Guidelines on State aid for undertakings in deprived urban areas
Date: 1997-05-14
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: State aid, aid to undertakings, deprived urban area













EUR-Lex - 51997XC0514(01) - EN






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51997XC0514(01)

Guidelines on State aid for undertakings in deprived urban areas  


Official Journal C 146 , 14/05/1997 P. 0006 - 0012 





Guidelines on State aid for undertakings in deprived urban areas (97/C 146/08)(Text with EEA relevance)I. INTRODUCTION1. Within the general framework of the search for solutions to problems linked with growth, competitiveness and employment, the White Paper (1) argues that every possible means of achieving this threefold objective should be mobilized. The priorities laid down by the White Paper for promoting employment include that of 'dealing with new needs` and, in this connection, specific mention is made of 'the need (. . .) to renovate the most disadvantaged urban areas`, particularly through aid to businesses (2). The Commission believes that the economic development of these areas can help resolve, or at least alleviate, some of their socio-economic problems. However, apart from the fact that existing State aid instruments provide only partial or inappropriate solutions, the play of market forces alone appears inadequate to achieve this objective. Such areas, for which the socio-economic indicators are significantly worse than the average for the cities to which they belong, have such a concentration of handicaps that they are incapable of attracting or merely maintaining an adequate business fabric, the cornerstone of any economic development. The aim of this communication, therefore, is to deal with the specific problem of the shortcomings of the market in deprived urban areas and the inadequacy of existing instruments by introducing a new instrument enabling financial incentives to be granted to businesses setting up or already established in these areas, provided that the conditions of competition and trade between Member States are not distorted to an extent contrary to the common interest.II. CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE2. This Commission communication to the Member States falls within a specific legal and political framework. This framework opens up possibilities and defines priorities, but also defines limits. The object of the guidelines is thus to establish a way for Member States to grant aid to certain firms situated in deprived urban areas, while meeting the criteria of necessity and proportionality. By means of this deliberate policy, the Commission hopes to boost employment and investments in such areas. The resulting economic growth should in turn help achieve major Community objectives, the instrumets and priorities of which are defined below:2.1. Legal framework:- Article 92 (3) (c) of the EC Treaty enables the Commission to regard as compatible with the common market the fact that Member States grant State aid to undertakings 'to facilitate the development of certain economic activities or of certain economic areas, where such aid does not adversely affect trading conditions to an extent contrary to the common interest`,- Article 130 a lays down that 'In order to promote its overall harmonious development, the Community shall develop and pursue its actions leading to the strengthening of its economic and social cohesion` (3),- after finding that there was an urgent need for action in this connection, the Commission adopted the 'Urban` Community initiative on measures to be carried out in certain deprived urban areas (4). This initiative provides, inter alia, for the possibility of granting Community aid '. . . in an integrated way, supporting business creation` (5). The objective is, in particular, to 'provide assistance to the responsible authorities in their efforts to provide the necessary amentities so as to attract economic activity and create confidence and security for the population living in the areas, integrating them into the economy and the social mainstream` (6). There is specific provision to that end for the combined effort of the ERDF and ESF 'to be complemented by other resources`.2.2. Political framework:- as already indicated above, the Commission recommended to the Member States in 1993, in its White Paper 'Growth, competitiveness and employment: the challenges and ways forward into the 21st century`, that the dynamism of small businesses be underpinned and, more generally, that 'government intervention in industry . . . be refocused on horizontal measures` (7). Aid to firms and, in particular, small and medium-sized enterprises is, therefore, clearly mentioned on several occasions in the context of the means to be employed to achieve the major objectives of the White Paper and deal with the new needs deriving from economic and social developments,- in 1994, in defining the action to be carried out to improve the situation of employment and growth, the Essen European Council requested the implementation of such measures as 'the promotion of initiatives, particularly at regional and local level, that create jobs which take account of new requirements . . .` (8),- in 1995, the Cannes European Council clearly confirmed its previous guidelines and, in particular, emphasized the fact that 'small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a decisive role in job creation and, more generally, act as a factor of social stability and economic drive`; it also stressed the need to promote 'the initiative of entrepreneurs, their decisions on hiring and on investments . . .` (9).III. DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM3. Experience has shown that enterprises situated in and pursuing economic activities in certain deprived urban areas are confronted with many different problems which can influence their economic development, and even their viability. Pointers to the existence of such a syndrome include a level of education that provides firms with little skilled labour, the steady impoverishment of the population, which is a sign of a low purchasing power and low consumption, a crime rate that indicates a high degree of insecurity, a particularly high unemployment rate, decay of the environment and public infrastructure and a poor standard of local amenities.4. These indicators, which are synonymous with urban problems and economic handicaps for firms, generally mean rejection by the business world. There is evidence that new investors seeking a location shun such areas in favour of districts that are more suited to sound economic activity, and that enterprises already established in such areas often prefer to relocate to the same districts. This situation may be explained in practice by the additional direct or indirect costs involved in setting up in such areas (theft, level of insurance premiums, vandalism, etc.) and the structural handicaps that are a feature of such areas (difficulty in finding skilled labour that is prepared to work, overall reduction in economic activity, lack and decay of public infrastructure, insecurity, financial problems faced by local authorities, problem of 'public image`, etc.).5. The existing Community competition framework provides an inadequate answer - or no answer at all - to such problems, although certain Member States have called for action (10). There are in fact no effective incentives at present which make it possible either to attract new productive investment projects which create jobs or to prevent the disintegration of the entrepreneurial fabric in the areas in question. One of the ways in which Member States and the Commission can combat this phenomenon - the former by making the necessary budgetary resources available and the latter by adopting a position that is, in principle, in favour of such a policy - lies in economic and financial incentives. Existing provisions appear inappropriate for the following reasons:- the rules governing regional aid (11) contain eligibility criteria which do not genarally allow aid to be ganted to enterprises of any size whatsoever which are situated in or on the outskirts of large conurbations (mainly on account of the per capita GDP indicator) or to existing enterprises outside the scope of an investment (only initial investments are taken into account). In addition, they do not permit consideration to be given to such small geographical entities (the territorial basis of assessment being NUTS level III) (12). Moreover, the scope of the rules is too great, ratione personae, in that the instruments also apply to large undertakings, which makes it impossible to focus action on small and medium-sized enterprises and solve their specific problems, or to maintain a proper degree of proportionality between the local nature of the problems and the impact of aid granted to a large undertaking traditionally engaged in transnational activities,- the rules governing aid to SMEs (13), while applicable in any part of the territory, offer only limited possibilities, in terms of aid intensity, outside areas assisted under regional aid arrangements,- lastly, while the rules on aid to employment (14) can contribute to the net creation of jobs horizontally, they do not cover aid for the creation of jobs linked to a productive investment, which is subject to the normal conditions and criteria applicable to investment aid.6. In order to take account of the abovementioned concerns and make good the shortcomings, the Commission wishes to state that it will give favourable consideration to State aid restricted to certain enterprises situated in urban areas which meet the conditions set out below. The Commission will take the view that such measures either are not generally liable to affect trade between Member States and do not, therefore, constitute aid within the meaning of Article 92 (1) of the EC Treaty (15), or contain an aid element but may be considered compatible with the common market in so far as the conditions laid down in this communication guarantee that any effect on trade will not be contrary to the common interest.IV. CRITERIA GOVERNING ELIGIBILITY OF AREAS7. In order to benefit from the possibilities set out in these guidelines, aid which is to be granted by Member States and of which the Commission has been notified pursuant to Article 93 (3) of the EC Treaty must be confined to enterprises situated in difficult, geographically limited urban areas which must:either:- be geographically identifiable and homogeneous, and- have a population of between 10 000 and 30 000 and belong to cities or urban agglomerations with at least 100 000 inhabitants (the Commission could, in justified cases falling just above or below these limits, exercise some discretion as regards the cumulative elements making up this condition), and- have significantly worse statistics than both the national average and the average for the cities or urban agglomerations to which they belong, irrespective of the absolute or relative prosperity level of the latter. The socio-econmic indicators to be taken into account in selecting these areas could include: the unemployment rate (with particular emphasis on the most under-privileged categories of unemployed persons (16)), the proportion of persons under 25, the proportion of unqualified young persons over the age of 15, per capita wealth, etc.,or- have been selected under the Urban Community initiative.8. Is is reasonable to believe that restricting the scope to a small number of people is likely to maintain a balanced competitive environment and prevent the possibilities opened up by this communication from being used to pursue objectives or policies which are contrary to its letter or spirit. The total population covered by all the areas ultimately selected by a Member State under the present guidelines must, therefore, stand at a level which takes account of the diversity of national situations, while respecting the principles of proportionality and necessity. This level has been fixed at 1 % of the national population. However, in circumstances justified by the Member State on the basis of objective socio-economic data, a level slightly above this ceiling might be accepted by the Commission.V. BENEFICIARIES OF THE AID9. In defining the enterprises which qualify under this communication, it is necessary to reconcile requirements linked to the solution of a socio-economic problem with the limits imposed by the need to safeguard the common interest and a competitive balance within the Community. Aid to firms falls within the scope of Article 92 (1) of the EC Treaty only in so far as trade between Member Sates is affected. Accordingly, aid to small firms in deprived urban areas which carry on the activities listed in the Annex do not come under Article 92 (1) to the extent that the activities are not of a transnational nature. Similarly, public financial assistance benefiting certain categories of firms, such as small enterprises engaged in local services or local employment initiatives, cooperative, mutual and non-profit associations and enterprises involved in reintegration work should not, in general, constitute State aid. In the case of aid falling within the scope of Article 92 (1), however, it is necessary to define the enterprises which are potentially eligible under the present provisions so that any distortions of competition or impact on intra-Community trade remain at a level which is not contrary to the common interest.10. Size of eligible enterprisesThe problems encountered by firms in such deprived urban areas are problems of an essentialy local nature which do not justify regional aid of the kind available to large undertakings. Extending the benefit of the aid to large undertakings would have disproportionate effects in terms of distortion of competition and the negative impact on cohesion. Furthermore, in view of the fact that the deprived areas could be situated within generally prosperous cities or cities which constitute the most prosperous part of a disadvantaged region (17), it is appropriate to limit the specific possibilities opened up by this communication to small enterprises as defined in the Commission recommendation of 3 April 1996 concerning the definition of small and medium-sized enterprises (18), without prejudice to the provisions of point 16.11. Types of eligible enterprisesIn order to avoid discriminating against enterprises which are already installed in the areas in question and have not benefited from initial investment aid, the Commission proposes that both new enterprises and existing enterprises should be able to benefit under the guidelines. However, since the latter may qualify for aid that is connected with neither investment nor job-creation, it would be appropriate to limit the benefits to enterprises carrying on a local activity contained in Annex 1 on the basis of the NACE code (19). An existing enterprise making a new investment (material or human) and receiving aid in connection with that investment would fall within the scope of the normal arrangements for new enterprises.12. Special conditionsIn order to be considered eligible under the guidelines, an enterprise must:- carry on its principal economic activity and invest in the area designated as a deprived urban area. The mere existence of a registered office or any other form of non-productive establishment (administrative address, post box, etc.) could not, save in exceptional circumstances, justify the granting of State aid (20),- reserve at least 20 % of the new jobs created for persons having their domicile in a deprived urban area within the meaning of this Communication.VI. FORM AND INTENSITY OF THE AID13. From the point of view of both their socio-economic situation and the handicaps and additional costs which have to be borne by enterprises situated within them, deprived urban areas are characterized by problems of a degree comparable with those of regions assisted under the derogation from Article 92 (3) (c) of the EC Treaty. In order to satisfy the proportionality criterion, a balance must be struck between, on the one hand, the type of aid and the maximum intensity which may be permitted and, on the other, the nature, urgency and intensity of the problems to be solved.14. In the case of new firms or existing firms deciding to invest, aid will have to be conditional on job-creation and fixed in relation to either the initial investment, using the standard basis of assessing aid (21), or the number of jobs created. The maximum level of aid allowed, taking all forms of aid into account, is fixed at 26 % net grant equivalent of the investment (22) or ECU 10 000 per job created (23). This level is similar to that which SMEs situated in Article 92 (3) (c) regions may obtain in the form of regional aid.15. The conditions of competition peculiar to local markets justify extending to existing firms not making new investments the advantages made available to new firms. However, in view of the nature of the aid to which existing firms may have access, it is necessary to ensure that the competitive advantage enjoyed by an existing firm is under no circumstances greater than that received by a new firm setting up in the same urban area. To that end, it is necessary in any event to limit the aid available to existing firms to the levels applied to new firms. For that purpose, it is possible, mutatis mutandis, to transfer the rate of 26 % net grant equivalent to the investment already made by the existing firm (24) and the rate of ECU 10 000 per job created to the number of permanent employees already working in the firm. In general, considering that aid to existing firms will be confined exclusively to small enterprises carrying on the local activities laid down in Annex 1, intra-Community trade will not be affected.VII. PROCEDURE, DURATION AND COEXISTENCE WITH OTHER RULES16. The present guidelines will apply without prejudice to the possibilites offered by other State aid rules, particularly the de minimis rule (25), which should be sufficient to meet requirements in many cases, and the guidelines on aid to employment, which are applicable in all cases where there is a net creation of jobs and aid is not linked to investment (26).17. Aid granted on the basis of the present guidelines to firms or activities involving products or belonging to sectors which are governed by specific Community codes must meet the basic and procedural conditions laid down in respect of the sector in question.18. Application of the present guidelines is also subject to the provisions of Community law on the cumulation of aid for different purposes (see OJ No C 3, 5. 1. 1985) or aid for the same purpose under schemes adopted by a single entity or different entities (central, regional or local). In the latter case, the cumulative aid must not exceed the highest ceiling laid down by the different aid schemes involved.19. On the basis of Article 93 (3) of the EC Treaty, Member States are obliged to notify the Commission, prior to implementation, of any aid schemes drawn up with a view to implementing these guidelines. Proposals of which the Commission is notified must contain all the relevant information required to check that the scheme complies with the present guidelines. Schemes must be notified in accordance with the joint notification procedure (27).20. These guidelines have been approved for a period of five years from the date of publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities. Prior to the expiry of that period, the Commission will review the functioning of the guidelines in order to decide whether they should be extended or any amendments should be made.(1) Commission White Paper 'Growth, competitiveness, employment: the challenges and ways forward into the 21st century`, Decision of 5 December 1993, EC-Bulletin, Supplement 6/93.(2) Ibid. p. 20.(3) Title XIV 'Economic and social cohesion`, as amended by Article G (38) of the Treaty on European Union.(4) Commission notice to the Member States laying down guidelines for operational programmes which Member States are invited to establish in the framework of a Community initiative concerning urban areas, OJ No C No 180, 1. 7. 1994, p. 6.(5) Ibid., paragraph 6.(6) Ibid., paragraph 8.(7) Op. cit, p. 83.(8) European Council meeting on 9 and 10 December 1994 in Essen, Presidency Conclusions SI(94) 1000, p. 4.(9) European Council meeting on 26 and 27 July 1995 in Cannes, Presidency Conclusions SI(95) 500, pp. 4-5.(10) See in particular 'City Revival Pact` (State aid N 159/96, France), EU Bulletin 3-1996, point 1.3.43; OJ No C 215, 25. 7. 1996.(11) See Commission communication on the method for the application of Article 92 (3) (a) and (c) to regional aid, OJ No C 212, 12. 8. 1988.(12) Nomenclature of Statistical Territorial Units, level III.(13) See Community guidelines on State aid for small and medium-sized enterprises, OJ No C 213, 23. 7. 1996.(14) See Guidelines on aid to employment, OJ No C 334, 12. 12. 1995, p. 4.(15) This will normally be true of aid to existing firms carrying on a local activity (see point 11).(16) These traditionally comprise the long-term unemployed, young persons, women, older workers and the handicapped.(17) Urban initiative, op. cit., point 5.(18) OJ No L 107, 30. 4. 1996.(19) Council Regulation (EEC) No 3037/90, OJ No L 293, 24. 10. 1990.(20) Such exceptional circumstances involve a limited number of cases involving certain types of enterprises, such as those belonging to the construction sector, whose personnel may have been recruited in a deprived urban area or a part of whose economic activity may be carried on in such an area, while the principal economic activity is physically carried on elsewhere. Consequently, even if part of the activity is exercised outside the urban area in question, the positive effects within the area (in terms of jobs in particular) may justify the enterprise's eligibility.(21) The initial investment is defined in point 18 of the Annex to the Commission communication on regional aid systems, OJ No C 31, 3. 2. 1979, and the common method of assessing aid in point 5 of the Annex to the Council resolution on general systems of regional aid, OJ No C 111, 4. 11. 1971.(22) The rate of 26 % net corresponds to the rate of 20 % net which the Commission generally uses in practice as a basic regional aid ceiling (applicable to large firms) in Article 92 (3) (c) regions, plus a further 10 % gross (equivalent on average to 6 % net) under the 'bonus` arrangements for small firms, as provided for in the Guidelines on State aid for small and medium-sized enterprises', op. cit.(23) The ceiling of ECU 10 000 per job created corresponds to an aid level of 20 % net grant equivalent on the basis of an average investment of ECU 50 000 per job.(24) The method of calculating aid in respect of an investment already carried out in the past must be based on the net value of the equipment at the time when the aid is granted (taking account of any depreciation that has already taken place).(25) Commission notice on the de minimis rule for State aid, OJ No C 68, 6. 3. 1996.(26) Op. cit.(27) See letters from the Commission to the Member States dated 2 August 1995 and 15 May 1996.ANNEX 1 >TABLE>