT 
|(ACP Countries). 

—-^_____ 

(1)  ' 

,/ 

ACP 
27.7% 

<z< 

26 

 
6 

/ 

w 
o 
< 
z 
Q 
HI 

UJ 
Q. 

< 

00 
CD 

(A 
i_ 
(0 
d> 
>-
15 
•  MM o 
c. 
(0 
c 

•  • Ml 

JD 
</> 
o 
(0 
+-* 
c 
o o 
0) 
o 
c 
(0 
*-> 

< 
c 
(0 

•  MM 

CO 
•  MM c 
(0 
E 

+  ** 
*  -C t  r 

* ** 

ANNEX 3 

OVERVIEW  OF FINANCIAL  DECISIONS FOR EC HUMANITARIAN  AID BY SOURCE OF FINANCE  1993-1998 

Source of 

finance / 
Budget Line 

1993 

1994 

1995 

1996 

1997 

1998 

*«tw: 

3W12/9B 

Description 

DECISIONS 
(in ECU) 

DECISIONS 
(in ECU) 

DECISIONS 
(in ECU) 

DECISIONS 
(in ECU) 

DECISIONS 
(in ECU) 

DECISIONS 
(in ECU) 

L O ME  111 

NATIONAL INDICATIVE PROGRAMME (NIP) (1) 

6.500,000 

-

L O ME 

III 

ART 203 

1,296.000 

«. 

_ 

_ 

„ 

L O ME 

IV 

ART164»ndART254(2) 

.82,185.000 

263,268.603 

46.456.000 

3,487.000 

7.420,000 

37,387.000 

B7-610 

DISASTER AID DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 

70,033.195 

109,522^47 

B7-210 

B7-S11 

B7-211 

B7-514 

B7-214 

B7;61S 

B7-215 

B7-516 

B7-216 

8 7 - 5 17 

B7-217 

EMERGENCY FOOD AID 

HUMANITARIAN AID TO C 8. E EUROPE 

HUMANITARIAN AID TO EX-USSR 

HUMANITARIAN ACTION 1N 3RD  COUNTRIES 

REFUGEES & CHSPL PERSONS IN DEV. COUNTRIES 

B7-219 

OPERATIONAL SUPPORT, DISASTER  PREPAR. 

B7-644 

HUMANITARIAN  AID TO WESTERN SAHARA  POP. 

TOTAL 

FOOTNOTES: 

(1)  NATIONAL INDICATIVE PROGRAMME FOR SOMALIA 

(3) 

(3) 

(3) 

(3) 

(3) 

(3) 

238.339,500 

386.550.000 

212,162.954 

283.089 060 

17,425,000 

46,000,000 

-

-

-

33.710,000 

385,000.000 

271,380.000 

30,000,000 

50,000,000 

236,670,000 

187,150.000 

158,985,000 

135,097.000 

8,713,000 

3,998,574 

-' 

-

-

-

93,350,000 

49,750,000 

36,050,000 

37,040.000 

3,662.000 

20,000.000 

, 

1 

38,540,000 

21,420,000 

19,960,000 

17.044,000 

5,027.012 

'  6.29B.500 

7,034,000 

8,000,000 

2,000,000 

604,814,195 

764,169,424 

692,092,512 

656,655,500 

441,611,954 

517.657,060 

(2)  FIRSTS-YEAR ALLOCATION  UNDER LOME IV (1991-95) WAS 250.000.000 ECU. THE SECOND (1996-2000) WAS 143.000.000 ECU. 

(J)  IN  1995. THE BUDGET CHAPTER THAT CORRESPONDS TO ECHO BECOMES B7-2O0 INSTEAD OF B7-5O0 

(4)  «  1995. A 5 MECU DECISION WAS CANCELLED AND DE-COMMITTED UNDER BUDGET LINE B7-214. HENCE, NET DECISIONS IN 1995 FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA AMOUNTED TO 229.6 

Financial  Decisions for  EC  Humanitarian Aid  1993-1998 

/ 

/, 
if"!,*-

• 

S 

800,000,000 -j 

700,000,000-

600.000,000-

D  500,000,000-
o 
LU 
n

i

S
T
N
U
O
M
A

&

8

i

/ 

O
C

8

i

.814,1 

9b  \ 

7 0/ 

.169.4 

/ "' 

/ 

f 

/ 
f 

-""*/ 

y 

692 

,092.5 

iif! 

6 5( 

i.655,5 

OOj 

/  A 

ii 

-  -

/ 

J 

{ 

-

-

•  200.000,000-

100.000.000-

/ 
/ 
/ 
/ 
' 

«* 

--

? 

1 9 93 

\  ; 
--
. ***** 

^ **-* 

\ 

11  *c 'S 

j 

i 

44" 

.611.9 

r 

',657,0 

6 0J 

-

/ 

/ 

/ 

—  7 
/ 

1994 

1995 

1996 

1997 

1998 

=23 

28 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Amount of the Contracts Signed in 1997 and 1998 

CONTRACTS  SIGNED  in MECU 

ANNEX  4 

As per:  11/01/99 

MECU 
700 

MECU 
700 

s 

1997 

1998 

Signature  Years 

CONTRACTS  SIGNED  in MECU (SHARING  BY FINANCIAL YEARS) 

:inancial Years 
0 1 9 98 

•  1997 

H1996 

1997 

1998 

Signature  Years 

The 567 MECU signed in 1998 include  139 MECU from decisions taken in F. Y.  1997 
and 428 MECU in the F. Y.  1998. 

£H 

29 

5,000,000 

2,000.000 

6 6 0 , 0 00 

- g K i J ^ ig 

^:::i::S^V;iv!t;: ? V^^e?»iOC»X 

4 . 0 0 0 . 0 00 

J^ME3^;j|?^:iii^TOiP?»; 

3 9 , 4 9 0 , 0 00 

IS: ?'; i i: 33: 

£%  ^?E^E1;:5'E1E":': ;lE^K»j!0O0 j! 
4.600.00O 
*&  EEEEE: ; ' ^ g; | i ¥ - u :::^ aidpo j 
6 . 4 1 0 . 0 00 

i; •!:!!!!!!;! ^ 

M^m^y^Sjmfioiy 

6.451.O00 

£:;:}:£; 3: 

;;j |:JfeS^iOOOJ'l 

E: Mi E'JI-:1 :"]-!' I1 r ? 1 li-ETri £> iOftft j 

14.000.000 

H! EIE! \3iMQ&& 
. . . . . I f . *0 0- .0 0 0. 

. . , . . ,. 

\ 

t 

1.000.000 
!»:|j.^il^^=Si::^i«»i 

14.000,000 

FINANCIAL  DECISIONS  FOR HUMANITARIAN  AID BY REGION  IN 1997  AND  1998 

1 9 97 

1 9 98 

COONTBY/REGION 

KCOWNS N ECU 

COUNTRYjnFCION 

DECSITMS M KU 

ANNEX 5 

EX-YUGOSLAVIA 

132.990.000 

EX-YUQOSLAVIA 

ACP 

1 1 8 . 0 5 6 ^ 40 

ACP 

j \g EE • EE?!'!; 

?>:}:*:&•£:••:: j -; j j & j -: • &: •:: j<:-ji-:_: j-:.:: &;:;:•:«? 

ANGOLA:': 
ANTIGUA  A ND  BARSUDA 
BURJCiNA; F A S O ;j ?S?:;?:' £ ? & : '&  ! EEE7: !H!!;!?!; ~ y £» "  j| -  ^ { ^ E E E ' E M E I E; 
CHAD 
CMADAftEA 3M5gCTS * j ^ S ^ i »0  j; j: KMj. j 
COMOROS 

:;: ;£:-: ^ " j&HJ; 

MMmm&&wM& 

700,000 
i i ^ j j s s ^ f K - i ^ N ^ ^j 
8 7 5 , 0 00 

?! ji"i:=-S?i! j=! J ?| ?;:i^i-E:5i:i- E: E-E E- E:;==! ? ? ? 5:" i E": E"- s j  i f-J ^ ;!•;:=-:">=- •- ? 1 i?-=i 11H=E E'?=' 1'! 1- 5 ? E' M' E E- E- f: E: E i  !:E: E: i-: 
CHAD 

j?Hi;:^:^jJSijjSjJii*Wfc»ftj 

4 » , 0 00 

COMOROS 

70,000 

123.09 7JJO0 

143,317.000 

1,450,000 

4O0.000 

DJBOUTI 
5AJSTtW* *  « ^ ^ | A * W l J A ' ;; j ;•; 

:*:•:•:•: :•>::£::::.: £;;-;: &: Sj"| j&j:j 

r l j S ^ f ^ S S i S a S ^i 

P*jrtk>fHfilV (: ^ j f ^| I? j |;? "?il:i'^ri^E liil-H 3?5^iJS: M: H": ^: ^  ^ ^ j -: ?: :^??J^^: 

MmmlmS^m^; 

GAMBIA!!:Ei ! El!=!!! !!;!!•!!! f?!-!!!!:!!:!  >!'!  &£:>:,• EEIEE!!^! 
GHANA 
G ^T  1 A» S; R G G ^ !!  ^ 
GUINEA  BtSSAU 

IIIH:': ?S j ^-

"^^MMM^m^ooi 

4 5 6 . 9 40 

ERfTREA 

FRENCH  POLYNESIA/ 
isfe^BJjsjfili^is  wjj^j^«yj;ii!;; 

1.790.000 

!!!!^i;!^mfElE^:?:!^iwi<w; 

105,000 

;;!!!!!;!!!!?• i!!!! E; 

z"  ? z- r"J-:" ? 1" ?^ :-:-=-= = = ^ if  if E-": r-il_£Ef=i E- ? f = 1-1' E"J :=:- E:-=1 r- =">=1 T J:" z- f r = ;• i=^J- z" 5^ S 

WmWmm^&$ 

$&EEEEEEJ;:; ;-;-;;.: i :; ::i:: u: :•:• jl : j: • ;j  &  :•;g::y 

g* 

2,000,000 
im^ri^pM 
1,070.000 

» : i ! : J = J ! ! S j M ^ ' J w S P M Mj 
240.000 

GRE^iA^S«jt^!W];H;^^ 
GUKEA  BtSSAU 
<W*SA>^;i;S^;!;!?!?-!!:;!;;!;!!!!!M;;!!!!•;E!!;;!!! 
GUYANA 

;r!-;!  !!!:!!!!; 

f'j- •!; 3; y :E1: M;!: :•! ! ? ^ « » i p oo 

2,650.000 

EEE!E!:; ; 7 ; . ; ' ! ^ ^ i o p o! 

3 0 0 , 0 00 

!:v!!!!:R!^!!:!^![il!^;!!:l^!!:1 

^ S S i i S S i il ?i! • !:?!!i!; ! ^ !-  H H ^ i »[ !•;!!;! i&sli!;; 
LBERIA 

i )\ '£ 11 '$! %M£;"!»! 

[::•::;•: 

E;';'jil^iOpO! 

9SO.O0O 

S 5 ? |: f i  f 

MyaiTi^r 
HORN  OF AFRICA  IA>  Transport) 
KENYA;-: j .£  &: 
LIBERIA 
M A Q A G A S e^ 
MALI 
MOZA MBOUE \)\ \ 
NIGER 

fl*!^:N^tW«jjAB:%^ 

SIERRA; tJB»«g-;::{; j 
SOMALIA 

SU DAM_»| 
TOGO 
& ^ j f c j $ $ # $ ; $# 

i^M^^M 

j: > r 5 5 5:? :-i-:=K-=5:-J := J:- := 11 HJ| J £ « P ^ P Q ££ := 
MALI] 

7.6O0.O00 
i f f i t t l f f i S ii 
2,900,000 
S$$i$M$Mffiffi&M 

^0MMM£W$$M& 
6 . 9 0 0 , 0 00 

NIGER 

SENEGAL 
^ E « ^ ; l f e i H ^y ^ ^ M ! ^ E 1 ; ' ! U ; ^ 3 J ; ; ^ E - 3 J E L A^ 
SOMALIA 

S W i > ^ f i ^ S S S i ^ M : S ^^ 

^^1-jj^ffKH^Silt^aSS* 

Mwmitm^smmMm^^ 

i £l j jiilj r H"f E"? fl 5 5 ?  K*i: := r" 1 r= i  1-=::-? r= j j Jz-fil:-*r- ? 1" i:':-;" Jr";"-3 >: :• i^^-i-i-^-z- E* 3 ir;">iJ:E 

}^^m^Mi^iiM^oai 

3 1 0 , 0 00 

<1> 

C.t.S 

3fi.O50.0O0 

* w * i ^ E l r £ : ;^ 
AZERBAIJAN 
BguvRiisj&';!;!£|!|• ; i !! m&•  H;!'!!• ?•!!jEEEEHEEE! ;'#%j• • ?"&>;•:EE;1?E1 
GEORGIA 

; s : : j : i » ( ( i ^ i ^ i ^ S S ^: 
0 , 1 0 0 , 0 00 

i S i g j i g S :^ 

$,800,000 

K ^ V Z S T A N ; ; ;; ;EEE;; 
RUSSIAN FED 

vyHvV^E; ;•;; •;%; ??%!!:  ;  i;i;v;-H;; • } l l ^ : ^ ;i 

^ ^ ^ V ^ : ^ : t * i ^ S 0 S: 
2,747,000 

:"!•: ;:•: ::E: 

C.I.S 
A R M E t t t V; EE;;^3:L:"i 
AZERBAIJAN 
m^MmtMiMMMM^MW\Mim 
GEORGIA 
K & e ^ M i l P iS 
RUSSIAN FED 

! m! :£• »• 11! IB!!::!!!EEE! !!: !  ?! !!! 

!! :•! B: «:H 

$&£ "HSK Ji'! i 1 ; ^ * i ^ P « >; 

1 * W ^ J W N; ;; • ;i;'; :••!•! W£  i!;!!;! •%!£!=•! EEE^M 

TAJKOTJI&M:•  !!!;!!!! 
TCHERNOBYL  Dtaaater 

u w ^ ! ; ^ ! ; ; ^ ; ! ! ; ! !^ 

1.000,000 
::J&;^U^?;^w^;?>|Safe^ 

U K ^ O S i ^ ; ? ^ : : ! }^ 

EASTERN EUROPE 

ALBANIA:; m- ••• 
BULGARIA 

-miii 

3 2 ^ 0 1 . 5 14 

»?^="5JW?K »:a&S-*fe6*»: 
.  1.800.000 

EASTERN EUROPE 
A U 3 AN i < ;• -E'E- i^K- E !^ EiEEEEEEE 
B U L G A R IA 

^ 

caeMaM LCVSHJOURBK JJE irlELlllUH^I!-!=Us=^1*=3=SLiR^Sii. H S "^ =:==V=-i=55=1=lia^ 
HUNGARY  . 

IMMMmM*im&i& 
12,500 

R6i^6>K!;E:iBs$^3:S$ 

i^3]i?1;1i3¥?i3:3JjMiiM^ 

siiovAkiAlffl!;!! E!MB§3;!! m  Zmi;B!!:!  mMiBMMmi 

^ H j ^ ^ S ^ j i : » 3 s i l » 5J 

ROMANIA 
ttiwy^^ii^»:5li^";!>^ 

2,750,000 

IRAQ 

IRAQ 

<2) 

A S IA 

EEEEEEEEE-:E;E 

A WE  E: ;E; ?• ;• • ?;>; »•»• 

&wmm 
BANGLADESH 
CAJMBO^HSHEIIKS 
CHWA 
JBAH;':':!iH;1W3£  :! 1!%%•£&x!;^!§!^!H!!:;  i;!-:;^;W-;:li:!?!:!!l>JP. 
MOIA 
W0V*4fcSW:^::T::";:::>>w;-&:-is':::;r:f":"^^^ 
LAOS 
MtMtiMM^MMm 

MW& MWB^MM  MM 

51.61S.000 
MMMMmW.&M& 
3 5 0 , 0 00 

» S S j 5 : v ^ i f t i S 8 ^ S &j 
3 0 0 , 0 00 

^MMMMa&w^ 

4 9 0 , 0 00 
ff»^3Sii^»*S^ii&J 
2.02O.0O0 

? * ^ ^ ^ ^ j j ^ 3 ^ m K J ) 6^ 

rtQ&XK « 3 » E A ! ! !; & ? & & &; j & i! $&  &1! f Si ^ M i ls II i* M  j;1r; j* M i? 
PHIJPPWES 
wJuS^l^j^-!^3^^»^M3i^?M^K:^J^Ka^ 
T H A 1 A ND 
WETWAM: ; $:i H- » S $E  j; ; B W M ^ i; £?! J?JJ-: ?ii1S(^i! ;11 

3^i?^^-;;i1KamobO; 

9 8 0 . 0 00 

;!:! m W ^ M M $ 0 M^ 
3 . 2 5 0 , 0 00 
i ! : W n ^ S f c ^ ! ^; 

A S IA 
Ap6HAN^TAN::i:i !!!t; sis?!  ;!!!'!i;i^!!::! 
BANGLADESH 
S5iftis^iii^«?S 
CHfNA 

!! i; :•!!!:!.!! 

62.536.0O0 

\M  \m  i: !t9^7TOio«>; 

! iri! "•  Wii-

8.4 5 0 . 0 00 
:V;:Ufi!^IIV;lH?»:1S(^i6oSi 
4 , 7 3 0 , 0 00 

MDIA 
•iSS^iS^lSSji^tK^s^S 
LAOS 

NEPAL 
NW^;K0^ji?ii^;1;1ji^;;;1^ 
P H L r p M ES 
^:i t A i ^™ E l ; ? 1 ? ^^ 
T H A K A ND 

v l E ? i | a ^ £ K^ 

1,732.000 

; ! = : 1 ; ^ ^ i ! ^ ^ H ^ ^ i S wJ 

B90.000 

1 7 5 . 0 00 
;! ; l H ; m f f l ; E l ^ * ^ i OW; 
1,700.000 

^ » ^ M J j ^ » ^ S o j « i « !' 
4 , 6 4 4 . 0 00 
'liMM^mMi^^ocir: 

NORTH AFRICA/ryilpDLE EAST 

ie.iso.ooo 

NORTH  AFRICA/MIDDLE  EAST 

32.0O0.O00 

«1GC»^.;HE1!:HE:E!.!! j -: ;•:'%%& SJ;. • •  ^3? 3 : > ^ : i: i! • •; !!;;:?;:H3: Jy::.;.; ;3:7 ::J; 
j; 

^ -• |;; ?: ioa^pop; 

J b « i M * ; " ; $ ; > n ^ y % £ £$ 
LEBANON 
PALEST KEASHAEt^::3.;;:;3^;;;;^;?:-;i^ 

!y;!iy!!:!;!-!ii?;3:!!!y;f!:^pw! 

3.500.000 

W  6;*»ia»:: 

ALGGtiiA;-E;U;EE^ W^MBM&W^ 
EGYPT 

S»bA«!}^ij?!3^^i!Ki!iHJ^ 
LEBANON 

SYRIAN  ARAB  REPUBLIC 
rowc^!;;;:'!-;::;;"!!:^ •!:!!! 
YEMEN 

LATIN  AMERICA 

BOLIVIA 
BRA2£i:i!l!H!!!il!!!-!l:!!iii!HI-:l!i;i;j;:ii^ 
COLOMBIA 
cuBA'!!!!;!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;:!!!!!!!;:;!!;!;;!^:!!-;;;;;;!!! 
ECUADOR 
G U A T E M A L A i l l i i i l l l h : ; ; ; ; .^ 
HONDURAS 
M C T ^ ; ! ! ; i ; ! i ! i ; ;:; ! ! ! ; ! ; i ! ! .! :!!!•!!!!!!!!!!;.!;!!!! 
NICARAGUA 
pARAGi>Av;!:!ii:!;!::!!;!iy:i:i!;!Hiii;!;!;^ 
PERU 

General  Studio* 

***** 

InloimBton 

D n a i tM  Pr*pw«dna>* 

Miacelbnsoua 
GRAND T O T A1 

• : ; • ; - .-

3 0 . 0 6 5 . 0 00 

3 . 6 0 0 , 0 00 
!!b:!i!!!!!!M!!!!!!!!H!!!^obb! 
4.500.0OO 
i;i!; ? i ; ; ; ;:i!;ii;!!;!!ioi asoibbb; 
3.O75.0O0 
E:i:.: i : : : :: B^09p!.bbb: 
90O.O0O 

!. • •!!»! 260.000; 
2,800.000 
::H:;.i;i^::::::.::i::>::"?ibi66b: 
5.300.000 

LATIN  A M E R I CA 
ABC^riw;;;;:':;!"f^ii:;!f!!Ui;;i; 
BOLIVIA 
B S A ^ E - I J I - l l l H ^ I :^ 
COLOMBIA 
cuBAT-;;;;!;.!;:i;;i;JE;!!!!!i.:;!;!;;!;;,i;; 
ECUADOR 
c H J A T E M A L A ' ! ! ! ! ! i i i ; ; ! ! ; ! ; : ; ; !:! ! ! ; : ; ; i ; ; ; ! ^ !^ 
HONDURAS 
MBQCOE::::;:r::::VV;::::::;V;:;;:::E:;V;E:::::E-^^ 
NICARAGUA 
w ( M ^ A Y : i K i ! ! ; i : i ; ; ! : i ! ! ! ; : : : ! i : ; i !^ 
PERU 
URUGUAY!!!:!!;:;;!!!!;i;!;!!i:!;;:!i!!;:!'! 

Gonaral  Studaa 
Co-ordmalion and monrtotmg 
ECHOFLK3HT  (M  iranapon) 
E**(u*|ion 
Epidemic* 

b i H cd  infaatation. 
Diaaalaf  Pmpandne** 
Humonns  "Gnoigoa" 
llunicwH  " M r t r t i" 
Miaoo Ibnaoua 
QRANDTOTAL::  .;::::;;:-.  . • ; : . ; ": 

494.50O 

1.400.000 

2.Q35.O00 

7.034.O0O 

150,000 

}}[\\\-}-\:\\\}:\:.441411.954; 

^ 

W$!! Jl 1 il! ^11!!!: 

i •!;:! i^fflbibboi; 

330.000 
;;;:!!!;!!!^;!3.!!!!!!!!;!iy^«»! 

4 . 3 0 0 , 0 00 

6 0 0 , 0 00 
!;;;!y!H!!!!:J;;l!!!!!!!!!^!ooo! 
1.570.000 

3 2 . 3 2 5 . 0 00 

!!;;!;!;.3;!;!;]!;;;.;!;;;;;^;dw; 

1,950,000 

!!x;;.-!!!!!!!!H;!;!!:!i!^)bbi6o6.; 

6.5O0.O00 

;!;;;;;;;!!!!.!;!!;.;!!!!!a^^;boo! 
?.ooo.ooo 
!!!;:;!;!!;!!:i;;;i!!!;!i^ib;boo; 

1,405,000 

;!!ii;;;iji!;:!;;!!;;!:izvi5b:oob; 
1.560, OOO 
;;:;;;:i;:i!!!!;;;;;!;!i!r5i»;6bo:; 
3.9 5O.O0O 
;;;;!!!j!!;;;;;;;:!ii;:!!!!3ob!bo6; 

426.O0O 
n . 0 0 0 , 0 00 
9.50O.0OO 
1.000,000 
2.50O.00O 
3 , 9 2 0 , 0 00 
l.tOO.OOO 
8 , 0 0 0 , 0 00 
2.8O0.0O0 
I6.3O0.0O0 
340.O6O 

; ':' . ; ; ; . : ; - ;:; ;;: 5 i 7 . 6 5 2 , 0 60 

30 

ANNEX 6 

1998 

ECU 

\ 

• 

IN  %  OF 
TOTAL 

1 8 . 9 4 3 , 5 67 

2 8 2 , 5 00 

1 , 1 5 1 , 4 75 

2 0 , 3 7 7 , 5 42 

4 . 4% 

0  1% 

0  3% 

4 . 8% 

0 

0 

0 

2 . 2 5 0 , 0 00 

0 

0 

1 3 5 , 0 00 

3 0 0 , 0 00 

2 , 6 8 5 , 0 00 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 5% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 1% 

0 . 6% 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 . 0% 

•  0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

2 , 8 0 5 , 6 72 

2 6 , 4 9 5 , 5 69 

5 , 7 6 3 , 8 00 

9 3 2 , 0 00 

0 . 7% 

6 . 2% 

1 . 3% 

0 . 2% 

EC CONTRACTS  FOR  HUMANITARIAN  ASSISTANCE  IN  1993  - 9 4 - 9 5 - 9 6 - 9 7 - 98  (Financial  Years) 

TYPE  OF 

CONTRACT 

1993 

1994 

1995 

1996 

ECU 

ECU 

ECU 

ECU 

1997 

ECU 

INK,  OF 
TOTAL 

N  %  OF 
TOTAL 

EC  COMMISSION-DIRECT 
C O M M I S S I O N / E C HO 

C O M M I S S I O N / A EC 

D E L E G A T I O N S : :: 

SUBTOTAL 

M E M B ER  S T A T ES  S P E C I A L I Z ED  A G E N C I ES 

B E L G I UM 

D E N M A RK 

F R A N CE 

G E R M A NY 

N E T H E R L A N DS 

S P A IN 

S W E D EN 

UK 

SUBTOTAL 

O T H ER  G O V E R N M E N TS 

P H I U P P W ES 

FIJI 
C R O A T I A / M A C E D O N IA 

SUBTOTAL 

EC  N G Os 

( 11 

A U S T R IA 

B E L G I UM 

D E N M A RK 

F I N L A ND 

F R A N CE 

G E R M A NY 

GREECE 

I R E L A ND 

I T A LY 

L U X E M B O U RG 

N E T H E R L A N DS 

P O R T U G AL 

S P A IN 

S W E D EN 

UK 

SUBTOTAL 

O T H ER  N G Os 

( 1) 

N O R W AY 
A U S T R A L IA 

F R A N CE 

S W I T Z E R L A ND 

U SA 

SUBTOTAL 

L O C AL  N G Os 

( 1) 

B O L I V IA 

I R A Q-  M I SC  -  1 9 90 

H A I TI 

J A M A I CA 

L E B A N ON 

O C C.  T E R R I T O RY  (ISRL) 

SUBTOTAL 

U N I T ED  N A T I O NS 

U N C HS 
VW^ifMM;n[M!:E=M:i;;:M;:E:^Hi!!M;El::!:M!;::::M==;EE=:-:=E:;:=:;;E 
F AO 
WHO^;;:^;;;ii;;i;ii;::;::;:;;^;:::::::h:-^^ 
U N H CR 
UN1CEF;  ;;:-':;;::\::-::'.:. 
U N DP 
UNESCO:: :':
U N R WA 
U N O C H A; 
U N D HA 
;: 
P A HO 
S P E C I AL  UN  O P E R A T I O NS  ( I O M| 

;;^";'::'-:^";:;-:i 

SUBTOTAL 

O T H ER 

I N T E R N A T I O N AL  O R G. 

I C RC 

FIRC 

I N T E R N A T I O N AL 

C A R I T AS 
I N T E R N A T I O N AL  M A N A G E M E NT  G R O UP 
LUTHERAN WORLD FEDERATION 
O R G A N I Z A T I ON  OF  A M E R I C AN  S T A T ES 

T HE  W O R LD  C O U N C IL  OF  C H U R C H ES 

W EU 

K>M 

SUBTOTAL 

OcoomnnnKnti 
Other. 

TOTAL 

4 5 . 3 2 4 , 3 21 

1 0 4 . 3 8 1 . 8 38 

8 7 . 2 8 9 , 3 68 

5 0 . 3 6 6 , 7 96 

8 , 3 1 8 . 6 45 

1 . 5 5 2 , 0 00 

1 1 . 5 8 1 , 5 77 

1 1 , 4 8 8 . 9 19 

8 . 7 2 9 , 4 71 

2 6 2 , 0 00 

7 4 0 . 0 00 

6 8 6 , 0 50 

5 5 . 1 9 4 . 9 66 

1 1 6 , 2 2 5 , 4 15 

9 9 , 5 1 8 , 2 87 

5 9 , 7 8 2 , 3 17 

2 5 , 0 00 

4 . 6 4 8 , 0 00 

6 . 6 0 0 , 0 00 

0 

0 

1 0 0 , 0 00 

5 0 0 , 0 00 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 . 7 0 0 , 0 00 

5 , 6 0 0 , 0 00 

1 5 , 4 7 0 . 0 00 

7 5 0 , 0 00 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 2 9 , 0 00 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 , 5 2 1 . 1 95 

5 . 2 4 6 . 1 95 

7 9 6 , 0 00 

1 . 3 2 0 . 0 00 

1 1 , 7 7 3 , 0 00 

2 3 . 3 9 0 . 0 00 

0 

0 

2 . 4 7 0 , 0 00 

5 0 0 , 0 00 

3 . 7 2 0 . 0 00 

0 

4 0 0 . 0 00 

1 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 00 

1 0 . 4 0 0 , 0 00 

0 

0 

1 , 8 0 0 , 0 00 

1 . 8 0 0 , 0 00 

1 1 9 . 5 78 

0 

0 

1 1 9 , 5 78 

0 

0 

0 

0 

NA 

6 2 5 . 0 00 

1 , 6 8 0 , 0 00 

2 . 2 3 3 , 0 00 

2 5 , 0 9 8 , 3 53 

3 5 . 2 5 6 , 8 10 

3 4 . 7 4 0 , 0 00 

3 0 . 3 7 0 , 9 28 

4 8 . 7 2 4 , 0 57 

2 7 . 1 2 8 , 0 00 

1 1 , 3 4 3 , 0 00 

NA 

. 

0 

2 8 0 , 0 00 

7 . 2 5 2 . 5 17 

1 . 2 5 5 , 0 00 

7 . 9% 

1 . 4% 

0 . 1% 

9 . 3% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 1% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 4% 

0 . 1% 

0 . 6% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 3% 

4 . 7% 

1 . 1% 

0 . 2% 

2 4 . 7 7 4 , 5 40 

7 . 3 6 6 , 9 60 

3 , 0 2 3 , 6 00 

3 5 , 1 6 5 . 1 00 

2 , 0 5 0 , 0 00 

0 

0 

9 . 2 1 8 . 0 00 

4 0 , 0 00 

0 

5 8 5 , 0 00 

0 

1 1 , 8 9 3 . 0 00 

0. 

0 

0 

0 

6 , 1 5 9 , 0 00 

2 4 , 2 2 7 , 3 70 

6 , 9 7 8 , 5 74 

2 , 2 4 5 , 0 00 

5 . 7% 

1 . 7% 

0 . 7% 

8 . 0% 

0 . 5% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

2 . 1% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 1% 

0 . 0% 

2 . 7% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

1 . 4% 

5 . 5% 

1 . 6% 

0 . 5% 

8 8 , 6 3 4 , 7 11 

1 1 0 . 9 4 2 , 7 99 

1 1 0 , 1 0 2 , 0 14 

1 0 0 . 1 9 4 , 0 21 

1 5 . 7% 

7 1 , 8 3 4 , 2 69 

1 6 . 4% 

5 1 , 4 0 7 , 5 07 

1 2 . 0% 

2 3 . 0 6 9 , 7 00 

2 3 . 7 5 7 . 3 80 

2 2 . 5 7 9 . 0 00 

1 8 . 0 5 0 , 0 81 

8 8 6 . 5 00 

9 8 0 , 0 00 

9 1 5 . 7 50 

1 , 0 2 6 , 0 00 

2 . 3 3 5 , 2 50 

3 . 4 1 3 , 0 00 

1 , 1 5 0 , 0 00 

3 . 2 0 3 , 3 91 

1 6 , 4 0 6 , 9 61 

1 8 , 9 0 1 , 2 37 

2 8 . 1 3 7 , 5 56 

2 2 , 5 7 3 , 0 00 

0 

4 4 5 , 2 66 

1 5 . 2 1 2 , 7 95 

2 4 , 6 9 1 . 9 93 

8 6 2 . 9 90 

1 . 9 4 5 , 0 00 

1 . 0 8 5 , 7 21 
2 8 . 5 0 7 , 9 10 

3 , 3 8 0 . 7 20 

1 9 , 0 2 1 , 8 32 

2 1 . 5 1 6 , 3 75 

2 2 , 0 1 2 . 5 00 

NA 

3 5 0 , 0 00 

1 . 4 5 0 , 0 00 

2 3 . 6 0 6 , 8 51 

3 4 . 0 5 4 , 6 23 

4 2 . 4 9 7 , 7 55 

0 

2 0 . 7 9 0 , 0 00 

1 . 3 9 6 , 0 00 

2 4 . 3 2 5 . 1 51 

4 , 9 0 5 , 0 00 
4 2 , 7 7 8 , 6 44 

2 . 8% 

0 . 2% 

0 . 5% 

3 . 5% 

0 . 0% 

3 . 2% 

0 . 2% 

3 . 8% 

0 . 8% 

6 . 7% 

2 4 , 7 4 0 , 8 40 

1 , 5 5 5 , 0 00 

1 . 4 1 0 , 9 00 

5 . 7% 

0 . 4% 

0 . 3% 

2 6 , 1 8 3 . 8 00 

1 . 2 7 0 , 0 00 

3 , 0 7 0 , 0 00 

4 6 , 7 0 6 , 2 24 

1 0 . 7% 

3 7 , 6 2 1 , 0 08 

2 6 1 , 5 29 

1 7 , 7 6 8 , 4 66 

3 . 0 7 6 , 1 08 

3 6 , 2 3 7 , 8 00 

2 , 4 6 1 , 2 94 

3 0 , 8 9 6 , 9 40 

0 . 1% 

4 . 1% 

0 . 7% 

8 . 3% 

0 . 6% 

7 . 1% 

1 4 5 , 0 00 

1 8 , 4 4 3 . 0 00 

8 0 0 , 0 00 

3 9 . 7 2 4 , 5 73 

1 . 4 5 5 . 1 00 

4 0 . 5 0 1 , 4 13 

6 . 1% 

0 . 3% 

0 . 7% 

8 . 8% 

0 . 0% 

4 . 3% 

0 . 2% 

9  3% 

0 . 3% 

9 . 5% 

2 6 2 . 5 5 0 , 7 50 

3 0 2 , 9 2 9 , 7 33 

3 1 2 , 1 2 4 , 9 26 

2 8 0 , 4 7 6 , 7 33 

4 3 . 8% 

2 7 6 . 5 5 9 , 3 14 

6 3 . 2% 

2 5 6 , 6 1 8 . 4 42 

6 0 . 0% 

0 

0 

0 

7 4 4 , 6 92 

1 , 6 7 9 , 5 65 

2 , 4 2 4 . 2 57 

1 7 5 , 0 00 

2 , 5 2 0 , 0 00 

0 

0 

8 0 0 . 0 00 

1 , 2 4 5 , 0 00 

4 , 7 4 0 , 0 00 

4 , 1 7 0 . 0 00 

1 , 5 4 2 . 9 44 

3 , 4 2 1 , 0 00 

2 5 0 , 0 00 

0 

1 , 2 3 7 , 1 40 

1 , 3 2 5 . 0 00 

6 . 9 8 2 . 1 40 

0 

0 

3 . 2 1 1 . 5 00 

1 , 5 2 5 . 0 00 

6 , 2 7 9 . 4 44 

2 5 0 , 0 00 

1 . 2 0 0 . 0 00 

3 , 0 8 8 , 0 00 

3 , 7 7 6 . 8 30 

1 1 , 7 3 5 . 8 30 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

6 0 0 , 0 00 

6 0 0 , 0 00 

0 

0 

0 

1 3 , 4 44 

0 

1 , 5 0 0 , 0 00 

1 . 5 1 3 . 4 44 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

7 0 0 , 0 00 

: ; : 7 i ; 3 1 8 , 7 8 t: 

:::::::47,355^7:16; 

: ; : : : 3 2 i 6 7 B ^ 0 0 0: 

; : : : : 7 5 ; 3 9 0 , 9 9 6 : :: 

8 6 8 , 0 00 

0 

4 9 3 , 5 00 

0 

9 , 2 5 0 , 0 0 0: 

::;:::::::::::500;000: 

;i:;;:iE;:;:;;500^000; 

J:;! 

: : 3 . 1 3 5 , 0 0 0; 

8 7 , 9 5 5 , 3 54 

1 7 7 , 3 3 6 . 4 29 

1 1 5 , 5 9 5 , 5 00 

1 2 9 . 3 7 1 . 0 00 

1 3 , 6 3 1 , 5 9 8: 

: ; : : : : 1 1 , 9 0 8 ; i 3 5: 

:;!:  ; : : 7 , 9 3 9 , 0 b o; 

:::; 

: 8 ; 5 2 0 , 0 0 0 >: 

0 

. : • :• 

: \:v : . 0; 
6 , 0 0 0 , 0 00 

0 
:;:::;::::;:;;:::::/;::::::;0: 

4 5 0 , 0 00 

5 7 5 , 0 00 

0 

;:^ ; - K : : ! M:: - : : ; : ; ; " ' : O' 
2 4 0 , 0 00 

v'-:";::'.."-:-:;.;:  .0  :: 

1 , 5 6 0 , 0 00 

0 . 5% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 2% 

0 . 5% 

0 . 6% 

1 . 8% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 1% 
!1:1:i8»: 
0 . 0% 
;:;o.5% 
2 0 . 2% 

:'!:i;:3% 
0 . 0% 
;: o.o% 
0 . 2% 

• 

-.::.:::.-:0; 

: Y ^ : ' ^ X ; ; : ' : : / : : : ^ 0: 

.^••::\li:^-:\.[:;0-

: 

0  • 

0 . 0% 

0 
•••• :0;: 

4 0 2 . 1 75 

5 4 8 , 1 66 

0 

2 , 1 4 9 . 4 50 

:.:: ^  : : : 9 1 0 . 0 0 0: 

1 3 0 , 0 00 

7 0 0 , 0 00 

5 7 0 , 8 00 

5 5 0 , 0 00 

0 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

2 , 1 5 5 . 0 00 

0 

0 

2 , 2 3 5 , 0 00 

5 , 0 2 4 , 0 00 

9 , 4 1 4 . 0 00 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 . 5% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 5% 

1 . 1% 

2 . 2% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

1 , 0 8 5 , 0 00 

0 

O 

3 , 4 9 5 , 0 00 

1 0 , 1 5 5 , 0 00 

1 4 , 7 3 5 , 0 00 

0 

0 

5 0 0 . 0 00 

0 

0 

0 

5 0 0 . 0 00 

0 . 3% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 8% 

2 . 4% 

3 . 4% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 1% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 1% 

0 

0 . 0% 

; ; : N ; 2 4 , 4 5 0 , 5 6 7 :: 

::;f5;6%: 

8 0 0 , 0 00 

'  0 . 2% 

0 
:;:!:;  1 7 . 9 5 0 . 0 0 0: 
0 

0 . 0% 

I ; : : E \ 4 : 2% 

0 . 0% 

;:;:.:;:;;;:::380,6o6;: 

: : : : o . : i% 

: : : . : : 1 , 0 3 0 . 0 0 0: 

: : : : : 0 , 2% 

3 1 , 0 6 5 , 0 00 

7 . 1% 

5 1 , 3 2 9 , 0 00 

1 2 . 0% 

• ; ; ; i 6 , 8 i ; i ; 7 0 3 :: 

E i : i ; 6% 

; 

1 3 , 4 4 5 , 0 00 

.-'•;;• 3 . 1% 

0 
::::0.: 

0 . 0% 

1 , 0 2 0 , 0 00 

0 . 2% 

• ••  0 . 0% 

. 

3 , 0 00 

: : 0 . 0% 

6 0 0 , 0 00 

0 . 1% 

0 

0 . 0% 

:;:  0. 

:  0 : 0% 

•  . •"  '  3 2 . 0 00 

- 0 . 0% 

1 0 0 . 0 00 

0 . 0% 

0 

0 . 0% 

•:.:.: 

1 7 6 . 0 00 

. 0 . 0% 

1 , 5 3 0 , 0 00 

0 

0 . 0% 

0 

.':  . 0 . 4% 
0 . 0% 

1 8 9 , 7 2 3 . 7 33 

2 4 0 . 6 7 2 . 7 05 

1 6 0 , 0 2 6 . 1 66 

2 1 8 . 8 0 6 . 9 96 

3 4 . 2% 

6 4 . 3 8 3 , 2 70 

1 4 . 7% 

8 6 . 3 3 9 . 0 00 

2 0 . 2% 

3 8 , 0 0 6 , 8 20 

:  3 2 . 3 2 7 , 0 00 

5 3 . 2 6 5 , 0 00 

4 0 . 3 4 8 , 0 00 

2 6 . 0 0 1 . 1 35 

3 7 , 1 6 3 , 6 03 

2 2 . 2 8 5 , 0 66 

1 9 . 3 0 8 , 4 00 

4 9 1 , 5 60 

0 

3 . 1 6 0 , 4 40 
0 

1 . 0 0 0 , 0 00 

0 

0 

0 

0 
2,852,105 
1 0 7 . 7 30 

9 2 . 1 04 

0 

0 

0 

0 
1,069,286 
6 3 6 . 6 76 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 . 7 3 7 . 4 00 

1 . 0 0 3 , 7 70 
2 2 1 . 8 00 

0 

0 

2 21 

6 . 3% 

3 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 7% 
0.2% 
0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

2 0 . 2 1 0 . 0 00 

1 3 . 3 6 3 , 0 00 

0 

5 . 5 1 0 , 0 00 

9 8 6 , 0 00 
3 6 4 . 9 00 

0 

4 , 0 00 

0 

6 8 , 6 5 9 , 9 55 

7 2 , 5 4 2 , 5 42 

7 7 , 2 5 6 , 0 28 

6 5 , 6 2 5 . 5 91 

1 0 . 3% 

4 0 , 4 3 7 . 9 00 

4 . 6% 

3 . 1% 

0 . 0% 

1 . 3% 
.0.2% 
0 . 1% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

9 . 2% 

1 4 , 2 1 7 . 8 50 

2 4 , 2 8 2 , 1 00 

0 

7 . 3 0 7 , 0 00 
750,000 
0 

0 

0 

0 

3 . 3% 

5 . 7% 

0 , 0% 

1 . 7% 
0.2% 
0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

0 . 0% 

4 6 . 5 5 6 , 9 50 

1 0 . 9% 

( 9 8 5 , 6 8 8) 

•597.954. 

168 

753,525.535 

680.22 

7.873 

640. 

J47.467 

100%, 

43 

7,852.584 

100% 

427.811.934 

100%, 

(II  NCLUDNG  NATIONAL  RED  CROSS  ASSOCIATIONS 
C?l  A  Fill  I  nill'AKDOWN  of 

I O KI  PA NINTH!;  CAN  l!l'  IOI1ND  IN  FCIIO'S  O I I A H i n tl  Y  STATISTICS 

o?A 

ISSN  0254-1475 

COM(1999) 367  final 

DOCUMENTS 

EN 

11  16  01  10 

Catalogue number : CB-CO-99-371-EN-C 

Office  for Official  Publications of the European  Communities 

L-2985  Luxembourg