Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Persistent Organic Pollutants
Date: 1998-06-24
Institutions: Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, European Community, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States
Subjects: UN convention, air quality, environmental protection, organic pollution, protocol, transfrontier pollution

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to the 1979 Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Persistent Organic
Pollutants

PROTOCOL

THE PARTIES,

DETERMINED to implement the Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution,

RECOGNISING that emissions of many persistent organic pollutants are transported across international boundaries and
are deposited in Europe, North America and the Arctic, far from their site of origin, and that the atmosphere is the
dominant medium of transport,

AWARE that persistent organic pollutants resist degradation under natural conditions and have been associated with
adverse effects on human health and the environment,

CONCERNED that persistent organic pollutants can biomagnify in upper trophic levels to concentrations which might
affect the health of exposed wildlife and humans,

ACKNOWLEDGING that the Arctic ecosystems and especially its indigenous people, who subsist on Arctic fish and
mammals, are particularly at risk because of the biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants,

MINDFUL that measures to control emissions of persistent organic pollutants would also contribute to the protection of
the environment and human health in areas outside the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's region,
including the Arctic and international waters,

RESOLVED to take measures to anticipate, prevent or minimize emissions of persistent organic pollutants, taking into
account the application of the precautionary approach, as set forth in principle 15 of the Rio Declaration on Environ-
ment and Development,

REAFFIRMING that States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international
law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental and development policies,
and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environ-
ment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction,

NOTING the need for global action on persistent organic pollutants and recalling the role envisaged in chapter 9 of
Agenda 21 for regional agreements to reduce global transboundary air pollution and, in particular, for the United
Nations Economic Commission for Europe to share its regional experience with other regions of the world,

RECOGNISING that there are subregional, regional and global regimes in place, including international instruments
governing the management of hazardous wastes, their transboundary movement and disposal, in particular the Basel
Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal,

CONSIDERING that the predominant sources of air pollution contributing to the accumulation of persistent organic
pollutants are the use of certain pesticides, the manufacture and use of certain chemicals, and the unintentional forma-
tion of certain substances in waste incineration, combustion, metal production and mobile sources,

AWARE that techniques and management practices are available to reduce emissions of persistent organic pollutants
into the air,

CONSCIOUS of the need for a cost-effective regional approach to combating air pollution,

NOTING the important contribution of the private and non-governmental sectors to knowledge of the effects associated
with persistent organic pollutants, available alternatives and abatement techniques, and their role in assisting in the
reduction of emissions of persistent organic pollutants,

BEARING IN MIND that measures taken to reduce persistent organic pollutant emissions should not constitute a means
of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised restriction on international competition and trade,

TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION existing scientific and technical data on emissions, atmospheric processes and effects
on human health and the environment of persistent organic pollutants, as well as on abatement costs, and acknowled-
ging the need to continue scientific and technical cooperation to further the understanding of these issues,

RECOGNISING the measures on persistent organic pollutants already taken by some of the Parties on a national level
and/or under other international conventions,

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1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

HAVE AGREED as follows:

Article 1

Definitions

For the purposes of the present Protocol,

‘Convention’ means the Convention on Long Range Trans-
boundary Air Pollution, adopted in Geneva on 13
November 1979;

‘EMEP’ means the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring
and Evaluation of the Long range Transmission of Air
Pollutants in Europe;

‘Executive Body’ means the Executive Body for the Conven-
tion constituted under Article 10(1) of the Convention;

that amendment. It shall be a matter for the competent
national authorities to decide whether a modification is
substantial or not, taking into account such factors as the
environmental benefits of the modification.

Article 2

Objective

The objective of the present Protocol is to control, reduce or
eliminate discharges, emissions and losses of persistent organic
pollutants.

Article 3

Basic obligations

‘Commission’ means
Commission for Europe;

the United Nations

Economic

Except where specifically exempted in accordance with

1.
Article 4, each Party shall take effective measures:

‘Parties’ means, unless the context otherwise requires, the
Parties to the present Protocol;

‘Geographical scope of EMEP’ means the area defined in
Article 1(4) of the Protocol to the 1979 Convention on
Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution on Long-term
Financing of the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring
and Evaluation of the Long Range Transmission of Air
Pollutants in Europe (EMEP), adopted in Geneva on 28
September 1984;

‘Persistent organic pollutants’ (POPs) are organic substances
that: (i) possess toxic characteristics; (ii) are persistent; (iii)
bioaccumulate; (iv) are prone to long-range transboundary
atmospheric transport and deposition; and (v) are likely to
cause significant adverse human health or environmental
effects near to and distant from their sources;

‘Substance’ means a single chemical species, or a number
of chemical species which form a specific group by virtue
of (a) having similar properties and being emitted together
into the environment; or (b) forming a mixture normally
marketed as a single article;

9.

‘Emission’ means the release of a substance from a point or
diffuse source into the atmosphere;

10.

‘Stationary source’ means any fixed building, structure,
facility, installation, or equipment that emits or may emit
any persistent organic pollutant directly or indirectly into
the atmosphere;

11.

‘Major stationary source category’ means any stationary
source category listed in annex VIII;

(a) to eliminate the production and use of the substances listed
in Annex I in accordance with the implementation require-
ments specified therein;

(b)

(i) to ensure that, when the substances listed in Annex I
are destroyed or disposed of, such destruction or
is undertaken in an environmentally sound
disposal
manner,
subregional,
taking into account
regional and global regimes governing the manage-
ment of hazardous wastes and their disposal, in par-
ticular the Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-
boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their
Disposal;

relevant

(ii) to endeavour to ensure that the disposal of substances
listed in Annex I is carried out domestically, taking
into account pertinent environmental considerations;

(iii) to ensure that the transboundary movement of the
substances listed in annex I is conducted in an environ-
mentally sound manner,
taking into consideration
applicable subregional, regional, and global regimes
governing the transboundary movement of hazardous
wastes,
the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous
Wastes and their Disposal;

in particular

(c) to restrict the substances listed in Annex II to the uses
described, in accordance with the implementation require-
ments specified therein.

The

requirements

2.
shall
become effective for each substance upon the date that produc-
tion or use of that substance is eliminated, whichever is later.

specified in paragraph 1(b)

12.

‘New stationary source’ means any stationary source of
which the construction or
substantial modification is
commenced after the expiry of two years from the date of
entry into force of: (i) this Protocol; or (ii) an amendment
to Annex III or VIII, where the stationary source becomes
subject to the provisions of this Protocol only by virtue of

3.
For substances listed in Annex I, II, or III, each Party
should develop appropriate strategies for identifying articles
still in use and wastes containing such substances, and shall
take appropriate measures to ensure that such wastes and such
articles, upon becoming wastes, are destroyed or disposed of in
an environmentally sound manner.

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For the purposes of paragraphs 1 to 3, the terms waste,
4.
disposal, and environmentally sound shall be interpreted in a
manner consistent with the use of those terms under the Basel
Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of
Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal.

5.

Each Party shall:

(a) reduce its total annual emissions of each of the substances
listed in Annex III from the level of the emission in a refer-
ence year set in accordance with that annex by taking effec-
tive measures, appropriate in its particular circumstances;

(b) no later than the timescales specified in Annex VI, apply:

(i) the best available techniques, taking into consideration
Annex V,
to each new stationary source within a
major stationary source category for which Annex V
identifies best available techniques;

(ii) limit values at least as stringent as those specified in
Annex IV to each new stationary source within a cate-
gory mentioned in that annex, taking into considera-
tion Annex V. A Party may, as an alternative, apply
different emission reduction strategies that achieve
equivalent overall emission levels;

(iii) the best available techniques, taking into consideration
Annex V, to each existing stationary source within a
major stationary source category for which Annex V
insofar as this is
identifies best available techniques,
technically and economically feasible. A Party may, as
an alternative, apply different emission reduction stra-
tegies that achieve equivalent overall emission reduc-
tions;

(iv) limit values at least as stringent as those specified in
Annex IV to each existing stationary source within a
insofar as this is
category mentioned in that Annex,
taking into
technically and economically feasible,
consideration Annex V. A Party may, as an alternative,
apply different
that
achieve equivalent overall emission reductions;

emission reduction strategies

(v) effective measures to control emissions from mobile

sources, taking into consideration Annex VII.

In the case of residential combustion sources, the obliga-
6.
tions set out in paragraph 5(b)(i) and (iii) shall refer to all
stationary sources in that category taken together.

7. Where a Party, after the application of paragraph 5(b),
cannot achieve the requirements of paragraph 5(a)
for a
substance specified in Annex III, it shall be exempted from its
obligations in paragraph 5(a) for that substance.

the substances listed in Annexes I and II, for those Parties
within the geographical scope of EMEP, using, as a minimum,
the methodologies and the spatial and temporal resolution
specified by the Steering Body of EMEP, and, for those Parties
outside the geographical scope of EMEP, using as guidance the
methodologies developed through the work plan of the Execu-
tive Body. It shall report this information in accordance with
the reporting requirements set out in Article 9.

Article 4

Exemptions

1.
Article 3(1) shall not apply to quantities of a substance to
be used for laboratory-scale research or as a reference standard.

A Party may grant an exemption from Article 3(1)(a) and
2.
(c)
the
in respect of a particular substance, provided that
exemption is not granted or used in a manner that would
undermine the objectives of the present Protocol, and only for
the following purposes and under the following conditions:

(a) for research other than that referred to in paragraph 1 if:

(i) no significant quantity of the substance is expected to
reach the environment during the proposed use and
subsequent disposal;

(ii) the objectives and parameters of such research are
subject to assessment and authorization by the Party;
and

(iii) in the event of a significant release of a substance into
the environment, the exemption will terminate imme-
diately, measures will be taken to mitigate the release
as appropriate, and an assessment of the containment
measures will be conducted before research may
resume;

(b) to manage as necessary a public health emergency, if:

(i) no suitable alternative measures are available to the

Party to address the situation;

(ii) the measures taken are proportional to the magnitude

and severity of the emergency;

(iii) appropriate precautions are taken to protect human
health and the environment and to ensure that the
substance is not used outside the geographical area
subject to the emergency;

(iv) the exemption is granted for a period of time that does

not exceed the duration of the emergency; and

8.
Each Party shall develop and maintain emission inven-
tories for the substances listed in Annex III, and shall collect
available information relating to the production and sales of

(v) upon termination of the emergency, any remaining
stocks of the substance are subject to the provisions of
Article 3(1)(b);

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(c) for a minor application judged to be essential by the Party,

if:

(i) the exemption is granted for a maximum of five years;

(ii) the exemption has not previously been granted by it

under this article;

(iii) no suitable alternatives exist for the proposed use;

(iv) the Party has estimated the emissions of the substance
resulting from the exemption and their contribution to
the total emissions of the substance from the Parties;

(v) adequate precautions are taken to ensure that the emis-

sions to the environment are minimised; and

(vi) upon termination of the exemption, any remaining
stocks of the substance are subject to the provisions of
Article 3(1)(b).

3.
Each Party shall, no later than 90 days after granting an
exemption under paragraph 2, provide the secretariat with, as a
minimum, the following information:

(a) the chemical name of the substance subject to the exemp-

tion;

(b) the purpose for which the exemption has been granted;

(c) the conditions under which the exemption has been

granted;

(d) the length of

time for which the exemption has been

granted;

(e) those to whom, or the organization to which, the exemp-

tion applies; and

(f) for an exemption granted under paragraphs 2(a) and (c),
the estimated emissions of the substance as a result of the
exemption and an assessment of their contribution to the
total emissions of the substance from the Parties.

The secretariat shall make available to all Parties the infor-

4.
mation received under paragraph 3.

(c) the compilation and regular updating of lists of their desig-
nated authorities engaged in similar activities in other inter-
national forums;

(d) the exchange of

information on activities conducted in

other international forums.

Article 6

Public awareness

The Parties shall, consistent with their laws, regulations and
practices, promote the provision of information to the general
public, including individuals who are direct users of persistent
organic pollutants. This information may include, inter alia:

(a) information,
hazard;

including labelling, on risk assessment and

(b) information on risk reduction;

(c) information to encourage the elimination of persistent
organic pollutants or a reduction in their use,
including,
where appropriate, information on integrated pest manage-
ment, integrated crop management and the economic and
social impacts of this elimination or reduction; and

(d) information on alternatives to persistent organic pollutants,
as well as an evaluation of the risks that such alternatives
pose to human health and the environment, and informa-
tion on the economic and social impacts of such alterna-
tive.

Article 7

Strategies, policies, programmes, measures and informa-
tion

1.
Each Party shall, no later than six months after the date
on which this Protocol enters into force for it, develop strate-
gies, policies and programmes in order to discharge its obliga-
tions under the present Protocol.

Article 5

2.

Each Party shall:

Exchange of information and technology

The Parties shall, in a manner consistent with their laws, regula-
tions and practices, create favourable conditions to facilitate the
exchange of information and technology designed to reduce
the generation and emission of persistent organic pollutants
and to develop cost-effective alternatives, by promoting, inter
alia:

(a) contacts and cooperation among appropriate organisations
and individuals in the private and public sectors that are
capable of providing technology, design and engineering
services, equipment or finance;

(b) the exchange of and access to information on the develop-
ment and use of alternatives to persistent organic pollutants
as well as on the evaluation of the risks that such alterna-
tives pose to human health and the environment, and infor-
mation on the economic and social costs of such alterna-
tives;

(a) encourage the use of economically feasible, environmentally
including best environ-
sound management
techniques,
mental practices, with respect to all aspects of the use,
release, processing, distribution, handling,
production,
transport and reprocessing of substances subject
to the
present Protocol and manufactured articles, mixtures or
solutions containing such substances;

(b) encourage

the

implementation of other management
programmes to reduce emissions of persistent organic
pollutants, including voluntary programmes and the use of
economic instruments;

(c) consider the adoption of additional policies and measures
as appropriate in its particular circumstances, which may
include non-regulatory approaches;

(d) make determined efforts that are economically feasible to
reduce levels of substances subject to the present Protocol
that are contained as contaminants in other substances,
chemical products or manufactured articles, as soon as the
relevance of the source has been established;

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(e) take into consideration in its programmes for evaluating
substances, the characteristics specified in paragraph 1 of
Executive Body Decision 1998/2 on information to be
submitted and procedures for adding substances to Annex
I, II or III, including any amendments thereto.

The Parties may take more stringent measures than those

3.
required by the present Protocol.

Article 8

Research, development and monitoring

The Parties shall encourage research, development, monitoring
and cooperation related, but not limited, to:

(a) emissions, long-range transport and deposition levels and
their modelling, existing levels in the biotic and abiotic
the elaboration of procedures for harmo-
environment,
nizing relevant methodologies;

(b) pollutant pathways

and inventories

in representative

ecosystems;

(c) relevant effects on human health and the environment,

including quantification of those effects;

including agri-
(d) best available techniques and practices,
cultural practices, and emission control
techniques and
practices currently employed by the Parties or under devel-
opment;

(e) methodologies permitting consideration of socioeconomic
factors in the evaluation of alternative control strategies;

(f) an effects-based approach which integrates appropriate
information,
including information obtained under sub-
paragraphs (a) to (e), on measured or modelled environ-
mental levels, pathways, and effects on human health and
the environment, for the purpose of formulating future
control strategies which also take into account economic
and technological factors;

(g) methods for estimating national emissions and projecting
future emissions of individual persistent organic pollutants
and for evaluating how such estimates and projections can
be used to structure future obligations;

(h) levels of substances subject to the present Protocol that are
contained as contaminants in other substances, chemical
products or manufactured articles and the significance of
these levels for long-range transport, as well as techniques
to reduce levels of these contaminants, and,
in addition,
levels of persistent organic pollutants generated during the
life cycle of timber treated with pentachlorophenol.

Priority should be given to research on substances considered
to be the most likely to be submitted under the procedures
specified in Article 14(6).

Article 9

Reporting

Subject

1.
commercial information:

to its

laws governing the confidentiality of

(a) each Party shall report, through the Executive Secretary of
the Commission, to the Executive Body, on a periodic basis
as determined by the Parties meeting within the Executive
Body,
information on the measures that it has taken to
implement the present Protocol;

(b) each Party within the geographical scope of EMEP shall
report, through the Executive Secretary of the Commission,
to EMEP, on a periodic basis to be determined by the
Steering Body of EMEP and approved by the Parties at a
session of the Executive Body, information on the levels of
emissions of persistent organic pollutants using, as a
minimum, the methodologies and the temporal and spatial
resolution specified by the Steering Body of EMEP. Parties
in areas outside the geographical scope of EMEP shall make
available similar
information to the Executive Body if
requested to do so. Each Party shall also provide informa-
tion on the levels of emissions of the substances listed in
Annex III for the reference year specified in that Annex.

2.
The information to be reported in accordance with para-
graph 1 (a) above shall be in conformity with a decision
regarding format and content to be adopted by the Parties at a
session of the Executive Body. The terms of this decision shall
be reviewed as necessary to identify any additional elements
regarding the format or the content of the information that is
to be included in the reports.

3.
In good time before each annual session of the Executive
Body, EMEP shall provide information on the long-range trans-
port and deposition of persistent organic pollutants.

Article 10

Reviews by the Parties at sessions of the Executive Body

The Parties shall, at sessions of

1.
the Executive Body,
pursuant to Article 10(2)(a), of the Convention, review the
information supplied by the Parties, EMEP and other subsidiary
bodies, and the reports of
the Implementation Committee
referred to in Article 11 of the present Protocol.

2.
The Parties shall, at sessions of the Executive Body, keep
under review the progress made towards achieving the obliga-
tions set out in the present Protocol.

The Parties shall, at sessions of

the Executive Body,
3.
review the sufficiency and effectiveness of the obligations set
out in the present Protocol. Such reviews will take into account
the best available scientific information on the effects of the
deposition of persistent organic pollutants, assessments of tech-
nological developments, changing economic conditions and the
fulfilment of the obligations on emission levels. The proce-
dures, methods and timing for such reviews shall be specified
by the Parties at a session of the Executive Body. The first such
review shall be completed no later than three years after the
present Protocol enters into force.

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Article 11

Compliance

the
Compliance by each Party with its obligations under
present Protocol shall be reviewed regularly. The Implementa-
tion Committee established by Decision 1997/2 of the Execu-
tive Body at its 15th session shall carry out such reviews and
report to the Parties meeting within the Executive Body in
accordance with the terms of the Annex to that Decision,
including any amendments thereto.

Article 12

Settlement of disputes

In the event of a dispute between any two or more
1.
Parties concerning the interpretation or application of
the
present Protocol, the Parties concerned shall seek a settlement
of the dispute through negotiation or any other peaceful means
of their own choice. The parties to the dispute shall inform the
Executive Body of their dispute.

2. When ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to the
present Protocol, or at anytime thereafter, a Party which is not
a regional economic integration organization may declare in a
written instrument submitted to the Depositary that, in respect
of any dispute concerning the interpretation or application of
the Protocol, it recognizes one or both of the following means
of dispute settlement as compulsory ipso facto and without
special agreement, in relation to any Party accepting the same
obligation:

(a) submission of the dispute to the International Court of

Justice;

(b) arbitration in accordance with procedures to be adopted by
the Parties at a session of the Executive Body, as soon as
practicable, in an annex on arbitration.

A Party which is a regional economic integration organization
may make a declaration with like effect in relation to arbitra-
tion in accordance with the procedures referred to in sub-
paragraph (b).

3.
A declaration made under paragraph 2 shall remain in
force until it expires in accordance with its terms or until three
months after written notice of its revocation has been deposited
with the Depositary.

4.
A new declaration, a notice of revocation or the expiry of
a declaration shall not in any way affect proceedings pending
before the International Court of Justice or the arbitral tribunal,
unless the parties to the dispute agree otherwise.

For the purpose of paragraph 5, a conciliation commis-
6.
sion shall be created. The commission shall be composed of
equal numbers of members appointed by each Party concerned
or, where the Parties in conciliation share the same interest, by
the group sharing that
interest, and a chairperson chosen
jointly by the members so appointed. The commission shall
render a recommendatory award, which the Parties
shall
consider in good faith.

Article 13

Annexes

The annexes to the present Protocol shall form an integral part
of the Protocol. Annexes V and VII are recommendatory in
character.

Article 14

Amendments

Any Party may propose amendments to the present

1.
Protocol.

2.
Proposed amendments shall be submitted in writing to
the Executive Secretary of the Commission, who shall commu-
nicate them to all Parties. The Parties meeting within the Execu-
tive Body shall discuss the proposed amendments at its next
session, provided that the proposals have been circulated by
the Executive Secretary to the Parties at
least 90 days in
advance.

3.
Amendments to the present Protocol and to Annexes I to
IV, VI and VIII shall be adopted by consensus of the Parties
present at a session of the Executive Body, and shall enter into
force for the Parties which have accepted them on the 90th
day after the date on which two thirds of the Parties have
deposited with the Depositary their instruments of acceptance
thereof. Amendments shall enter into force for any other Party
on the 90th day after the date on which that Party has depos-
ited its instrument of acceptance thereof.

4.
Amendments to Annexes V and VII shall be adopted by
consensus of the Parties present at a session of the Executive
Body. On the expiry of 90 days from the date of its communi-
cation to all Parties by the Executive Secretary of the Commis-
sion, an amendment to any such Annex shall become effective
for those Parties which have not submitted to the Depositary a
notification in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 5
below, provided that at least 16 Parties have not submitted
such a notification.

5.
Except in a case where the parties to a dispute have
accepted the same means of dispute settlement under para-
graph 2, if after 12 months following notification by one Party
to another that a dispute exists between them,
the Parties
concerned have not been able to settle their dispute through
the means mentioned in paragraph 1 above, the dispute shall
be submitted, at the request of any of the parties to the dispute,
to conciliation.

5.
Any Party that is unable to approve an amendment to
Annex V or VII shall so notify the Depositary in writing within
90 days from the date of the communication of its adoption.
The Depositary shall without delay notify all Parties of any
such notification received. A Party may at any time substitute
an acceptance for its previous notification and, upon deposit of
an instrument of acceptance with the Depositary, the amend-
ment to such an Annex shall become effective for that Party.

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In the case of a proposal to amend Annex I, II, or III by

6.
adding a substance to the present Protocol:

(a) the proposer shall provide the Executive Body with the
information specified in Executive Body decision 1998/2,
including any amendments thereto; and

(b) the Parties shall evaluate the proposal in accordance with
the procedures set forth in Executive Body decision 1998/
2, including any amendments thereto.

Any decision to amend Executive Body decision 1998/2
7.
shall be taken by consensus of the Parties meeting within the
Executive Body and shall take effect 60 days after the date of
adoption.

Article 15

Signature

The present Protocol shall be open for signature at
1.
Aarhus, Denmark, from 24 to 25 June 1998, then at United
Nations Headquarters in New York until 21 December 1998,
by Members States of the Commission as well as States having
consultative status with the Commission pursuant to paragraph
8 of Economic and Social Council resolution 36 (IV) of 28
March 1947, and by regional economic integration organiza-
tions, constituted by sovereign States members of the Commis-
sion, which have competence in respect of the negotiation,
in
conclusion and application of
matters covered by the Protocol, provided that the States and
organisations concerned are Parties to the Convention.

international agreements

competence,

In matters within their

2.
such regional
economic integration organisations shall, on their own behalf,
the responsibilities which the
exercise the rights and fulfil
present Protocol attributes to their Member States.
In such
cases, the Member States of these organisations shall not be
entitled to exercise such rights individually.

The present Protocol shall be open for accession as from
2.
21 December 1998 by the States and organisations that meet
the requirements of Article 15(1).

Article 17

Depositary

The instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or acces-
sion shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United
Nations, who will perform the functions of Depositary.

Article 18

Entry into force

1.
The present Protocol shall enter into force on the 90th
day following the date on which the 16th instrument of ratifi-
cation, acceptance, approval or accession has been deposited
with the Depositary.

For each State and organisation referred to in Article
2.
15(1), which ratifies, accepts or approves the present Protocol
or accedes thereto after the deposit of the sixteenth instrument
of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, the Protocol
shall enter into force on the 90th day following the date of
deposit by such Party of its instrument of ratification, accep-
tance, approval or accession.

Article 19

Withdrawal

At any time after five years from the date on which the present
Protocol has come into force with respect to a Party, that Party
may withdraw from it by giving written notification to the
Depositary. Any such withdrawal shall take effect on the 90th
day following the date of its receipt by the Depositary, or on
such later date as may be specified in the notification of the
withdrawal.

Article 16

Ratification, acceptance, approval and accession

The present Protocol shall be subject

1.
acceptance or approval by Signatories.

to ratification,

Article 20

Authentic texts

The original of the present Protocol, of which the English,
French and Russian texts are equally authentic, shall be depos-
ited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorised thereto, have signed the present
Protocol.

Done at Aarhus, Denmark, this twenty-fourth day of June, one thousand nine hundred and
ninety-eight.

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ANNEX I

SUBSTANCES SCHEDULED FOR ELIMINATION

Unless otherwise specified in the present Protocol, this Annex shall not apply to the substances listed below when they
occur: (i) as contaminants in products; or (ii) in articles manufactured or in use by the implementation date; or (iii) as
site-limited chemical intermediates in the manufacture of one or more different substances and are thus chemically trans-
formed. Unless otherwise specified, each obligation below is effective upon the date of entry into force of the Protocol.

Substance

Aldrin

CAS: 309-00-2

Chlordane

CAS: 57-74-9

Chlordecone

CAS: 143-50-0

DDT

CAS: 50-29-3

Implementation requirements

Elimination of

Conditions

Production

Use

Production

Use

Production

Use

Production

None

None

None

None

None

None

1. Eliminate production within one year of consensus by the
Parties that suitable alternatives to DDT are available for public
health protection from diseases such as malaria and encepha-
litis.

2. With a view to eliminating the production of DDT at the
earliest opportunity, the Parties shall, no later than one year
after the date of entry into force of the present Protocol and
periodically thereafter as necessary, and in consultation with
the World Health Organisation,
the Food and Agriculture
Organisation of the United Nations and the United Nations
Environment Programme, review the availability and feasibility
of alternatives and, as appropriate, promote the commercialisa-
tion of safer and economically viable alternatives to DDT.

Use

None, except as identified in Annex II.

Dieldrin

CAS: 60-57-1

Endrin

CAS: 72-20-8

Heptachlor

CAS: 76-44-8

Production

Use

Production

Use

Production

Use

None

None

None

None

None

None, except for use by certified personnel for the control of fire
ants in closed industrial electrical junction boxes. Such use shall
be re-evaluated under this Protocol no later than two years after
the date of entry into force.

Hexabromobiphenyl

Production

CAS: 36355-01-8

Use

None

None

Hexachlorobenzene

Production

CAS: 118-74-1

None, except for production for a limited purpose as specified in a
statement deposited by a country with an economy in transition
upon signature or accession.

Use

None, except for a limited use as specified in a statement depos-
ited by a country with an economy in transition upon signature
or accession.

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Substance

Mirex

CAS: 2385-85-5

PCB (a)

Toxaphene

CAS: 8001-35-2

Implementation requirements

Elimination of

Conditions

Production

Use

Production

Use

Production

Use

None

None

None, except for countries with economies in transition which
shall eliminate production as soon as possible and no later than
31 December 2005 and which state in a declaration to be depos-
ited together with their instrument of ratification, acceptance,
approval or accession, their intention to do so.

None, except as identified in Annex II.

None

None

(a):
The Parties agree to reassess under the Protocol by 31 December 2004 the production and use of polychlorinated terphenyls and ‘ugilec’.

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ANNEX II

SUBSTANCES SCHEDULED FOR RESTRICTIONS ON USE

Unless otherwise specified in the present Protocol, this annex shall not apply to the substances listed below when they
occur: (i) as contaminants in products; or (ii) in articles manufactured or in use by the implementation date; or (iii) as
site-limited chemical intermediates in the manufacture of one or more different substances and are thus chemically trans-
formed. Unless otherwise specified, each obligation below is effective upon the date of entry into force of the Protocol.

Substance

Implementation requirements

Restricted to uses

Conditions

DDT
CAS: 50-29-3

1. For public health protection from diseases

such as malaria and encephalitis.

1. Use allowed only as a component of an inte-
grated pest management strategy and only to
the extent necessary and only until one year
after the date of the elimination of production
in accordance with Annex I.

2. As a chemical

intermediate

to produce

Dicofol.

2. Such use shall be reassessed no later than two
years after the date of entry into force of the
present Protocol.

HCH
CAS: 608-73-1

Technical HCH (i.e. HCH mixed isomers)
is
restricted to use as an intermediate in chemical
manufacturing.

All restricted uses of lindane shall be reassessed
under the Protocol no later than two years after
the date of entry into force.

Products in which at least 99 % of the HCH
isomer is in the gamma form (i.e. lindane, CAS:
58-89-9) are restricted to the following uses:
1. Seed treatment.
2. Soil applications directly followed by incor-

poration into the topsoil surface layer.
3. Professional remedial and industrial
ment of lumber, timber and logs.

treat-

4. Public health and veterinary topical insecti-

cide.

application to tree
lawn use,

5. Non-aerial
seedlings,
and
small-scale
outdoor use for nursery stock and ornamen-
tals.

and indoor

6. Indoor industrial and residential applications.

PCB (a)

PCBs in use as of the date of entry into force or
produced up to 31 December 2005 in accord-
ance with the provisions of Annex I.

the use of

Parties shall make determined efforts designed to
lead to:
(a) The elimination of

identifiable
PCBs in equipment (i.e. transformers, capaci-
tors or other receptacles containing residual
liquid stocks) containing PCBs in volumes
greater than 5 dm3 and having a concentra-
tion of 0,05 % PCBs or greater, as soon as
possible, but no later than 31 December
2010, or 31 December 2015 for countries
with economies in transition;

(b) The destruction or decontamination in an
environmentally sound manner of all
liquid
PCBs referred to in subparagraph (a) and
liquid PCBs containing more than
other
0,005 % PCBs not in equipment, as soon as
possible, but no later than 31 December
2015, or 31 December 2020 for countries
with economies in transition; and

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Substance

Implementation requirements

Restricted to uses

Conditions

(a):
The Parties agree to reassess under the Protocol by 31 December 2004 the production and use of polychlorinated terphenyls and ‘ugilec’.

(c) The decontamination or disposal of equip-
ment referred to in subparagraph (a) in an
environmentally sound manner.

ANNEX III

SUBSTANCES REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 3(50)(a), AND THE REFERENCE YEAR FOR THE OBLIGATION

Substance

Reference year

PAHs (a)

Dioxins/furans (b)

Hexachlorobenzene

1990; or an alternative year from 1985 to 1995 inclusive, specified by a Party
upon ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.

1990; or an alternative year from 1985 to 1995 inclusive, specified by a Party
upon ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.

1990; or an alternative year from 1985 to 1995 inclusive, specified by a Party
upon ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.

(a)

(b)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): For the purposes of emission inventories, the following four indicator compounds shall
be used: benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.
Dioxins and furans (PCDD/F): Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) are tricyclic,
aromatic compounds formed by two benzene rings which are connected by two oxygen atoms in PCDD and by one oxygen atom
in PCDF and the hydrogen atoms of which may be replaced by up to eight chlorine atoms.

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ANNEX IV

LIMIT VALUES FOR PCDD/F FROM MAJOR STATIONARY SOURCES

I.

Introduction

1. A definition of dioxins and furans (PCDD/F) is provided in Annex III to the present Protocol.

2. Limit values are expressed as ng/m3 or mg/m3 under standard conditions (273,15 K, 101,3 kPa, and dry gas).

3. Limit values relate to the normal operating situation, including start-up and shutdown procedures, unless specific

limit values have been defined for those situations.

4. Sampling and analysis of all pollutants shall be carried out according to the standards laid down by the Comité
européen de normalisation (CEN), the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), or the corresponding
United States or Canadian reference methods. While awaiting the development of CEN or ISO standards, national
standards shall apply.

5. For verification purposes, the interpretation of measurement results in relation to the limit value must also take
into account the inaccuracy of the measurement method. A limit value is considered to be met if the result of the
measurement, from which the inaccuracy of the measurement method is subtracted, does not exceed it.

6. Emissions of different congeners of PCDD/F are given in toxicity equivalents (TE) in comparison to 2,3,7,8-TCDD
using the system proposed by the NATO Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society (NATO-CCMS) in
1988.

II. Limit values for major stationary sources

7. The following limit values, which refer to 11 % O2 concentration in flue gas, apply to the following incinerator

types:

— municipal solid waste (burning more than three tonnes per hour)

0,1 ng TE/m3

— medical solid waste (burning more than one tonne per hour)

0,5 ng TE/m3

— hazardous waste (burning more than one tonne per hour)

0,2 ng TE/m3

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ANNEX V

BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES TO CONTROL EMISSIONS OF PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS
FROM MAJOR STATIONARY SOURCES

I.

Introduction

1. The purpose of this Annex is to provide the Parties to the Convention with guidance in identifying best available

techniques to allow them to meet the obligations in Article 3(5) of the Protocol.

2.

‘Best available techniques’ (BAT) means the most effective and advanced stage in the development of activities
and their methods of operation which indicate the practical suitability of particular techniques for providing in
principle the basis for emission limit values designed to prevent and, where that is not practicable, generally to
reduce emissions and their impact on the environment as a whole:

— ‘techniques’ includes both the technology used and the way in which the installation is designed, built, main-

tained, operated and decommissioned,

— ‘available’ techniques means those developed on a scale which allows implementation in the relevant indus-
trial sector, under economically and technically viable conditions, taking into consideration the costs and
advantages, whether or not the techniques are used or produced inside the territory of the Party in question,
as long as they are reasonably accessible to the operator,

— ‘best’ means most effective in achieving a high general level of protection of the environment as a whole.

In determining the best available techniques, special consideration should be given, generally or in specific cases,
to the factors below, bearing in mind the likely costs and benefits of a measure and the principles of precaution
and prevention:

— the use of low-waste technology,

— the use of less hazardous substances,

— the furthering of recovery and recycling of substances generated and used in the process and of waste,

— comparable processes, facilities or methods of operation which have been tried with success on an industrial

scale,

— technological advances and changes in scientific knowledge and understanding,

— the nature, effects and volume of the emissions concerned,

— the commissioning dates for new or existing installations,

— the time needed to introduce the best available technique,

— the consumption and nature of raw materials (including water) used in the process and its energy efficiency,

— the need to prevent or reduce to a minimum the overall impact of the emissions on the environment and the

risks to it,

— the need to prevent accidents and to minimise their consequences for the environment.

The concept of best available techniques is not aimed at the prescription of any specific technique or technology,
but at taking into account the technical characteristics of the installation concerned, its geographical location and
the local environmental conditions.

3. Information regarding the effectiveness and costs of control measures is based on documents received and
reviewed by the Task Force and the Preparatory Working Group on POPs. Unless otherwise indicated, the techni-
ques listed are considered to be well established on the basis of operational experience.

4. Experience with new plants incorporating low-emission techniques, as well as with retrofitting of existing plants,
is continuously growing. The regular elaboration and amendment of the Annex will therefore be necessary. Best
available techniques (BAT) identified for new plants can usually be applied to existing plants provided there is an
adequate transition period and they are adapted.

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5. The Annex lists a number of control measures which span a range of costs and efficiencies. The choice of
measures for any particular case will depend on a number of factors, including economic circumstances, techno-
logical infrastructure and capacity, and any existing air pollution control measures.

6. The most important POPs emitted from stationary sources are:

(a) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/F);

(b) Hexachlorobenzene (HCB);

(c) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

Relevant definitions are provided in Annex III to the present Protocol.

II. Major stationary sources of POP emissions

7. PCDD/F are emitted from thermal processes involving organic matter and chlorine as a result of incomplete

combustion or chemical reactions. Major stationary sources of PCDD/F may be as follows:

(a) waste incineration, including co-incineration;

(b) thermal metallurgical processes, e.g. production of aluminium and other non-ferrous metals, iron and steel;

(c) combustion plants providing energy;

(d) residential combustion; and

(e) specific chemical production processes releasing intermediates and by-products.

8. Major stationary sources of PAH emissions may be as follows:

(a) domestic wood and coal heating;

(b) open fires such as refuse burning, forest fires and after-crop burning;

(c) coke and anode production;

(d) aluminium production (via Soederberg process); and

(e) wood preservation installations, except for a Party for which this category does not make a significant contri-

bution to its total emissions of PAH (as defined in Annex III).

9. Emissions of HCB result from the same type of thermal and chemical processes as those emitting PCDD/F, and

HCB is formed by a similar mechanism. Major sources of HCB emissions may be as follows:

(a) waste incineration plants, including co-incineration;

(b) thermal sources of metallurgical industries; and

(c) use of chlorinated fuels in furnace installations.

III. General approaches to controlling emissions of POPs

10. There are several approaches to the control or prevention of POP emissions from stationary sources. These
include the replacement of relevant feed materials, process modifications (including maintenance and opera-
tional control) and retrofitting existing plants. The following list provides a general
indication of available
measures, which may be implemented either separately or in combination:

(a) replacement of feed materials which are POPs or where there is a direct link between the materials and POP

emissions from the source;

(b) best environmental practices such as good housekeeping, preventive maintenance programmes, or process

changes such as closed systems (for instance in cokeries or use of inert electrodes for electrolysis);

(c) modification of process design to ensure complete combustion, thus preventing the formation of persistent
organic pollutants, through the control of parameters such as incineration temperature or residence time;

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(d) methods for flue-gas cleaning such as thermal or catalytic incineration or oxidation, dust precipitation,

adsorption;

(e) treatment of residuals, wastes and sewage sludge by, for example, thermal treatment or rendering them

inert.

11. The emission levels given for different measures in tables 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 9 are generally case-specific. The
figures or ranges give the emission levels as a percentage of the emission limit values using conventional techni-
ques.

12. Cost-efficient considerations may be based on total costs per year per unit of abatement (including capital and
operational costs). POP emission reduction costs should also be considered within the framework of the overall
process economics, e.g. the impact of control measures and costs of production. Given the many influencing
factors, investment and operating cost figures are highly case-specific.

IV. Control techniques for the reduction of PCDD/F emissions

A. Waste incineration

13. Waste incineration includes municipal waste, hazardous waste, medical waste and sewage sludge incineration.

14. The main control measures for PCDD/F emissions from waste incineration facilities are:

(a) Primary measures regarding incinerated wastes;

(b) Primary measures regarding process techniques;

(c) Measures to control physical parameters of the combustion process and waste gases (e.g. temperature

stages, cooling rate, O2 content, etc.);

(d) Cleaning of the flue gas; and

(e) Treatment of residuals from the cleaning process.

15. The primary measures regarding the incinerated wastes, involving the management of feed material by reducing
halogenated substances and replacing them by non-halogenated alternatives, are not appropriate for municipal
or hazardous waste incineration. It is more effective to modify the incineration process and install secondary
measures for flue-gas cleaning. The management of feed material is a useful primary measure for waste reduc-
tion and has the possible added benefit of recycling. This may result in indirect PCDD/F reduction by decreasing
the waste amounts to be incinerated.

16. The modification of process techniques to optimize combustion conditions is an important and effective
measure for the reduction of PCDD/F emissions (usually 850 °C or higher, assessment of oxygen supply
depending on the heating value and consistency of the wastes, sufficient residence time — 850 °C for approxi-
mately two seconds — and turbulence of the gas, avoidance of cold gas regions in the incinerator, etc.). Flui-
dized bed incinerators keep a lower temperature than 850 °C with adequate emission results. For existing incin-
erators this would normally involve redesigning and/or replacing a plant — an option which may not be
economically viable in all countries. The carbon content in ashes should be minimized.

17. Flue gas measures. The following measures are possibilities for lowering reasonably effectively the PCDD/F
content in the flue gas. The de novo synthesis takes place at about 250 to 450 °C. These measures are a prere-
quisite for further reductions to achieve the desired levels at the end of the pipe:

(a) quenching the flue gases (very effective and relatively inexpensive);

(b) adding inhibitors such as triethanolamine or triethylamine (can reduce oxides of nitrogen as well), but side-

reactions have to be considered for safety reasons;

(c) using dust collection systems for temperatures between 800 and 1 000 °C, e.g. ceramic filters and cyclones;

(d) using low-temperature electric discharge systems; and

(e) avoiding fly ash deposition in the flue gas exhaust system.

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18. Methods for cleaning the flue gas are:

(a) conventional dust precipitators for the reduction of particle-bound PCDD/F;

(b) selective catalytic reduction (SCR) or selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR);

(c) adsorption with activated charcoal or coke in fixed or fluidised systems;

(d) different types of adsorption methods and optimized scrubbing systems with mixtures of activated charcoal,
open hearth coal, lime and limestone solutions in fixed bed, moving bed and fluidised bed reactors. The
collection efficiency for gaseous PCDD/F can be improved with the use of a suitable pre-coat layer of acti-
vated coke on the surface of a bag filter;

(e) H2O2-oxidation; and

(f) catalytic combustion methods using different types of catalysts (i.e. Pt/Al2O3 or copper-chromite catalysts

with different promoters to stabilise the surface area and to reduce ageing of the catalysts).

19. The methods mentioned above are capable of reaching emission levels of 0,1 ng TE/m3 PCDD/F in the flue gas.
However, in systems using activated charcoal or coke adsorbers/filters care must be taken to ensure that fugitive
carbon dust does not increase PCDD/F emissions downstream. Also, it should be noted that adsorbers and
dedusting installations prior to catalysts (SCR technique) yield PCDD/F-laden residues, which need to be repro-
cessed or require proper disposal.

20. A comparison between the different measures to reduce PCDD/F in flue gas is very complex. The resulting
matrix includes a wide range of industrial plants with different capacities and configuration. Cost parameters
include the reduction measures for minimizing other pollutants as well, such as heavy metals (particle-bound or
not particle-bound). A direct relation for the reduction in PCDD/F emissions alone cannot, therefore, be isolated
in most cases. A summary of the available data for the various control measures is given in table 1.

Table 1

Comparison of different flue-gas cleaning measures and process modifications in waste incineration plants to reduce
PCDD/F emissions

Management options

Emission level (%)(a)

Estimated costs

Management risks

Primary measures by modification of
materials:

feed

— elimination

precursors
of
containing feed material, and

and

chlorine-

Resulting emission
level not quantified;
seems not
to be
linearly dependent
on the amount of
the feed material.

— management of waste streams.

-"-

Modification of process technology:

— optimised combustion conditions,

— avoidance of temperatures below 850 °C and

cold regions in flue gas,

— sufficient oxygen content; control of oxygen
input depending on the heating value and
consistency of feed material, and

— sufficient residence time and turbulence.

Pre-sorting of feed material not effective; only parts
could be collected; other chlorine-containing mate-
rial, for instance kitchen salt, paper, etc., cannot be
avoided. For hazardous chemical waste this is not
desirable.

Useful primary measure and feasible in special
cases (for instance, waste oils, electrical compo-
nents, etc.) with the possible added benefit of recy-
cling of the materials.

Retrofitting of the whole process needed.

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Management options

Emission level (%)(a)

Estimated costs

Management risks

Flue gas measures:

Avoiding particle deposition by:

— soot cleaners, mechanical

rappers, sonic or

steam soot blowers.

Dust removal, generally in waste incinerators:

< 10

Medium

Steam soot blowing can increase PCDD/F forma-
tion rates.

Removal of PCDD/F adsorbed onto particles.
Removal methods of particles in hot
flue gas
streams used only in pilot plants.

— fabric filters,

— ceramic filters,

— cyclones, and

1 – 0,1

Higher

Use at temperatures < 150 °C.

Low efficiency

Medium

Use at temperatures of 800-1 000 °C.

Low efficiency

— electrostatic precipitation.

Medium efficiency

Catalytic oxidation.

Gas quenching.

High-performance adsorption unit with added acti-
vated charcoal particles (electrodynamic venturi).

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR).

Use at a temperature of 450 °C; promotion of the
de novo synthesis of PCDD/F possible, higher NOx
emissions, reduction of heat recovery.

Use at temperatures of 800-1 000 °C.
Separate gas phase abatement necessary.

investment
High
and low operating
costs

NOx reduction if NH3 is added; high space demand,
spent catalysts and residues of activated carbon
(AC) or lignite coke (ALC) may be disposed of,
catalysts can be reprocessed by manufacturers in
most cases, AC and ALC can be combusted under
strictly controlled conditions.

Different types of wet and dry adsorption methods
with mixtures of activated charcoal, open-hearth
coke,
lime and limestone solutions in fixed bed,
moving bed and fluidised bed reactors:

— Fixed bed reactor, adsorption with activated

charcoal or open-hearth coke; and

< 2
(0,1 ng TE/m3)

— Entrained flow or circulating fluidised bed
reactor with added activated coke/lime or lime-
stone solutions and subsequent fabric filter.

< 10
(0,1 ng TE/m3)

High
investment,
medium operating
costs

Low
investment,
medium operating
costs

Addition of H2O2.

2–5
(0,1 ng TE/m3)

Low
investment,
low operating costs

(a): Remaining emission compared to unreduced mode.

Removal of residuals; high demand of space.

Removal of residuals.

21. Medical waste incinerators may be a major source of PCDD/F in many countries. Specific medical wastes such
as human anatomical parts, infected waste, needles, blood, plasma and cytostatica are treated as a special form
of hazardous waste, while other medical wastes are frequently incinerated on-site in a batch operation. Incinera-
tors operating with batch systems can meet the same requirements for PCDD/F reduction as other waste incin-
erators.

22. Parties may wish to consider adopting policies to encourage the incineration of municipal and medical waste in
large regional facilities rather than in smaller ones. This approach may make the application of BAT more cost-
effective.

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23. The treatment of residuals from the flue-gas cleaning process. Unlike incinerator ashes, these residuals contain
relatively high concentrations of heavy metals, organic pollutants (including PCDD/F), chlorides and sulphides.
Their method of disposal, therefore, has to be well controlled. Wet scrubber systems in particular produce large
quantities of acidic, contaminated liquid waste. Some special treatment methods exist. They include:

(a) the catalytic treatment of fabric filter dusts under conditions of low temperatures and lack of oxygen;

(b) the scrubbing of fabric filter dusts by the 3-R process (extraction of heavy metals by acids and combustion

for destruction of organic matter);

(c) the vitrification of fabric filter dusts;

(d) further methods of immobilisation; and

(e) the application of plasma technology.

B. Thermal processes in the metallurgical industry

24. Specific processes in the metallurgical industry may be important remaining sources of PCDD/F emissions.

These are:

(a) Primary iron and steel industry (e.g. blast furnaces, sinter plants, iron pelletising);

(b) Secondary iron and steel industry; and

(c) Primary and secondary non-ferrous metal industry (production of copper).

PCDD/F emission control measures for the metallurgical industries are summarized in table 2

Table 2

Emission reduction of PCDD/F in the metallurgical industry

Management options

Emission level (%) (a)

Estimated costs

Management risks

Sinter plants

Primary measures:

— Optimisation/encapsulation of sinter conveying

belts;

— Waste gas recirculation e.g. emission optimised
flow by
sintering (EOS)
approximately 35 % (reduced costs of
further
secondary measures by the reduced waste gas
flow), cap. 1 million Nm3/h;

reducing waste gas

40

Secondary measures:

Not 100 % achievable

Low

Low

— Electrostatic precipitation + molecular sieve;

Medium efficiency

Medium

— Addition of limestone/activated carbon mixtures; High efficiency
(0,1 ng TE/m3)

— High-performance scrubbers — existing installa-
tion: AIRFINE (Voest Alpine Stahl Linz) since
1993 for 600 000 Nm3/h; second installation
planned in the Netherlands (Hoogoven) for 1998.

High
efficiency
emission reduction
to (0,2-0,4 ng TE/
m3)

Non-ferrous production (e.g. copper)

Primary measures:

— Pre-sorting of scrap, avoidance of feed material
like plastics and PVC-contaminated scrap, strip-
ping of coatings and use of chlorine-free insu-
lating materials;

Medium

Medium

Low

0,1 ng TE/m3 could be reached with higher energy
demand; no existing installation.

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Management options

Emission level (%) (a)

Estimated costs

Management risks

Secondary measures:

— Quenching the hot waste gases;

High efficiency

Low

— Use of oxygen or of oxygen-enriched air

in
firing, oxygen injection in the
shaft kiln
(providing complete combustion and minimiza-
tion of waste gas volume);

5 – 7 (1,5-2 TE/m3) High

— Fixed bed reactor or fluidised jet stream reactor
by adsorption with activated charcoal or open-
hearth coal dust;

(0,1 ng TE/m3)

High

— Catalytic oxidation; and

(0,1 ng TE/m3)

High

— Reduction of residence time in the critical region

of temperature in the waste gas system.

Iron and steel production

Primary measures:

— Cleaning of the scrap from oil prior to charging

of production vessels;

— Elimination of organic tramp materials such as
oils, emulsions, greases, paint and plastics from
feedstock cleaning;

— Lowering of the specific high waste gas volumes;

— Separate collection and treatment of emissions

from loading and discharging;

Secondary measures:

— Separate collection and treatment of emissions

from loading and discharging; and

Cleaning solvents have to be used.

Low

Low

Medium

Low

Low

— Fabric filter in combination with coke injection.

< 1

Medium

Secondary aluminium production

Primary measures:

— Avoidance of halogenated material

(hexachlor-

oethane)

— Avoidance of chlorine-containing lubricants (for

instance chlorinated paraffins); and

— Clean-up and sorting of dirty scrap charges, e.g.
by swarf decoating and drying, swim-sink separa-
tion techniques and whirling stream deposition;

Secondary measures:

Low

Low

— Single- and multi-stage fabric filter with added
activation of limestone/activated carbon in front
of the filter;

< 1 (0,1 ng TE/m3) Medium/high

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Management options

Emission level (%) (a)

Estimated costs

Management risks

— Minimisation and separate removal and purifica-
tion of differently contaminated waste gas flows;

— Avoidance of particulate deposition from the
waste gas and promotion of rapid passing of the
critical temperature range; and

— Improved pretreatment of

aluminium scrap
shredders by using swim-sink separation techni-
ques
and grading through whirling stream
deposition.

(a): Remaining emission compared to unreduced mode.

Medium/high

Medium/high

Medium/high

25. Metal production and treatment plants with PCDD/F emissions can meet a maximum emission concentration of

0,1 ng TE/m3 (if waste gas volume flow > 5 000 m3/h) using control measures.

Si nte r plants

26. Measurements at sinter plants in the iron and steel industry have generally shown PCDD/F emissions in the
range of 0,4 to 4 ng TE/m3. A single measurement at one plant without any control measures showed an emis-
sion concentration of 43 ng TE/m3.

27. Halogenated compounds may result in the formation of PCDD/F if they enter sinter plants in the feed materials
(coke breeze, salt content in the ore) and in added recycled material (e.g. millscale, blast furnace top gas dust,
filter dusts and sludges from waste water treatment). However, similarly to waste incineration, there is no clear
link between the chlorine content of the feed materials and emissions of PCDD/F. An appropriate measure may
be the avoidance of contaminated residual material and de-oiling or degreasing of millscale prior to its introduc-
tion into the sinter plant.

28. The most effective PCDD/F emission reduction can be achieved using a combination of different secondary

measures, as follows:

(a) Recirculating waste gas significantly reduces PCDD/F emissions. Furthermore, the waste gas flow is reduced

significantly, thereby reducing the cost of installing any additional end-of-pipe control systems;

(b) Installing fabric filters (in combination with electrostatic precipitators in some cases) or electrostatic precipi-

tators with the injection of activated carbon/open-hearth coal/limestone mixtures into the waste gas;

(c) Scrubbing methods have been developed which include pre-quenching of the waste gas, leaching by high-
performance scrubbing and separation by drip deposition. Emissions of 0,2 to 0,4 ng TE/m3 can be
achieved. By adding suitable adsorption agents like lignite coal cokes/coal slack, an emission concentration
of 0,1 ng TE/m3 can be reached.

Pr i ma ry a nd se c on da ry pr odu c ti on of cop pe r

29. Existing plants for the primary and secondary production of copper can achieve a PCDD/F emission level of a
few picograms to 2 ng TE/m3 after flue-gas cleaning. A single copper shaft furnace emitted up to 29 ng TE/m3
PCDD/F before optimisation of the aggregates. Generally, there is a wide range of PCDD/F emission values from
these plants because of the large differences in raw materials used in differing aggregates and processes.

30. Generally, the following measures are suitable for reducing PCDD/F emissions:

(a) pre-sorting scrap;

(b) pretreating scrap, for example stripping of plastic or PVC coatings, pretreating cable scrap using only cold/

mechanical methods;

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(c) quenching hot waste gases (providing utilisation of heat), to reduce residence time in the critical region of

temperature in the waste gas system;

(d) using oxygen or oxygen-enriched air in firing, or oxygen injection in the shaft kiln (providing complete

combustion and minimisation of waste gas volume);

(e) adsorption in a fixed bed reactor or fluidised jet stream reactor with activated charcoal or open-hearth coal

dust; and

(f) catalytic oxidation.

Pr odu c tion of ste el

31. PCDD/F emissions from converter steelworks for steel production and from hot blast cupola furnaces, electric
furnaces and electric arc furnaces for the melting of cast iron are significantly lower than 0,1 ng TE/m3. Cold-
air furnaces and rotary tube furnaces (melting of cast iron) have higher PCDD/F emissions.

32. Electric arc furnaces used in secondary steel production can achieve an emission concentration value of 0,1 ng

TE/m3 if the following measures are used:

(a) Separate collection of emissions from loading and discharging; and

(b) Use of a fabric filter or an electrostatic precipitator in combination with coke injection.

33. The feedstock to electric arc furnaces often contains oils, emulsions or greases. General primary measures for
PCDD/F reduction can be sorting, de-oiling and de-coating of scraps, which may contain plastics, rubber,
paints, pigments and vulcanizing additives.

S me lt i n g p l a nt s i n t h e se c on da r y a l u mi n i u m i ndu st r y

34. PCDD/F emissions from smelting plants in the secondary aluminium industry are in the range of approximately
0,1 to 14 ng TE/m3. These levels depend on the type of smelting aggregates, materials used and waste gas puri-
fication techniques employed.

35. In summary, single- and multi-stage fabric filters with the addition of limestone/activated carbon/open-hearth
coal in front of the filter meet the emission concentration of 0,1 ng TE/m3, with reduction efficiencies of 99 %.

36. The following measures can also be considered:

(a) minimising and separately removing and purifying differently contaminated waste gas flows;

(b) avoiding waste gas particle deposition;

(c) rapidly passing the critical temperature range;

(d) improving the pre-sorting of scrap aluminium from shredders by using swim-sink separation techniques

and grading through whirling stream deposition; and

(e) improving the pre-cleaning of scrap aluminium by swarf decoating and swarf drying.

37. Options (d) and (e) are important because it is unlikely that modern fluxless smelting techniques (which avoid

halide salt fluxes) will be able to handle the low-grade scrap that can be used in rotary kilns.

38. Discussions are continuing under the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-
east Atlantic regarding the revision of an earlier recommendation to phase out the use of hexachloroethane in
the aluminium industry.

39. The melt can be treated using state-of-the-art technology, for example with nitrogen/chlorine mixtures in the
ratio of between 9:1 and 8:2, gas injection equipment for fine dispersion and nitrogen pre- and post-flushing
and vacuum degreasing. For nitrogen/chlorine mixtures, a PCDD/F emission concentration of about 0,03 ng
TE/m3 was measured (as compared to values of > 1 ng TE/m3 for treatment with chlorine only). Chlorine is
required for the removal of magnesium and other undesired components.

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C. Combustion of fossil fuels in utility and industrial boilers

40. In the combustion of fossil fuels in utility and industrial boilers (> 50 MW thermal capacity), improved energy
efficiency and energy conservation will result in a decline in the emissions of all pollutants because of reduced
fuel requirements. This will also result in a reduction in PCDD/F emissions. It would not be cost-effective to
remove chlorine from coal or oil, but in any case the trend towards gas-fired stations will help to reduce
PCDD/F emissions from this sector.

41. It should be noted that PCDD/F emissions could increase significantly if waste material (sewage sludge, waste
oil, rubber wastes, etc.) is added to the fuel. The combustion of wastes for energy supply should be undertaken
only in installations using waste gas purification systems with highly efficient PCDD/F reduction (described in
section A above).

42. The application of techniques to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide and particulates from the
flue gas can also remove PCDD/F emissions. When using these techniques, PCDD/F removal efficiencies will
vary from plant to plant. Research is ongoing to develop PCDD/F removal techniques, but until such techniques
are available on an industrial scale, no best available technique is identified for the specific purpose of PCDD/F
removal.

D. Residential combustion

43. The contribution of residential combustion appliances to total emissions of PCDD/F is less significant when
approved fuels are properly used. In addition, large regional differences in emissions can occur due to the type
and quality of fuel, geographical appliance density and usage.

44. Domestic fireplaces have a worse burn-out rate for hydrocarbons in fuels and waste gases than large combus-
tion installations. This is especially true if they use solid fuels such as wood and coal, with PCDD/F emission
concentrations in the range of 0,1 to 0,7 ng TE/m3.

45. Burning packing material added to solid fuels increases PCDD/F emissions. Even though it is prohibited in some
countries, the burning of rubbish and packing material may occur in private households. Due to increasing
disposal charges, it must be recognised that household waste materials are being burned in domestic firing
installations. The use of wood with the addition of waste packing material can lead to an increase in PCDD/F
emissions from 0,06 ng TE/m3 (exclusively wood) to 8 ng TE/m3 (relative to 11 % O2 by volume). These
results have been confirmed by investigations in several countries in which up to 114 ng TE/m3 (with respect
to 13 % oxygen by volume) was measured in waste gases from residential combustion appliances burning waste
materials.

46. The emissions from residential combustion appliances can be reduced by restricting the input materials to
good-quality fuel and avoiding the burning of waste, halogenated plastics and other materials. Public informa-
tion programmes for the purchasers/operators of residential combustion appliances can be effective in achieving
this goal.

E. Firing installations for wood (<50 MW capacity)

47. Measurement results for wood-firing installations indicate that PCDD/F emissions above 0,1 ng TE/m3 occur in
waste gases especially during unfavourable burn-out conditions and/or when the substances burned have a
higher content of chlorinated compounds than normal untreated wood. An indication of poor firing is the total
carbon concentration in the waste gas. Correlations have been found between CO emissions, burn-out quality
and PCDD/F emissions. Table 3 summarises some emission concentrations and factors for wood-firing installa-
tions.

Table 3

Quantity-related emission concentrations and factors for woodfiring installations

Fuel

Emission concen-
tration
(ng TE/m3)

Emission factor
(ng TE/kg)

Emission factor
(ng/GJ)

Natural wood (beech tree)

0,02-0,10

0,23-1,3

12-70

Natural wood chips from forests

0,07-0,21

0,79-2,6

43-140

Chipboard

0,02-0,08

0,29-0,9

16-50

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Fuel

Emission concen-
tration
(ng TE/m3)

Emission factor
(ng TE/kg)

Emission factor
(ng/GJ)

2,7-14,4

26-173

1 400-9 400

3 230

114

0,03

Urban waste wood

Residential waste

Charcoal

48. The combustion of urban waste wood (demolition wood) in moving grates leads to relatively high PCDD/F
emissions, compared to non-waste wood sources. A primary measure for emission reduction is to avoid the use
of treated waste wood in wood-firing installations. Combustion of treated wood should be undertaken only in
installations with the appropriate flue-gas cleaning to minimize PCDD/F emissions.

V. Control techniques for the reduction of PAH emissions

A. Coke production

49. During coke production, PAHs are released into the ambient air mainly:

(a) when the oven is charged through the charging holes;

(b) by leakages from the oven door, the ascension pipes and the charging hole lids; and

(c) during coke pushing and coke cooling.

50. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) concentration varies substantially between the individual sources in a coke battery. The
highest BaP concentrations are found on the top of the battery and in the immediate vicinity of the doors.

51. PAH from coke production can be reduced by technically improving existing integrated iron and steel plants.
This might entail the closure and replacement of old coke batteries and the general reduction in coke produc-
tion, for instance by injecting high-value coal in steel production.

52. A PAH reduction strategy for coke batteries should include the following technical measures:

(a) charging the coke ovens:

— particulate matter emission reduction when charging the coal from the bunker into the charging cars,

— closed systems for coal transfer when coal pre-heating is used,

— extraction of filling gases and subsequent treatment, either by passing the gases into the adjacent oven
or by passing via a collecting main to an incinerator and a subsequent dedusting device. In some cases
the extracted filling gases may be burned on the charging cars, but the environmental performance and
safety of these charging-car-based systems is less satisfactory. Sufficient suction should be generated by
steam or water injection in the ascension pipes;

(b) emissions at charging hole lids during coking operation should be avoided by:

— using charging hole lids with highly efficient sealing,

— luting the charging hole lids with clay (or equally effective material) after each charging operation,

— cleaning the charging hole lids and frames before closing the charging hole,

— keeping oven ceilings free from coal residuals;

(c) ascension pipe lids should be equipped with water seals to avoid gas and tar emissions, and the proper

operation of the seals should be maintained by regular cleaning;

(d) coke oven machinery for operating the coke oven doors should be equipped with systems for cleaning the

seals and surfaces on the oven door frames and oven doors;

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(e) coke oven doors:

— highly effective seals should be used (e.g. spring-loaded membrane doors),

— seals on the oven doors and door frames should be cleaned thoroughly at every handling operation,

— doors should be designed in a manner that allows the installation of particulate matter extraction

systems with connection to a dedusting device (via a collecting main) during pushing operations;

(f) the coke transfer machine should be equipped with an integrated hood, stationary duct and stationary gas

cleaning system (preferably a fabric filter);

(g) low-emission procedures should be applied for coke cooling, e.g. dry coke cooling. The replacement of a
wet quenching process by dry coke cooling should be preferred, so long as the generation of waste water is
avoided by using a closed circulation system. The dusts generated when dry quenched coke is handled
should be reduced.

53. A coke-making process referred to as ‘non-recovery coke-making’ emits significantly less PAH than the more
conventional by-product recovery process. This is because the ovens operate under negative pressure, thereby
eliminating leaks to the atmosphere from the coke oven doors. During coking, the raw coke oven gas is
removed from the ovens by a natural draught, which maintains a negative pressure in the ovens. These ovens
are not designed to recover the chemical by-products from raw coke oven gas. Instead, the offgases from the
coking process (including PAH) are burned efficiently at high temperatures and with long residence times. The
waste heat from this incineration is used to provide the energy for coking, and excess heat may be used to
generate steam. The economics of this type of coking operation may require a cogeneration unit to produce
electricity from the excess steam. Currently there is only one non-recovery coke plant operating in the United
States, and one is in operation in Australia. The process is basically a horizontal sole-flue non-recovery coke
oven with an incineration chamber adjoining two ovens. The process provides for alternate charging and
coking schedules between the two ovens. Thus, one oven is always providing the incineration chamber with
coke gases. The coke gas combustion in the incineration chamber provides the necessary heat source. The
incineration chamber design provides the necessary dwell time (approximately one second) and high tempera-
tures (minimum of 900 °C).

54. An effective monitoring programme for leakages from coke oven door seals, ascension pipes and charging hole
lids should be operated. This implies the monitoring and recording of leakages and immediate repair or mainte-
nance. A significant reduction of diffuse emissions can thus be achieved.

55. Retrofitting existing coke batteries to facilitate condensation of flue gases from all sources (with heat recovery)
results in a PAH reduction of 86 % to more than 90 % in air (without regard to waste water treatment). Invest-
ment costs can be amortised in five years, taking into account recovered energy, heated water, gas for synthesis
and saved cooling water.

56. Increasing coke oven volumes results in a decrease in the total number of ovens, oven door openings (amount
of pushed ovens per day), number of seals in a coke battery and consequently PAH emissions. Productivity
increases in the same way by decreasing operating and personnel costs.

57. Dry coke cooling systems require a higher investment cost than wet methods. Higher operating costs can be
compensated for by heat recovery in a process of pre-heating the coke. The energy efficiency of a combined
dry coke cooling/coal pre-heating system rises from 38 to 65 %. Coal pre-heating boosts productivity by 30 %.
This can be raised to 40 % because the coking process is more homogeneous.

58. All tanks and installations for the storage and treatment of coal tar and coal tar products must be equipped
with an efficient vapour recovery return and/or vapour destruction system. The operating costs of vapour
destruction systems can be reduced in an autothermal after-burning mode if the concentration of the carbon
compounds in the waste is high enough.

59. Table 4 summarises PAH emission reduction measures in coke production plants.

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Table 4

PAH emission control for coke production

Management options

Emission level (%) (a)

Estimated costs

Management risks

of

old

Retrofitting
plants with
condensation of emitted flue gases
from all
the
sources
following measures:

includes

Total < 10 (without
waste water)

High

Emissions
by wet
to waste water
quenching are very high. This method
should be applied only if the water is
reused in a closed cycle.

— evacuation and after-burning of the
filling gases during charging of ovens
or passing the gases into the adjacent
oven as far as possible,

5

of

investment

costs,
(Amortisation
taking into account energy recovery,
heated water, gas
synthesis and
saved cooling water, may be five years.)

for

< 5

— emissions

at

charging hole

lids
should be avoided as far as possible,
e.g. by special hole lid construction
and highly effective sealing methods.
Coke oven doors with highly effec-
tive sealings should be used. Cleaning
of charging hole lids and frames
before closing the charging hole,

— waste gases from pushing operations
should be collected and fed to a
dedusting device,

< 5

— quenching during coke cooling by
wet methods only if properly applied
without waste water.

Low emission procedures for coke
cooling, e.g. dry coke cooling.

No emissions into
water

Higher investment costs than for wet
cooling (but lower costs by preheating
of coke and use of waste heat.)

Increasing the use of high-volume
ovens to lower the number of open-
ings and the surface of sealing areas.

Considerable

Investment about 10 % higher
conventional plants.

than

In most cases total retro-fitting or the
installation of a new cokery is needed.

(a): Remaining emission compared to unreduced mode.

B. Anode production

60. PAH emissions from anode production have to be dealt with in a similar fashion as those from coke produc-

tion.

61. The following secondary measures for emission reduction of PAH-contaminated dust are used:

(a) electrostatic tar precipitation;

(b) combination of a conventional electrostatic tar filter with a wet electrostatic filter as a more efficient tech-

nical measure;

(c) thermal after-burning of the waste gases; and

(d) dry scrubbing with limestone/petroleum coke or aluminum oxide (Al2O3).

62. The operating costs in thermal after-burning can be reduced in an autothermal after-burning mode if the
concentration of carbon compounds in the waste gas is high enough. Table 5 summarises PAH emission
control measures for anode production.

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Table 5

PAH emission control for anode production

Management options

Emission level (%) (a)

Estimated costs

Management risks

Modernisation of old plants by redu-
emissions with the
cing diffuse
following measures:

3-10

High

— reduction of leakages,

— installation of flexible sealants at the

oven doors

— evacuation of filling gases and subse-
quent
treatment, either by passing
the gases into the adjacent oven or
by passing the gases via a collecting
main to an incinerator and a subse-
quent
the
ground,

dedusting

device

on

— operating and coke oven cooling

systems, and

— evacuation and purification of parti-

culate emissions from coke.

Established technologies
production in the Netherlands:

for anode

45-50

— new kiln with dry scrubber

(with
limestone/petroleum cokes or with
aluminium),

— effluent recycling in paste unit.

BAT:

— electrostatic dust precipitation, and

2-5

— thermal after-burning.

15

(a): Remaining emission compared to unreduced mode.

C. Aluminium industry

Implemented in the Netherlands in 1990.
Scrubbing with limestone or petroleum
cokes is effective for reducing PAH; with
aluminium not known.

Lower operating costs
thermal mode

in an auto-

Regular cleaning of tar is needed

Operating in autothermal mode only if
the concentration of PAH in the waste
gas is high.

63. Aluminium is produced from aluminium oxide (Al2O3) by electrolysis in pots (cells) electrically connected in

series. Pots are classified as prebake or Soederberg pots, according to the type of the anode.

64. Prebake pots have anodes consisting of calcined (baked) carbon blocks, which are replaced after partial
consumption. Soederberg anodes are baked in the cell, with a mixture of petroleum coke and coal tar pitch
acting as a binder.

65. Very high PAH emissions are released from the Soederberg process. Primary abatement measures include
modernization of existing plants and optimization of the processes, which could reduce PAH emissions by 70
to 90 %. An emission level of 0,015 kg B(a)P/tonne of Al could be reached. Replacing the existing Soederberg
cells by prebaked ones would require major reconstruction of the existing process, but would nearly eliminate
the PAH emissions. The capital costs of such replacements are very high.

66. Table 6 summarises PAH emission control measures for aluminium production.

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Table 6

PAH emission control for aluminium production using the Soederberg process

Management options

Emission level (%) (a)

Estimated costs

Management risks

Higher
USD 800 million

costs

for

electrodes

about

Soederberg electrodes are cheaper than
prebaked ones, because no anode baking
plant is needed. Research is in progress,
but expectations are low. Efficient opera-
tion and monitoring of emission are
essential parts of emission control. Poor
performance
significant
diffuse emissions.

could

cause

Retrofit of Soederberg technology by
encapsulation and modified feeding
50 000 to 10 000 per
point: USd
furnace

Diffuse emissions occur during feeding,
crust breaking and lifting of iron contact
bolts to a higher position.

Low to medium

Low

Medium

Low to medium

Medium to high

High rate of
sparking and electrical
arcing; Wet gas-cleaning generates waste
water.

Replacement of
trodes by:

Soederberg

elec-

3-30

— prebaked electrodes

(avoidance of

pitch binders),

— inert anodes.

alumina

Closed prebake systems with point
feeding of
and efficient
process control, hoods covering the
and allowing efficient
entire pot
collection of air pollutants.

1-5

Soederberg pot with vertical contact
bolts
collection
systems.

and waste

gas

Sumitomo technology(anode briquettes
for VSS process):

Gas cleaning:

— electrostatic tar filters,

— combination of conventional electro-
static tar filters with electrostatic wet
gas cleaning;

— thermal after-burning.

> 10

2-5

> 1

Pitch use with higher melting point (HSS
+ VSS).

High

Use of dry scrubbing in existing HSS
+ VSS plants.

(a).: Remaining emission compared to unreduced mode.

D. Residential combustion

67. PAH emissions from residential combustion can be detected from stoves or open fireplaces especially when
wood or coal is used. Households could be a significant source of PAH emissions. This is the result of the use
of fireplaces and small firing installations burning solid fuels in households. In some countries the usual fuel for
stoves is coal. Coal-burning stoves emit less PAH than wood-burning ones, because of their higher combustion
temperatures and more consistent fuel quality.

68. Furthermore, combustion systems with optimised operation characteristics (e.g. burning rate) effectively control
PAH emissions from residential combustion. Optimised combustion conditions include optimised combustion
chamber design and optimised supply of air. There are several techniques which optimise combustion condi-
tions and reduce emissions. There is a significant difference in emissions between different techniques. A
modern wood-fired boiler with a water accumulation tank, representing BAT, reduces the emission by more
than 90 % compared to an outdated boiler without a water accumulation tank. A modern boiler has three
different zones: a fireplace for the gasification of wood, a gas combustion zone with ceramics or other material
which allow temperatures of some 1 000°C, and a convection zone. The convection part where the water
absorbs the heat should be sufficiently long and effective so that the gas temperature can be reduced from
1 000 °C to 250 °C or less. There are also several techniques to supplement old and outdated boilers, for
example with water accumulation tanks, ceramic inserts and pellet burners.

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69. Optimised burning rates are accompanied by low emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), total hydrocarbons
(THC) and PAHs. Setting limits (type approval regulations) on the emission of CO and THCs also affects the
emission of PAHs. Low emission of CO and THCs results in low emission of PAHs. Since measuring PAH is far
more expensive than measuring CO, it is more cost-effective to set a limit value for CO and THCs. Work is
continuing on a proposal for a CEN standard for coal- and wood-fired boilers up to 300 kW (see table 7).

Table 7

Draft CEN standards in 1997

Class

Manual

Automatic

Effect
(kW)

< 50

> 50-150

> 150-300

< 50

> 50-150

> 150-300

3

5 000

2 500

1 200

3 000

2 500

1 200

2

CO

8 000

5 000

2 000

5 000

4 500

2 000

1

3

25 000

12 500

12 500

15 000

12 500

12 500

150

100

100

100

80

80

2

THC

300

200

200

200

150

150

1

3

2

1

Particulates

2 000

150/125

180/150

200/180

1 500

150/125

180/150

200/180

1 500

150/125

180/150

200/180

1 750

150/125

180/150

200/180

1 250

150/125

180/150

200/180

1 250

150/125

180/150

200/180

Note: Emission levels in mg/m3 at 10 % O2.

70. Emissions from residential wood combustion stoves can be reduced:

(a) For existing stoves, by public information and awareness programmes regarding proper stove operation, the
use of untreated wood only, fuel preparation procedures and the correct seasoning of wood for moisture
content; and

(b) For new stoves, by the application of product standards as described in the draft CEN standard (and equiva-

lent product standards in the United States and Canada).

71. More general measures for PAH emission reduction are those related to the development of centralized systems
for households and energy conservation such as improved thermal insulation to reduce energy consumption.

72. Information is summarised in table 8.

Table 8

PAH emission control for residential combustion

Management options

Emission level (%) (a)

Estimated costs

Management risks

Use of dried coal and wood (dried wood is
wood stored for at least 18 to 24 months).

High effectiveness

Use of dried coal

High effectiveness

Design of heating systems for solid fuels to
provide optimized complete burning condi-
tions:

55

— gasification zone,

— combustion with ceramics,

— effective convection zone.

Water accumulation tank

Medium

Negotiations have to be held with stove manufac-
turers to introduce an approval scheme for stoves.

Technical instructions for efficient operation.

30 to 40

Low

Public information programme concerning the
use of wood burning stoves.

(a): Remaining emission compared to unreduced mode.

Might be achieved also by vigorous public educa-
tion, combined with practical
instructions and
stove type regulation.

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E. Wood preservation installations

73. Wood preservation with PAH-containing coal-tar products may be a major source of PAH emissions to the air.
Emissions may occur during the impregnation process itself as well as during storage, handling and use of the
impregnated wood in the open air.

74. The most widely used PAH-containing coal-tar products are carbolineum and creosote. Both are coal-tar distil-

lates containing PAHs for the protection of timber (wood) against biological attack.

75. PAH emissions from wood preservation,

installations and storage facilities may be reduced using several

approaches, implemented either separately or in combination, such as:

(a) requirements on storage conditions to prevent pollution of soil and surface water by leached PAH and
contaminated rainwater (e.g. storage sites impermeable to rainwater, roof cover, reuse of contaminated
water for the impregnation process, quality demands for the material produced);

(b) measures to reduce atmospheric emissions at impregnation plants (e.g. the hot wood should be cooled
down from 90 °C to 30 °C at least before transport to storage sites. However, an alternative method using
pressure steam under vacuum conditions to impregnate the wood with creosote should be highlighted as
BAT);

(c) the optimum loading of wood preservative, which gives adequate protection to the treated wood product in
situ, can be regarded as a BAT as this will reduce the demand for replacements, thereby reducing emissions
from the wood preservation installations;

(d) using wood preservation products with a lower content of those PAHs that are POPs:

— possibly using modified creosote which is taken to be a distillation fraction boiling between 270 °C and
355 °C, which reduces both the emissions of the more volatile PAHs and the heavier, more toxic PAHs;

— discouraging the use of carbolineum would also reduce PAH emissions;

(e) Evaluating and then using, as appropriate, alternatives, such as those in table 9, that minimize reliance on

PAH-based products.

76. Burning of impregnated wood gives rise to PAH emissions and other harmful substances. If burning does take

place, it should be done in installations with adequate abatement techniques.

Possible alternatives to wood preservation involving PAH-based products

Table 9

Management options

Management risks

Use of
construction:
— sustainably

fences, gates),

alternative materials

for

application in

Other environmental problems have to be evaluated
such as:

produced

hardwood

(riverbanks,

— availability of suitably produced wood,

— emissions caused by the production and disposal

of plastics, especially PVC.

— plastics (horticulture posts),
— concrete (railway sleepers),
— replacement of artificial constructions by natural

ones (such as riverbanks, fences, etc.),

— use of untreated wood.

There are several alternative wood preserving techni-
ques in development which do not include impregna-
tion with PAH based products.

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ANNEX VI

TIMESCALES FOR THE APPLICATION OF LIMIT VALUES AND BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES TO NEW
AND EXISTING STATIONARY SOURCES

The timescales for the application of limit values and best available techniques are:

(a) for new stationary sources: two years after the date of entry into force of the present Protocol;

(b) for existing stationary sources: eight years after the date of entry into force of the present Protocol. If necessary, this
period may be extended for specific existing stationary sources in accordance with the amortisation period provided
for by national legislation.

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ANNEX VII

RECOMMENDED CONTROL MEASURES FOR REDUCING EMISSIONS OF PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLU-
TANTS FROM MOBILE SOURCES

1. Relevant definitions are provided in Annex III to the present Protocol.

I. Achievable emission levels for new vehicles and fuel parameters

A. Achievable emission levels for new vehicles

2. Diesel-fuelled passenger cars

Year

Reference mass

Limit values

Mass of hydrocarbons and
NOx

Mass of particulates

1.1.2000

1.1.2005
(indicative)

3. Heavy-duty vehicles

All

All

0,56 g/km

0,3 g/km

0,05 g/km

0,25 g/km

Year/test cycle

1.1.2000/ESC cycle

1.1.2000/ETC cycle

Limit values

Mass of hydrocarbons

Mass of particulates

0,66 g/kWh

0,85 g/kWh

0,1 g/kWh

0,16 g/kWh

4. Off-road engines

S tep 1 (reference: Regulation (EEC) No 96 (*)

Net power (P) (kW)

Mass of hydrocarbons

Mass of particulates

P ≥ 130

75 ≤ P < 130

37 ≤ P < 75

1,3 g/kWh

1,3 g/kWh

1,3 g/kWh

0,54 g/kWh

0,70 g/kWh

0,85 g/kWh

(*) ‘Uniform provisions concerning the approval of compression ignition (CI) engines to be installed in agricultural and forestry trac-
tors with regard to the emissions of pollutants by the engine.’ The Regulation came into force on 15 December 1995 and its
amendment came into force on 5 March 1997.

Step 2

Net power (P) (kW)

Mass of hydrocarbons

Mass of particulates

0 ≤ P < 18

18 ≤ P < 37

37 ≤ P < 75

75 ≤ P < 130

130 ≤ P < 560

1,5 g/kWh

1,3 g/kWh

1,0 g/kWh

1,0 g/kWh

0,8 g/kWh

0,4 g/kWh

0,3 g/kWh

0,2 g/kWh

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B. Fuel parameters

5. Diesel fuel

Parameter

Cetane number

Density at 15 °C

Evaporated 95 %

PAH

Sulphur

NS: Not specified.
(*) 1 January of year specified.
(**) Indicative value.

Unit

—

kg/m3

°C

mass %

ppm

Limits

Minimum value
(2000/2005) (*)

Maximum value
(2000/2005) (*)

Test method

51/NS

—

ISO 5165

—

—

—

—

845/NS

ISO 3675

360/NS

ISO 3405

11/NS

prIP 391

350/50 (**)

ISO 14956

II. Restriction of halogenated scavengers, additives in fuels and lubricants

6.

In some countries, 1,2-dibromomethane in combination with 1,2-dichloromethane is used as a scavenger in leaded
petrol. Moreover, PCDD/F are formed during the combustion process in the engine. The application of three-way
catalytic converters for cars will require the use of unleaded fuel. The addition of scavengers and other halogenated
compounds to petrol and other fuels and to lubricants should be avoided as far as possible.

7. Table 1 summarizes measures for PCDD/F emission control from the exhaust from road transport motor vehicles.

Table 1

PCDD/F emission control for the exhaust from road transport motor vehicles

Management options

Management risks

Avoiding adding halogenated compounds to fuels
— 1,2-dichloromethane
— 1,2-dichloromethane

corresponding

bromo
compounds as scavengers in leaded fuels for spark
ignition engines
(Bromo compounds may lead to the formation of
brominated dioxins or furans)

and

Halogenated scavengers will be phased out as the market
for leaded petrol shrinks because of the increasing use of
closed-loop three-way catalytic converters with spark
ignition engines.

Avoiding halogenated additives in fuels and lubricants.

III. Control measures for emissions of POPs from mobile sources

A. POP emissions from motor vehicles

8.

9.

POP emissions from motor vehicles occur as particle-bound PAHs emitted from diesel-fuelled vehicles. To a minor
extent PAHs are also emitted by petrol-fuelled vehicles.

Lubrication oil and fuels may contain halogenated compounds as a result of additives or the production process.
These compounds may be transformed during combustion into PCDD/F and subsequently emitted with the exhaust
gases.

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B. Inspection and maintenance

10. For diesel-fuelled mobile sources, the effectiveness of the control of emissions of PAHs may be ensured through
programmes to test the mobile sources periodically for particulate emissions, opacity during free acceleration, or
equivalent methods.

11. For petrol-fuelled mobile sources, the effectiveness of the control of emissions of PAHs (in addition to other exhaust
components) may be ensured through programmes to test periodically the fuel metering and the efficiency of the
catalytic converter.

C. Techniques to control PAH emissions from diesel- and petrol-fuelled motor vehicles

1. Ge ne ra l a sp e cts of c ontrol te c hnolog ie s

12. It is important to ensure that vehicles are designed to meet emission standards while in service. This can be done by
ensuring conformity of production,
lifetime durability, warranty of emission-control components, and recall of
defective vehicles. For vehicles in use, continued emission control performance can be ensured by an effective
inspection and maintenance programme.

2. Te c hni c a l me a su r e s for e mi s si on c ontr ol

13. The following measures to control PAH emissions are important:

(a) Fuel-quality specifications and engine modifications to control emissions before they are formed (primary

measures); and

(b) Addition of exhaust treatment systems, e.g. oxidising catalysts or particle traps (secondary measures).

(1) Diesel engines

14. Diesel-fuel modification can yield two benefits: a lower sulphur content reduces emissions of particles and increases
the conversion efficiency of oxidising catalysts, and the reduction in di- and tri-aromatic compounds reduces the
formation and emission of PAHs.

15. A primary measure to reduce emissions is to modify the engine to achieve more complete combustion. Many
different modifications are in use. In general, vehicle exhaust composition is influenced by changes in combustion
chamber design and by higher fuel injection pressures. At present, most diesel engines rely on mechanical engine
control systems. Newer engines increasingly use computerised electronic control systems with greater potential flex-
ibility in controlling emissions. Another technology to control emissions is the combined technology of turbochar-
ging and intercooling. This system is successful in reducing NOx as well as increasing fuel economy and power
output. For heavy- and light-duty engines the use of intake manifold tuning is also a possibility.

16. Controlling the lubricating oil is important to reduce particulate matter (PM), as 10 to 50 % of particulate matter is
formed from engine oil. Oil consumption can be reduced by improved engine manufacturing specifications and
improved engine seals.

17. Secondary measures to control emissions are additions of exhaust treatment systems. In general, for diesel engines
the use of an oxidising catalyst in combination with a particulate filter has been shown to be effective in reducing
PAH emissions. A particle trap oxidizer is being evaluated. It is located in the exhaust system to trap PM and can
provide some regeneration of the filter by burning the collected PM, through electrical heating of the system or
some other means of regeneration. For proper regeneration of passive system traps during normal operation, a
burner-assisted regeneration system or the use of additives is required.

(2) Petrol engines

18. PAH-reduction measures for petrol-fuelled engines are primarily based on the use of a closed-loop three-way cata-

lytic converter, which reduces PAHs as part of the HC emission reductions.

19. Improved cold start behaviour reduces organic emissions in general and PAHs in particular (for instance start-up

catalysts, improved fuel evaporation/atomization, heated catalysts).

20. Table 2 summarises measures for PAH emission control from the exhaust from road transport motor vehicles.

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PAH emission control for the exhaust from road transport motor vehicles

Table 2

Management options

Emission level (%)

Management risks

Spark ignition engines:

— closed-loop three-way catalytic converter,

— catalysts for reducing cold start emissions.

Fuel for spark ignition engines:

— reduction of aromatics,

— reduction of sulphur.

Diesel engines:

— ozidizing catalyst,

— trap oxidizer/particulate filter.

Diesel fuel modification:

10 to 20

5 to 15

20 to 70

Availability of unleaded
petrol.

Commercially available in
some countries.

Availability of refinery
capacity.

Availability of refinery
capacity.

— reduction of sulphur to reduce particulate emis-

sions.

Improvement of diesel engine specifications:

Existing technologies.

— electronic control system, injection rate adjustment

and high-pressure fuel injection,

— turbocharging and intercooling,

— exhaust gas recirculation.

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ANNEX VIII

MAJOR STATIONARY SOURCE CATEGORIES

I. Introduction

Installations or parts of installations for research, development and the testing of new products are not covered by this
list. A more complete description of the categories may be found in Annex V.

Category

Description of the category

II. List of categories

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Incineration, including co-incineration, of municipal, hazardous or medical waste, or of sewage sludge.

Sinter plants.

Primary and secondary production of copper.

Production of steel.

Smelting plants in the secondary aluminium industry.

Combustion of fossil fuels in utility and industrial boilers with a thermal capacity above 50 MWth.

Residential combustion.

Firing installations for wood with a thermal capacity below 50 MWth.

Coke production.

Anode production.

Aluminium production using the Soederberg process.

Wood preservation installations, except for a Party for which this category does not make a significant
contribution to its total emissions of PAH (as defined in Annex III).