Commission Directive 98/53/EC of 16 July 1998 laying down the sampling methods and the methods of analysis for the official control of the levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs (Text with EEA relevance)
Date: 1998-07-16
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: food inspection, foodstuff, foodstuffs legislation, human nutrition, toxic substance

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COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 98/53/EC

of 16 July 1998

laying down the sampling methods and the methods of analysis for the official
control of the levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs

(Text with EEA relevance)

THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,

necessary to provide a suitable period to apply these
provisions;

Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European
Community,

Having regard to Council Directive 85/591/EEC of 20
December 1985 concerning the introduction of Com-
munity methods of sampling and analysis for the mon-
itoring of foodstuffs intended for human consumption (1),
and in particular Article 1 thereof,

Whereas Commission Regulation (EC) No 1525/98 of 16
July 1998, amending Commission Regulation (EC) No
194/97 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants
in foodstuffs (2) fixes maximum limits for aflatoxins in
certain foodstuffs;

Whereas Council Directive 93/99/EEC of 29 October
1993 on the subject of additional measures concerning
the official control of foodstuffs (3) introduces a system of
quality standards for laboratories entrusted by the Member
States with the official control of foodstuffs;

Whereas sampling plays a crucial part in the precision of
the determination of the levels of the aflatoxins which are
very heterogeneously distributed in a lot;

Whereas Member States will have to modify their
methods of sampling gradually in order to comply with
the provisions laid down in the Annexes to this Directive
by the time the Directive has to be applied; whereas it is,
therefore, appropriate to examine regularly with the
Member States the application of these provisions;

Whereas the measures provided for in this Directive are
in accordance with the opinion of
the Standing
Committee on Foodstuffs,

HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:

Article 1

The Member States shall take all measures necessary to
ensure that the sampling for the official control of the
levels of aflatoxins in foodstuffs is carried out in accord-
ance with the methods described in Annex I of
this
Directive.

Article 2

Whereas it seems necessary to fix general criteria which
the method of analysis has to comply with in order to
ensure that laboratories,
the control, use
methods of analysis with comparable levels of perfor-
mance;

in charge of

The Member States shall take all measures necessary to
ensure that sample preparation and methods of analyses
used for the official control of the levels of aflatoxins in
foodstuffs comply with the criteria described in Annex II
of this Directive.

Whereas the provisions for the sampling and methods of
analysis have been drawn up on the basis of present
knowledge and they may be adapted to take account of
advances in scientific and technological knowledge;

Whereas the methods of sampling used currently by the
competent authorities largely differ in the Member States;
whereas the competent authorities in certain Member
States are not in a position to apply all the provisions of
this Directive in a short time; whereas it is, therefore,

(1) OJ L 372, 31. 12. 1985, p. 50.
(2) See page 43 of this Official Journal.
(3) OJ L 290, 24. 11. 1993, p. 14.

Article 3

The Member States shall, not later than 31 December
2000, bring into force the laws, regulations or administra-
tive provisions necessary to comply with the provisions of
this Directive. They shall forthwith notify the Commis-
sion thereof.

When Member States adopt these provisions, the provi-
sions shall contain a reference to this Directive or shall be
accompanied by such reference at the time of their offi-
cial publication. The procedure for such reference shall be
adopted by Member States.

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Article 4

This Directive shall enter into force on the 20th day following its publication in the Offi-
cial Journal of the European Communities.

This Directive is addressed to the Member States.

Done at Brussels, 16 July 1998.

For the Commission

Franz FISCHLER

Member of the Commission

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Methods of sampling for official checking control of the levels of aflatoxins in certain foodstuffs

ANNEX I

1.

Purpose and scope

Samples intended for official checking of the levels of aflatoxin content in foodstuffs shall be taken ac-
cording to the methods described below. Aggregate samples thus obtained shall be considered as repres-
entative of the lots. Compliance with maximum limits laid down in Commission Regulation (EC) No
1525/98 shall be established on the basis of the levels determined in the laboratory samples.

2.

Definitions

Lot:

Sublot:

an identifiable quantity of a food commodity delivered at one time and
determined by the official to have common characteristics, such as
origin, variety, type of packing, packer, consignor or markings.

designated part of a large lot in order to apply the sampling method on
that designated part. Each sublot must be physically separate and identi-
fiable.

Incremental sample:

a quantity of material taken from a single place in the lot or sublot.

Aggregate sample:

the combined total of all the incremental samples taken from the lot or
sublot.

Laboratory sample:

sample intended for the laboratory (=subsample).

3.

General provisions

3.1.

Personnel

Sampling shall be performed by an authorised person as specified by the Member States.

3.2.

Material to be sampled

Each lot which is to be examined must be sampled separately. In accordance with the specific provisions
in point 5 of this Annex, large lots should be subdivided into sublots to be sampled separately.

3.3.

Precautions to be taken

In the course of sampling and preparation of the laboratory samples precautions must be taken to avoid
any changes which would affect the aflatoxin content, adversely affect the analytical determination or make
the aggregate samples unrepresentative.

3.4.

Incremental samples

As far as possible incremental samples should be taken at various places distributed throughout the lot or
sublot. Departure from this procedure must be recorded in the record provided for in 3.8.

3.5.

Preparation of the aggregate sample and the laboratory samples (subsamples)

The aggregate sample is made up by uniting and sufficiently mixing the incremental samples. After
mixing, the aggregate sample must be divided into equal subsamples in accordance with the specific provi-
sions of point 5 of this Annex.

The mixing is necessary to ensure that each subsample contains portions of the whole lot or sublot.

3.6.

Replicate samples

The replicate samples for enforcement, trade (defence) and referee purposes are to be taken from the
homogenised laboratory sample, unless this conflicts with Member States’ rules on sampling.

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3.7.

Packaging and transmission of laboratory samples

Each laboratory sample shall be placed in a clean, inert container offering adequate protection from con-
tamination and against damage in transit. All necessary precautions shall be taken to avoid any change in
composition of the laboratory sample which might arise during transportation or storage.

3.8.

Sealing and labelling of laboratory samples

Each sample taken for official use shall be sealed at the place of sampling and identified following the
Member State’s regulations. A record must be kept of each sampling, permitting each lot to be identified
unambiguously and giving the date and place of sampling together with any additional information likely
to be of assistance to the analyst.

4.

Explanatory provisions

4.1.

Different types of lots

Food commodities may be traded in bulk, containers, or individual packings (sacks, bags, retail packings,
etc.). The sampling procedure can be applied to all the different forms in which the commodities are put
on the market.

Without prejudice to the specific provisions as laid down in point 5 of this Annex, the following formula
can be used as a guide for the sampling of lots traded in individual packings (sacks, bags, retail packings,
etc.):

Sampling frequency (SF) =

— Weight: in kg

Weight of the lot (cid:253) weight of the incremental sample

Weight of the aggregate sample (cid:253) weight of individual packing

Sampling frequency (SF): every nth sack or bag from which an incremental sample must be taken (decimal figures
should be rounded to the nearest whole number).

4.2.

Weight of the incremental sample

The weight of the incremental sample should be about 300 grams, unless otherwise defined in point 5 of
this Annex. In the case of lots in retail packings, the weight of the incremental sample depends on the
weight of the retail packing.

4.3.

Number of incremental samples for lots of less than 15 tonnes

The number of incremental samples to be taken depends on the weight of the lot, with a minimum of 10
and a maximum of 100, unless otherwise defined in point 5 of this Annex. The figures in the following
table may be used to determine the number of incremental samples to be taken.

Table 1: Number of incremental samples to be taken depending on the weight of the lot

Lot weight
(tonnes)

@ 0,1
; 0,1 - @ 0,2
; 0,2 - @ 0,5
; 0,5 - @ 1,0
; 1,0 - @ 2,0
; 2,0 - @ 5,0
; 5,0 - @ 10,0
; 10,0 - @ 15,0

No of incremental samples

10

15

20

30

40

60

80

100

5.

Specific provisions

5.1.

General survey of the sampling procedure for groundnuts, nuts, dried fruit and cereals

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Table 2: Subdivision of lots into sublots depending on product and lot weight

Commodity

Lot weight
(tonnes)

Weight or number
of sublots

Number
of incremental
samples

Aggregate
sample
Weight (kg)

30
@ 30

30

30

30
@ 30

30

30

30

Dried figs and other dried
fruit

A 15
: 15

15-30 tonnes

100

—

10-100 (*)

Groundnuts,
Brazil nuts and other nuts

pistachios,

A 500
; 125 and : 500
A 15 and @ 125
: 15

100 tonnes

5 sublots

25 tonnes

100

100

100

—

10-100 (*)

Cereals

A 1 500
; 300 and : 1 500
A 50 and @ 300
: 50

500 tonnes

3 sublots

100 tonnes

100

100

100

—

10-100 (*)

1-10

(*) Depending on the lot weight — see point 4.3 or 5.3 of this Annex.

5.2.

Groundnuts, pistachios and Brazil nuts

Dried figs

Cereals (lots A 50 tonnes)

5.2.1.

Sampling procedure

— On condition that the sublot can be separated physically, each lot must be subdivided into sublots
following Table 2 at point 5.1. Taking into account that the weight of the lot is not always an exact
multiple of the weight of the sublots, the weight of the sublot may exceed the mentioned weight by a
maximum of 20 %,

— each sublot must be sampled separately,

— number of incremental samples: 100. In the case of lots under 15 tonnes, the number of incremental
samples to be taken depends on the weight of the lot, with a minimum of 10 and a maximum of 100
(see point 4.3),

— weight of the aggregate sample = 30 kg which has to be mixed and to be divided into three equal
subsamples of 10 kg before grinding (this division into three subsamples is not necessary in the case of
groundnuts, nuts and dried fruit intended for further sorting or other physical treatment, however, this
will depend upon the availability of equipment which is able to homogenise a 30 kg sample). In cases
where the aggregate sample weights are under 10 kg, the aggregate sample must not be divided into
three subsamples,

— laboratory sample: a subsample of 10 kg (each subsample must be separately ground finely and mixed
thoroughly to achieve complete homogenisation, in accordance with the provisions laid down in Annex
II),

— if it is not possible to carry out the method of sampling described above because of the commercial
consequences resulting from damage to the lot (because of packaging forms, means of transport, etc.) an
alternative method of sampling may be applied provided that it is as representative as possible and is
fully described and documented.

5.2.2.

Acceptance of a lot or sublot

— For groundnuts, nuts and dried fruit subjected to a sorting or other physical treatment:

— acceptance if the aggregate sample or the average of the subsamples conforms to the maximum

limit,

— rejection if the aggregate sample or the average of the subsamples exceeds the maximum limit,

— for groundnuts, nuts, dried fruit and cereals intended for direct human consumption:

— acceptance if none of the subsamples exceeds the maximum limit,

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— rejection if one or more of the subsamples exceeds the maximum limit,

— where the aggregate sample is under 10 kg:

— acceptance if the aggregate sample conforms to the maximum limit,

— rejection if the aggregate sample exceeds the maximum limit.

5.3.

Nuts other than groundnuts, pistachios and Brazil nuts

Dried fruit other than figs

Cereals (lots under 50 tonnes)

5.3.1.

Sampling procedure

For these products, the sampling procedure laid down in point 5.2.1 may be applied. However, taking into
account the low incidence of contamination for these products and/or the newer forms of packaging in
which products can be traded, simpler sampling methods may be applied.

For cereal lots under 50 tonnes, a sampling plan consisting of, depending on the lot weight, 10 to 100
incremental samples each of 100 grams, resulting in an aggregate sample of 1 to 10 kg may be used. The
figures in the following table can be used to determine the number of incremental samples to be taken.

Table 3: Number of incremental samples to be taken depending on the weight of the lot of cereals

Lot weight
(tonnes)

@ 1
; 1 - @3
; 3 - @10
; 10 - @20
; 20 - @50

Number of incremental samples

10

20

40

60

100

5.3.2.

Acceptance of a lot or sublot

See point 5.2.2.

5.4.

Milk

5.4.1.

Sampling procedure

Sampling in accordance with Commission Decision 91/180/EEC of 14 February 1991 laying down certain
methods of analysis and testing of raw milk and heat-treated milk (1):

— number of incremental samples: minimum 5,

— weight of aggregate sample: minimum 0,5 kg or litres.

5.4.2.

Acceptance of a lot or sublot

— Acceptance if the aggregate sample conforms to the maximum limit,

— rejection if the aggregate sample exceeds the maximum limit.

5.5.

Derived products and compound foods

5.5.1.

Milk products

5.5.1.1. Sampling procedure

Sampling in accordance with Commission Directive 87/524/EEC of 6 October 1987 laying down Com-
munity methods of sampling for chemical analysis for the monitoring of preserved milk products (2).

Number of incremental samples: minimum 5.

For the other milk products an equivalent method of sampling is used.

(1) OJ L 93, 13. 4. 1991, p. 1.
(2) OJ L 306, 28. 10. 1987, p. 24.

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5.5.1.2. Acceptance of a lot or sublot

— Acceptance if the aggregate sample conforms to the maximum limit,

— rejection if the aggregate sample exceeds the maximum limit.

5.5.2.

Other derived products with very small particle weight, i.e. flour, fig paste, peanut butter (homogeneous
distribution of aflatoxin contamination)

5.5.2.1. Sampling procedure

— Number of incremental samples: 100. For lots of under 50 tonnes the number of incremental samples
should be 10 to 100, depending on the lot weight (see Table 3 at point 5.3.1 of this Annex),

— the weight of the incremental sample should be about 100 grams. In the case of lots in retail packing,

the weight of the incremental sample depends on the weight of the retail packing,

— weight of aggregate sample = 1-10 kg sufficiently mixed.

5.5.2.2. Number of samples to be taken

— The number of aggregate samples to be taken depends on the lot weight. The division of large lots into

sublots must be done as defined for cereals under point 5.2,

— each sublot must be sampled separately.

5.5.2.3 Acceptance of a lot or sublot

— Acceptance if the aggregate sample conforms to the maximum limit,

— rejection if the aggregate sample exceeds the maximum limit.

5.6.

Other derived products with a relatively large particle size (heterogeneous distribution of aflatoxin con-
tamination)

Sampling procedure and acceptance as defined at points 5.2 and 5.3 of this Annex for the raw agricultural
product.

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ANNEX II

Sample preparation and criteria for methods of analysis used in official checking of the levels of afla-
toxins in certain foodstuffs

1.

Introduction

1.1. Precautions

Daylight should be excluded as much as possible during the procedure, since aflatoxin gradually breaks down
under the influence of ultra-violet light. As the distribution of aflatoxin is extremely non-homogeneous,
samples should be prepared — and especially homogenised — with extreme care.

All the material received by the laboratory is to be used for the preparation of test material.

1.2. Calculation of proportion of shell/kernel of whole nuts

The limits fixed for aflatoxins in Commission Regulation (EC) No 1525/98 apply to the edible part.

The level of aflatoxins in the edible part can be determined by:

— shelling samples of nuts ‘in shell’ and the level of aflatoxins is directly determined in the edible part,

— homogenise the nuts ‘in shell’ by taking them through the sample preparation procedure. The sampling
and analytical procedure must estimate the weight of nut kernel in the aggregate sample. The weight of
nut kernel in the aggregate sample is estimated after establishing a suitable factor for the proportion of nut
shell to nut kernel in whole nuts. This proportion is used to ascertain the amount of kernel in the bulk
sample taken through the sample preparation and analysis procedure. Approximately 100 whole nuts are
taken at random separately from the lot or are to be put aside from each aggregate sample. The ratio may,
for each laboratory sample, be obtained by weighing the whole nuts, shelling and re-weighing the shell and
kernel portions. However, the proportion of shell to kernel may be established by the laboratory from a
number of samples and so can be assumed for future analytical work. But if a particular laboratory sample
is found to be in contravention of any limit, the proportion should be determined for that sample using
the approximately 100 nuts that have been set aside.

2.

Treatment of the sample as received in the laboratory

Finely grind and mix thoroughly each laboratory sample using a process that has been demonstrated to
achieve complete homogenisation.

3.

Subdivision of samples for enforcement and defence purposes

The replicate samples for enforcement, trade (defence) and referee purposes shall be taken from the homo-
genised material unless this conflicts with Member States’ rules on sampling.

4. Method of analysis to be used by the laboratory and laboratory control requirements

4.1. Definitions

A number of the most commonly used definitions that the laboratory will be required to use are given below:

The most commonly quoted precision parameters are repeatability and reproducibility.

r =

repeatability, the value below which the absolute difference between two single test results
obtained under repeatability conditions (i. e. same sample, same operator, same apparatus, same
laboratory, and short interval of time) may be expected to lie within a specific probability (typ-
ically 95 %) and hence r = 2,8 (cid:253) sr

sr =

Standard deviation, calculated from results generated under repeatability conditions

RSDr = relative standard deviation, calculated from results generated under repeatability conditions
[(Sr/x) (cid:253) 100], where x is the average of results over all laboratories and samples

R =

reproducibility, the value below which the absolute difference between single test results obtained
under reproducibility conditions (i. e. on identical material obtained by operators in different lab-
oratories, using the standardised test method) may be expected to lie within a certain probability
(typically 95 %); R = 2,8 sR

sR =

standard deviation, calculated from results under reproducibility conditions

RSDR = relative standard deviation calculated from results generated under reproducibility conditions

[(SR/x) (cid:253) 100]

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4.2. General requirements

Methods of analysis used for food control purposes must comply whenever possible with the provisions of
points 1 and 2 of the Annex to Council Directive 85/591/EEC.

4.3. Specific requirements

Where no specific methods for the determination of aflatoxin levels in foodstuffs are prescribed at Community
level, laboratories may select any method provided the selected method meets the following criteria:

Criterion

Concentration
range

Recommended
value

Maximum
permitted value

Blanks

All

Negligible

Recovery — Aflatoxin M1

Recovery — Aflatoxins B1, B2,
G1, G2

Precision RSDR

0,01-0,5 lg/L
;0,05 lg/L

:1,0 lg/L
1-10 lg/L
;10 lg/L

All

60 to 120 %

70 to 110 %

50 to 120 %

70 to 110 %

80 to 110 %

As

derived
Horwitz equation

from

2(cid:253) value derived from
Horwitz equation

Precision RSDr may be calculated as 0,66 times precision RSDR at the concentration of interest.

Notes:

— Values to apply to both B1 and sum of B1+B2+G1+G2,

— if sum of individual aflatoxins B1+B2+G1+G2 are to be reported, then response of each to the analytical

system must be either known or equivalent,

— the detection limits of the methods used are not stated as the precision values are given at the concentra-

tions of interest,

— the precision values are calculated from the Horwitz equation, i. e.:

RSDR = 2 (1-0,5 logC)

where:

— RSDR is the relative standard deviation calculated from results generated under reproducibility condi-

tions [(SR/x) (cid:253) 100]

— C is the concentration ratio (i. e. 1 = 100 g/100 g, 0,001 = 1 000 mg/kg).

This is a generalised precision equation which has been found to be independant of analyte and matrix but
solely dependent on concentration for most routine methods of analysis.

4.4. Recovery calculation

The analytical result is to be reported corrected or uncorrected for recovery. The manner of reporting and the
level of recovery must be reported.

4.5. Laboratory quality standards

Laboratories must comply with Council Directive 93/99/EEC.