Report from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament - Annual Report 1996 on Humanitarian Aid
Date: 1997-09-03
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: activity report, cooperation policy, humanitarian aid, statistics

COMMISSION  OF  THE  EUROPEAN  COMMUNITIES 

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Brussels,  03.09.1997 
COM(97)437  final 

Report from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament 

Annual Report 1996 on 
Humanitarian Aid 

Table of contents 

Executive summary 

1. 

2. 

3. 

Institutional framework 
1.1. 
1.2. 

Council regulation and coordination with Member States 
Financial basis 

Means of Action 
2.1. 
Framework Partnership Agreement 
2.2.  Databases and management systems 

Statistical overview 

Humanitarian Operations 
3.1. 
I 
3.2.  Operations overview - General issues 
3.3. 
3.4.  African, Caribbean and Pacific countries 

Former Yugoslavia 

3.4.1.  Great Lakes Region 
3.4.2.  ECHO-Flight 
3.4.3.  Angola 
3.4.4.  Somalia 
3.4.5.  Sudan and northern Uganda 
3.4.6.  Liberia 
3.4.7.  Haiti 
3.4.8.  Sierra Leone 
3.4.9.  Mali 
Russia and the CIS 
3.5.1.  Russian Federation 
3.5.2.  Tajikistan 
3.5.3.  Kyrgyztan 
3.5.4.  Southern Caucasus 

3.5. 

3.6.  Asia 
3.7.  North Africa and the Middle East 
3.8. 

Latin America 

4. 

~  Horizontal activities 

4.1. 
4.2. 

Information activities 
Cooperation and coordination 
4.2.1.  Inter-service coordination 
4.2.2.  European Parliament 
4.2.3.  NGOs 
4.2.4.  United Nations 
4.2.5.  The United States 
4.2.6.  Other third countries 
Evaluation 

4.3. 
4.4.  Disaster-preparedness 

5. 

Prospects for  1997 

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6 
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Statistical Annexes 

Annex S1 

Overview of Financial Decisions for EC Humanitarian Aid by 
Source of Finance 1992-96 

Annex S2 

Summary of Financial Decisions by Countries Benefitting from 
Humanitarian Aid 1994-95-96 

' 

Annex S3 

Financial Decisions for Humanitarian Aid by Region 
in 1995 and 1996 

Annex S4 

EC contracts for Humanitarian Assistance  1992-93-94-95-96 

Annex S5 

European Commission (ECHO) Financial Decisions in favour oft 
he affected Burundi/Rwanda population since the 21st October 
1993 until December 1996 

Annex S6 

Breakdown of Community Aid to the Former Yugoslavia, 
1991-1996 by Republic; by Relief Items,  1996 

Figures in  the text 

Figure 1 

Humanitarian Aid Financial Decisions by Source of Finance 
1994-1995-1996 (page 9) 

Figure 2 

Financial Decisions for Humanit_arian Aid by Region 
1995 and 1996 (page  10) 

Figure 3 

Total Humanitarian Assistance 1992 - 1993  - 1994 - 1995 - 1996 
(page  11) 

Executive Summary 

In  1996 the humanitarian assistance provided by the Commission amounted to  ECU 656 
million,  which  represented  a  slight  decrease  as  compared  to  ECU  692  million  in  the 
previous  year,  and  brought  the·  grand  total  of Commission  humanitarian  aid  in  the  last 
five  years to ECU 3084 million.  The main humanitarian theaters in  1996 continued to be 
former  Yugoslavia  and  the  Great  Lakes  region.  Overall,  humanitarian  was  provided  in 
some  60  countries,  notably  in  Afghanistan,  Angola,  Sudan,  Somalia,  Sierra  Leone, 
Liberia,  the  Russian federation  (Chechnya),  Georgia,  Armenia,  Azerbadjan,  Tadjikistan, 
Kyrgyzstan, Iraq and Haiti. 

In  1996,  the  fourth  year  of  ECHO's  activities,  a  Council  regulation  governing 
humanitarian aid entered into force  and a management committee of Member States was 
set up.  The  activity  of the  committee was  intense  and  by' the  end of the  year  it  had  met 
five  times,  giving  favorable  opinions  on  draft  proposals  for  humanitarian  aid  and 
discussing various policy issues. 

Violent  conflicts  and  their  consequences  continued  to  be  the  main  cause  of  most 
humanitarian crises during  1996.  As  a result of these crises, there was  an  unprecedented 
number  of refugees  and  internally  displaced  persons  worldwide.  They  often  became 
entirely  dependent  on  outside  help  for  their  survival.  While  attending  to  the  immediate 
life-saving  needs  of the  victims  of such  crises,  the  humanitarian  community  as  a  whole 
saw clearly that political solutions to  the underlying problems were urgently needed.  The 
Commission  continued  to  attach  great· importance  to  coordinating  its  humanitarian 
activities  with  the  longer  term  work  undertaken  in  rehabilitation  and  development.  In 
terms  of  strengthening  these  linkages  between  shqrt  ~nd  long  term  efforts,  the 
Commission  in  1996  initiated  the  process  of setting  up  a  number  of interservice  task 
forces  for  countries  and  regions  moving  out  of emergency  conditions  into  a  situation 
characterized by rehabilitation and longer term development. 

ECHO  stepped  up  its  internal  activities  in  evaluation  over  the  year,  using  its  own 
working methods and the Operational Manual published in  1995, focusing primarly on its 
progra£¥S but also on other specific operations. 

Information  activities  and  transparency  continued  to  be  high  priority  in  1996,  with 
publications,  information and  facilities  for  press  and broadcasting media as  well  as joint 
activities with Member States, NGOs and international organizations. 

4 

I. 

Institutional framework 

1.1. 

Council regulation and coordination with Member States 

The  Council  of  Ministers  adopted  on  June  20,  1996  the  (EC)  Council  regulation 
concerning  humanitarian aid  1
,  which entered  into  force  on July  5,  1996.  The  Council 
regulation  defines  the  scope  of humanitarian aid  action,  coordination  arrangements  and 
the. ways in which the Community, Member States,  international organizations and non 
governmental organizations can cqoperate. 

Hence, it addresses questions relating to the type of disaster situations which  qualify for 
humanitarian aid from the Community, what type of assistance can be financed as well as 
how  humanitarian  relief  links  up  with~·  disaster  preparedness,  rehabilitation  and 
reconstruction.  It  also  deals  with  relations  with  implementing  partners  and  with 
cooperation with EU Member  States,  and  includes  provisions  for  regular  eyaluations  of 
humanitarian aid. 

The entry into force of the EC Council Regulation has brought significant changes in the 
decision-making  process  in  setting  up  a  committee,  made  up  of  representatives  of 
Member States and chaired by the Commission, which assists the latter in the exercise of 
its implementing powers. 

The humanitarian aid committee is entitled to  deliver an opinion on certain Commission 
proposals  and  notably  on  humanitarian  aid  global  plans  and  non-urgent  projects  for 
amounts exceeding ECU 2 million.  The activity  of the committee has been very  intense 
and by the year end it had met five times since the entry into force of the Regulation.  All 
Commission draft proposals referred to the committee received a favorable opinion. 

The  committee  has  also  examined  various  more  horizontal  issues  in  the  field  of 
thus  helping  to  develop  further  Commissjon  dialogue  with  Member 
humanitarian  aid, 
States  and  seeking  improved  coordination  in  continuity  with  the  pattern  of informal 
quarterly meetings which preceded the Regulation.  The issues treated ranged from NGO 
eligibility  criteria,  systems  for  improving  coordination  and  exchange  of information,  to 
evaluation. 

1.2 

Financial basis 

The  great  majority  of the  Commissions's  operations  through  ECHO  are  financed  from 
the General Budget of the EU.  To a small extent, and in  1996 much less than in previous 
years,  operations  to  be  carried  out  in  ACP  countries have  also  been  financed  under the 
financial protocol to  the Lome Convention ( ECU 3 million). 

In the last six years humanitarian operations carried out by  the  Commission on behalf of 
the  Union  have  grown  sevenfold,  making  the  Commission  the  biggest  single  public 
source of humanitarian aid.  From ECU  114 million in  1991, the figure  reached ECU 692 
million  in  1995,  and  in  1996  stood  at  around  ECU  656  million.  For  1997,  initial 

1Official Journal of the European Communities L 163  of July 2,  1996 (page  1) 

5 

appropriations  under the  humanitarian aid  chapter of the  EU  budget (B7-21)  were  ECU 
315 .2  million.  A  reserve  ~d  other  funds  may  be  made  available  during  the  year 
depending on developments to which the Commission may be called upon to respond. 

The  financial  position  of EC  humanitarian  aid  is  nonetheless  less  than  satisfactory  in 
some ways. The main problem is the lengthy procedure required to release appropriations 
from  the  reserve  part  of the  EU  budget,  coupled  with  the  requirement  first  to  have 
disbursed  80%  of the  funds  initially  attributed.  These  administrative  requirements  have 
sometimes proved to be at variance with crisis needs. 

2. 

Means of Action 

2.1 

Framework Partnership Agreement 

Following  the  adoption  of the  EC  Council  Regulation  concerning  humanitarian  aid, 
discussions  for  a  revision  of the  Framework  Partnership  Agreement  were  suspended 
during the  second half of.1995.  They  were  resumed  in April  when  ECHO  met with the 
·representatives  of its  Partners.  Since then,  work on a revised proposal  has  continued at 
technical  level  within  a  working  group  in  ECHO  taking  account  of  preliminary 
discussions  and  accumulated  experience.  Modifications  envisaged  concern the  General 
Conditions,  the  model  of the  operations  contracts  as  well  as  its  appendices.  With  this 
exercise  ECHO  seeks  to  conciliate  Partners'  wishes  for  more  flexibility  with  the 
continued  need  to  ensure  proper  control  of the  use  of Community  funds.  The  revision 
intended will therefore be based on the following guidelines or principles, the need to: 

(a) 

balance flexibility against adequacy of control; 

(b) 

ensure that controls produce real improvements. 

The  Commission  has  also  informed  the  committee  as  to  changes  envisaged  in  the 
Framework  Partnership  Agreement  such  as  the  need  for  better  qualitative  operational 
information in order to monitor operations, as well as the format and content of reports. 

2.2 

Databases and management systems 

Humanitarian  assistance  embraces  a  wide  variety  of scenarios,  conditions,  actors  and 
requirements,  spread  across  the  entire  surface  of the  planet.  Proper communication  is  a 
must -if all  the  various  factors  are  to  be  mobilised  in  a  coordinated  way  to  help  the 
massive  victim  population  and  make  best  use  of  the  available  resources.  Modem 
electronic  databases  and  informatics-based  communication  and  management  systems 
have an increasingly key role to play. 

Since  mid-1996,  ECHO's  database  related  to  financial  management,  the  Humanitarian 
Office  Programme  Environment  (HOPE)·  is  operational, 
the  contract 
management  module.  New  modules  are  planned  for  1997,  for  the  humanitarian  aid 
actions evaluation, for  the financial  audits analysis and reporting,  and for the operational 

including 

6 

actions  follow-up.  The Members States report on humanitarian aid,  the  14  points fax-,  is 
scheduled for introduction into the HOPE database. 
New pages  have  been added  on the  Commision's  World  Wide  Web  server  (EUROPA) 
with topics such as _statistical information exported from the HOPE database. 
The address of the home page is: 

http://www. cec. lulenlcommlecho/echo. html 

Since  January  1996,  the  X400  Commission e-mail  facility  (Route  400)  has  opened  up 
advanced  scope  for  electronic  communication  within  and  between  services,  between 
institutions  of the  Union  and  above  all  with  the  outside  world:  ECHO's  partners  and 
theaters of operations posted on Internet. 

The address of ECHO's officials is: 
name.sumame@echo.cec.be 

3 

Humanitarian Operations 

3 .1 

Statistical overview 

The year  1996  can be  regarded as  a  period of consolidation in the process  of producing 
comprehensive and  sound statistics.  Such statistics are a vital management tool,  and also 
serve  important  information,  coordination  and  transparency  needs.  ECHO  Statistics 
bulletins are produced on a quarterly basis and refugees statistics from the PISG database 
are available on a semester basis.  A  number of the statistical reports ECHO produces are 
mmexed to the present report (Statistical Appendices S 1 to  S7). 

Operations  in  1996  were on a comparable scale to  those  in  1995, the  decisions  adopted 
reached  a total of ECU 656 million. 

While statistics by country are available for the entire sum committed during the year , it 
should  be  noted  that  contracting  inevitably  continues,  in  some  cases  into  the  following 
year.  Statistics  by  partners  are  based  on amounts  contracted  by  the  end of the  year  and 
therefore come to a lower figure. 

\ 

A  list of funding decisions by country is provided in Appendix S2 and S3  and by partner 
in Appendix  S4.  These  figures  are  summarized in figures  2  and  3  overleaf.  In  order to 
avoid repetitiveness, the amounts are not always mentioned in the country sections which 
follow. 

7-8 

(cid:127) 

800.00 

700.00 

600.00 

U) 

500.00 

I 

400.00f 

I /  

300.00 

200.00 

100.00 

0.00 

MECU 

Humanitarian Aid  Financial Decisions by Source of F.inance  1994-1995-1996 

FIGURE  1 

. ~~I;;.~~~~;;~;'.; 

111111111111111 

.. - Iii /f /- : ! 
.•··-

:-:-:-·-:.:::-·::·. 

: 

: : : : : : : : : · · ' · : : : : - '  

:::r:H• 

:::::,:::•:::::::::-

Bl 1994 
I(cid:127)  1995 
(cid:143) 1996 

EDF 

BUDGET 

TOTAL 

1.-----F-I_N_A-NC_I_A_L_D_E_C_IS_I_O_N_S_F_O_R_H_UM-A-NI_T_A-RI_A_N_A_I_D_B_Y_R_E_G_IO_N _____  _ 

FIGURE 2 

• 

IRAQ 
4% 

ASIA 
5% 

NORlli AFRICA 
2% 

LATIN AMERICA 
4% 

GLOBAL 
1% 

EX-YUGOSLAVIA 
33% 

ASIA 
8% 

EASiERN EUROPE 
0% 

C.I.S 

NORlli AFRICA/MIDDLE EAST 

3% 
GLOBAL 
2% 

ACP 
43% 

EX-YUGOSLAVIA 
29% 

IRAQ 
4% 

10 

Total  Humanitarian Assistance 

D 1992  01993  ~ 1994  ~ 1995 

(cid:127)  1996 

FIGURE 3 

ECNGO'S 

UNITED NATIONS 

350,000,00 

300,000,00 

250,000,00 

~ 
::... 

CEC DIRECT 

MEMBER STATES 
GOVNTS 

OTHER 
GOVNTS 

OTHERNGO'S 

LOCALNGO'S 

3 .2 

Operations overview - General issues 

In the following section a general account is given of humanitarian assistance provided in 
different parts of the world,  with brief accounts of the political situation in the countries 
and regions of main concern from a  humanitarian point of view.  From these country-by 
country  reports,  some  issues  stand  dut  as  being  of general  relevance  to  humanitarian 
assistance and those involved in it throughout the world today. 

One  characteristic  of  the  changing  international  environment  where  humanitarian 
assistance  is  provided  is  the  increase  in  the  number  of conflicts,  many  of which  are 
internal crises with  international repercussions. At the origin of these crises we often find 
political,  economic  and  ethnic tensions.  The  character  of conflicts  themselves  has  also 
changed  in  that  they  increasingly  affect,  or  even  target,  the  civiiian  population.  The 
consequences  have  been  all  too  obvious;  unprecedented  numbers  of  refugees  and 
inter!-1-ally displaced persons in the world in need of massive humanitarian assistance. 

The  provision  of  humanitarian  assistance 
in  such  highly  politically  charged 
circumstances  raises  a  number  of basic  and  difficult  questions  as  to  the  neutrality  and 
impartiality of aid. Humanit;uian supplies such as food and medicines are highly valuable 
resources for those in conflict.  This is  evident from the examples of looting of stocks e  g 
in  Zaire  and  Liberia,  and  in  the  many  examples  of attacks  on  humanitarian  aid  staff. 
Warring sides or governments denying access to victims is another feature of problems in 
providing urgently needed aid.  As a consequence of these security problems, the military 
is  increasingly  called  in for  assistance,  both  in ensuring  the  safe  arrival  of supplies  and 
staff,  as  well  as  for  direct  peacekeeping  tasks.  Among  the  dilemmas  facing  the 
humanitarian community in such politically difficult circumstances are: 

- how do humanitarian organisations address human rights abuses when risking expulsion 
and consequent withdrawal of aid?  · 

- how do humanitarian organisations address the problems related to providing aid in war 
conditions, avoiding manipulation and looting by warring factions? 

- how  do  humanitarian  organisations  cooperate  with  military  authorities  and  how  does 
such cooperation affect neutrality and impartiality of aid? 

- how do humanitarian organisations protect aid workers? 

Many·of these questions, which are raised daily in humanitarian operations, are not likely 
to  receive  a clearcut answer from  the humanitarian community as  a whole.  It is  however 
essential that the debate continues among donors, NGOs and the UN, and that lessons are 
learned continuously from practical experiences in the field. 

The  importance  of  coordination  between  donors  and  executing  agencies  has  been 
increasingly emphasized as  a consequence of the  large number of organisations  involved 
in  humanitarian aid  and  the  complexity of  the  situations they face.  Coordination should 
ideally  encomp~ss  several  dimensions  of  international  assistance, 
including  both 
institutional  coordination  should  aim  at 
institutional  and  substantial  aspects.  Inter-

11 

creating an effective combination of measures,  based  on thorough assessments  of-needs 
and  taking  the  respective  roles  and  competences  of each  institution  into  account.  An 
example  of how such close  coordination can be  successful  in  avoiding  manipulation  of 
humanitarian  aid  by  warring  factions  is  shown  in  the  experience  of  field-level 
coordination in Liberia.· 

Another crucial issue brought out from the experiences of humanitarian operations is the 
need  for  close  targetting of aid to  those  in  real  need.  This  is  essential,  not  only  in the 
interests of using funds  in the most effective fashion,  but also in order to maintain public 
and  political  support  fpr  providing  humanitarian  aid  and  for  the  accountability  of 
institutions involved in this work. 

The gender aspect of humanitarian aid was highlighted in 1996, not least due to events in 
Afghanistan,  where  Taliban fundamentalists  who  took  control  of  Kabul  issued  decrees 
prohibiting  women  from  working.  This  had  serious  negative  effects,  not  only  on 
thousands of households where women were the "breadwinners" who could riot earn their 
own living  but also  on public  institutions  and  humanitarian  activities,  such  as  hospitals 
where women previously formed  a very significant part of the  work force.  The  majority 
of organisations  present in  the  region  however  continued  to  supply  aid  despite  daily 
· infringements  of human  rights,  trying  to  cover  urgent  humanitarian  needs  in  terms  of 
food,  medical  and  sanitary  assistance  to ·those  most  vulnerable.  These  events  as  well  as 
others have sparked a debate in the EU and gender issues have been discussed in both the 
Council  and  in  seminars  gathering  NGOs,  UN  organisations  and  gender  experts  during 
the  year.  There  was  an  emphasis  on  the  need  to  mainstream  gender  aspects  into  all 
policies  and  interventions  dealing  with crisis  prevention,  emergency  response  and  post 
emergency rehabilitation, including situations of armed conflict. 

Another  important  feature  of  the  work  initiated  in  1996  is  in  Linking  Relief, 
Rehabilitation  and  Development  which  aims  at  strengthening  the  coordination  of 
assistance undertaken in the sphere of humanitarian relief with longer term rehabilitation 
and development aid.  To this  end a number of task forces  at headquarters and field  level 
are  being  set  up  to  prepare  strategies  and  funding,  as  well  as  coordination  with  other 
parties,  in order to  improve  links  between the  different phases  of assistance to  countries 
and regions moving out of emergency conditions. 

3.3 

Former Yugoslavia 

In  1 ~i96,  the  European  Commission  allocated  ECU  187  million  to  humanitarian aid  for 
the  victims  of the  conflict in  former  Yugoslavia.  The  Dayton/  Paris  Peace  Agreements, 
signed  in  December  1995,  ended  more  than  four  years  of violent  conflict  in  former 
Yugoslavia.  While  the  threat  of  resuming  hostilities  has  been  successfully  subdued 
during  all  of 1996,  major  civilian  aspects  of the  peace  accord  remain  unaccomplished. 
The  political  unity  of Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  has  yet  to  be  established.  Freedom  of 
movement has  not yet been achieved  and  the  protection of human  rights  remains  weak. 
Local  authorities  in  many  parts  of Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  still  strongly  oppose  the 
return of minority populations and follow a policy of forcible  resettlement,  seeing ethnic 

13 

separation as one of the main achievements of the conflict. The harassment and expulsion 
of remaining minorities is still on-going. 

The  United Nations  High Commissioner for  Refugees  (UNHCR)  in  its  first  repatriation 
plan  forecast  the· return  of 870,000  displaced  persons  and  refugees  in  Bosnia  and 
Herzegovina during  1996.  This  plan has proven too  optimistic.  Current- estimates  range 
from  220,000  to  240,000  returns  for  1996,  leaving  more  than  700,000  refugees  from 
Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  outside  former  Yugoslavia  and  1.5  million  displaced  persons 
and  ·refugees  in  the  region.  The  advent  of  peace  has  not  yet  led  to  a  significant 
improvement  in  the  humanitarian  situation  in  the  areas  formerly  affected  by  conflict. 
Much  of the  population  is  still  living  under  exceptional  and  difficult  circumstances  in 
collective accommodation or make-shift housing.  Many remain without employment and 
income,  and thus dependent on humanitarian -aid.  At present,  local government lacks the 
necessary  resources  and  management  capacity  to  assume  responsibility  for  these 
populations. 

ECHO has continued to provide essential humanitarian aid to war-affected and displaced 
persons throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina.  Improved access following the cessation of 
hostilities  has  led  to  the  identification  of needs  previously  uncovered,  in  particular  in 
Republika  Srpska  where  authorities  refused  access  to  international  assistance  until  the 
end of 1995.  Generally, increased and more selective targeting has allowed humanitarian 
assistance to  reach the most vulnerable beneficiaries, often in areas not accessible during 
the conflict. 

Increasing  emphasis  has  been  put  on  emergency  rehabilitation  of  basic  and  social 
infrastructure,  in particular in areas of possible return of displaced persons and refugees, 
while  projects  involving  income  generation  and  psy~ho-social  assistance  have  been 
reduced in the wake of economic and social normalisation. 

To  ensure  a  smooth transition  between emergency  relief and  reconstruction,  ECHO  has 
during  1996  intensified  cooperation  with  other  Commission  services  to  ensure  the 
complementarity  and  coherence  of  implemented  programmes.  The 
inter-service 
coordination  has  been  particularly  intensive  in  the  return  of refugees,  where  initiatives 
emanating  from  Member  States  have  been  accommodated  within  the  framework  of on 
going programmes. 

The  situation  in  Croatia  in  1996  has  been  characterised  by  the  consolidation  of the 
economy and the  search for political stability in formerly  Serb-held areas  of Krajina and 
West~rn  Slavonia  after  the  Croatian  offensive  in  August  1995.  The  return  of displaced 
persons and  refugees  to  these  regions  began in  1996,  and according  to  official  statistics, 
some 40,000 have returned to their places of origin so far. 

ECHO has maintained its Direct Food Aid programme in Croatia during  1996, supplying 
380,000 refugees and displaced persons with basic food  aid.  A special effort was made to 
assist the Bosnian refugees in the Kuplensko camp until its closure in July, as well as  the 
Serb population in Krajina that remained after the Croatian offensive in August 1995. 

14 

Despite  the  lifting  of economic  sanctions,  the  situation  in  the  Federal  Republic- of 
Yugoslavia (Serbia-Montenegro - FRY)  hardly improved during  1996. The number of 
refugees from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina remains considerable, and so far only 
a few  have  returned to  their countries  of origin.  A  census  carried out in  July jointly by 
UNHCR  and  the  Serb  authorities· showed  that  the  number  of refugees  in  the  Federal 
Republic  was  566,000.  Of these,  only  10%  expressed  a  willingness  to  return  to  their 
region of origin. 

During  1996,  ECHO  supplied  400,000  refugees  in  need  in  the  Federal  Republic  with 
basic  assistance,  principally through the  Direct Food Aid programme,  and  maintained  a 
significant  presence  in  Kosovo,  where  medical  and  psycho-social  assistance  has 
benefitted the most vulnerable. 

As  foreseen,  ECHO  closed  its  office  in  Skopje,  Former  Yugoslav  Republic  of 
Macedonia  in  September  1996,  while ECHO-funded operations  continued until  the  end 
of the  year.  Continued European Community assistance  will  be  ensured by ·the  PHARE 
programme implemented by. DG IA. 

3 .4 

African, Caribbean arid Pacific countries. 

3.4.1  Great Lakes Region 

For over two years now,  1.7 million Rwandan and Burundian refugees have been living  in 
the  Great  Lakes  Region  (mainly  in  Zaire  and  Tanzania),  with  fresh  upheaval  on  the 
humanitarian aid front occurring towards the e~d of the year. 

In mid-November,  the  whole  of Kivu  region  saw clashes  between  a  movement  of armed 
rebels  made  up  mostly  of Banyamulenge  (Zaireans  of Tutsi  origin)  and  soldiers  of the 
former  FAR  (Rwandan  Armed  Front),  lnterhamwe  and  Zairean  soldiers.  Refugee  camps 
were  brutally  attacked  and  the  towns  of Goma,  Bukavu  and  Uvira  swiftly  taken  by  the 
rebels.  Humanitarian agencies were  forced to  withdraw in haste, after being looted, mainly 
by routed Zairean soldiers on the rampage. 

In the panic, the majority of refugees were forced  into western Zaire (Walikale, Kisangani, 
Shabunda  and  Fizi)  along  with  hundreds  of thousands  of Zairean  locals.  Since  then,  the 
disorder has made it almost impossible to get aid to the refugees scattered throughout Kivu 
or to the Zairean locals. For them, the situation is turning into a humanitarian nightmare. 

Nevertheless,  in  December 600 000  Rwandan refugees  in Goma (Zaire)  and a further  500 
000  in  Tanzania  were  able  to  return  to  Rwanda  in  relative  normality.  They  are  now 
gradually being settled back home. 

In Burundi, the political and military situation worsened further,  leading to a weekly exodus 
of 1 500  to  2  000  Burundians  to  Tanzania,  where  there  are  still  200  000  refugees  in  the 
camps. 

15 

Over the year, ECHO continued to support the humanitarian aid programmes being carried 
out by NGOs  and  international  organizations,  channelling  funds  through  the  UNHCR for 
refugees in the camps and supporting NGO efforts for the neediest in Burundi and Rwanda. 
Following both the events of November and the  sudden return of refugees· to Rwanda, the 
Commission moved swiftly in December to grant an extra ECU 168 million, bringing total 
Commission assistance to the Great Lakes Region since October 1993 to ECU 560 million. 

Security and access permitting, 1997 should see ECHO continue its humanitarian assistance 
for refugees and locally displaced nationals in Zaire. 

In Rwanda,  special  support has  been provided for the emergency repair of housing,  health 
and medical facilities  and for  lone children and prisoners.  The Commission's priority  now 
is to shift from humanitarian aid to development programmes. 

.. 

In  Burundi,  emergency  assistance  will  continue  to  provide  medicines,  food  and  drinking 
water. ECHO also plans to keep up its funding for Burundian refugees in Tanzania. 

3.4.2  ECHO-Flight 

ECHO-Flight,  set  up  in  1994,  continued to  operate  in the  Hom of Africa.  Seven aircraft, 
based  in  Nairobi,  Djibouti,  Mandera  and  Lokichoggio  are  currently  being  used  for 
humanitarian operations in Somalia, Kenya and southern Sudan. 

Between May 1994 and the end of 1996, ECHO-Flight transported over 75  000 people and 
over  30  000  tones  of supplies  and  worked  UP,  more  than  27  000  flying  hours.  ECU  12 
million  was  granted  over  the  year  to  keep  the  service  operational.  The  sum  included 
fundingfor a Belgian Air Force Hercules C-130, based in Nairobi. 

3 .4.3  Angola 

Implementation of the Lusaka accords, signed in November  1994, is well behind schedule. 
Humanitarian aid programmes, targeted primarily at those regions  deprived  of appropriate 
assistance and now under UNIT A control, are still proving difficult to  carry out because the 
mines  and  bandits make  some  areas  unsafe.  In  addition,  the  free  movement of people and 
goods stipulated in the Lusaka Protocol remains largely w1realized. 

The Commission granted a total of ECU  14 million in humanitarian aid to  the country over 
the year,  most of it going on health care, the distribution of basic necessities,  logistics and 
mine~clearance.  The aim was twofold:  to  bring relief by reducing death and  sickness rates 
rapidly and to provide an international presence, so encouraging the peace process, national 
unity and a return to confidence. 

ECHO and DG VIII conducted an overall assessment of health care in the country in order 
to frame Community support to the sector. They agreed that DG VIII would concentrate its 
rehabilitation  activities,  _ including  support  for  the  health  sector,  in  the  provinces  of 
Benguela, Bie, Huambo, Huila and Luanda while ECHO would  step up its  support for  the 
other provinces. 

16 

3.4.4  Somalia 

The political situation in southern Somalia continued to  be marked by squabbling between 
the leaders of the different clans and factions  for control of the whole country.  In the north 
west,  the  self-proclaimed -independent- Somalian  state  did  enjoy  a  degree  of economic 
recovery despite the ongoing political uncertainty. 

ECHO  gave  a  total  of ECU  5  million  in  humanitarian  aid  over  the  year,  with  two  main 
aims:  to  meet emergency needs nationally  ( cholera,  therapeutic nutrition)  and to  cover the 
essential needs of the neediest in those sectors not yet deemed sufficiently strong to benefit 
from DG VIII's rehabilitation projects. 

3.4.5  Sudan and northern Uganda 

Prospects of a settlement to the conflict in southern Sudan looked shakier than ever in  1996 
despite the fact that some small factions signed a "political charter" with the government to 
join forces  against  the  Sudan  People's  Liberation  Arn1y  (SPLA).  Other emergency needs, 
not directly born of the fighting, emerged over the year, with two outbreaks of cholera and  a 
flood in Pochalla region. 

ECHO  aid  to  the  region  totaled  over  ECU  13  million.  The  Office's  operational  areas 
included northern Uganda, regions under the control of the Sudanese government and those 
controlled by factions  in the south.  However, ECHO also  started to  withdraw its  support to 
the  settlement  programme  for  Sudanese  refugees  in  northern  Uganda,  which  was  being 
severely undermined by the disorder. 

Overall,  security  and  logistical  problems  coupled  with  a  landing  ban  by  the  Sudanese 
government at certain airstrips meant humanitarian aid operations were severely curtailed. 
Where  necessary,  ECHO  supported  flexible  key  operations  in  the  most  difficult  sectors. 
This was a prerequisite for more structured projects. The Office also focused on other areas, 
providing equipment and fishing tackle to veterinary and food security programmes. 

3 .4.6 Liberia 

Under  pressure  from  the  international  community,  the  peace  process  resumed,  with  the 
signing of Abuja II in August. Since then, the warring factions have been bound by a fragile 
peace. Demobilization got under way on 22 November, without too many problems so far. 

On the humanitarian front, the main event was the wholesale looting of aid and aid agencies 
when  Monrovia  was  sacked  in  April.  In  reaction  to  the  misappropriation  of aid  by  the 
warring  groups,  agencies  and  donors jointed  forces  to  adopt  a  "minimalist  approach"  to 
protect  staff  and  equipment  and  prevent  aid  from  being  diverted  to  fuel  the  war.  The 
approach depended on close coordination between agencies  and donors,  pinpoint targeting 
and monitoring of the aid and  preventive  action,  enabling  all  needs  to  be  met from  funds 
pared down to the absolute minimum necessary. 

17 

Following the overall plan approved at the end of 1995, ECHO adopted only one financing 
decision  - for  ECU  1.9  million - to  meet needs  emerging  from  areas  previously  cut off.  A 
number  of  coordination  meetings  with  donors  and  agencies  were  held.  The  close 
coordination between ECHO and DG VIII  was  maintained  in  Brussels and  in  Liberia and, 
through a clear division of responsibilities,  gave the operations financed  by both maximum 
impact. 

3.4.7 Haiti 

Haiti  remains  the  poorest  country  in  the  northern  hemisphere,  with  per  capita  income  of 
only  USD  270.  The  state  is  still  dependent  on  international  aid  and  the  programme  of 
privatization  and  structural  adjustment  reforms  would  be  impossible  without  donor  help 
and operational aid from private organizations. 

After the  emergency  which followed  the  end of the  embargo,  ECHO  is  now faced  with  a 
widespread  crisis:  40%  of the  population  has  no  access  to  primary  health  care  while 
malnutrition and diarrhea remain the main causes of child mortality. 

This  year,  an  ECU  10  million  overall  plan was  approved,  mainly  for  spending  on health. 
The  plan  covers  the  whole  country  but focuses  more  especially  on three  departments  not 
specifically  covered  by  the  other  donors  involved  (Member  States,  World  Bank,  USAID 
and  the  IDB).  In  all,  twenty  European  and  local  partners  (NGOs,  the  Red  Cross  and  UN 
agencies) are  involved in implementing the plan, which is  being coordinated by the ECHO 
office in Haiti.  Although there are no reliable health indicators to measure the impact of the 
aid,· it  is  ce1iainly helping to bring a degree of political and  social stability  by providing an 
immediate response to the most pressing needs of the Haitian people. 

3.4.8  Sierra Leone 

1996  will  stand  out as  a  year of hope  and  peace,  with  two  major political  developments. 
First was  the  handing over of power by  the  military junta to  a  civilian government headed 
by  President Kabbah after  free  elections  in February.  Second was the  signing of the peace 
agreement on 30 November in Abidjan, after lengthy peace talks with the rebel  movement. 
The  improvement  on  1995  was  striking:  most  needs,  particularly  food  and  health 
requirements,  can now be met and the delivery of aid on both sides of the  front  line  is  also 
better despite the ongoing danger from armed gangs. 

However, the return and resettlement of 500 000  - 800  000  internally displaced people and 
300  000  refugees  from  Guinea has  not  yet  begun  as  people  are  adopting  a  'wait-and-see' 
attitude  to  the  peace  and  want  their  safety  guaranteed.  Despite  the  start  of  many 
rehabilitation programmes and ECHO's keenness  to  seG  such operations  begin,  the total  of 
ECU  6.3  million  it  gave  in  humanitarian  aid  was  still  needed  in  view  of the  continued 
presence of displaced groups in camps and the opening-up of new areas. 

ECHO was very active in coordinating local effo1is to  improve the targeting of food aid and 
reducing  dependency.  The  programmes  supported  proved  decisive  in  improving  the 
humanitarian situation overall. 

1~ 

3.4.9 Mali 

In  March,  the  peace agreement  between the  government and  the  Tuareg  rebel  movements 
was  officially ratified.  After five  years  of civil  war,  most of the  basic  infrastructure  in  the 
north had been damaged and the whole fabric  of inter-communal relations now needs to  be 
rebuilt.  Demobilization has proven difficult to implement. 

On the humanitarian front,  the main event has been the spontaneous return of over 100 000 
refugees  and  displaced  people.  Delays  in  organizing  and  implementing  programmes  to 
resettle these people and get rehabilitation under_ way have seriously disrupted the drive to 
regenerate the socio-economic fabric,  jeopardizing stability in the north. 

Given  the  need  to  respond  quickly  to  basic  requirements  (water,  food  and  health  care), 
ECHO  adopted  an  ECU  1  million  humanitarian  assistance  programme,  which  started  in 
February.  The programme covers the three "sensitive" areas of the north,  where people are 
returning  and  resettling  and  is  still  operational  thanks  to  a  further  ECU  1.1  million  in 
funding.  The  programme  forms  part  of a  continuum  and  is  being  coordinated  with  the 
activities of DG VIII.  ECHO plans to maintain its presence until the end of 1997 in order to 
see through the return and resettlement phase. 

3 .5 

Russia and the CIS 

3. 5 .1  Russian Federation 

The  year  1996  witnessed  intense  fighting  between  Russian  troops  and  Chechen  rebels 
until  the peace agreement was  signed in August and  Russian troops  staiied withdrawing. 
Despite  the  agreement,  the  situation in the  Northern  Caucasus  remains  volatile.  Tens  of 
thousands  of civilians  remain  internally  displaced  in  Chechnya  or  in  the  neighbouring 
republics of Ingushetia and Daghestan. 

Throughout  1996,  ECHOs  priority  remained  assisting  the  victims  of the  war  within 
Chechnya  with  urgently-needed  humanitarian  relief,  and  reaching  out  to  vulnerable 
groups  among  the  displaced  Chechen  in  Daghestan  and  Ingusheti~.  The  aid  granted  to 
this  region  in  1996  amounted  to  ECU  8.8  milEon  and  focused  on  support  to  medical 
structures,  including  essential  repairs  to  some  key  structures,  well-targeted  food 
programmes, sanitation and water supplies, aiming at preserving lives during the fighting, 
facilitating  the  return of IDPs  and  promoting reintegration.  Security  problems  continued 
to  affect  all  partners  of  ECHO  and  there  were  serious  difficulties  with  _access  to 
populations in need. 

3 .5 .2  Tajikistan 

Given  the  ongoing  severe  economic  crisis  with  a  further  decline  of all  socio-economic 
indicators,  the  volatility  of the  political  situation,  the  instability  of the  regime  and  the 
recent escalation of armed conflict at a level of fighting unprecedented since the civil war 
in  1992/93,  which  resulted 
in  some  25,000  to  30,000  newly-displaced  people, 
humanitarian  needs  increased  drastically  and  are  to  be  found  in  all  sectors.  The  most 

vulnerable  have  seen  their  already  desperate  situation  deteriorate  even  further  over -the 
last year. 

ECHO concentrated its actions, in total ECU  14.1  million, on supplementary food rations 
for  the  most  vulnerable  people··throughout  the  country  (585,000  beneficiaries)  and  on 
providing  medical  assistance  to  district  and  subdistrict  hospitals  whose  activities  rely 
heavily  on  international  medical  assistance.  In  the  eastern  half of the  country,  which 
suffers  from  the  most  difficult  climatic  and  geographical  constraints,  an  integrated 
programme  of  food,  medical  and  heating  assistance  was  financed  for  schools  and 
hospitals. 
In  addition,  primary  health  care  and  epidemiological  preparedness 
programmes  were  undertaken  in  the  south.  ECHO  also  initiated  a  pilot  development 
programme  in  the  agricultural  sector  aimed  at  improving  the  food  situation  of some 
regions. DG VIII participates actively in this programme. 

3.5.3 Kyrgyzstan 

Humanitarian needs in Kyrgyzstan relate mainly to the serious economic decline from the 
beginning of the  1990s. After five years of deep recession, GDP will at last register 
positive growth in 1996, although both inflation and the trade deficit are rising. In terms 
of overall food  security, the situation seems to have improved considerably, which would 
mean that Kyrghyzstan may reach its break-even point in terms of food self-sufficiency at 
a macro level. Nevertheless, this growth starts from a very low base, and will not - at 
least in the short term - enhance the living conditions of the most vulnerable. 

In  1996, ECHO allocated ECU 3. 92 million and continued to provide food assistance to 
the most food-insecure families and groups as well as medical assistance to  selected 
medical structures and fragile regions where infant mortality rates are still unacceptable. 
Because of economic trends described above, it has been agreed with DG VIII that 
ECHO will phase out  its general food programmes next year.  If such actions are still 
necessary, DG VIII will give support. 

3. 5 .4  Southern Caucasus 

Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia 

With.  the  exception  of  Abkahzia  and  Nagorno-Karabagh, 
the  violent  hostilities 
characterizing  the  situation  in  the  Transcaucasus  at  the  beginning  of the  1990s  have 
abated.  Economic decline in all three countries has halted.  Meanwhile, reforms based on 
IMF and World Bank recommendations have  resulted  in deep cuts in the social network, 
price increases  and the  collapse  of the  state-funded  health  system.  Consequently,  needs 
in  particular  in  the  food  and 
have  increased  among  certain  groups  such  as  the  elderly, 
health sectors.  The number of refuger~s  and internally displaced persons the region is  still 
well  over a  million.  Some,  but not all,  people  in these  groups require  assistance.  ECHO 
allocated ECU 23  million to  the three countries and continued to  emphasize the need for 
a pro-active strategy based on needs assessments.  Programs not specifically targeting the 

20 

most  needy  are  no  longer  supported,  whereas  projects  attempting  to  link  relief and 
development have ~riority. 

In the food sector,  an average of nearly 750,000 people continued to receive some 40% of 
their daily food  needs-from-·NGOs supported by ECHO.  Where possible, food assistance 
aimed  to  avoid  dependency.  In  several  rural  areas,  families  have  been  provided  with 
seeds  and  tools  and  food  aid  has  been  phased  out.  Assistance  in  the · medical sector  is 
aimed  at  increasing  accessibility  for  those  who  cannot  afford  to  pay  for  medical  care. 
Only  carefully  selected hospitals  and basic  health  care  programs  receive  support,  whi,le 
nation-wide  programs  of drug  distribution have  been phased out.  Emergency repairs  in 
most·  temporary  shelters  for  internally  displaced  persons  are  completed  and  have : 
improved living conditions for  some 80,000  internally displaced persons in Georgia and 
Azerbaijan.  In  Azerbaijan,  an  additional  30,000  displaced  persons  were  provided  with 
new temporary shelters. 

3.6  Asia 

As Asia is particularly susceptible to natural disasters, it is very hard to predict what type of 
humanitarian aid activity will  be needed.  1996 was  a perfect example of this.  For the  first 
time,  ECHO went into  China,  providing medical  and food  aid on three  separate occasions 
following  an earthquake in February,  blizzards  in March and flooding  in July.  The  Office 
also  financed  initial  relief  operations  after  an  earthquake  in  Indonesia  and  two  severe 
typhoons, which hit Bangladesh in April and India in November. Food aid was provided for 
the  victims of the  1995  floods  in Laos and the same amount allocated to  those affected by 
similar disasters in North Korea and Vietnam. With the situation in Sri Lanka worsening all 
the time, ECHO continued to fund aid for victims of the ~ghting. 

In Afghanistan, ECHO went on with its aid programme for victims of the civil war, which 
continued  to  tear  the  country  apart.  The  aims  were  to  help  the  neediest  meet  their  most 
pressing  food,  health,  medical  and  orthopedic  requirements,  carry  out  emergency  repair 
work and clear mines. On top of the effects of the fighting, the civilian population now has 
to  deal  with  decrees  imposed  by  the  new  leaders,  which,  among  other  things,  prevent 
women  from  working  or  earning  any  income.  The  situation  is  particularly  tough  for 
widows, 25  000 of whom find themselves in charge of households they cannot feed. 

ECHO  decided  to  continue  supporting the  artificial  limb  programme  being  undertaken  by 
Handicap  International  in various  parts of Cambodia.  In Thailand,  ECHO has  for  the  past 
two years been financing operations to help Karen refugees along the border with Burma. 

In  Iraq,  the  Commission continued its humanitarian work in Kurdish,  central and  southern 
parts  of the  country.  It  is  still  easily  the  biggest  donor  in  the  region.  Efforts  focused  on 
providing  food  aid  for  the  neediest  such  as  pregnant  women,  widows,  children  and  the 
elderly in the wake of Operation Anfall and local wars and  for  displaced groups  generally. 
A  second  round  of assistance  is  providing  support for  health  and  education,  which are  of 
strategic economic importance. 

21 

3.7  North Africa and the Middle East 

Relations  between  the  Polisario  and  Morocco  have  not  improved  and  there  is  little 
immediate prospect of Sahrawi -refugees- in Algeria being able to return.  ECHO launched a 
food  aid  programme  for  the  refugees,  who  are  entirely  dependent  on  international 
assistance, and a number of emergency repair projects and medical/health schemes at a total 
cost of ECU  7 million. 

The  situation  in  Palestine  still  gives  cause , for  concern.  Relations  with  Israel  are 
jeopardizing the peace process and exposing the Palestinian population to serious economic 
and  social  problems.  After  the  Territories  were  sealed  off by  the  Israeli  army,  ECHO 
approved  an  emergency  food  aid  package.  The  Office  also  continued  its  assistance  for 
medical  and  health  facilities,  which,  owing  to  a  lack  of any  outside  support,  face  major 
funding  shortages and cannot provide even basic care.  ECU  9 million was  made available 
for  emergency  repair  work  to  public  and  private  clinics  and  hospitals  and· for  a  major 
vaccination campaign. 

In  southern Lebanon,  humanitarian aid was  provided to  those  left most  vulnerable  by  the 
Israeli  operations  last  April.  Lebanon  also  shelters  Palestinian  refugees,  who  live  in 
particularly poor conditions.  ECU  4.4  million was  granted  to  support  medical  and  health 
facilities in the camps and to provide access to rudimentary care. 

3. 8 

Latin America 

ECHO' s activities  in  Latin  America in  1996  have  followed  similar patterns  as  those  in 
199 5.  While  the  main  recipient  of humanitarian  aid  continued  to  be  Cuba,  uprooted 
populations in Guatemala, Colombia and Peru were given special attention. 

In  Guatemala,  the  focus  has  been on the  return of  the  population that  fled  Mexico  and 
the  large numbers of internally displaced persons uprooted by the civil conflict.  ECHO' s 
activities  in  Guatemala  have  contributed  to  peacebuilding  by  reintegration  of  these 
people.  In  Peru,  ECHO  also  supported the  return  of internally  displaced  people  to  their 
home  areas.  In  Colombia,  ECHO  financed  basic  assistance  to  victims  of  violence, 
particularly to widow mothers and orphans. 

In  Cuba,  humanitarian  activities · were  implemented  by  European  NGOs  which 
coordinated their operations in providing food aid and health care to the most vulnerable: 
pregnant  women,  children  and  the  aged.  In  Nicaragua,  European  NGOs  carried  out  a 
program  of prevention  of epidemics.  Throughout  the  region,  assistance  was  given  to 
victims  of natural  disasters.  In  1996,  two  earthquakes hit the  region (Ecuador and Peru) 
and  Costa Rica  and  Honduras  suffered  floods  subsequent to  hurricanes.  ECHO  partners 
were ready to provide immediate relief to the affected population. 

22 

4. 

Horizontal activities 

4.1 

Information activities 

ECHO's communications strategy comprises information and facilities for the press and 
broadcasting media, publications, audio-visual productions, joint activities with 
non-governmental  and  international  organisations,  and  joint  activities  with  Member 
States. 

o  Media:  press  releases  were  issued  via  the  Spokesman's  Service.  Facility  visits  were 
made available for journalists to enable them to visit theaters of ECHO operations.  Some 
visits  of this  type  were  arranged  ·on  the  initiative  of ECHO  partner  NGOs  and  UN 
agencies. 

o ECHO TV and radio awards: ECHO launched prizes for imaginative coverage of 
humanitarian  issues,  paying  tribute  to  winners  at  a  ceremony  in  Dublin  in  December 
attended by President Mary Robinson.  This is intended to be a yearly event. 

o  Audio-visual  productions:  Co-funding  of a  number  of videos  and  short  feature  films 
made  on  behalf of NGOs  to  enable  them  to  present  their  work  to  domestic  audiences, 
incorporating the ECHO dimension.  Most were broadcast by TV  Stations in the Member 
States. 

o Publications:  ECHO's Annual Review, produ~ed in six languages· including Russ.ian. 
ECHO  News,  a  quarterly  newsletter  in  English  and  French,  ECHO  Fjles,  briefings  on 
specific  crises,  were  published  on  Cambodia  and  on  the  war  in  Chechnya,  leaflets  and 
specialised publications were produced in connection with specific. actions,  for  instance, 
the Olympic Aid vaccination campaign, and psycho-social assistance in Yugoslavia. 

The  cost  of  these  visibility  actions  amounted  to  about  ECU  2  million.  These  actions 
made  a  significant  contribution  to  raising  public  awareness  about  ECHO's  activities 
worldwide,  though  there  is  still  far  to  go  in  developing  that  awareness  to  a  level 
commensurate with ECHO's significance as a donor. 

4.  2  Cooperation and coordination 

Drawing  on  experiences  from  the  major  emergency  situations  in  recent  years,  the  need 
for  improved coordination of international  humanitarian,  rehabilitation and  development 
assistance  has  been  increasingly  emphasized.  The  multitude  of  donors,  international 
organizations and NGOs  active  in  providing assistance,  as  well  as  the  complexity of the 
emergency  situations  they  face,  has  made  such  coordination  both  more  important  and 
challenging. 

) '  ~.) 

4.2.1  Inter-service coordination 

The  Commission  continues  to  attach  great  importance  to  coordinating  its  humanitarian 
activities  with the  longer-term work- undertaken  in. rehabilitation and  development.  The 
Commission  in  April  presented  a  communication  COM(96) 153  on  Linking  Relief, 
Rehabilitation  and  Development.  Later  in  the  same  year  a  Joint  Instruction  Note  was 
issued  to  the  relevant  services  on the  intensified  coordination  to  be  undertaken  in  this 
context.  In terms of strengthening the linkages  between short and long term efforts, the 
Commission  in  1996  initiated  the  proce,ss  of setting  up  a  number  of interservice  task 
forces  for  countries. and  regions  moving  out  of emergency  conditions  into  a  situation 
characterized by rehabilitation and longer-term development. 

The  work  initiated  in  1994  in  the  permanent  inter-service  group  on  coordination  of 
assistance toward  refugees,  internally displaceq persons  and  returnees  in third  countries 
has continued, mainly by way of consultations on refugees activities between the various 
Commission  services.  Within  the  group,  preparations  are  also  made  for  the  regular 
meetings  between  the  EC,  the  US  and  UNHCR,  which  have  been  organized  twice  in 
1996.  1996  also  saw the  appearance  of a  publication  "Refugee  issues",  describing  the 
refugee  problem  on  a  global  level  and  the  Commission  contributions  to  alleviate  the 
situation for refugees and IDPs worldwide. 

International  humanitarian  law  plays  an  important  role  in  respect  of victims  of conflict 
and  ECHO  facilitates  its  dissemination  i.a.  by  publishing  two  books  on  "  Law  in 
Humanitarian crises"  in January 1996.  2 

In  1996,  ECHO  also  continued  to  support  the  NOHA  Diploma.  This  initiative  was 
launched  jointly  by  ECHO  and  DG  XXII  in  1993  with  the  aim  of  improving  the 
qualifications of humanitarian staff.  An  evaluation of the  programme was  carried  out in 
the  autumn  of  1996  and  based  upon  positive  results,  ECHO  will  decide  on  further 
development of NOHA in 1997. 

ECHO chairs the  inter-service group for disaster preparedness and  has  continued to  play 
an  active part in the inter-service Relex coordination groups  for  external  relations  set up 
to ensure consistency in the Commission's external relations policies. 

ECHO  has  taken  part in  the  permanent  Inter-service  group  on  human  rights,  which  has 
continued  to  meet  regularly,  chaired  by  DG  1 A.  Among  the  activities  in  the  field  of 
human  rights  a  few  highlights  are:  ECHO  contribution  to  a  conference  about  human 
rights  at  the  Hague  in  December  1996  as  well  as  to  a  European  Parliament  report  on 
Human rights in the World  1995/96. 

4.2.2 European Parliament 

During  1996 the  European Parliament carried out a significant legislative programme on 
subjects  related to  humanitarian aid.  A successful  second  reading  under  the  cooperation 

2Office of Publications, ISBN 92-827-5337-9 

24 

procedure  paved  the  way  for  the  adoption  by  the  Council  of  the  Regulation -on 
Humanitarian  aid.  Parliament  gave  its  assent  to  the  reform  of  the  4th  Convention 
ACP/EC and to the ratification of the 9th Convention EC/UNRWA. 

The  Commission's  communication on Linking  Relief,  Rehabilitation  and  Development 
was debated in the Committees on Development, Foreign Affairs and External Economic 
Relations. ECHO has played an active role in these debates. 

Parliament  followed the ongoing crisis in the Great Lakes region very closely. A number 
of initiatives,  such  as  urgent  resolutions  passed  this  year  on  this  subject,  the  ad  hoc 
meetings  of the  Committees  on  Foreign  Affairs,  Development  and  the  ACP-EU  Joint 
Assembly as well as the debates in Plenary show Parliament's deep concern with events. 

Commissioner Bonino has kept Parliament informed of latest developments  in the crisis 
with regular appearances  before the  Plenary  and the  relevant committees.  She has taken 
part  in  debates  on  the  situation  in  Nigeria,  Zaire,  Somalia,  Sudan,  Armenia,  Ex 
Yugoslavia, China, Georgia,. El Salvador and others. 

At its  sitting  in  Windhoek in March the  ACP-EU  Joint Assembly  adopted  a  Resolution 
on  the  situation  of refugees  in  the  ACP  countries  in  the  context  of humanitarian  aid 
policy.  ECHO  took  part in the  preparatory  work  as  well  as  in  the  debate  in  Plenary.  In 
Luxembourg  in  September, the  Assembly  adopted  a Resolution on the  establishment of 
the  Permanent  International  Criminal  Court.  Commissioner  Boniao  sent  this  resolution 
together  with  a  personal  letter  to  all  the  NGOs  partners  of .ECHO  requesting  their 
support. 

ECHO  services  followed  with  great  interest  the  public  hearings  organized  by  the 
Parliament  on  Coordination  of development  and  cooperation  policies  in  January,  on 
Reconstruction in the Ex-Yugoslavia in April, on Impunity:  the need for  an international 
response  in  October  and  lastly  on  the  Future  of EU  development  cooperation  and  the 
effects of the  IGC  on this policy in  December.  In  January,  ECHO's  director took part in 
the  meeting  of  the  European  F arum  for  Active  Conflict  Prevention  devoted  to  the 
situation in Rwanda and Burundi. 

Finally,  ECHO  appointed  a  parliamentary  liaison  officer  in  order  to  facilitate  contacts 
with Members and relevant parliamentary bodies. 

4.2.3 NGOs 

In  1996,  about  half  of ECHO  funding  went  to  NGOs.  ECHO  continued  to  develop 
cooperation and contacts with NGOs, both directly in day-to-day contacts on operational 
issues, as  well  as  through NGO  networks  and discussions on various policy issues.  Such 
policy discussions were held on several occasions, often jointly organized with the NGO 
community.  Activities  included  seminars  on  gender  and  emergencies.  The  Red  Cross 
remains a major partner of ECHO.  In  1996 The Commission contributed ECU  10 million 
(preliminary  figure)  towards  ICRC  activities  in  aid  and  protection  programmes  in 
emergency  situations  worldwide.  Policy  discussion has  continued with ICRC  and IFRC, 
as  well  as  national  Red  Cross  societies  participating  in  seminars  and  workshops, 

25 

coordination  meetings  for  regions  and  countries  and  through contacts  at the  operational 
level.  In  December  1996 the first FORUM ECHO-NGOs was held  in  Dublin to discuss:  "Ethics 
in  Humanitarian Aid".  The  discussion  targetted  practical  exaµiples  of ethical  dilemmas 
facing humanitarian operators, such as how to act on human rights  abuses,  how to  avoid 
humanitarian  aid  being .. abused -in  ·a · war  economy  etc.  Commissioner  Mrs  Bonino 
highlighted  the  basic  humanitarian  mission  to  save  lives,  urging  at  the  same  time  the 
humanitarian community to commit to "political advocacy". 

4.2.4 United Nations 

The  Commission  remains  a  major  donor  to  the  UN  system,  not  least  in  the  field  of 
humanitarian assistance.  About 24% of ECHO  funding  (preliminary  figure)  went to  the 
UN  system  which  is  about  the  same  proportion  as  in  the  previous  year.  UNHCR 
accounted for  about 18% and WFP  for  5%.  Adding on EU Member States contributions, 
the  EU  as  a  whole  represents  a  very  substantial  part  of the  overall  humanitarian  aid 
provided  through  the  UN~  Against  this  background,  the  Commission  follows  the 
decisions  taken  by  the  UN  organisations,  both  at  operational  and  at  policy  level.  The 
Commission takes active part as  observer in the policy work of governing  bodies of the 
relevant UN funds  and programmes and endeavours to keep up-to-date on the operations 
it contributes to financing in day-to-day contacts on operational issues. 

United Nations High Commissioner for  Refugees (UNHCR) represents  one of the  major 
providers  of humanitarian  aid,  assisting  the  large  nup:ibers  of refugees  and  internally 
displaced persons worldwide. The Commission has contributed a substantial share of the 
humanitarian  aid  programmed  by  UNHCR,  notably  in  the  Great  Lakes  and  in  former 
Yugoslavia.  Operational contacts with UNHCR are kept on a continuous basis and policy 
level  contacts  are  developed  by  way  of organising  regular  meetings  with  UNHCR  and 
other UN organisations  such as  the  trilateral  meeting  in  June  1996  between the  EC,  the 
United States and UNHCR. An extended version of this trilateral group,  including WFP, 
held a meeting  in November 1996. The agenda was devoted specifically to food policies 
and  practices  related  to  refugee  operations,  registration  procedures  as  well  as 
environmental issues and the discussions proved very useful. 

World  Food  Programme  (WFP)  has  responded  to  increasing  international  demands  for 
relief food  by  devoting  more  of its  resources  to  emergency  operations.  By virtue  of its 
Memorandum  of Understanding  with  UNHCR  it  became  more  directly  involved  large 
scale refugee feeding operations.  The Commission takes active part as  an observer in the 
WFP. Executive  Board meetings  and  its  deliberations  on various  policy  issues,  not  least 
the  on-going discussion of how to  strengthen coordination of humanitarian aid provided 
by  the  UN  system.  The joint discussions  held  with  WFP,  UNHCR and the  US  on food 
related policy issues have, from the Commission's perspective, proved very useful.  In the 
second  half of 1996,  WFP  set  up  a  representation  office  in  Brussels  and  appointed  an 
officer  in  charge,  which  will 
further  facilitate  contacts  and  strengthen  cooperation 
between the Commission and WFP in the future. 

Commissioner Bonino met with Under-Secretary General  Akashi  of the  UN  Department 
of Humanitarian Affairs (DHA) in Brussels  in  June  1996 to  discuss  the current situation 

26 

in the  Great Lakes as well  as  ECHO support for and cooperation with DHA on varieus 
subjects. 

The Commission continues to follow the on-going work, carried out under the leadership 
of DHA,  in  the  follow-up· to :the  ECOSOC  resolution  1995/56  on  ~trengthening  the 
coordination of humanitarian assistance of the UN. ECHO has had ongoing relations with 
DHA in 1996 in support and promotion of ReliefWeb, which made good.progress during 
the  year,  and  has  also  followed  the  work  on  the  Military  and  Civil  Defense  Assets 
(MCDA)  project, including the setting up of a Military and Civil Defence Unit (MCDU) 
within  DHA  under  the  aegis  of the  Inter  Agency  Standing  Committee  (IASC).  The 
Commission has  participated in DHA's Emergency  Assessment and  Field  Coordination 
Training Course which has been of great value to ECHO operational units' work. 

ECHO  has  continued to  cooperate  with the  United Nations  Children's  Fund  (UNICEF) 
notably in the field of health and nutrition.  Vaccination programmes, health services are 
prominent  among  projects  implemented  by  UNICEF.  Towards  the  end ·of  1996,  a 
UNICEF  office  was  set  up  in  Brussels  and  a  new  Director  appointed,  which  will 
contribute  to  further  facilitating  the  contact  and  cooperation  with  the  Commission 
services. 

4.2.5  The United States 

The  Commission  has  endeavoured  to  keep  close  contacts  with  the  United  States 
regarding  humanitarian  issues  and  activities,  both  at  the  political  and  operational  level, 
throughout  the  year.  In  April  1996,  Commissioner  Bonino  and  USAID  Administrator 
Atwood travelled to  Rwanda to  assess the regional  effects of the refugee emergency and 
to  support  international  efforts  to  resolve  the  crises  in  that  region.  Sµccessful  annual 
high-level  consultations  have  been  held  within  the  framework  of  the  EU-US  New 
Transatlantic  Agenda,  where  the  humanitarian  group  has  discussed  and  exchanged 
information on the situation in emergencies and agreed to hold consultations twice yearly 
on programs and plans.  As noted in section 4.2.4, the US  have participated in the tri- and 
quadrilateral  meetings  held  twice  during  the  year  with  UNHCR,  WFP  and  the 
Commission. 

4.2.6 Other third countries 

Contacts with other major donors such as  Canada and Japan have been further developed 
during  the  year by  way  of exploratory missions to  Ottawa and  Tokyo  which established 
the  basis  for  exchange  of  information  on  humanitarian  operations  as  well  as  the 
beginning of a dialogue on policy matters.  The European Union and Canada have jointly 
agreed  to  undertake  consultations  in  order  to  improve  the  provision  of  multilateral 
humanitarian aid and have envisaged joint initiatives to this end. 

At  the  07 Summit at  Lyons,  The  Commission joined with  its  07  partners  in  affirm1ng 
that humanitarian emergencies were of particular concern to  the  G 7 and in urging closer 
cooperation  between  international  organisations  and  bilateral  donors  in  the  delivery  of 
humanitarian  assistance  and  in  facilitating  the  transition  between  the  emergency 
intervention phase and the rehabilitation phase. 

27 

4.3  Evaluation 

ECHO's  internal  evaluation  activity  got  into  full  swing  over  the  year.  Using  its  own 
working methods, based on the.operational manual published in 1995, ECHO stepped up its 
evaluation, mainly of its programmes but also other specific operations. 

One  such  evaluation  was  of  all  ECHO  action  in  the  ~ormer  Yugoslav  Republic  of 
Macedonia (FYROM) between 1993  and 1996, consisting of over 32 projects costing ECU 
45.25  million. The evaluation enabled the Commission to consider new policies to take the 
place of humanitarian aid in FYROM. 

In  some  parts  of Central  and  West  Africa  (Burkina  Faso,  Niger, .Benin,  Zaire  and  the 
Central  African  Republic),  ECHO  also  evaluated  the  impact  and  relevance  of  the 
humanitarian  food  aid  given  to  certain  groups  i_n  a  bid to  learn  lessons  from  this  type  of 
operation. 

Ten  years  on  from  Chernobyl,  ECHO  completed  its  evaluation  of the  humanitarian  aid 
granted to victims of the disaster, particularly children being treated in the hospitals of Kiev 
and Minsk. 

The Office is  very keen to  improve its working methods and share its  experiences with all 
those  involved  in  the  humanitarian  aid  field.  As  a  result,  two  seminars  were  organized 
during  the  year - the first  for ECHO partners,  the second for  Member States  - to  tell  them 
about the evaluation procedure and discuss this area of ECHO activities. 

4.4  Disaster-preparedness 

ECHO  developed  a  new  proactive,  mainly  regional  approach  to  disaster  prevention, 
limitation  and  preparedness,  which  it  will  implement  through  DIPECHO  (Dlsaster 
Preparedness  ECHO).  The  two-year  programme,  1996-98,  covers  the  Caribbean,  Central 
America, south-east Asia and Bangladesh. It will be prepared in two stages, consisting of an 
analysis of each region followed by an action plan. it will be conducted in close cooperation 
with  other  bodies,  including  the  Member  States  and  UN.  Analysis  work,  which  has  been 
put in the  hands  of the Centre for  Research on the  Epidemiology of Disaster,  began at the 
end of the year. The action plans should be ready for implementation by the end of 1997. 

The Commission's disaster-preparedness activities take full  account of the  1994 Yokohama 
recorrimendations  for  action  plans,  approved  as  part  of the  UN  International  Decade  for 
Natural  Disaster  Reduction  (IDNDR).  Through  them,  human  resources  continue  to  be 
developed, response capabilities improved and demonstration microprojects implemented. 

28 

5. 

Prospects for 1997 

Despite the hopeful signs of peaceful settlement of conflicts in many regions of the world 
in  1996, it is  nevertheless clear that- substantial humanitarian needs  remtt.in  in the  year to 
come, notably in the former Yugoslavia and the Great Lakes . 

This  is  the  case  in  former  Yugoslavia,  not  least  in  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina,  where  a 
military  presence  will  continue,  as  agreed  by  the  Security  Council  in  December  199~ 
with the  mandate  for  a period of 18  months.  The consolidation of peace  and  security  in 
the  region  is  a  sine  qua  non  for  strengthening  of  democratic  government  and 
reconciliation, as well as rehabilitation and resumption of economic activity.  Full respect 
for  freedom of expression,  freedom  of movement and protection of the rights  minorities 
remain  to  be  fulfilled.  Meanwhile,  substantial  humanitarian  needs  in  basic  necessities, 
shelter rehabilitation and infrastructure must be covered. These are basic conditions to be 
fulfilled in order to make it possible for the refugees and displaced people who so wish to 
return  to  their  areas  of origin.  ECHO  will  continue  work  in  cooperation  with  other 
services  of the  Commission  and  Member  States  as  well  as  UN  organisations  and  other 
donors to coordinate efforts in assisting the communities concerned. 

The  massive  return  of refugees  and  displaced  persons  to  Rwanda  late  in  1996  is  a 
promising sign for the future,  but the political solution to the situation in the Great Lakes 
remains to be found.  The situations in Burundi and Zaire still give cause for concern. The 
remaining dispersed refugees and displaced persons in  Eastern Zaire are still in large part 
out  of reach  of humanitarian  aid.  The  reintegration  of returning  refugees  and  displaced 
persons  in  Rwanda  is  the  immediate  task  for  the  government,  with  the  support  of the 
international  community  involving  both  humanitarian  aid  and  longer  term  development 
assistance  for  rehabilitation  of infrastructure,  government  institutions  and  the  judiciary 
system. 

Many  other countries and regions are likely to  continue to  need  humanitarian  assistance 
in  the  year  to  come,  as  is  clear  from  this  account  of  activities  during  1996.  The 
Commission  will  continue  to  respond  to  these  needs  as  swiftly  and  effectively  as 
previously.  The  efforts  at  linking  relief  with  rehabilitation  and  development  aid,  m 
countries where such progress is feasible, will continue in the year to come. 

29 

• 

ANNEX S1 

lovERVIEW OF  FINANCIAL DEc1s10Ns FOR EC  HUMANITARIAN AID BY souRcE OF FINANCE 1992-1996 

As per:  Ot/01197 

1  9  9  8 

DECISIONS  CONTRACTS 

(In ECU) 

(In ECU) 

PAYMENTS 
(In  ECU) 

1992 

1993 

1994 

1  9  9  5 

DECISIONS  CONTRACTS  PAYMENTS 
(lnECU) 

(lnECU) 

(lnECU) 

Description 

DECISIONS 
(lnECU) 

DECISIONS 
(lnECU) 

DECISIONS 
(lnECU) 

Source of 
finance/ 
Budget Line 

t.OMEi: 

FEOGA 

B7-6O0O 

PHARE 

LOME>IV .  ART 1~ iarid ART 254 (Z) 

B7-51O 

B7-21O 

B7-511 

B7-211 

B7-514 

B7-214 

87:,515 

B7-215 

87-516 

B7-216 

B7-517 

B1-2  1 

B7-219 

B7-644 

TOTAL 

FOOTNOTES: 

HUMANITARIAN .WTO C  & E EUROPE.: 

.  . . . .  
HUMANITAAIAN NOT(cid:144)  EX-USSR 

. 

HUMANITARIAN ACTION IN SRO  COUNTRIES  : 

OPERATIONAi.  SUPPORT, OISASTER?REPAR. 

HUMANITARIAN AID  TO WESTERN SAHARA POP. 

4,591748 

3 117;318 

6 288. 500  · 

938Hi7 

337 500 

2 000,000 

1 730 000 

625 000 

368 042  297 

604  814  195 

764  169 424 

692 092 512  680 227  873  559  963  638 

656 655 500  340 384  103  148 038 907 

(1)  NATIONAi. iNDiCATiVE PROGR'-MME FOR SOMALIA 
(2)  ~YEAR Al.LOCATION (1991-95) UNDER LOME rv IS  250,000,000 ECU 

(3)  DEClDED  ON A CASE-BY-CASE BASIS 

(4) 
(5) 

IN  1995, THE  BUDGET CHAPTER THAT CORRESPONDS TO ECHO BECOMES 87-200 INSTEAD OF  87-500 
IN  1995, A 5 MECU DECISION WAS  CANCELLED AND DE-COMMITTED UNDER BUDGET LINE 87-214. HENCE, NET DECISIONS IN 1995 FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA AMOUNTED  TO 229.6 MECU. 

Financial  Decisions for EC  Humanitarian Aid  1992-1996 

(cid:143) PAYMENTS 
a CONTRACTS 

800,000,000 

700,000,000 

600,000,000 

500,000,000 

8 

§.. 
(I) z 
3 
~ 

400,000,000 

300,000,000 

200,000,000 

100,000,000 

1992 

1993 

1994 

1995 

1996 

~ · - - - - - - - - - - -~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -~  

. ., 

.::,0 

• 

Summary  of  Financial  Decisions  by  Countries  Benefiting  from  Humanitarian  Aid  1994-95-96 

ANNEX  S2 

As  Der'.  09/01197 

LOMEN 

/IFRICA 

WRICAeu-u-><tR•~-

/IFRICA  8u'u-><t  & - - .  Re,U,, 

f'HG(X.A 

f!ENIN 

fll~MFASO 

fllllt.N)I 

CN'!:YEROE 

CI-\OD 

D.Jl001JTI 

ERITREA 

ElHIOl'IA 

FIJI 

Gl-wio. 

Gllll.EA 

GUl?,EE 81S$.'V 

~Tl 

IVORY  COAST 

KENYA 

LIBERIA 

M'IDAGASCAR 

MALAWI 

IN't.l 

MAI.IRITIWIA 

M'IYOITT 

MONTS€=T 

MOZAl.fllOI.!; 

NIGER 

NIGERIA 

P/\F'1_1'\ NEW GI_HNEA 

RWl'JOA 

S€NEGN.. 

SIEF-'RA LEONE 

$T  ll.lCIA 

$1.0/lJ'.J 

TANZANIA 

TOGO 

,.,GIV-CJA 

ZAIRE 

Cant,t,.ean f.•e:11,;,n 

Fk,r:'li:fs  in Benin  C".'!'VJI)  ani:i  Mav:-i1z.:11a 

1994 
DECISIONS 
(inECU) 

1995 
DECISIONS 

(in_~C\!). 

1996 
DECISIONS 

- (inEcy}_  •. 

1000000 
13500000 
151000000 
18000000 

16 000 000 

447 000 
355000 
1000000 
60000 

1000000 
300000 
100000 
1 010000 

1 204163 
7 473 550 
1170000 

300000 

400 000 
500 000 

1180 000 
70000 
340 250 
123 440 
15 500 000 

2 773 200 
125 000 
18 507 000 
1810000 
200000 
500.000 
7,320,000 

25 000000 

220000 

300 000 

.  700000 

42000 

115000 

1100 000 

380 000 

850 000 

540 000 

950 000 
581  000 
2  125 000 

465 000 
400,000 

4 520000 

9 950000 

1,005 000 
700 000 

LgMEIII 

1992 
DECISIONS 
(inECU) 

1993 
DECISIONS 
(in  ECU) 

1  SOMALIA 

40000000 

7 796000 

BUDGET 

1994 
DECISIONS 
(inECU) 

N..GERIA 

PNGOI.A 

.-i.BANlA 

/IFGI-W-IISTAN 

12 315 000 
1675000 
2 935 000 
6000000 
19089000 
AAl,£N1A 
~  18850000 
500000 
BANGlADESH 
3 520000 
1115000 
600000 
1004000 
5000000 
2 236 000 

BELAAUS 

BU.GARIA 

~Jt-01 

CAMBODIA 

BOLIVIA 

BRAZIL 

1995 
DECISIONS 
(inECU) 

12 695 000 
1150000 
5000000 
17000000 
23 955 218 
28831010 
2100 000 
2 735000 
1150 000 

5 960000 
220 720 

... 

CJ>l'EYEROE 

CHINA 

COLOMEIIA 

COSTA RICA 

Cl&. 

ECUADOR 

EGYPT 

El S.O..VADOR 

EASTERN and CENlR!>l AFRICA 

ETHIOPIA 

EX-YllGOSlAVIA 

GEORGIA 

GHANA 

Gll'ITEMALA 

GUINEA 

GREAT LAKES REGION 

~Tl 
HOM)I_AA_<; 

INOIA 

INOOt,ESIA 

IAA0 

IVORY C:01\ST 

KENYA 

KIRGYZSTAN 

LAOS 

lEfi/WON 

LlftERIA 

MADAGASCAA 

MN.I 

M'-I.IRITIWIA 

MEXICO 

MOLDOVA 

MONGOLIA 

MOROCCO 

MOZAMBIQ/_IE 

MYANMAR  /Ell.IF/MAI 

NEf'Al 

NICAAAGIIA 

NIGER 

NIGERIA 

NORTH KOREA 

f'AKISTIW 

PAlE:STINE/ISR/>El 

i'J>NIWA 

PERI.I 

f'HILIPf'INES 

FltWINI/I 

Rl}SS!A 

SENEGAi. 

SIERRA LEONE 

S0W\I.IA 

SRIL..ANl<A 

SI.OIW 

lA.Jtk:IST.AN 

1CHAD 
n~-.,uwo 
11.IRKtY 

l.'KRAINE 

VIETNAM 

YEMEN 

ZAIHE 

Gener al  Siu 11 es 

F0c,f'.1  a11j  l0r ".)s~  NV1 relu'J  (several  cntr  l 

O,saster  F'reQt1redness 

D,rtlthflna1nEM0r11-'.  Lotvla  l1thu 

Cvclr.r"te  1r1  tne  CaoN.,~an LA.nl1')t1i\.  l-.arnu,1c1\ 

[)11 ec.l  Ar hr>n  Aini: i:,  $1'1uth  Amen< i, 

C0·N'l1nt1f1on  ;-1rv:l  MC"ntlr.nn') 

l rtwmr,! ,vi nw lf-N  l"\IS,'\S!Pr 

Msrel1a1H.>(,us 

700000 

2 320,000 

14 054 500 

630 000 
340 000 
4 500 000 

269 376 000 
17 806 000 

15000000 
450 000 

750000 
20 595000 
236100 
234 670 000 
27 469772 

830 000 

2770000 

12 000 000 
17 000 000 

82 000 000 
11580000 

22 515 000 

6.250 000 
1,500 000 

100 000 
24 873 500 
1000000 

8 050 000 
1180,000 
1,875 000 
4 000,000 

1,050 000 
2.500,000 
1,000 000 

1.225.000 
320.000 

240 000 

500000 

200 000 
4 700 000 

2 320 000 
550,000 

9 870 000 

8 338 359 
615 000 
8 000 000 
9 825 000 

3,300 000 
750 000 
1220000 

100 000 

3 481  962 

950,000 
1 990.000 
100,000 

290 000 
200.000 
5,350.000 

1 730.000 
2 619 578 
500000 
29 525 000 

1,900 000 
6 010 000 
3125 000 
11  450,000 
16  105 000 

2.320000 
250 000 
500,000 
500,000 
200.000 

4 000.614 
1000000 
900 000 
8 570.000 
4,290,000 

1996. 
DECISIONS 
(inECU) 

41100 000 
1650000 
7000000 
14 000 000 
5070 000 
9450000 
300000 
.500000 

2 490000 

2450000 
1 060000 
400000 
8 600000 
300 ODD 

14 000 000 
646000 
187 000 ODO 
10 205 000 
140.000 
4 690000 
160 ODD 
205 430 000 
10 000 000 
450 000 
570 000 
120 000 
29 520 ODO 
340000 
300000 
3 920 000 
500 000 
4,400,000 
1.900,000 
200 000 
1.000.000 
80.000 

500,000 
317 000 
300 000 

1750000 

200 000 
500 000 

9 000 000 
200 000 
1260000 

8 849 000 
550 000 
7 000 000 
5 000 000 
1.175 000 
13 375 000 
14  156,000 
150 000 
3 420000 

800 000 
200 000 
150 ODD 
145 000 
1 940,000 
2.000 000 
5 012 500 

4.500 000 
500 000 
278 ODO 
653,168,500 

Totals 

263,268,603 

46,456,000 

3,487,000 

To1als: 

40.000,000 

7,796,000 

Totals: 

500,900,821 

645,636,512 

(1) 

IN  1995,  A 5  MECU  DECl~,ION WAS  CANCELLED  AND  DE-COMMITTED UNDER  BUDGET  LINE  B7-214  HENCE.  NET  DECISIONS  lti  1995  FOR  rnE  FORMER  YUGOSLAVIA AMOUNTED TO  229.6  MECU 

Grand 1o1al  1994: 

Grand total 1995: 

Grand total 1996: 

764 1169 424  I ECU 
s92.092.s12  I ECU 
656.655.500  I ECU 

• !FINANCIAL  DECISIONS  FOR  HUMANITARIAN  AID  BY  REGION  IN  1995  AND  1996 

1995 

COUNTRY/REGION 

DECISION IN EC\I 

No- ti CONTRACTS  COUNTRY/REGION 

ANNEX S3 

1996 

Ac per:OQJOf /07 

DECISION IN EC\I 

No- fl CONTRACTS 

234,670,000 

2sa  EX-YUGOSLAVIA 

211,781,720 

333  ACP TOTAL 

187,000,000 

278,040,000 

108 

131 

EX-YUGOSLAVIA 

ACPTOTAL 

CAPE VERDE 

Af~1~::~a.~tiB'~•·· 
~\:/(/: .. 
AFRICA: Food Aid 
~~~~.~~i>tj:/••••:···•:•>••:·······• 
EASTERN & CENTRAL AFRICA 
fl~i®,{:.~."~n/~~Lritanif• • 
GUINEA 
fW:rt:})<:••··•··• 
tv6Rvcost 
¥$NYA\/• 
LIBERIA 
NiGEif/'< 
NIGERIA. 
Sie:RRAi..f:ONE · · 
soMAi.·IA···· 
SI.JDAN'·•·· 

C.I.S (1) 
ARMENIA••• 
AZERBAljAN 
sELAA.US 
cieoRc;iA 
KiRGYlS'l'AN  • 
MOLDOVA 
ROSSIANfED 
TAJIKISTAN 
VKRA1NE 

137,491,000 
~M~s~1~ 
28,831,010 
2:1~s.9oq 
27,469,772 
s;c,~O;()Q(},  . 
320,000 
2~.526;{)00 
16,105,000 
500;000 

322  C.I.S (1) 
.·  : 62  ARMENiA  ::• 
63 . AZERBAIJAN 
·· ·••·.· ... \! • ·~~cet·••:::: .... ••· 
<:z4:  KIRGVZ$.l'AN 
.. 1 · RUSSIAN i=Eti 
:44  TAJJKiS'rAN  . 
· ·.·.·.  ·.·•·.·• 
45  TCHERNOBYL Disaster 
>1  UKRAINE 

EASTERN EUROPE 
ALBANiA 
Baltic States 
RUMANIA 
TURKEY 

2,900,000 
1;150,()()0 
1,000,000 
soo;ooo 
250,000 

5  EASTERN EUROPE 
4  ALBANIA 
1 
1 
1 

53,450,000 
.... •5;070000 · 
9,450'.00C> 
·  19;~05,00() 
500,000 
3;920;90Cl> 
8,849,000 
H;15s,ooo 
500,000 
800,000 

IRAQ 

ASIA(2) 
AFGHANiSTAN 
BANGLADESH 
CAM8001A· 
INOON.ESIA 
tAOS ::• •::':' :  . 
NEPAL .. 
NORTH KOREA 
PAKISTAN., 
PHiLIPPINi:$  ·. 
SRI LANKA 
THAILAND::. 
VIETNAM 
YEMEN 

NORTH AFRICA/MIDDLE EAST 
ALGERIA 
LEBANON 
f>ALESTINE/ISRAEL 

LA TIN AMERICA 
BOLIVIA 
COLOMBIA 
CUBA 
ECUADOR 
EL SALVADOR 
GUATEMALA 
MEXICO. 
NICARAGUA 
PERU 

Co-ordination & Monitoring 
Disaster Preparecriess 

GRANO TOTAL 

FOOTNOTE 
(1) COMM~ TH  Of  NlEPENlENT SlA1ES 

24,873,500 

36  IRAQ 

29,520,000 

12 

32,239,578 
12;69MCJO 
2,100,000 
•s.~i:iMO. 
100,000 
;;1~M¢· 
950,000 
·••29(:i,OOO 
200,000 
.  2;~1M!B 
3,125,000 
2,320.®() 
500,000 
200,000 

12,225,000 
5,000,000 
1,875,000 
5,350,000 

27,385,000 
1,150,000 
2,320,000 
1s,<>00;000 
450,000 
750,000 
2,770,000 
1,225,000 
1,990,000 
1,730,000 

4,290,000 
4,236,714 

es  ASIA(2) 

. 

..  i5 

•.· • >:zg;: Af'mtANiSTAN :::: . · 
10  BANGLADESH 
···••••••••• •::tf•: :CAMBODIA:/•••·•·• 
····,· ci-,1NA  ..  · 
<  : 3  iNOoNEsiA 
. 
INDLA 
... •••••:t:  lAbS : ••.  ••• · .. , ... 
1  MYANMAR 
> • .8  • NO~TH KOREA  / 
6  SRi LANKA.•'  .. 
5 • THAilANo· 
3  VIETNAM 
·:•1.•:YEMEN·• 

27  NORTH AFRICA/MIDDLE EAST 
9  ALGERIA 
10  LEBANON 
8  MOROCCO 

PALESTINE/ISRAEL 

63  LATIN AMERICA 
2  COLOMBIA 
5  COSTA RICA 

23  CUBA· 

2  ECUADOR 
1  GUATEMAlA 
9  HONDURAS 
:3  MONTSERRAT < 
6  NICARAGUA 

12  PANAMA 
PERU 

General studies 
Food aid (several coootries) 
6  Co-ordnation & Monitoring 
26  Disaster Preparedness 
MISCELLANEOUS 

692 092512 

1171  GRAND TOTAi. 

53,275,000 
41,100.000 • 
.  300,000 
2;~;000, 
2,450,000 
.· .. •.120;000• 
570,000 
500,000 
300,000 
500,000 
1,17!(000 
3,420,0QCi 
200,000 
150,000 

20,900,000 
·7,000,000 
4,400,000 
500,000 
9,000,000 

19,090,000 
1,060,000 
400,000 
8,600,000. 
300,000 
4,690,000 
450,000 
380,000 
1,750,000 
200,000 
1,260,000 

1,940,000 
2,000,000 
4,500,000 
5,012,500 
278,000 
656655 500 

16 
7 
3 
1 
5 

22 
4 
2 

2 

40 
4 
20 
9 
5 
510 

~:~~~ME~~~vsws:s c.ANCELUOAN(l [lf.(OMlr,,ITll;[l l.J«l{R 8\.ll1Gf1  lM; H7-1U  H(NCE, N(t NastOHS N  1!'!1!>  FOR  THE  f()J.;MER  VUGOSl,A\,\,A..AMOVNTEP 107796MCCU 

ANNEX S4 

/'$.PER  Oll/Ol/117 

EC CONTRACTS FOR HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE 1992. 93. 94. 95 • 96 

TYPE OF 
..CONTRACT 

1992 

1993 

1994 

,1995 

1996 

ECU 

ECU 

ECU 

ECU 

·  N%0F 

ECU 

TOTAL 

N%0F 
TOTAL 

EC COMMISSION-DIRECT 

SUBTOTAL 

11,361,142 

55,114,HI 

111,225,415 

19,511,217 

14.1% 

50,010,511 

14.7% 

MEMBER STATES SPECIALIZED AGENCIES 
~it::::::-:·-

j:iwa,<;:/ 
GERMANY .. 
n"~f{'/(:C 
NETHERLANDS 
$:P~f? 
SWEDEN 
uit::::::::::::,:·:· 
SUBTOTAL 

21,521,340 

5,246,195 

11,773,000 

23,390,000 

3.4% 

2,340,000 

0.7% 

OTHER GOVERNMENTS 
~-~~~· 
MOZ.AMBIQUE 
~~ : :  
TRINIDAD AND  TOBAGO 
w~:~;:o~t®:·.· 
NEW CALEDONIA 

~---::: :-· 

FIJI 
t:ROATWMACED<>NIA 
SUBTOTAL 

,· 

·.·.·.·.·.·.·.· 
.·.·.-··:.::.·: 

._._. 

·:·:•: 

.·.·.· . .-.···.·.·. 

<· 

·.··. 

·:-· 

300;l!(IO  [::/':/ . ::/> 

·::::- <: 

::- : ,.-:,  · . .-

: <:. 

<:  :?::'::'. 

:C:  ·: 

'ttooo 
25_0,000 

·:  .D •. 01/o  :,:.::,::,:,:::::,:::_ 
0.0% 
·11.0%  < 
0.0% 
·::D •. 01/o  :,:-: ·-
0.0% 

: : '11f,~7t'  : : :>ci,0% !/: (/:: 

.: 

.· 

·,::::::::: 

400,000 

241011'000 
25,325,000 

:•:::,:::::-:::.10000:000·  ::,::,  ·. 
10,400,000 

·1 aoo"a 
1,100,000 

0.0% 

:-:-•u.ll'lil.:  :::: .. - : ••··  :: 

119,571 

0.0% 

-.::::11.~ 
0.0% 
··:--::::o:o;c. 
0.0% 
·::.:-::::::o:~ 
0.0% 
.,,0% 
0.0% 
•:•-:o:t'J'. 
0.0% 

EC NGOs (11 
AUSTRIA 
81:L~:-::· 
DENMARK 
FKNi:f:::C 
FRANCE 
c.ti!:tMNY: 
GREEciE 
iRe~: 
ITALY 
LUXEMBOURG 
NETHERLANDS 
PORTUGAL 
SPAIN. 
SWEOEN 
UK 
SUBTOTAL 

OTHER NGOs 11\ 
NORWAY•' 
AUSTRALIA 
SWITZERLAND 
us•··· 
SUBTOTAL 

NA 
:·:-.·,::; :io,1.ai,t$i> 
. ii,313,000 
. ·.,  -: >.NA:·.:·\<< 
3i,579,700 
:460;°1Ji 
··•u.u,cioo 
· ·t1os;ooo 
·1,943,500 

0  I: 

· 9,314,040 
244,000 
. 
1,110;000 
NA:•:  \  I  : 

2.394 500 
111,446,577 

NA 

, :u;o,s;3J3 
.  '8,724,057 
·· ,,  , :.m.;1{ 

h;OJt;fOO 
·,ii,scio 
1,02',000 
11,4iii;9&1 
0 
15,212,715 

••t••o 

19,021,132 
~: 
23  606 851 
262,550,750 

625,000 
. > < :,;a.~;~;1:1~ 
27,121,000 
-·: 
::}/) 
110,942,799 
•:  < Z:t,7_$1i~O 
110,000 
.··2.»5;25' 
· 1i;,01,231 
.::·-:'45'"2Jil 

"  24,&i-i:113 
1;~;~. 
21,516,375 
:  ::m~oo 
340~',·2:i 
302,929,733 

1,110,000 

0.2% 

:::' 34,140;00~<:  :- :s;w.  ,: · 

11,3'3,000 
: /~Iii,;~~::<)  o.~  / 
11.2-i.  . 
110,102,014 

1.7% 

.·.·  -: : 22;51;;000::  : :  3~•4 
0.1% 
i1s;:;so  . 
~;41:s;ooo:·  .,> o:w.,, 
. i.1% 
28,137,556 
: 0.2%  . 
1;0,5,7~ 
4.2% 
2i,501,i1ci 
.. q;s,;.  : 
:- 3;3jl);720 
22.01 :i,scio 
3.2% 
: :o.iv.: 
1.,~11~000  · 
6.2% 
45.9% 

42  497.755 
312,124,926 

. 

ie,114,soa 

1,550,000 
20,11,.000  : ·· 
4,555,000 

0.5% 
t1% 
1.:i•,4 
i5s;cioo > :- o:'2% 
.. 1ij;•,4 
. : :'/11.,227,000 :  .  ·>3j•ll, 
600,000 
0.2% 
u% 
1.,2,000-
4.5% 
15,218,000 
0,1'/, 
218,207' 
3.5% 
11,m,000 
G.3% 
1;016,t!>0 
5.4',4 
•  11,434,100 
.  : z,,,s,ti4: 
u•;; 
7.4% 
25  037  000 
53.6% 
112,575,419 

.: 

·.-: 

:::_.: 

I 

. 

320,000 
• 1232-000 
1,552,000 

744,612 
1·111 siis 
2,424,257 

4it7MO• 
250,000 
1,237,140 
•:•  :- :  ·· 1'ru oiJci .. : 
1,112,140 

cc 

1,542,944 
0 
3,211,500 
•:1525 000 
6,271,444 

0.2,r, •• :.:· 
0.0% 
0.5% 
.-·0:2\'(cid:127) 
0.1% 

.. : 

1,805,000 
0 
1,030,000 
2217,130' 
5,122,830 

0.5% 
0.0% 
0.3',(, 
·<·o.7% 
1.5% 

.• 

LOCAL NGOs 111 
ANGQ(;l.:,:  . 
BANGUDESH 
ao~:::,:-
cHiLi:  ·· 
ElSALVADoR 
ETHIOPIA 
G~::: 
IRAQ· MSC· 1190 
JAMAICA. 
LEBANON 
OCC,T£RttlTORV tlSRL)  · 
PAKISTAN 
PMILIPPINES 
SUDAN 
TURKEY·· 
SUBTOTAL 

·.  · 

·. 

.:::: 

. ·. 
<< 

. 

: ... ·. 

·· ... · ... .-
., 

} 
10,~11  > 

. 51,000 

m;eoo 

I 

~,520,~oo  I < . 

100,000  , . 
i;245,00CI  I.· 

13,444 

~oo,ooa 

·· 

1,500,000 :-

.·. 

50,000  I 
500,000 
41,000 

:·  ·:.< 

70126  I > 

.·  :,:·  .::. 

1,089,626 

4,740,000 

·.·._.·-:  ·'.-

.. 

600,000 

.·. 

.  . 
1,513,444 

0.0%1.:-
0.0% 
·.  ~-O•~i> 
·.·.·d:!~1, 
0.0% 
···o:0% 
0.0% 
o;ooi. 
::!!··· 
0.0% 
0.0%  > 
0.0% 
0.0'V, 
0.2•,4 

:·  ..  ·. 

.:• 

:-

UNITED NATIONS 
WFP 
FAO 
WHO 
UNDRO 
UNHCR 
UNICEF 
UNDP 
UNRWA 
UNOHA 
PAHO 
SPECIAL UN OPERATIONS IIOMI 
SUBTOTAL 

·. 

OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORG. 
ICRC 
FIRC 
CARITAS INTERNATIONAL 
INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT  GROUP 
LUTHERAN WORLD FEDERATION 
ORGANIZATION OF  AMERICAN  STATES 
THE WORLD  COUNCIL OF  CHURCHES 
SUBTOTAL 
Decomilmments 
Othrrs 
TOTAL 

:· 

:.: 

. 

. 

35,131,581 
0 
3,809,500 
110,000 
71,232,580 
4,127,000 
470,500 
0 
0 
262,000 
e 
122,143, 166 

. 

71,311,711 
861,000 
9,250,000 
0 
17,95.5,354 
13,631,598 
0 
6,000,000 
0 
0 
· .. ··  700 000 
181,723.733 

35,073,IOD 
1,666,000 
70,000 

.··: 

38,001,120 
26,001,135 
"91,510 

36,109,900 

3,160,440 

1 000  000 
68,659,955 
(985,681) 

47,355,716  I: 

0 
500,000 
0 
177,33&;429 
11,901,135 
0 
450,000 
.402,175  I 

2,149,450 
570100 
240,672,705 

· 32,675,000 
493,500 
500,000 
0 
115,595,500 
7,939,000 
575,000 
240,000 
541,156 
910,000 
550 000 
160.026,166 

4.1% 
0.1'1', 
0.1•,4 
o.o•,<, 
17.0% 
1.2% 
0.1%: 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.1% 
·.  0.1•,4 
23.5% 

32,327,000 
37,163,&03 

53,21~000 
22,215,066 

2.152,105 
107,730 
92  104 
72,S42,542 

1,069,286 
636,676 

77,256,028 

7.8% 
3.3% 
0,0',(, 

0.2% 
0.1•1, 
0.0% 
11.4% 

18,252,496 

61,400,000 
3,065,000 

460,000 

13,177,496 

10,425,000 
5,660,000 

500,000 
571,770 

17,156,770 

331961251 

597 954  168 

753 525,535 

680 227,873 

100.0% 

340.384103 

(1) INCLUDING NATIONAL RED CROSS ASSOCIATIONS 

(7J  THI,..,.._,,.~ .... 'Hl"JII ,,., 'nil! l'Y'>H1'AAC't >,U(I\JN"n (17l Mfn>'' Aki S\Jll:rTANTlAUYIO\lr"l.R THAN™' l"'::-t51otf A.M0U~ ('Ml  MfC\1;t5 NAT 7) ·' MF:"\.I  MA.3  lt([)( (~tlfCT'l.,Y  AloMINl!:iJJtEJ, 11r  l-JVI (1f0".lA) 

IN  A(:C'!Jflf1Aw:t  Vo1ll4  TH[C'OMMl:S:SIOHllfC'l31':'N  ~""f  lJVlr '"''  )4(.H<...~(."'('ltf'T'JtM'!MAVllll'.D{SIIJHll1JYhJV] P<Jli  ntCSAMC"JHT ANl•,.QTf(:)4':J  nn P<V-1"lr<lH\Jl'Hfl.MS".N' ... (l~!MJi:'\!)C'OJ,l~:-:TsN' 

A'X'\JMIJlA!'U'ANl'VNV"!l'.U-•N3lk¥£$FM".lM Al.AR'1f  MUMIIO'.C'lf At"TIQMSIII  1"1  WHUI  ft::HOWCAMf  PVl.l .. Y0M"AATl'.)HAl  INIAf!L'I' 1"'1M~/ftCiW[J(lll.lMDIIA'tl.J YT Ar.DC  f(,f~kl THAT AU.  lOSf~vo 
Akf ElltUt t.rnUStl• ::'\fl: 'fC(,MMIITU•  ,0 Tl(cid:141) AT  nu Qt•crr!ON (.lf  S\lkknltllMIJRJ::SfjCVO: WlU NC.•T  Af/15'1  AOAIN 

,o;o~ 
0.0% 
~:l>"I. 
0.0% 
li.0".4 
0.0% 
~:~•,<, 
0.0% 
0.0'1, 
0.0% 
0.11% 
0.0% 
O.O.% 
0.0% 
/·0.1>"1, 
0.0% 

5.4% 
0.0% 
0.0•1. 
0.0% 
18.0% 
0.9'/, 
0.0•1, 
0.1% 
0.0',(, 
0.0'/, 
0.0¾ 
24.4',4 

3.1'1, 
1.7'/, 
0.0'/, 
0.1¾ 
0.2•1, 
0.0% 
0.0¾ 
5.0'/, 

0.0 
100.0% 

* * * 
*  ••  * 
•.M: 
* •• 

~ 

EUROPEAN COMMISSION {ECHO) FINANCIAL DECISIONS IN FAVOUR OF THE AFFECTED 
BURUNDI/RWANDAN POPULATION since the 21st October 1993 until December  1996 

AMOUNTS IN ECU 

ANNEX S5 

AA  per: otAl1197 

COUNTRY 

DATE  Reason for Contribution 

PARTNER 

AMOUNT 

TOTAL 

BURUNDI 

25/11/93  Displaced Population 

25/11/93  Displaced Population 

25/11/93  Displaced Population 

22/12/93  Displaced Population 

3/02/94  Displaced Population 

28/03/94  Displaced Population 

17/05/94  Burundi Repatriates and Rwandan Refugees 

15/12/94  Displaced Population 

ICRC/ONG 

UN 

ONG 

ONG 

ONG/UN 

ONG/UN 

ONG 

ONG 

1,000;000 

1,000000 

1,000 000 

1,000,000 

1,000,000 

14,000,000 

1,000,000 

5,000,000 

-

. 

25,000,000 

REGIONAL 

21/12/93  Burundi Refugees 

16/03/94  Burundi Refugees 

ONG/UN/IFRC 

18,300,000 

ONG/UN 

13,500,000 

27/05/94  Rwandan,  Burundi,  Tanzania Refugees 

UNHCR/ICRC 

12,000,000 

21/06/94  Rwandan,  Burundi, Tanzania Refugees 

UNHCR 

19,000,000 

20/07/94  Rwanda,  Burundi.Zaire, Uganda, Tanzania 

UNHCR/ONG/ICRC 

12,000,000 

27/07/94  Rwanda,  Burundi.Zaire, Uganda, Tanzania 

UN/ONG/ICRC 

75,000,000 

21/09/94  Refugees & Disp.  pop.  in CentraVEast Africa 

ONG 

4,500,000 

20/12/94  Rwandan/Burundi Populations 

ONG/UN/IF RC 

45,000,000 

9/03/95  Rwanda,  Burundi, Zaire.Tanzania 

WFP 

25/D7/95  Rwanda,  Burundi, Zaire.Tanzania 

UNHCR/NGO 

12,000,000 

25,000,000 

21/11/95  Rwanda,  Burundi, Zaire.Tanzania 

UN/ONG/ICRC 

70,000,000 

26/07/96  Rwandan/Burundi Populations 

26/07/96  Rwanda,  Burundi, Zaire.Tanzania 

UN/NGO 

UN/NGO 

10,000,000 

26,500,000 

22/11/96  Rwanda,  Burundi, Zaire.Tanzania 

UN/ICRC/IFRC 

10,000,000 

11/12/96  Rwanda,  Burundi, Zaire.Tanzania 

UN/NGO/ICRC/IFRC 

158,930,000 

RWANDA 

28/10/93  Burundi Refugees 

28/10193  Burundi Refugees 

28/10/93  Displaced population 

10/11/93  Burundi Refugees 

15/12/93  Burundi Refugees 

ONG 

ONG 

ONG/UN 

UN 

ONG 

4/02/94  Refugees and displaced population 

ICRC/ONG 

9/04/94  Conflict 

12/04/94  Conflict & Drought 

11/05/94  Conflict 

17/10/94  Rehabilitation-Electricity & Water 

TANZANIA 

15/11/93  Burundi Refugees 

11/11/93  Burundi Refugees 

29/04/94  Rwandan Refugees 

29/04/94  Rwandan  Refugees 

ONG 

ONG 

ONG/ICRC 

GTZ 

ONG 

UN/ONG 

ONG 

ONG 

1,000,000 

1,000,000 

1,000,000 

1,000,000 

1,000,000 

8,000,000 

500,000 

1,000,000 

1,000,000 

5,000,000 

1,000,000 

1,000,000 

680,000 

450,000 

ZAIRE 

15/11/93  Burundi Refugees 

UN/ONG 

500,000 

511,730,000 

20,500,000 

3,130,000 

500,000 

TOTAL 1993-December 1996 

560,860,000 

ANNEX s-s-

Breakdown of Community Aid to the Former 
Yugoslavia, 1991-1996 by Republic· 

Republic 
Bosnia-Herzegovina 
Croatia (+UNPAS) 
Serbia and Montenegro 
Slovenia 
FYR. ofMacedonia 
All Republics 
Turkey and Hungary 
Total 

% 
55.6% 
20.0% 
17.2% 
0.6% 
3.6% 
2.7% 
0.2% 
100% 

Breakdown of Community Aid to the Former 

Yugoslavia, 1996 by Relief Items 

Relief Items 
Food & Hygiene 
Medical· 
Local Capacity Building 
Psychosocial 
Winterisation 
Rehabilitation 
Miscellaneous 
Total 

% 

32.7%  · 
14.8% 
4.4% 
3.0% 
1.1% 
15.8% 
28.2% 
100% 

35 

ISSN 0254-1475 

COM(97) 43 7 final 

DOCUMENTS 

EN 

05  01 

11 

Catalogue  number  ·  CB-C0-97-443-EN-C 

ISBN  92-78-23925-9 

Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 

L-2985  Luxembourg