Commission report on cooperation with European non- governmental development organizations (NGDOs) in those fields of importance to developing countries (1995 financial year)
Date: 1997-10-01
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: EU financing, cooperation policy, developing countries, development aid, non-governmental organisation

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 

Brussels, 01.10.1997 
COM(97) 427 final 

COMMISSION REPORT 

on cooperation with European 
non-governmental development 
organizations (NGDOs) in those fields 
of importance to developing countries 

(1995 financial year) 

1. 

At  its  meeting  of  28  November  1977  the  Council  of  Ministers  (Development) 
approved the procedure to be followed  in using  appropriations under item B7-6000 
of  the  Community  budget  for  cofinancing  operations  with  non-governmental 
development organizations (NGDOs).1 

Under this procedure the Commission is required to present an annual report to the 
Council of Ministers on the use of the appropriations allocated during the preceding 
financial year. 

Accordingly, the Commission is presenting this report for 1995. 

2. 

Although the Council's agreement concerns only appropriations under item B7-6000, 
the report also covers other major spheres of cooperation with NGDOs such as  food 
aid, humanitarian aid,  special programmes and coordination between NGDOs.  The 
various  contributions  made  by  the  relevant  Commission  departments  provide  an 
overview. 

l 

See Council document R/207/78 (GCD) of 26 January 1978. 

CONTENTS 

INTRODUCTION 

EC COOPERATION WITH NGDOs IN 1995 

I.  COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN SCHEMES CARRIED 
OUT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES CARRIED OUT 
BY NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 
(item B7-6000 of the Budget) 

1.1  Overview 

1.2  Cofinancing of development schemes in the developing countries 

1.2.1  European NGDOs: sustained support for 

partners in the South 

1.2.2  Block grants 

1.2.3  Development projects: target groups and sectors 

1.2.4  Recipient countries 

1.3  Cofinancing of public awareness campaigns in the European Community 

1.3.1  Sustained EC support for NGDOs and the situation in 1995 

1.3.2  Types of development education project 

1.4  Cofinancing programme from 1976 to 1995 

1.5  Relations with the NGDO Liaison Committee 

1.6  Outlook 

Page 

1 

2 

4 

4 

6 

6 

6 

7 

8 

9 

8 

9 

10 

11 

11 

II.  OTHER AREAS OF COOPERATION 

2.1  Food aid channelled through NGDOs (Title B7-2 of the budget) 

2.2  Community contribution to storage and early warning programmes 

(article B7-202 of the budget) 

2.3  European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO) 
(chapter B7-21 of the budget, Lomé Convention and 
OCT decision) 

2.3.1  Summary 

2.3.2  Humanitarian aid operations in 1995 

2.3.3  Relations with NGOs 

2.4  Cooperation with NGOs on self-sufficiency  for refugees, 

displaced persons and returnees in Asia and Latin America 
(article B7-212 of the budget) 

2.5  North-South cooperation projects in the campaign 

against drug abuse 
(Item B7-6210 of the budget) 

2.6  Rehabilitation and reconstruction projects in developing countries 

(article B7-641) 
2.6.1  Design, scope, eligibility criteria and  financing 

of rehabilitation programmes 

2.6.2  Role of NGOs 

2.6.3  Rehabilitation schemes in 1995 

2.6.4  Budget article B7-641 

Page 

12 

12 

16 

16 

16 

17 

18 

18 

19 

20 

20 

21 

21 

21 

•ntz 

2.7  European Programme for Reconstruction and Development in 

South Africa (EPRD) 
(article B7-320 of the budget) 

2.7.1  General objectives of the EPRD 

2.7.2  Specific objectives 

2.7.3  Conclusions 

2.8  Assistance for rehabilitation programmes in southern Africa 

(article B7-321 of the budget) 

2.9  Community assistance for NGOs operating in Vietnam 

(item B7-6004 of the budget) 

2.10  Community assistance for NGOs operating in Cambodia 

(item B7-6005 of the budget) 

2.11  Decentralized cooperation 

(item B7-6430 of the budget) 

2.11.1  Aims 

2.11.2  Item B7-6430 in 1995 

2.11.3  Outlook for  1996 

Page 

22 

23 

23 

24 

25 

27 

27 

27 

27 

29 

30 

TABLES 

relating to item B7-6000 

I. 

Breakdown by recipient country of development projects  cofinanced 
by the EC from 1976 to  1995 inclusive 

II.  Breakdown by Member State of Community funds allocated 

from 1976 to 1995 inclusive 

III.  Breakdown by Member State of Community  funds 

allocated in  1995 

Page 

31 

34 

35 

- 1-

INTRODUCTION 

Since  its  inception  21  years  ago,  cooperation  between  NGDOs  and  the  Community  has 
embodied the Community's contribution  to the solidarity of the citizens of  Europe with the 
most deprived people in the developing countries.  It covers in particular  the cofinancing  of 
development  schemes  in  those  countries,  information  campaigns  in  Europe,  food  aid  and 
food security, humanitarian aid and many other fields. 

Despite the general criticism of the lack of financial  resources for  development  cooperation 
and the current  budgetary  restrictions  to which  the Commission  is subject,  there  has been 
an appreciable increase in recent years in Community  financial  resources made available to 
NGOs.  In  1995, leaving aside emergency aid,  more than  ECU 500 million  was mobilized 
by  NGOs  through  numerous  budget  headings,  an  increase  of  85%  compared  with  1990 
(ECU  270  million).  The  most  important  items  concern  the  cofinancing  of  development, 
development  education  and  food  aid  projects,  not  to  mention  numerous  smaller,  but 
important,  budget headings for certain developing countries or certain cooperation sectors. 

In  particular  the  special  heading  for  cofinancing. of  development  schemes  with  European 
NGOs continued to increase,  rising from  ECU  135 million in  1993 to ECU  145 million in 
1994 and ECU  174 million in 1995.1 

This  attests  to  the  importance  the  European  Union  attaches  to  NGOs  in  its  development 
cooperation policy and the confidence  it shows them. 

NGOs  are  crucial  to  our  development  cooperation  policy,  which  aims  to  make  a  real 
contribution  to  eradicating  poverty  by  substantially  improving  the  lot  of  the  people  in 
developing countries. 

But NGOs also seek to enlist and organize  the people  in furthering  their own  development 
in keeping with their perception of their priority needs and their methods.  In doing  so, the 
NGOs  play  a  key  role  in  ensuring  the  kind  of  participatory  development  which  is  so 
difficult  to  carry  out  and  yet  so  crucial  to  the  achievement  of  lasting  results  in  the  aid 
projects. Much more than this, they contribute to building up varied social structures and to 
the  creation  of  the  basic  democratic  fabric  needed  for  genuine,  just  and  stable  political 
democracy  which  will  bring  about  sustainable  development,  a  major  objective  of  the 
European Union. 

NGOs  have  another  priority  function:  that  of  mobilizing  European  public  opinion  and 
administrative  and  political  leaders  in  an  effort  to  enhance  development  and  forge 
international relations which assign to the developing countries the importance they merit. 

This annual  report  devotes special  attention  to the  results of  NGDO operations  cofinanced 
by the Commission under heading B7-6000. Owing to the large number of such operations, 
and  with  an  eye  to  keeping  the  report  within  manageable  proportions,  the  lists  of 
development  projects  and  information  campaigns  have  not  been  attached  to  the  report. 
These are obtainable from  the Directorate-General  for  Development (DG VIII/B/2). 

16.5 MECU  was transfered  to the budget lines for  rehabilitation,  SIDA, 
training and awareness  raising  for  development  to finance  urgent  projects 
carried out by NGOs 

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY COOPERATION WITH NGDOs IN  1995 

The Community  contribution  to the various schemes run  by NGOs amounted  to ECU  833 
million broken down as follows: 

-  ECU  139.9  million  to  cofinance  development  schemes  in  the  developing  countries 

(budget item B7-6000), an increase of 9.2% over  1994. 

-  ECU  16.0 million to cofinance  information  campaigns in Europe on development  issues 

(item B7-6000): an increase of  10.3% over 1994. 

-  ECU 214.0 million for  food aid (title B7-2): an increase of 23%  over 1994. 

-  ECU 328.0 million for humanitarian aid (ECHO): an increase of 2.5%  over  1994. 

-  ECU  15.7 million for refugees and displaced persons (article B7-212):  51.2% 

down on  1994. 

-  ECU 4.0 million for the fight against drugs (item B7-6210): 20% down on 1994. 

-  ECU  48.6  million  for  the programme  of  measures  for  South  Africa  (article  B7-320), 
27.1%  down on  1994. This involves direct  support  for  NGOs,  without counting  their 
contribution to programmes whose objectives were set by the government. 

-  ECU  13.9  million  for  assistance  for  rehabilitation  programmes  in  southern  Africa 

(article B7-321): 2.1 % down on 1994. 

-  ECU 2.0  million  to help NGOs operating  in Viemam  (item  B7-6004):  same amount  as 

in 1994. 

-  ECU  1.0  million  to  help  NGDOs  operating  in  Cambodia  (article  B7-6005)  :  same 

amount as in 1994. 

-  ECU  44.0 million  for  rehabilitation  and  rebuilding  schemes in the developing  countries 

(article B7-641): an increase of 46.7% over  1994. 

-  ECU 2.4 million for  decentralized cooperation projects (item B7-6430), plus 1.2 million 

for  schemes involving both NGOs and local authorities. 

This overall Community contribution of ECU 833 million  in  1995 represents an increase of 
3.7%  over  1994 (ECU 803 million) and  18,7% over  1993 (ECU 702 million). 

The range of  budget headings on which  NGDOs could draw reflects  their ability  to operate 
in  a  variety  of  sectors,  and  in  particular  in  fields  where  official  Community  cooperation 
sometimes cannot operate or where  it is preferable  to encourage  schemes  through  NGDOs. 
The latter also play an important  role in the follow-up  to humanitarian  schemes  financed  by 
the  European  Union  in  the  context  of  the  rebuilding  /  rehabilitation  programmes  and  in 
promoting human rights and democracy. 

The above account covers only  some of the key fields of  cooperation with  NGDOs,  notably 
those  involving  sizeable  funding  of  projects.  In  recent  years  special  operations  or  pilot 
schemes,  some  of  them  large-scale,  carried  out  by  NGDOs  in  developing  countries  have 
been added.  These  have  been  financed  either  from  other  budget  items (ALA,  etc)  or  from 
EDF  (European  Development  Fund)  resources.  As  they  were  managed  in  a  decentralized 
fashion  by  a  large  number  of  Commission  departments  it has not  been  possible  to  present 
them all  in detail  in this report.1 

The following  chapters map out the various fields of cooperation with NGDOs in  1995. 

A  compendium,  with  accompanying  notes,  of  Community  resources  for  financing 
NGO  projects  is  available  from  the  "Decentralized  cooperation  and  cofinancing  with 
NGOs"  Unit (DG VIII/B/2),  rue de la Loi, 200 -  1049 Brussels. 

<+-

I.  COMMUNITY  PARTICIPATION  IN  SCHEMES  IN  DEVELOPING  COUNTRIES 
CARRIED  OUT  BY  NON-GOVERNMENTAL  DEVELOPMENT  ORGANI 
ZATIONS (NGDOs) 
(budget item B7-6000) 

l.i.  Overview 

In  1995  NGDOs  again  proved  well  able  to  absorb  the  funds  made  available  to  them 
through  EC  cofinancing.  The  large  number  of  requests  was  a  direct  consequence  of 
initiatives  and  requests  put  to  European  NGDOs  by  partners  in  the  South  and  of  the 
former's  success  in  mobilizing  other  public  and  private  funds,  the  net  result  being  a 
significant multiplier effect. 

The  commitment  appropriations  entered  in  the  1995  budget  under  itemB7-6000 
amounted to ECU  174 million,  a marked increase over previous years.  More than 90% 
was  committed  under  this  item,  with  the  remainder  being  transferred  to  other 
rehabilitation headings: 16.5.million.to support projects run by NGOs. 

YEAR 

1976 

1984 

1986 

1988 

1989 

1990 

1991 

1992 

1993 

1994 

1995 

APPROPRIATION 
AVAILABLE 
-ECU million-

COMMITMENTS 
- ECU million-

COMMITMENT 
RATE (%) 

2.5 

35.0 

46.0 

80.0 

80.0 

90.2 

104.6 

110.0 

135.0 

145.0 
[174.0] 157.51 

2.5 

34.4 

45.0 

79.8 

79.6 

90.2 

104.1 

109.9 

135.0 

145.0 

157.3 

100 

98 

98 

100 

99.5 

100 

99.5 

100 

100 

100 

99.9 

16.5 MECU was transfered to the budget lines for rehabilitation, SIDA, 
training and awareness raising for development to finance urgent projects 
carried out by NGOs 

^5~-

In  1995,  the  overall  figures  for  cofinanced  operations  (development  projects  and 
information campaigns) were as follows:1 

1.392  cofinancing  applications dealt with by Commission's departments,  requesting a 
total Community  contribution of  ECU 287.1  million (not  including  the  large number 
of applications submitted informally to see whether a formal request would be eligible 
and ruled out following preliminary discussions with Commission staff); 

776 operations cofinanced for a total Community contribution of ECU  156 million (in 

financial  terms, 54.3% of the applications handled); 

302  applications,  corresponding  to  requested  funding  of  ECU  61.2  million,  which 

were turned down or withdrawn (22  %); 

314 applications,  representing financing of  ECU 69.9 million,  still  under appraisal at 

the end of 1995 (23%). 

Commission  departments  handle  this  large  number  of  requests  in  accordance  with  the 
criteria  and rules  laid  down  in the  General  Conditions  for  Cofinancing.2  In examining 
each dossier, they considered the professionalism and financial soundness of the NGDO; 
the quality  of the project; the Southern partner's  operational  capacity  and the quality  of 
the ties between it and the European NGDO; the impact of  the project,  its viability and 
the potential multiplier effect for the target groups concerned. 

As  in the past,  the  Commission  has  sought  to  abide  by  the basic  principles  underlying 
cofinancing  so as to maintain a high standard for the schemes cofinanced  and ensure that 
"small" NGDOs have access to funds. 

Payment  appropriations  under  item  B7-6000  rose  to  ECU  146.5  million  in  1995. 
Payments made over the year amounted to ECU  133.9,  of  which ECU  66.9  million to 
finance projects started in previous years. 

î 

A  full  list of  development  operations  in the developing  countries  and campaigns  to 
inform  European  public  opinion  cofinanced  in  1995  by  the  Commission  can  be 
obtained  from  the  "Decentralized  cooperation  and  cofinancing  with  NGOs"  Unit 
(Vm/B/2). Address: 200, rue de la Loi,  1049 Brussels. 

2  Commission of  the European Communities,  "General  Conditions  for  the  cofinancing  of 
projects undertaken in developing  countries by Non-governmental  Organizations  (doc. 
Vm/764/87)  and  "General  Conditions  for  the  cofinancing  of  projects  to  raise  public 
awareness  of  development  projects  carried  out  by  Non-governmental  Organizations 
(doc.  Vffl/271/87). 

1.2  Cofinancing of development schemes in the developing countries 

1.2.1  European NGDOs: sustained support for partners in the South 

As 
in  previous  years,  the  Commission  channelled  approximately  90%  of  the 
appropriations  under  item  B7-6000  into  the  cofinancing  of  operations  conducted  in 
developing  countries,  the balance being earmarked mainly  for cofinancing  campaigns  to 
heighten public awareness in the European Community. 

For operations in developing countries, the situation regarding requests and commitments 
was as follows: 

1.127  applications handled by the Commission for a total Community  contribution of 

ECU 261.9 million; 

601 operations cofinanced,  with a Community contribution of ECU  139.9 million; 

254  applications,  requiring  financing  of  ECU  55.6  million,  turned  down  or 

withdrawn; 

272  applications,  representing financing of  ECU  66.4  million,  still  at  the  appraisal 

stage at the end of the year. 

The Commission has continued to adhere to the principle of giving special  consideration 
to applications from new NGDOs and helps them increase their level of  professionalism, 
either directly or with the help of experienced NGDOs. 

There  was  a  modest  increase  in  the  average  Community  contribution  to  the  schemes 
cofinanced: it rose to ECU 232.776 per project in 1995 from ECU 216 368 in 1994. 

1.2.2  Block grants 

If a European NGDO has cooperated satisfactorily  with the Commission for a number of 
years, it may be offered an additional facility: access to the block-grant system. 

NGDOs set great store by this system as it offers  them rapid and flexible financing for a 
whole  host  of  mini-operations  (e.g.  purchase  of  equipment,  construction  of  small-scale 
infrastructure,  training  assistance  and health) and enables them to meet the  needs  of the 
recipient  groups  with finely-tuned schemes.  Such  operations  are  often  identified  by 
NGDOs  to  complement  the  larger  projects  they  are  supporting  or  they  may  serve  to 
establish the initial contacts for cooperation with new partners in the South. 

Between  1985  and  1995,  the  Commission  cofinanced  1.127  block  grants  relating  to 
15.404  mini-operations  accounting  for  a  total  of  ECU 142.9 million.  The  average 
Community  contribution  was  ECU 9.277  The  table  below  shows  the  trend  over  the 
period in question. 

YEAR 

AMOUNT OF 
BLOCK 
GRANT 
(ECU million) 

% OF 
COMMITMENTS 
UNDER 
ARTICLE 

NO OF 
BLOCK 
GRANTS 

NO OF 
MINI-
OPERATI 
ONS 

AMOUNT GIVEN BY 
THE COMMUNITY 
PER 
MINI-OPERATION 
(ECU) 

1985 
1986 
1987 
1988 
1989 
1990 
1991 
1992 
1993 
1994 
1995 

3.7 
5.7 
6.8 
8.8 
9.9 
9.7 
13.1 
18.1 
21.9 
21.5 
23.7 

11 
13 
11 
11 
12.4 
10.8 
12.6 
16.5 
16.2 
14.8 
13.6 

43 
50 
59 
79 
96 
97 
118 
140 
159 
134 
152 

450 
671 
822 
961 
1082 
1.099 
1447 
1935 
2.263 
2 239 
2.435 

8 146 
8 507 
8 272 
9 153 
9 105 
8 857 
9 061 
9 363 
9 666 
9 606 
9.726 

1.2.3  Development projects: target groups and sectors 

Implementation of  development projects is as far as possible assigned to organizations of  the South 
(peasant  communities,  villages,  cooperatives,  women's  associations,  etc),  with  the  European 
NGOs  taking  care  of  the  necessary  technical  support  and  financing.  The  network  of  associations 
has  developed  considerably  in  the  South:  local  partners  deal  increasingly  not  only  with 
implementation  but  also  technical  support.  Experience  has  shown  that  the  effectiveness  of 
development  projects  depends  directly  on  the  participation  of  the  target  groups  in  the  choice, 
design and implementation of their own development programmes. 

NGDOs  have  been  attaching  considerable  importance  to  projects  aimed  at  women  and  the 
Commission has cofinanced  a number of projects designed to enhance their  role in productive  and 
income-generating activities in both urban and rural areas. 

Street  children  are  another  important  group  of  beneficiaries.  They  are  a  particularly  vulnerable 
group in the large cities of the South. 

There  are also  development  projects  under  way  for,  and  involving,  indigenous  peoples  and  their 
representative  organizations  in  fields  such  as  protection  of  fundamental  rights,  social  and 
productive activities, bilingual  education and environmental protection. 

Development  projects  in  the  developing  countries  come  under  various  sectors.  In  1995,  NGOs 
continued  to  give  precedence  to  certain  sectors  of  activity,  with  rural  development,  training  and 
health remaining a priority.  These are certainly  significant  fields  in terms of  the basic  needs of  the 
people  but they  include  sectors  in  which  initiatives  by  the people  of  the  South  are  numerous.  But 
NGDOs have also been paying increasing heed for some years now to marginal urban populations. 

- 8-

A  large  number  of  projects  adopt  an  integrated  development  approach  as  this  is  a  speciality  of 
NGDOs and one of the best means of  starting development at the grassroots.  In general,  integrated 
development  projects  seek  to  support  various  communities  (peasants'  associations,  small 
cooperatives,  village  associations,  women's  organizations,  etc)  working  in  several  sectors  at  the 
same time such as agriculture,  the craft  industry,  training,  health, environmental  protection and the 
building of  infrastructure. 

Productive, job-creating and income-generating  projects occupy an increasingly  significant  place in 
all the projects cofinanced  in recent years. 

Training  retains  a  high  profile:  projects  covered  vocational  training,  training  of  instructors, 
training in appropriate technologies and the like. 

1.2.4.  Recipient countries 

The 601  development projects cofinanced  in  1995 were carried out in  100 developing countries. 

The geographical  breakdown of the Community's contributions was as  follows: 

1995 

ECU  million 

- Sub-Saharan  Africa 
-  Latin  America 
- Asia 
-  Caribbean 
-  Mediterranean 
-  Pacific 
- Other 

TOTAL 

43.30 
50.55 
24.40 
8.60 
10.70 
0.05 
0.30 

139.9 

1994 
(%) 

33.9 
40.6 
16.0 
3.7 
5.3 
0.1 
0.4 

1993 
(%) 

38.3 
34.6 
18.5 
3.0 
4.0 
0.4 
1.2 

% 

32.4 
36.1 
17.5 
6.0 
8.0 
0.0 
0.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

The breakdown between ACP and non-ACP countries was as follows: 

1995 

ECU  million 

52.0 

87.9 

139.9 

% 

37.2 

62.8 

100.0 

1994 
(%) 

36.3 

63.7 

100.0 

1993 
(%) 

42.5 

57.5 

100.0 

- ACP countries 

-  Non-ACP 

TOTAL 

1.3  Cofinancing  of public awareness campaigns in the European Community 

-9  -

1.3.1  Sustained EC support for  NGDOs and the situation in 1995 

From a modest  beginning  of  17 projects  in  1979 cofinanced  at  a cost  of  almost  ECU  200 000, 
the budget has  increased  appreciably  in recent years.  In  1995,  175 projects  totalling  ECU  16.7 
million were cofinanced,  accounting for  10% of the commitments under item B7-6000. 

In 1995, the situation regarding requests and commitments was as follows: 

221  cofinancing  applications  handled  by  the  Commission  (not  including  multi-project 
programmes) requesting a total Community contribution of ECU 23.4 million; 

131 projects cofinanced  with a Community contribution of ECU  14.3 million . 

48 applications, requiring financing  of ECU 5.6  million,  turned down or  withdrawn. 

42 applications, representing  financing  of ECU 3.5 million,  still  at the end of the year. 

In addition,  the EC cofinanced  44 multi-project  programmes  with a Community  contribution  of 
ECU  1.8  million. 

1.3.2  Types of development education project 

Generally  speaking,  the aim of these projects  is information,  awareness-raising  and  mobilization 
of  the  European  public  with  regard  to  development  issues  in  order  to  support  policies  and 
schemes which would have a positive impact on the people of the developing countries. 

Among the various  types of eligible  schemes  are  awareness-raising  of  specific  sectors  of  public 
opinion  such  as  farmers,  trade  unions  and  local  authorities;  development  education  schemes  in 
schools;  campaigns  geared  to  decision-makers  and  policies  in  order  to  make  proposals  which 
may lead to concrete and positive changes for the South; support for  European networks, etc. 

Most projects  employed  a mix of techniques  such as publications,  audiovisual  material,  teaching 
materials, community  activities, exhibitions and lobbying. 

The  most  important  target  groups  in  1995  were  the  schools  (24  projects)  and  youth  (19).  An 
increase from  12 in  1994. The  NGOs  also have made greater  efforts  to mobilize  special  groups 
of the public such as consumers and local authority  groups (7 and 9). 

Increased  attention  has  been  noted  to  Africa  (10  projects),  international  trade  (15  projects  of 
wich  10 on  fair  trade).  There  is  a  diminution  of  projects  on  cultural  themes  (9  in  1994,  4  in 
1995).  Other priority  themes  in  1995 are conflict  and  human  rights  (6) and  images  of  the  south 
(9).  There  is considerable  diversification  of  themes  and  target  groups  which  is a sign of  vitality 
of  NGOs  in  Europe  but  which  also  requires  strategic  reflexion.  A debate  on  improvements  in 
strategy  has  been  started  with  NGOs  at  the  first  Development  Education  Forum  (November 
1995) and will be continued  at the next forum  in 1996. 

- l o-

The Commission launched at the end of  1995 the first European-level evaluation of development 
education projects in schools.  It will  provide  an overall  assessment of  the various  strategies  to 
integrate development education into schools and evaluate their impact to see to what extent they 
lend  themselves  to  long-term  sustainability.  The  evaluation  will  also  provide  an assessment  of 
the relevance, quality and results of around twenty cofinanced projects and of the  capacity of the 
promoting  bodies  and  the  adequacy  of  the  means  and  procedures  put  in  place  by  the 
Commission. The results are expected on mid 1997. 

1.4  Cofinancing programme from 1976 to  1995 

The cofinancing  programme under item B7-6000 was  launched  in  1976  on a trial  basis  with a 
small  amount  of  commitment  appropriations  (ECU  2.5  million).  In  following  years  the 
appropriations were gradually increased,  partly as a result of active support from the European 
Parliament,  and in 1995 they climbed to ECU 174 million.  The table at point  1.1  above  shows 
the trend in the appropriations available under item B7-6000 since 1976. 

Over  this  period,  8.301  NGDO  operations  were  cofinanced;  the  Community  contribution  to 
these was ECU 1,184.4 million ecu. 

The  breakdown  of  operations  in  developing  countries  and  information  campaigns  was  as 
follows: 

1976-1995 

Number of schemes 

Schemes in developing 
countries 

Information  campaigns 

TOTAL 

6.781 

1.520 

8.301 

EC contribution 
(ECU million) 

% 

1,076 

90.5 

112,4 

1,888.4 

9.5 

100 

6.781 development operations were conducted by 675 NGDOs in 133 developing countries. 

The geographical spread of Community contributions to these operations is as follows: 

1976-1995 

ECU million 

Sub-Saharan Africa 
Latin America 
Caribbean 
Asia 
Mediterranean 
Pacific 
Other 

TOTAL 

419.4 
357.6 
40.5 
190.2 
60.6 
5.0 
2.9 

1,076.2 

% 

39.0 
33.2 
3.8 
17.7 
5.6 
0.4 
0.3 

100.0 

ACP  countries  received  43.2%  and  non-ACP  countries  56.8%  of  the  total  Community 
contribution. 

11-

Tables  I  and  II  in  the  Annex  give  a  breakdown  by  recipient  developing  country  and  by  EU 
Member State. 

1.520  information campaigns were run by 459 NGDOs in the fifteen  Member States. 

Roughly  half of all operations cofinanced  and 54.4%  of all  the  funds committed  took  place  during 
the  last  five  financial  years,  from  1997  to  1995.  The  average  Community  contribution  to 
operations in developing countries grew  from  ECU  123 000 in  1985  to ECU  233.000  in  1995, and 
the average contribution to information campaigns from  ECU 53.000 to ECU  92  000 

1.5  Relations with the NGDO Liaison  Committee 

Over  a  period  of  21  years  the  Commission  has  built  up  close  relations  with  the  NGDO  Liaison 
Committee,  which is a democratic umbrella group for more than 800  European NGDOs.  There  is 
a  representative from each EU Member State, elected by national  platform. 

The  21st  Annual  General  Meeting  of  the  European  development  NGOs  was  held  on  27  and  28 
April  1995  in  Brussels.  Delegates  of  the  fifteen  national  platforms  discussed  and  approved  the 
broad  outiine  of  their  programme  for  the  coming  years.  They  undertook  to  strengthen  the 
coordination  and consistency  of  their work  in order to consolidate  their political  action.  They  also 
agreed to  improve  the  dissemination  of  information  and to continue  with  awareness-raising  work. 
This  need  for  greater  internal  dialogue  between  NGOs  operating  in  the  development  and 
emergency  fields  is  of  prime  importance  and  it  is  no  accident  that  the  theme  of  the  conference 
following  on from the AGM was  "Europe and Africa:  defining a new partnership". 

This  conference  featured  three  often  overlapping  topics  of  discussion  and  three  seminars  (the 
promotion of a new Europe-Africa partnership, partnership and civil  society,  and the integration  of 
emergency  into a long-term  development outlook).  A  significant  conclusion  was  drawn:  while  the 
partnership established in Lomé must be continued,  it should be recast taking  into account  not only 
its context  but also  local  and regional  differences.  New  partners will  have  to  be  brought  in  to  the 
fold,  including of  course  African  civil  society.  There  is a need for closer  dialogue  between  NGOs 
of  the  North  and  NGOs  of  the  South  and  the  nature  of  their  partnership  should  be  examined. 
Another  priority  for  effective  partnership  is  without  doubt  a joint  effort  to  change  the  image  of 
Africa  that is still too often a negative one. 

1.6  Outlook 

As  in  previous  years,  the  results  of  cooperation ^between  the  European  Union  and  NGDOs  were 
fruitful  and encouraging,  and  the  amount of  Community  resources  made  available  to  the  various 
NGDO  schemes  rose  appreciably,  from  ECU  702  million  ECU  in  1993  to  ECU  803  million  in 
1994 and ECU 833 million  in  1995. 

- 1 2-

Non-governmental  development  aid  should  play  an  increasingly  important  role  in  meeting  the 
challenges  stemming  from  greater  commitment  and  a  greater  show  of  solidarity  on  the  part  of 
Europe  vis-à-vis  the  developing  world.  Community  development  policy,  under  the  Maastricht 
Treaty,  makes  the  fight  against  poverty  one  of  the  European  Union's  broad  objectives.  The 
priority  nature  of  this  objective  was  underscored  and  spelt  out  in  a  resolution  adopted  by  the 
Council at the end of 1993. 

The  problems  of  poverty  worsened  in  many  developing  countries,  with  stagnating  growth  and 
more  marked  inequalities.  Although  these  problems  are  a  consequence  of  lagging  development 
they  are  a  major  obstacle  to  development  and  to  democratization.  While  recognizing  the 
constraints  imposed  by  the  international  environment,  the  Council  stressed  the  basically  political 
dimension  of  the  fight  against  poverty  and  its  links  with  the  process  of  democratization  and 
strengthening the rule of law and participation of the population. 

NGOs have an essential  role to play here as the fight against poverty  is one of their raisons d'être 
and  they  have an  intimate knowledge of  the needs of  marginalized  people  in  the countries  of  the 
South.  It  is  very  important  that  NGDOs  should  complement  the  EU's  efforts  in  the  official 
cooperation programmes with the developing countries. 

It  is also  important  than  NGO  action  should  transcend  the  traditional  social  dimension  and  help 
strengthen  productive  capacity  of  the poor  sections of  the population  by promoting  activities  that 
generate income, create jobs and facilitate greater access to productive  resources.  Another  priority 
is to strengthen  genuine partnership between European  NGOs and associations or  groups from  the 
South as in the last resort they are the main players in this partnership. 

H.  OTHER AREAS OF COOPERATION 

2.1  Food aid channelled through NGDOs (Title B7-2 of the budget) 

In  1995, Community food aid channelled via NGDOs totalled  ECU 214 383 000. 

This accounts  for  35.52%  of  overall  food  aid  financed  by  the  EC  and  represents  an  increase  of 
14.37% on the 1994 figure (ECU  187 440 million). 

The programme of food aid assigned to NGDOs is often  run by EURONAID, a service agency set 
up  and  managed  by  24  European  and  international  NGDOs  which  are  among  the  principal 
requesters  of  Community  food  aid.  The  procedures  governing  the  delivery  and  use  of  aid  by 
NGDOs  are decided by the Commission in consultation with the NGO Liaison Committee. 

The  third  link  in  this  chain  is  provided  by  the  Commission  desk  officers  and  above  all  by  its 
Delegations,  which  play  an  active  on-the-spot  role  at  every  stage  of  the  execution  of  food  aid 
operations. 

In  1995  the  role  of  technical  assistance  was  beefed  up.  Technical  assistance  maintains  a  close 
dialogue with NGOs on the ground in order to get their point of view and analyse their requests in 
depth. 

- 1 3-

The products made available to NGDOs under the programme break down as follows: 

PRODUCTS 

QUANTITY 
(tonnes) 

% VARIATION  ON  1994 

CEREALS 

SKIMMED  MILK 
POWDER 

SUGAR 

VEGETABLE  OIL 

LEGUMES 

OTHER  PRODUCTS 

TOOLS 

321 000 

7 800 

3 445 

11 500 

41  164 

18 970 000 ECU 

1500 000 ECU 

- 9.5 % 

- 45 % 

- 22% 

- 55.7 % 

new 

+ 1 1 . 8% 

new 

Share-out of responsibilities with ECHO 

In December  1994 the Commission  further  clarified  the  share-out  of  responsibilities  between 
ECHO and DG VIII's Food Security and Food Aid Unit as regards food aid. 

(i)  Commission policy 

The  European  Community  is  the  main  partner  of  international  and  non-governmental 
bodies  working  in the food  aid field and the second  largest  international  donor  overall. 
The  Council  resolution  of  25 November  1994  reaffirmed  the  major  thrust  of  the 
Commission's policy  in this area: 

making  food  aid  a  support  instrument  for  long-term  food  security  as  part  of  our 
development policy, 

making emergency  food aid one of the elements of food aid policy. 

(ii)  Commission Decision of December  1994 

Since  it  was  set  up,  responsibility  for  emergency  food  aid  and  food  aid  of  a 
humanitarian  nature  was  transferred  to  the  European  Community  Humanitarian  Office 
(ECHO). 

Nonetheless,  in  keeping  with  previous  undertakings  by  the  Commission  vis-à-vis 
international  and  non-governmental  organizations,  certain  projects  had  to  be  managed 
on a provisional  basis by the Directorate-General  for Development (Food Aid Unit). 

- 1 4-

At  the  beginning  of  1994,  the  Commission  nevertheless  felt  the  time  had  come  to 
complete  the  transfer  of  responsibilities  to  ECHO  and  following  a joint  analysis  by 
DG VIII  and  ECHO  of  the  food  aid  dossiers,  the  Commission  adopted - in 
December  1994  -  arrangements  for  the  share-out  of  responsibilities  between  DG VIII 
and  ECHO  in  the  field  of  food  aid  and  the  transfer  to  ECHO  of  those  dossiers  of  a 
clearly  humanitarian  assistance  nature.  It  also  approved  the  transfer  of  the  relevant 
funds. 

On the basis of coordination and ongoing partnership,  the breakdown of  responsibilities 
in this field between DG VIII and ECHO is structured along the following lines: 

food  aid  projects  of  a  clearly  humanitarian  assistance  content  will  be  the 
responsibility of ECHO, 

food  aid  projects  of  a  development  nature,  structural  aid,  support  measures  for 
food  security  or  other  food  aid  measures  with  a  development  component  will  be 
conducted by the Food Aid and Food Security  Unit of  DG VIII  in agreement  with 
the relevant geographical departments. 

in  the  event  of  a  serious  food  crisis  or  humanitarian  crisis  with  a  major  food  aid 
component,  all  the Community aid instruments will  contribute  to concerted action, 
with  coordination  being  in  the hands of  the  Food  Aid  Unit  for  food  crises  and in 
the hands of ECHO for humanitarian crises. 

the  two  departments  will  be  in permanent  contact  in order  to  guarantee  maximum 
consistency  and coordination  and a  more  effective  and  smooth  transition  between 
humanitarian schemes and rehabilitation or development projects. 

Since  the  beginning  of  the  year,  therefore,  humanitarian  food  aid  operations  managed 
provisionally  by DG VIII were transferred to ECHO.  Measures were taken to ensure the 
follow-up  and  transfer  of  responsibilities  in  the  best  possible  conditions.  In  1995, 
funding  came  from  budget  headings B7-200,  B7-2000,  B7-201  and  B7-202  and  the 
actual  transfer of  the funds concerned (ECU 51 million)  to the humanitarian  aid chapter 
was proposed by the Commission in the  1996 preliminary draft budget. 

(iii)  Food assistance in the event of a major crisis 

It  is  in  the  event  of  serious  large-scale  food  crises  that  the  coordination  machinery 
between  DG VIII/B/1 and ECHO has to ensure efficient  use of  the Community  food aid 
instruments available. 

In practice, we distinguish between two types of food crisis: 

Major and/or structural  food crises,  with large-scale  food aid needs.  In such cases, 
the  Food  Security  and  Food  Aid  Unit  spearheads  the  operation  and  close 
coordination  with  ECHO  comes  into  play  immediately.  Other  departments  and 
instruments  are  also  involved.  Depending  on  the  nature  of  the  crisis,  ECHO and 
the instruments and departments necessary  to meet the needs identified  are brought 
into action. 

-15 -

involving  major  food  aid  requirements  and 

Humanitarian  crises 
immediate 
emergency  action.  In  such cases,  ECHO takes the  lead  as  swiftness  of  the  response 
is of  prime  importance.  Nonetheless,  as  the  needs  identified  need  to  be  met  using 
all  the available  instruments,  the same coordination  machinery  comes  into play  and 
DG VIII's  food  security and food  aid  Unit is involved  from  the outset. 

In  both  cases,  in  order  to  ensure  a  seamless  transition  from  one  phase  to  the  next 
(emergency,  rehabilitation,  development)  and  to  avoid  a  situation  where  operations 
grind  to a halt,  it  is crucial  that  the  situation  on  the  ground  be  monitored  and  analysed 
closely.  The appropriate  instruments  should be deployed at each  stage. 

(iv)  Food aid via NGOs 

(iv a) General  principles 

So as to afford  the necessary  support to all  NGOs operating  in the field  of  food  aid, 
the  Commission  has  reallocated  management  responsibilities  between  DG  VIII/B/1 
and  ECHO  (see  above).  The  Commission's  main  concern  is  to  see  that  budget 
resources  are  used  effectively  so  that  applications  are  handled  by  the  right 
department.  To  that  end,  permanent  coordination  has  been  put  in  place  to  avoid 
duplication  and  ensure  the  appropriate  consistency.  There  must  however  be  a 
certain  measure  of  flexibility  in  the joint  efforts  of  DG VIII  and  ECHO  so  that  no 
legitimate request for  aid gets overlooked. 

The  paragraphs  below  explain  in  practical  terms  how  DG VIII/B/1  and  ECHO 
apply the various criteria and share out the responsibilities. 

iv b) 

Share-out  of  responsibilities  between  DG  VIII/B/1  and  ECHO  in  respect  of  food 
aid for  NGOs. 

DG  VIII/B/1:  this  unit  is  responsible  for  the  choice  of  funding  a  food  aid 
request  lodged  by  an  NGO  and  which  should  be  managed  overall  from  a 
development,  structural  aid and food  security  point of  view.  The project,  by  its 
very  nature,  should  be  strongly  operational  in  nature  with  the  aim  of  reducing 
the food  dependency  of the people concerned. 

DG  VIII/B/1  applies  three  key  criteria  in  assessing  the  eligibility  of  a  programme 
submitted  by an NGO: 

a  careful  examination  of  the  food  security  situation,  highlighting  in  the 
programme  those  practical  aspects  that  have  a  bearing  on  the  causes  of  a  food 
shortage; 

the  grounds  for  the  project  in  the  sense  that  it  is  economically  and  financial 
viable,  socially  acceptable and poses no threat to the  environment; 

the  project  must  contribute  in  a  sustainable  way  to  reducing  the  recipients' 
dependency  and  strengthen  the  implementing  partners'  financial  and  technical 
autonomy  in the medium  term. 

2.2  Community contribution to storage and early-warning programmes (article B7-202) 

Given  the  importance  of  storage  and  early-warning  measures  in  terms  of  improving  food 
security,  a number  of  such operations were financed  by the Community  and implemented by 
NGOs  or  international  organizations.  Six  countries  (Nicaragua,  Peru,  Sudan,  Madagascar, 
Ethiopia  and  Mozambique)  received  such  aid  in  1995  via  NGOs  for  an  overall  amount  of 
ECU 1207 919. 

2.3 

European Community Humanitarian Office  (ECHO^ (chapter B7-21 of the budget, 
Lomé Convention and OCT decision) 

2.3.1  Summary 

Over the last five years, humanitarian schemes implemented by the Commission on behalf of 
the European Union increased sevenfold  and the EU is now the world's leading humanitarian 
aid donor.  Aid rose from ECU 114 million in 1991 to 764 million in 1994 and getting on for 
692 million in 1995. As in 1994, the main recipients were the former  Yugoslavia and Rwanda 
and Burundi but Community humanitarian aid continued to be supplied  to some 60 countries 
in  crisis  around  the  world,  in  particular  Angola,  Sudan,  Haiti,  the  Russian  Federation 
(Chechnya), Armenia, Azerbaijan,  Georgia, Tajikistan,  Iraq, Afghanistan  and Cuba. 

Humanitarian operations financed by the Commission have in recent years been carried  out in 
increasingly  difficult  conditions  and  in vastly  different  situations.  1995 was no  exception  to 
that  rule.  The crises  triggered  by conflicts,  which  gave rise  to  the bulk  of  humamtarian  aid 
action,  were  both  complex  and  enduring.  Such  strife  is  generally  rooted  in  crass  socio 
economic imbalances with,  on occasion,  an ideological or ethnic slant and neither  the causes 
nor the effects  can be remedied overnight. 

The Commission often  played a pivotal role among the donors  in these situations.  It  was the 
biggest  single  donor  not  only  in  former  Yugoslavia  but  also,  for  example,  in  Afghanistan, 
southern  Sudan,  Liberia  and  Sierra  Leone.  While  stoutly  defending  the  autonomy  and 
independence  of  humanitarian  aid,  the  Commission  took  advantage  of  its  presence  in  these 
countries,  without having much choice in the matter,  to draw attention to the prevention and 
settlement of conflicts both at national level and more generally, even when these issues were 
not really  on the national or international political  agenda.  On other  occasions,  humanitarian 
aid helped prevent the situation getting even worse, for instance in Haiti, Angola, Liberia and 
parts  of  Latin  America.  Even  in  the  Israeli-Palestinian  conflict  humanitarian  aid  helped 
encourage the first tentative steps towards peace, reconciliation and reconstruction. 

Throughout  the  year  the  Commission  kept  a  watching  brief  on  the  debate  within  the 
international  humanitarian  aid  community  on  the  need  to  strengthen  the  links  between 
emergency  aid  and development.  It produced  its  own working  paper  on the  subject,  which 
was widely discussed and is due to be fleshed out in 1996. 

Although  natural  disasters  generally  result  in fewer  deaths  and  suffering,  they  can  however 
have  deleterious  effects  on  society  in  a  developing  country.  An  approach  based  on 
preparedness  is often  preferable  in  order  to reduce  the  suffering  and  alleviate  the  economic 
consequences of disasters: this was a key and innovative facet of ECHO'S work in this field in 
1995. 

-17-

Even  where  there  has  been  no  fighting  or  large-scale  natural  disaster,  chronic  and 
deteriorating  situations  such  as  those  in  Algeria,  Cuba  and  Iraq  have  also  required 
humanitarian aid to ease the worst suffering  of the most vulnerable sections of the population. 

ECHO has been at the forefront  of those taking up the challenge of  assessment  without  losing 
sight of  the  special  nature of  its own  operations.  Work  continued  apace  in  1995  in  a  bid  to 
devise methods attuned to ECHO'S needs and manner of  operating and  to that of  its partners, 
all  the  while  increasing  the  number  of  evaluations  carried  out.  With  the  publication  of  a 
for  evaluating 
methodology  manual  containing  practical  and  systematic  guidelines 
humanitarian  aid,  the first phase has now  been completed.  This  manual  will  not  only  be  of 
use to the Commission  but also  to its partners and indeed to all  those  working  in the  field  of 
humanitarian aid. 

The Commission continued to evaluate operations funded  by  it and implemented  by  NGOs  or 
United  Nations  agencies. 
It  evaluated  operations  carried  out  by  46  NGOs  and  five  UN 
agencies. These evaluations covered all types of programme and all areas of the world. 

A  particularly  important  event  took  place  towards  the  end  of  the  year:  a  number  of 
humanitarian bodies and donors met in Madrid, at the initiative of  Emma Bonino,  Member  of 
the  Commission,  to  examine  the  problems  facing  humanitarian  aid  on  the  threshold  of  the 
twenty-first  century.  The  gathering  culminated  in  the  adoption  of  the  Madrid  Declaration, 
which  highlights  the  remarkable  degree  of  convergence  among  the  participants,  NGOs 
included,  in their analysis of main challenges. 

2.3.2 Humanitarian aid operations in 1995 

Operations  reached a level  comparable  to that  in  1994  with,  as pointed  out  above,  a  total  of 
ECU 692 million for decisions adopted during the year. 

The vast majority  of  operations carried out by the Commission  via  ECHO are  financed  from 
the general budget of  the European Union.  To a lesser  degree,  and in  1995 much  less than  in 
previous years, operations for ACP countries were also financed under the Lomé IV  financial 
protocol. 

This  show  of  international  solidarity  found  expression  in  emergency  aid  for  60  countries 
around  the  world  located  in  the  African,  Caribbean  and  Pacific  area  (30.6%),  former 
Yugoslavia  (33.9%),  Central  Europe  (0.4%),  the  former  Soviet  Union  (19.9%),  the  rest  of 
Asia - including northern Iraq (9.3%),  Latin America  (4.0%) and North  Africa  (0.7%). 

Some  85% of  the  funds  administered  by  ECHO  (ECU  692  million)  were  channelled  through 
partners,  of  whom  NGOs accounted  for  55.8%  (ECU  328  million),  UN  agencies  (17%)  and 
other  international  organizations  (10.6%).  Only  around  14%  of  the  funds  were  allocated  to 
Commission  "direct  action",  essentially  in  former  Yugoslavia.  Even  direct  action  depends 
generally  on  (often  local)  NGOs  who  help  distribute  aid  on  the  ground. 
It  is  important  that 
the Commission  has the possibility,  via ECHO, of carrying out direct action  but  it should  only 
be  resorted  to  where  the  traditional  partners  cannot  fully  respond  to  the  needs  of  a  given 
situation. 

2.3.3 Relations with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) 

- 1 ?-

In  1995  around  half  of  the  humanitarian  funds  managed  by  ECHO  went  on  operations 
conducted  by  NGOs.  They  exceeded  the  amounts  of  previous  years,  attesting  to  the 
Commission's  desire  to  put  into  practice  the  principle  of  partnership  in  its  humanitarian 
operations and to give pride of place to the NGOs given that they  were involved  in virtually 
all the operations in some 60 countries receiving humanitarian aid. 

Throughout the year  ECHO devoted  a lot of time to  seeking opportunities  for  dialogue with 
the various  groupings  of  NGO partners  in the  Member  States.  This  effort  turned  out  to be 
very  fruitful  as  it  enabled  the  parties  to  keep  each  other  informed  of  the  development  of 
humanitarian  dossiers,  tackle  problems,  avoid  misunderstandings  and  familiarize  themselves 
with the constraints under which the partners were working. 

Aside  from  enabling  joint  scrutiny  of  the  principles  guiding  humanitarian  action,  these 
organized contacts were particularly useful  for the purpose of reviewing the various practical 
aspects  of  administering  operations.  It  is clear  that  ever-closer  working  relations  are being 
forged  as  time  goes  by  between  the  NGO  desk  officers  and  ECHO  and  between 
correspondents on the ground. 
NGO partners kept a close watch on discussions in the Council and Parliament on the subject 
of  a  proposal  for  a  Council  Regulation  on  humanitarian  aid.  They  are  clearly  anxious  to 
ensure  that their  key concerns  -  flexibility,  swiftness  of  reaction  and political  impartiality  -
are properly  acknowledged  and receive appropriate backing.  The NGOs spared  no effort  in 
seeing that their interests were duly taken into account in the EU institutions'  decision-making 
process. The Council adopted Regulation  N°  1257/96 on Humanitarian  aid  on 20 June  1996 
and it came into force on 5 July 1996. 
The NGO partners played a key role in the deliberations of the enlarged dialogue group set up 
to take stock of the framework partnership agreement and seek possible improvements to it. In 
November  1994  the  group  tabled  a  proposal  for  changes  to  this  agreement  which  was 
scrutinized by ECHO at the beginning of  1995. Although the proposals framed  by the group 
are very useful,  the outcome of the discussions under way on the legal basis will definitely  be 
important  in  determining  the  Commission's  role  and  options  for  the  future.  ECHO  has 
therefore  had  to  await  the  outcome  of  these  deliberations  before  expressing  its  opinion  on 
what changes should be made to the framework partnership agreement. 

2.4  Cooperation  with  NGOs  on  self-sufficiency  for  refugees,  displaced  persons  and 

returnees in Asia mid Latin America (article B7-212) 

This budget heading was created  at the initiative of the European Parliament  in  1984 to help 
refugees,  displaced persons and returnees become self-sufficient  in the period between the end 
of the emergency phase and the longer-term development phase. 

Article  B7-212  (ex  B7-302)  appropriations  have  grown  steadily  since  1984.  In  the  period 
1984-95 a total of ECU 378 424 000 was spent on over 350 projects implemented by a host of 
NGOs  (European  and  local),  international  organizations  (primarily  the  UNHCR)  and 
government agencies. 

- 1 9-

In  1995,  54 projects  were  financed  under Article  B7-212  for  a total  of  ECU 59  831  000,  of 
which  ECU 39  831  000  (66%)  in  Asia  and  ECU 20  000  000  (34%)  in  Latin  America.  Of 
these 54 projects,  30 were cofinanced  with NGOs,  of which  12 (ECU 9 058 000)  in Asia and 
18 (ECU 6 680 000) in Latin America., making a total of ECU  15 738 000,  i.e.  26.4% of the 
total committed. 

The  programmes  implemented  for  refugees,  displaced  persons  and  returnees  were  broad  in 
scope  and  geographical  spread.  They  were  in  line  with  the  action  plans  adopted  at  the 
International  Conference  on  Central  American  Refugees  (CIREFCA,  Guatemala,  1989)  and 
the  International  Conference  on  Indochinese  refugees  (Geneva,  1989).  The  international 
institutions  also  receive  support  for  care  and  maintenance  (UNHCR),1  mine  clearance 
(UNOCHA)2 and repatriation and reintegration (UNHCR)3 operations. 

In  Asia,  operations  focused  on  three  key  regions:  Afghanistan/Pakistan,  where  the 
Commission  supported  integrated  rural development  projects  to  assist  the  return of  refugees, 
and Bangladesh,  where  there  are  still  many  Rohingya  refugees.  In addition,  there  were  one-
off schemes in Thailand to help Karen refugees and in Laos to assist returnees. 

In view  of the peace process under way  in Central  America,  Community  aid in  1995  focused 
on  reconstruction  and  the  socio-economic  reintegration  of  displaced  people,  returnees  and 
demobilized  soldiers.  Projects  cofinanced  and executed  by  European  and  local  NGOs  in the 
region involved the promotion of agriculture and livestock production,  vocational training, the 
development  of  basic  healthcare  services,  health  staff  training,  improvement  of  basic 
infrastructure and protection of the environment. 

Of  the  18  projects  carried  out  in  Latin  America,  four  concerned  returnees  and  demobilized 
soldiers,  two  concerned  support  for  training  programmes,  three  covered  support  for  basic 
infrastructure,  three  related  to  health  programmes  and  six  were  for  the  development  of 
productive activities. 

2.5.  North-South cooperation projects in the campaign against drug abuse (item B7-6210) 

Projects  carried  out  with  NGOs  were  in  the  majority,  accounting  for  41.8%  of  total 
commitments,  i.e.  ECU 4 011 670 (the total was ECU 9 589 100). 

Cooperation  with  NGOs  was  closest  in  Latin  America  and  Asia,  two  regions  in  which  the 
projects  financed  in  1995  under this heading  were  devoted  almost  exclusively  to prevention, 
reduction in demand and rehabilitation. 

The distribution of the projects financed was as follows: 

Latin America: 
Asia: 
Mediterranean: 
ACP States: 

ECU 2 546 391  (63.5%) 
ECU 248 348 (31.1%) 
ECU  164 031 (4.1 %) 
ECU 52 900 (1.3 %) 

* Cambodia, Bhutan, Hong Kong, India, Laos, Sri Lanka. 

Afghanistan. 

3  Cambodia. 

- 2 0-

2.6.  Rehabilitation and reconstruction projects in developing countries (article B7-641) 

2.6.1. 

Design,  scope, eligibility criteria and financing of rehabilitation programmes 

In  developing  countries  emerging  from  a  war  or  a  serious  crisis  situation,  with  their 
economies,  infrastructure  and  social  fabric  in  tatters,  there  is  a  need  for  an  intermediate 
rehabilitation  phase  which  is  crucial 
in  building  a  bridge  between  the  provision  of 
humanitarian aid and the resumption of programmes to support long-term  development. 

Rehabilitation  should gradually  take over  from  humanitarian action and reduce  the need for it 
while paving the way for economic recovery and political and social transition. 

The  notion  of  rehabilitation  aid  was  spelt  out  in  the  Council  Regulation  (EC)  of  December 
1993  and  implemented  during  1994.  Rehabilitation  programmes  form  a  stepping-stone 
between  humanitarian  aid  (emergency  aid)  and  the  resumption  of  long-term  development 
support programmes.  They concern countries emerging  from a serious crisis or war or whose 
economies have been wrecked by other factors such as natural disasters. 

In  1995,  the  following  countries received  rehabilitation aid:  Haiti,  Zaire,  Tanzania,  Ethiopia, 
Eritrea,  Mozambique,  Angola,  Liberia,  Rwanda,  Mauritius,  Papua New  Guinea,  Saint  Lucia 
and Dominica (natural disasters). 

Rehabilitation  programmes  can  encompass  a  wide  variety  of  activities  under  four  broad 
headings: 

getting productive plant up and running again; 

repairing essential  infrastructure; 

social  reintegration (for  refugees,  demobilized soldiers and displaced people); 

rebuilding institutions. 

The  eligibility  criteria have  not been  formally  defined,  but certain  crucial  requirements  were 
laid down by the Council on 2 December  1993: 

lodging of a request from partners in the country concerned; 

serious disaster  situation preventing essential  needs being met; 

setting  in train by the authorities of  a transition process in which  democratic  values and 
fundamental  freedoms are upheld; 

ability  of  the  administration  and/or  partners  concerned  to  implement  rehabilitation 
operations. 

Having  weighed  up  these  different  factors,  the  Commission  decides  on  the  need  for  a 
programme  and on  its content  and then combines various  types of  resources  to  finance  those 
programmes. 

- 2 1-

Rehabilitation  schemes in the field of  social  services and small-scale  infrastructure  are usually 
put in the hands of  NGOs. 

2.6.2. 

Role of NGOs 

NGOs  play  a  key  role  in  running  Community-funded  rehabilitation  programmes.  Their 
intimate  knowledge  of  the countries  concerned,  their  flexibility,  the  various  approaches  they 
bring to bear and their contact with local people are crucial  factors  in individual  situations and 
in dealing with post-emergency needs. 

Since  the Council's  Decision  of 25  May  1993 to finance  the special  initiative,  the  NGOs  role 
has also been boosted as regards the design of programmes and their representatives have also 
been involved in discussions on the link between emergency,  rehabilitation and development. 

2.6.3. 

Rehabilitation schemes in 1995 

On  the  basis  of  the  Council's  conclusions  of  2 December  1993  and  subsequent  discussions 
within  the  Council,  the  Commission  continued  to  implement  rehabilitation  schemes,  in 
particular those forming part of the Special  Initiative for Africa. 

A  detailed  list  of  the  schemes  under  way  in  the  eight  countries  covered  by  the  Special 
Initiative  for  Africa  was presented  to  Member  States at the Council  meeting  of  20  December 
1995.  It shows that the overall  amount earmarked for  rehabilitation  schemes  has already  risen 
appreciably  (to ECU 434 million)  since the Special  Initiative was launched in  May  1993,  with 
payments totalling ECU  108 million.  New  decisions taken in  1995  as part of the  rehabilitation 
programmes in Africa amounted to ECU  156 million. 

2.6.4. 

Budget article B7-641 

This new heading was included in the  1994 budget (ex  B7-5076)  for  the purpose of  financing 
rehabilitation  programmes  in  all  developing  countries.  It  therefore  covers  ALA  and  MED 
countries as well as the ACP States and is administered jointly by Directorates-General  IB and 
VIII. The allocation entered in the  1995 budget was initially  ECU 60 million;  it was  increased 
to  ECU  65  million  as  part  of  the  supplementary  enlargement  budget  and  then  finally  set  at 
ECU 79.3  million  as  part  of  transfers  of  commitment  appropriations,  with  payment 
appropriations standing now at ECU 30.9 million. 

As regards the ACP counties,  which  received ECU 45.9 million  in all under this  heading,  the 
role of  NGOs has been particularly  important.  In the ACP countries,  33 NGOs  from  nine EU 
countries  received  a  total  of  ECU  25.9  million  for  rehabilitation  projects,  notably  in  the 
health,  education  and agricultural  production  sectors.  On top  of  this comes  ECU  2.8  million 
implemented  by  seven  local  NGOs,  notably  in  Haiti.  The  overall  amount  going  to  NGOs 
accounts  for  62.5%  of  the  ECU  45.9  million  allocated  to  this  budget  heading  for  ACP 
countries,  representing  a major contribution  by  these  bodies to the  design,  programming  and 
implementation of rehabilitation projects. 

- 2 2-

2.7  European  Programme  for  Reconstruction  and  Development  in  South  Africa  (article 

B7-320) 

2.7.1. 

General objectives of the EPRD 

The special  programme  for  South  Africa  (ex  budget  item  B 7-5070)  initially  proposed  by the 
European  Parliament  in  1985  and  confirmed  on  various  occasions  by  the  European  Council 
was  renamed  the  "European  Programme  for  Reconstruction  and  Development  in  South 
Africa" in  1995 to underscore the support given by the European  Union to the Government of 
National  Unity and to the transition process. 

From  1986  to  1996,  762  projects  were  funded  for  a  total  of  ECU  568  million,  of  which 
ECU  125 million was allocated in  1995 to  18 programmes. 

The  overall  objective  of  the  special  programme  has been to help  South  Africa  in  its  peaceful 
transition towards a stable, democratic,  non-racial and prosperous society. 

In  the  past,  the  European  Community's  policy  vis-à-vis  South  Africa  was  two-pronged:  it 
consisted of positive measures involving a special  programme  for the victims of  apartheid and 
negative measures in the shape of economic sanctions imposed on the former regime. 

The  transition  is  still  under way  and the new  government  is  framing  its political  programme. 
In  terms  of  development  cooperation  between  the  EU  and  South Africa  assistance  for  the 
transition process involves: 

PAST 

PRESENT 

TITLE 

Special programme 

European  Programme  for 
Reconstruction  and 
Development 

OBJECTIVE 

Aid for  apartheid victims 

Participation  in the  rebuilding 

PARTNER 

IMPLEMENTING  AGENT 

NGOs 

NGOs 

TYPE 

Various projects 

FIELDS  /  SECTORS 

Education,  rural  development, 
local authorities, health,  good 
governance  and 
democratization,  development 
of micro-enterprises 

and development  of the  country 

Government of National  Unity 

Government  of National  Unity, 
NGOs, private  sector 
Limited number of coherent 
programmes 

Fields /  sectors resulting  from 
discussions with the  government 
and listed  in the  EPRD 
declaration  of intent  for  1995: 
- education  and  training; 
- health; 
- rural  development; 
- urban  development; 
- economic  cooperation,  trade 
and investment  promotion, 
support  for  small,  and  medium-
sized enterprises  and  micro-
enterprises,  good  governance 
and  democratization. 

23 

Regulation  N°  2259/96  on  Development  cooperation  with  South  Africa  was  adopted  on 
22 November  1996  and entered  into  force  on  1 December  1996.  This  regulation  constitutes 
the legal basis for budget heading B7-5070 (B7-3200 from 1996 on). 

Negotiations currently being conducted by the Commission to conclude a long-term agreement 
between  the  European  Union  and  South  Africa  and  political  developments  in  the  country 
affect  the  way  in  which  the  reconstruction  and  development  programme  is  and  will  be 
implemented.  EU  development  cooperation  in  South  Africa  continues  to  be  geared  to  the 
priorities defined by the South African government and negotiated with the Commission. 

2.7.2. 

Specific objectives 

The  1995 EPRD was drawn up in close cooperation with the South African government.  An 
ad  hoc  project-oriented  approach  was  abandoned  in  favour  of  an overall  approach  with  the 
emphasis  on programmes,  thus  making  it  possible  to  reduce  the  number  of  schemes  carried 
out each year and keep a closer eye on their progress. 

Together with the South African government the Commission pinpointed the sectors  in which 
funds  available  for the EPRD would be allocated under the  1995 budget (ECU  125 million). 
The  Commission's  opposite  number  was  the  Minister  in  charge  of  the  Reconstruction  and 
Development  Programme,  Mr  Jay  Naidoo,  appointed  by  the  government  to  coordinate  the 
EU's  aid.  In  May,  Mr  Pinheiro,  the  Commissioner  with  special  responsibility  for 
development matters, and Mr Naidoo signed a declaration of  intent setting out the main fields 
of aid (see table above). 

Up  to  the  1994  parliamentary  elections  the  Commission  had  acted  via  NGOs,  with 
implementation being carried out principally by  "traditional" South African partners, namely: 

the South African Council of Churches (SACC) 
the Southern African Catholic Bishops' Conference (SACBC) 
the Kagiso Trust 
the trade unions. 

The  Commission  delegation  in  South  Africa,  which  was  set  up  in  1994,  started  working 
increasingly  closely  with the new government  while  continuing  to channel  some  of  the  funds 
via NGOs.  Budget article B7-320 (EPRD) committed ECU 48.57  for NGO projects  in 1995. 

A  total  of  ECU  15  million  was  allocated  by  the  EPRD  for  assistance  to  NGOs  via  the 
Transitional  National Development Trust (TNDT).  This body was created in October  1995 to 
ensure  continuation  of  financial  support  from  the  various  donors  to  NGOs  until  the  official 
creation» of  the  National  Development  Agency  resulting  from  the merger  between  the  Kagiso 
Trust and the Independent Development Trust.  The TNDT  is a go-between for NGO projects 
and acts independently  of the government  although,  financially-speaking,  the EPRD  fund  will 
provide  it with a government contribution of 50 million rand (around ECU  10 million)  on top 
of the ECU  15 million from the EPRD. 

-24-

Although  the  financing  agreements  for  projects  such  as  the  land  reform  pilot  programme 
(95/4)  and  the 
(95/3), 
micro-enterprise  development  programme  (95/6)  were  concluded  with  the  South  African 
government,  key parts of these projects will be implemented by NGOs. 

the  Eastern  Cape  water  supply  development  programme 

NGOs will  be solely  responsible for  implementing the human rights programme  for which the 
President Mandela and Mr Pinheiro signed a financing agreement. 

Implementation of the EPRD in  1995  saw a reduction in the number of programmes approved 
under  article B7-320  (18  as  against  90  in  1994).  These  programmes  meshed  with  schemes 
initiated by the South African government. 

Breakdown by sector of programmes approved in 1995: 

SECTOR 

Education 

Health 

Rural  development 

Urban  development 

Good governance 

Private sector 

Other  (development of 
local authorities, 
micro-projects) 

Number of projects 

ECU  million 

2 

4 

4 

1 

2 

1 

4 

2.96 

19.84 

34.60 

5.90 

15.00 

11.00 

33.82 

TOTAL 

18 

123.12 

2.7.3. 

Conclusions 

A  feature  of  1995  was the shift  from  implementation  of  budget  article  B7-320,  in  the shape 
of  numerous  NGO  projects,  to  a  dialogue  on  development  policy  between  the  Commission 
and the  South  African  government  as  sole  interlocutor;  the  result  was  that financing  focused 
on a small  number of  coherent programmes  that dovetailed  with  the  government's  priorities. 
These  are  being  implemented  by the  authorities  at central,  provincial  and  local  level  and by 
NGOs and the private sector. 

This approach should be maintained over the next few years (1996-1999). 

Negotiations  currently  under  way  between  the  European  Union  and  South  Africa  and  the 
adoption  of  the  legal  basis will  align  procedures  for  implementing  article  B7-320  with  those 
adopted in other developing countries,  notably the ACP countries. 

25*-

2.8  Assistance for rehabilitation programmes in southern Africa  (B7-32n 

In June  1988  the  Commission  introduced  a special  budget  heading  (B7-9531)  to  support  the 
front-line  states  and  Southern  Africa  Development  Community  (SADC)  member  states 
suffering  the effects  of war and destabilization activities in the region. 

In  1993,  with  the  changing  scene  in  southern  Africa,  that  heading,  by  then  B7-5071,  was 
geared  towards assistance for rehabilitation programmes in the region.  Given the changes that 
have taken place  in the region,  the focus  of the budget heading  was  switched  to  rehabilitation 
schemes so as to contribute to the democratization process under way in southern Africa. 

The  budgetary  authority  allocated,  for financial year  1995,  a  commitment  appropriation  of 
ECU  15 million (payment appropriation of ECU  12 million)  to heading  B7-5071  (since  1996, 
article  B7-321)  in  order  to  maintain  the  Commission's  scope  for  action  in  the  rehabilitation 
programmes  being  carried  out  or  planned  in  southern  Africa,  notably  in  Angola  and  in 
Mozambique.  Thirty  projects  received  funding  to  the  tune  of  ECU  15  million  in  1995. 
Virtually all the projects approved were wholly financed by the Commission. 

Priority  went  to  rehabilitation  and  the  rebuilding  of  basic  infrastructure  (90.4%  of  the 
appropriations)  to  allow  refugees,  displaced  persons,  and demobilized  soldiers  to  go  back  to 
their regions  of  origin and enable  the population  as  a whole  to  resume  normal  civilian  life. 
Seven  social  rehabilitation  projects,  totalling  ECU  2  457  640,  were  aimed  at  boosting 
assistance for women and children, the most vulnerable groups. 

The spotlight is on four focal sectors: 

- rehabilitation of health infrastructure; 
- rehabilitation of social and education infrastructure; 
- rehabilitation of rural production infrastructure; 
- information and documentation programmes. 

Brekdown of funds by sector 

Number of projects 

ECU 

% 

1. Rehabilitation 
Health  infrastructure 
Social rehabilitation 
Education  infrastructure 
Agricultural/fisheries  infrastructure 
2.Information / documentation 
3.  Education in Europe 
4. Micro-rehabilitation  projects 

TOTAL 

27 
9 
7 
6 
5 
1 
1 
1 

30 

13 569 000 
5 255 700 
2 457 640 
2 770 710 
3 084 950 
400 000 
31000 
1000 000 

15 000 000 

90.4 
35.0 
16.4 
18.5 
20.5 
2.7 
0.2 
6.7 

100 

- 2 6-

As  regards  the  breakdown  of  appropriations  by  recipient  country,  the  Commission's  financial 
contribution was earmarked, as in previous years, for priority  rehabilitation projects  in Angola and 
Mozambique,  the two countries  on which aid  is being  focused,  with  more  than  78 % of  the  total 
funds available for  22 projects (73%). The health and social rehabilitation  schemes account  for  the 
lion's  share  of  the  projects  financed  in  those  two  countries  where  the  risk  of  insecurity  or 
instability is ever-present. 

Breakdown by recipient country: 

Country 

Number of projects 

ECU 

% 

Angola 
Mozambique 
Lesotho 
Namibia 
Zimbabwe 
Tanzania 
Education in Europe 
Conferences  / seminars 

TOTAL 

12 
10 
1 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 

30 

6 844 700 
4 889 290 
474 000 
1 312 300 
328 000 
720 710 
31000 
400000 

45.6 
32.6 
3.2 
8.7 
2.2 
4.8 
0.2 
2.7 

15 000 000 

100 

The main agencies to receive  financial  support  for  programmes  from  budget heading  B7-5071 in 
1995 were European NGOs with 92.6% of the funds allocated,  i.e.  ECU  13 900 000 for a total of 
28 projects. 

Breakdown by implementing agency: 

Agency 

European NGOs 
Mozambique delegation 
Local NGOs 

TOTAL 

Number of projects 

ECU 

% 

28 
Ka) 
1 

30 

13 900 000 
1000 000 
100 000 

15 000 000 

92.6 
6.7 
0.7 

100 

(*)  A  programme  (QDF-Quick  Disbursement  Fund)  managed  direcdy  by  the  EC  delegation  in 
Mozambique to finance small-scale rehabilitation schemes run by local NGOs. 

27 

Breakdown of agencies by country of origin: 

Country 

Number of projects 

ECU 

% 

Italy 
United Kingdom 
Portugal 
France 
Belgium 
Germany 
Netherlands 
Austria 
Zimbabwe 
Mozambique delegation 

14 
3 
4 
1 
1 
3 
1 
1 
1 
1 

6719000 
757 000 
2 313 000 
792 000 
844 000 
1305 000 
400 000 
770 000 
100 000 
1000 000 

44.8 
5.0 
15.4 
5.3 
5.6 
8.7 
2.7 
5.1 
0.7 
6.7 

TOTAL 

30 

15 000 000 

100 

2.9 Community assistance for NGOs operating in Vietnam (item B7-6004) 

This  item  was  introduced  in  1991  with  the  aim  of  helping  the  Viemamese  population  via  NGO 
operations.  In 1995 it had an appropriation of ECU 2 million, which financed  seven schemes. The 
sectors  concerned  are  representative  of  the  special  approach  adopted  under  this  heading:  rural 
development, urban and rural social projects (primary health care, combating malnutrition, etc.) 

2.10  Community assistance for  NGOs operating in Cambodia (item B7-6005) 

This heading was created  in  1991 to help the Cambodian population  through  the work of  NGOs. 
The  1995  appropriation  of  ECU  1 million  financed  three  health  projects,  which  are  all  running 
according to plan. 

2.11  Decentralized cooperation (item B7-6430) 

2.11.1  Aims 

Decentralized  cooperation  is  increasingly  becoming  an  integral  part  of  Community  cooperation 
policy:  witness the mid-term  review  of  the  fourth  Lomé Convention  and  the new  Mediterranean 
dialogue.  In Latin America and  in Asia,  various promising  initiatives have  recently  been  taken  in 
this direction. 

This  approach  to  development  and  the  Community  measures  being  devised  are  attracting 
increasing interest on the part of bilateral and multilateral donors and Member States in particular, 
as attested  by the  importance  given  to this topic in the partnership  set up  with  USAID  following 
the Madrid Summit. 

- 2 8-

Implementation  of  this policy  at EC  level  requires ongoing  vigorous  action  to  foster  the  dialogue 
with  civil  society,  mobilize  people,  then  diversify,  follow  up and capitalize  on  experience  gained 
with  official  funds  such as those coming  under  heading  B7-6430.  This  is  reflected  in  a  threefold 
objective: 

- 

- 

information,  awareness-raising  and mobilization  of  the key  agents concerned  (NGO  networks, 
local  authorities,  professional  associations,  etc.)  but  also  the  authorities  of  non-member 
countries,  geographical  departments and Member States; 

technical  and  methodological  support  in  identifying  and  appraising  decentralized  cooperation 
programmes  financed  from  official  funds  and  from  item  B7-6430  (management  of  which  is 
wholly  in the hands of  DG VIII/B/2); 

-  monitoring  and  follow-up/capitalization  of  the  measures  of  donors  and  Member  States  in  this 

field. 

In each of these fields,  the principal activities in  1995 were: 

- 

- 

information,  mobilization:  preparation  of  seminars  and  meetings  in  Europe  with  the  main 
"families"  of  decentralized  agents  (seminars  in  Brussels  and  Maastricht,  IULA  congress, 
Europe-Maghreb  meetings,  etc.);  similar  events  in  third  countries  with  national  authorizing 
officers  and  delegations  (Morocco,  Tunisia,  Senegal,  Haiti  and  the  Caribbean);  a  video  on 
decentralized cooperation;  discussions  in various forums of  the Council  report on  decentralized 
cooperation; 

technical  and  methodological  action: 
in  the  ACP  states,  support  for  eight  decentralized 
cooperation  programmes  as  part  of  the  EDF  (Madagascar,  Zambia,  Ghana,  Niger,  Haiti, 
Burkina  Faso,  Nigeria  and Jamaica);  participation  in  the  8th  EDF  programming  exercise;  in 
the  Mediterranean,  preparation  of  Med-Associations  and  decentralized  programmes 
in 
Morocco; 

-  putting the finishing  touches to a teaching kit on the methodology of  decentralized cooperation; 

-  monitoring,  capitalization:  various  meetings  with  opposite  numbers  in  Member  States  (Italy, 
joint  initiatives  with  the  UNDP  (seminar  on  local 

Spain,  France  and  United  Kingdom); 
governance) and USAID. 

The  priorities  for  using  item  B7-6430  stem  from  the  above  guidelines.  This  item  is  designed  to 
give  impetus  and  mobilize  with  a  view  to  ensuring  the  extension  and  success  of  decentralized 
cooperation 
in  official  programmes.  Priority  goes  to  "upstream"  measures  (mobilization, 
institutional  strengthening,  capacity  building)  and  to  pilot  and  demonstration  projects  or 
programmes (depending on the partners involved,  the methodology  applied and the topic). 

2.11.2 

Item B7-643Q in 1995 

Facts and figures: 

Overall results: 

24 projects started 
EC commitment:  ECU  4 998 786 
Overall amount:  ECU 12 750 100 
Cofinancing rate:  39% 

Breakdown by type of partnership:  With NGOs and associations from the North:  34% 

With NGOs and associations from the South:  13 % 
With local authorities and NGOs:  24% 
With local authorities:  29% 

Breakdown by type ofproject.Information, promotion, studies:  4% 

Institutional strengthening, capacity building:  41 % 
Pilot programmes and projects:  55% 

Breakdown by region: 

ACP:  63% 
Mediterranean:  14% 
Latin America:  18% 
Asia:  4% 
All countries:  1% 

Main developments in 1995 

-  A  marked focus  on  two  regions where  decentralized  cooperation  is  a  feature  of  official 
the  ACP  countries,  in  view  of  the  pride  of  place  given  to  decentralized 

cooperation: 
cooperation  in preparing  the  8th EDF;  the Mediterranean,  as part of  the  groundwork  for 
MED A  and  the  dialogue  with  civil  society  initiated  at  the  Barcelona  Conference.  The 
projects  supported  by  item  B-5077  in  these  regions  are  aimed  chiefly  at  better  preparing 
implementation of decentralized cooperation programmes from the relevant official  funds. 

-  The key  role assigned to  "upstream " projects  aimed at  institutional  strengthening  and the 
development  of the action capacity of  a whole  range  of  local  agents,  NGO  networks,  etc. 
(Egypt),  federations  and  agricultural  trade  unions  (Zimbabwe),  associations  of  local 
authorities  (Chile).  This  is  a sine qua non for  the framing of  genuinely  decentralized  and 
consistent programmes funded from official  sources. 

-  Most  of  the  schemes  financed  from  the  decentralized  cooperation  heading  (66%)  involve 
NGOs from the North or are based on partnerships between NGOs from the North and South 
or  northern  NGOs  and  local  authorities.  One  project  was  concluded  directly  with  an 
association of local Latin American municipalities. 

3o-

Particular  stress  has  been  laid  on  the  approach  via  regional north-south  and  south-south 
networks, decentralized agents, fostering exchanges, experience transfer and training.  These 
networks  are  also  designed  to  promote  dialogue  between  "families"  of  agents  (local 
authorities, populations, associations and private individuals), for instance in west and central 
Africa  (municipal  development  programme),  in  east  and  southern  Africa  in  a  regional 
decentralized  cooperation programme between municipalities  (initially  in Botswana,  Malawi 
and Uganda), or in Palestine in the guise of the programme to support local democracy. 

Two key issues:  the one linked to local authorities, decentralization  to local authorities and 
local development agents, notably in urban areas (aside from the networks mentioned earlier, 
these  schemes  concerned  Chile,  Brazil,  Ecuador  and  India); 
the  other  aimed  more  at 
grassroots  organizations  and  closer involvement  of  the population in development  schemes 
(e.g. Haiti, Peru, Ecuador, Zambia). 

2.11.3  Outlook for 1996 

1992  to  1995  was  a  period  for  accumulating  experience,  mobilization  and  wide-ranging 
discussion  which  should be  gradually  enriched  and integrated  into  a decentralized  cooperation 
policy at Community level.  The foundations of this policy were laid down in the Commission's 
report to the Council on the state of play in decentralized cooperation and will be the subject of 
detailed proposals designed to ensure greater consistency and transparency.  Efforts  in 1996 will 
focus on these objectives. 

3y 

TABLE 1 

BREAKDOWN BY RECIPIENT COUNTRY OF 
DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS COFINANCED BY THE EC 
FROM 1976 TO 1995 INCLUSIVE 

Nombre 
d'actions 

Contribution de la CE en 
ECU 

AFGHANISTAN 
AFRIQUE SUB SAHARIENNE 
ALGÉRIE 
ANGOLA 
ANTIGUA-BARBUDA 
ANTILLES NÉERLANDAISES 
ARGENTINE 
BANGLADESH 
BARBADES 
BELIZE 
BÉNIN 
BHOUTAN 
BOLIVIE 
BOTSWANA 
BRÉSIL 
BURKINA FASO 
BURUNDI 
CAMBODGE (KAMPUCHEA) 
CAMEROUN 
CAP VERT 
CARAÏBES 
CENTRAFRIQUE 
CHILI 
CHINE 
CHYPRE 
COLOMBIE 
COMORES 
CONGO 
COREE DU SUD 
COSTA RICA 
COTE D'IVOIRE 
CUBA 
DJIBOUTI 
DOMINIQUE 
EGYPTE 
EL SALVADOR 
EQUATEUR 
ERTTHREE 
ETHIOPIE 
FIDJI 
GABON 
GAMBIE 
GHANA 

36 
15 
79 
97 
8 
1 
334 
320 
17 
44 
136 
16 
718 
37 
1430 
858 
78 
213 
298 
111 
15 
111 
697 
55 
2 
303 
16 
43 
20 
65 
106 
74 
10 
44 
80 
359 
398 
43 
447 
16 
11 
99 

151 

2.485.675 
1.847.521 
2.741.574 
3.282.301 
285.189 
59.226 
15.925.906 
18.089.118 
681.358 
1.472.026 
4.218.914 
291.890 
37.321.191 
3.741.853 
76.199.704 
27.965.427 
5.821.052 
18.476.461 
11.781.015 
5.424.744 
1.128.095 
6.956.576 
33.494.590 
3.946.207 
57.584 
14.174.182 
733.574 
1.589.726 
984.521 
2.778.251 
4.826.439 
5.894.073 
628.658 
1.137.372 
4.911.865 
13.166.094 
19.515.563 
4.368.588 
32.232.782 
890.570 
512.930 

2.323.036 
6.843.753 

3*2. 

Nombre 
d'actions 

Contribution de la CE en 
ECU 

25 
268 
56 
144 
18 
18 
332 
120 
10 
1 
1944 
145 
16 
11 
57 
26 
512 
2 
101 
75 
252 
22 
193 
18 
128 
2 
444 
41 
36 
73 
199 
3 
2 
378 
7 
134 
83 
864 
93 
91 
287 
159 
29 
43 
109 
847 
533 

927.505 
11.826.636 
5.269.537 
8.528.324 
1.086.502 
1.070.943 
18.306.995 
3.270.914 
97.737 
8.124 
67.996.992 
5.716.855 
603.104 
1.488.872 
2.614.689 
3.047.757 
26.186.319 
13.279 
4.521.069 
2.247.927 
18.465.122 
848.246 
11.593.211 
398.003 
7.728.015 
760.277 
19.753.027 
2.999.184 
1.066.121 
4.383.289 
11.957.138 
863.160 
21.438 
16.596.458 
249.054 
8.531.717 
4.016.961 
43.670.168 
5.495.533 
3.257.988 
17.061.362 
4.314.158 
1.325.969 
906.965 
5.200.636 
44.914.528 
28.215.549 I 

GRENADE 
GUATEMALA 
GUINÉE 
GUINÉE BISSAU 
GUINÉE ÉQUATORIALE 
GUYANE (ETAT) 
HAÏTI 
HONDURAS 
HONG KONG 
ÎLES COOK 
INDE 
INDONÉSIE 
IRAK 
ISRAËL 
JAMAÏQUE 
JORDANIE 
KENYA 
KIRIBATI 
LAOS 
LESOTHO 
LIBAN 
LIBERIA 
MADAGASCAR 
MALAISIE 
MALAWI 
MALDIVES 
MALI 
MAROC 
MAURICE 
MAURITANIE 
MEXIQUE 
MONGOLIE 
MONTSERRAT 
MOZAMBIQUE 
MYANMAR (BIRMANIE) 
NAMIBIE 
NÉPAL 
NICARAGUA 
NIGER 
NIGERIA 
OUGANDA 
PAKISTAN 
PANAMA 
PAPOUASIE NELLE GUINÉE 
PARAGUAY 
PÉROU 
PHILIPPINES 

32 

Nombre 
d'actions 

Contribution  de  la CE en 
ECU 

78 
1 
7 
15 
15 
5 
9 
9 
1 
2 
1 
10 
161 
416 
6 
8 
18 
4 
12 
470 
4 
123 
64 
154 
231 
8 
27 
7 
2 
551 
200 
169 
113 
•3 
39 
14 
61 
1 
225 
6 
63 
217 
276 
36 
780 
153 
348 

1.411.768 
4.000 
918.216 
1.314.376 
1.435.409 
1.027.018 
1.837.147 
512.934 
15.000 
21.031 
396.284 
1.401.411 
8.240.018 
15.798.592 
56.272 
287.716 
937.338 
285.289 
2.281.742 
18.025.472 
113.827 
3.657.088 
5.558.999 
10.096.096 
7.459.197 
170.261 
1.841.364 
387.202 
10.701 
23.855.937 
8.965.265 
10.375.777 
4.824.754 
128.990 
2.849.704 
885.777 
3.199.384 
6.127 
11.989.899 
390.075 
5.117.595 
10.443.042 
19.595.028 
2.727.733 
29.564.955 
7.171.282 
17.824.178 

RÉGION  AFRIQUE AUSTRALE 
RÉGION  AFRIQUE CENTRALE 
RÉGION  AFRIQUE DE L'EST 
RÉGION  AFRIQUE  OCCIDENTALE 
RÉGION  AFRIQUE  SAHELIENNE 
RÉGION  AMÉRIQUE CENTRALE 
RÉGION AMÉRIQUE DU SUD 
RÉGION ASIE 
RÉGION CORNE DE l'AFRIQUE 
RÉGION D'AFRIQUE 
RÉGION MÉDITERRANÉE 
RÉGION PACIFIQUE 
RÉPUBLIQUE DOMINICAINE 
RWANDA 
SAINT VINCENT & GRENADINES 
SAINTE LUCIE 
SALOMON 
SAMOA OCCIDENTAL 
SAO TOME & PRINCIPE 
SÉNÉGAL 
SEYCHELLES 
SIERRA LEONE 
SOMALIE 
SOUDAN 
SRI LANKA 
SURINAME 
SWAZILAND 
SYRIE 
TADJIKISTAN 
TANZANIE 
TCHAD 
THAÏLANDE 
TOGO 
TONGA 
TOUS PAYS 
TRINITÉ & TOBAGO 
TUNISIE 
TUVALU 
URUGUAY 
VANUATU 
VENEZUELA 
VIETNAM 
WEST BANK & GAZA 
YÉMEN NORD & YÉMEN SUD 
ZAÏRE 
ZAMBIE 
ZIMBABWE 

TOTAL 

22.085 

1076.048.702 

BREAKDOWN BY MEMBER STATE OF COMMUNITY FUNDS ALLOCATED FROM 1976 TO 1995 INCLUSIVE 

TABLED 

NATIONALITÉ 
CONTRACTANT 

Actions de développement 

dans les PVD 

Actions de sensibilisation de 
l'opinion publique européenne 

TOTAL 

Nbre 
d'Acti 
ons 

Contribution CE 

Nbre d' 
Actions 

Contribution  CE 

Nbre d'^ 
Actions 

Contribution  CE 

en ECU 

en % 

en  ECU 

en % 

en ECU 

en % 

Autriche 
Belgique 
Consortium 
Danemark 
Finlande 
France 
Allemagne 
Grèce 
Irlande 
Italie 
Luxembourg 
Pays Bas 
Portugal 
Espagne 
Suède 
Royaume Uni 

12 
991 
103 
11.0 
2 
1104 
1031 
27 
289 
922 
221 
410 
35 
284 
0 
1240 

1.885.866 
141.003.022 
66.669.243 
16.985.698 
489.925 
159.710.791 
179.774.034 
4.313.623 
25.343.654 
160.529.341 
13.412.204 
58.887.568 
5.633.757 
60.681.216 
0 
180.728.670 

0,18 
13,10 
6,20 
1,58 
0,05 
14,84 
16,71 
0,40 
2,36 
14,92 
1,25 
5,47 
0,52 
5,64 
0,00 
16,80 

5, 

191 
15 
48 
0 
222 
198 
16 
56 
191 
9 
172 
28 
91 
1 
277 

332.790 
12.313.844 
4.698.214 
3.818.928 
0 
12.647.499 
16.359.180 
1.559.999 
3.274.037 
14.928.936 
299.395 
12.958.242 
2.357.523 
6.340.204 
56.145 
20.478.085 

0,30 
10,95 
4,18 
3,40 
11,25 
14,55 
1,39 
2,91 
13,28 
0,27 
11,53 
2,10 
5,64 
0,05 
0,05 
18,22 

17 
1182 
118 
158 
2 
1326 
1229 
43 
345 
1113 
230 
582 
63 
375 
1 
1517 

2.218.656 
153.316.866 
71.367.457 
20.804.626 
489.925 
172.358.290 
196.133.214 
5.873.622 
28.617.691 
175.458.277 
13.711.689 
71.845.810 
7.991.280 
67.021.420 
56.145 
201.206.755 

0,19 I 

12,90 
6,00 
1,75 
0,04 
14,50 
16,50 
0,49 
2,41 
14,76 
1,15 
6,05 
0,67 
5,64 
0,00 
16,93 

TOTAL 

6781 

1.076.048.702 

100 % 

1520 

112.423.021 

100 % 

8301 

1.188.471.723 

100 % 

-36-

BREAKDOWN BY MEMBER STATE OF COMMUNITY FUNDS ALLOCATED IN 1995 

TABLE III 

États 
membres 

Autriche 
Belgique 
Consortium 
Danemark 
Finlande 
France 
Allemagne 
Grèce 
Irlande 
Italie 
Luxembourg 
Pays-Bas 
Portugal 
Espagne 
Suède 
Royaume  Uni 

Actions  de  développement 

dans  les  PVD 

Actions de  sensibilisation  de 
l'opinion publique  européenne 

TOTAL 

Nbre d' 
Actions 

Contribution  CE 

Nbre  d' 
Actions 

Contribution  CE 

Nbre  d' 
Actions 

Contribution  CE 

en  ECU 

en  % 

en  ECU 

en  % 

en  ECU 

en  % 

12 
55 
27 
3 
2 
91 
115 
4 
15 
86 
23 
29 
5 
31 
0 
103 

1.885.866 
11.636.201 
16.878.951 
1.027.486 
489.925 
18.880.856 
23.797.637 
445.593 
3.155.346 
19.618.063 
1.680.633 
6.642.062 
1.048.520 
7.929.794 
0 
24.781.046 

1,35 
8,32 
12,07 
0,73 
0,35 
13,50 
17,01 
0,32 
2,26 
14,02 
1,20 
4,75 
0,75 
5,67 
0,00 
17,71 

5 
22 
1 
5 
0 
15 
27 
3 
8 
31 
1 
17 
3 
14 
1 
22 

332.790 
1.919.238 
239.608 
564.140 
0 
1.477.307 
2.887.698 
213.342 
673.684 
2.141.201 
74.184 
1.636.639 
336.977 
1.254.213 
56.145 
2.265.423 

2,07 
11,94 
1,49 
3,51 
0,00 
9,19 
17,97 
1,33 
4,19 
13,32 
0,46 
10,18 
2,10 
7,80 
0,35 
14,09 

17 
77 
28 
8 
2 
106 
142 
7 
23 
117 
24 
46 
8 
45 
1 
125 

2.218.656 
13.555.439 
17.118.559 
1.591.626 
489.925 
20.358.163 
26.685.335 
658.935 
3.829.030 
21.759.264 
1.754.817 
8.278.701 
1.385.497 
9.184.007 
56.145 
27.046.469 

1,42 
8,69 
10,98 
1,02 
0,31 
13,05 
17,11 
0,42 
2,45 
13,95 
1,13 
5,31 
0,89 
5,89 
0,04 
17,34 

TOTAL 

601 

139.897.979 

100  % 

175 

16.072.589 

100  % 

776 

155.970.568 

100 % 

(*) 

3 6 

ISSN 0254-1475 

COM(97) 427  final 

DOCUMENTS 

EN 

il  01 

Catalogue  number  :  CB-CO-97-431-EN-C 

ISBN  92-78-23821-X 

Office  for Official  Publications of the European  Communities 

L-2985  Luxembourg