Proposal for a EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND COUNCIL DIRECTIVE on marking of packaging and on the establishment of a conformity assessment procedure for packaging
Date: 1996-11-25
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: consumer information, environmental protection, packaging, quality label, waste recycling

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 

Brussels, 25.11.1996 
COM(96)  191  final 

96/0123 (COD) 

Proposal  for a 
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 
on marking of packaging 
and 
on the establishment  of a conformity  assessment  procedure for packaging 

(presented by the Commission) 

EXPLANATORY  MEMORANDUM 

INTRODUCTION 

To attain the objectives  of the Directive on Packaging  and Packaging Waste (94/62/EC)1, to 
promote collection,  reuse, recovery,  including  recycling,  of packaging  and packaging waste, 
the contribution  of  consumers, collectors, sorters  and  recycling  operators is indispensable. 

To be able to  contribute,  information  of these  parties  is  necessary,  in  terms of  information 
campaigns and in terms of informative marking on the packaging being placed on the market. 

The purpose  of the marking is to inform  about the nature  of the  packaging and to help the 
correct  dealing  with  used  packaging  to facilitate  the  reuse,  recovery  and  recycling  of  it. In 
addition  the  marking  implies  that  the  packaging  complies  with  the  relevant  essential 
requirements,  set out in the Directive on Packaging  and Packaging Waste (94/62/EC). 

The purpose of the present  Directive is to meet the obligation  set out in Article 8, para  1 of 
the Directive 94/62/EC of 20 December  1994 of the European Parliament and the Council on 
Packaging and Packaging Waste, pursuant to which the Council  shall decide on the marking 
of  packaging  no later than two years  after  the entry  into force of the Directive. The date of 
entry  into force  was 31.12.94. 

Although  Directive  94/62/EC  contains  essentiel  requirements  to  which  packaging  must 
conform,  it  omits  to  describe  how  conformity  to  such  requirements  must  be assessed.  The 
present  Directive  therefore  introduces  such  a  conformity  assessment  procedure  for  all 
packaging  covered  by Directive 94/62/EC. 

This is in line with  the statement  made by the Council  and the Commission  at the adoption 
of  the  Directive  94/62/EC,  that  says:  "...Finally,  an  adapted  assessment  procedure  for  the 
compliance  of the packaging  with  the essential  requirements  has to be created  ." 

CURRENT  SITUATION 

Taking into account, that several different  markings are already being used on the market  for 
"imilar purposes, it is urgent  to harmonize this marking,  as a minimum  at European  level; 

to remove confusion  among the consumers 
to avoid  technical  barriers to trade 

1  OJ  No  L  365,  3 1 . 1 2 . 1 9 9 4,  p . 1 0. 

1 

There are mainly  four  different  types of marking  on packaging  being used  on the market: 

indicating the material  of the packaging - material  identification 
indicating the recoverable  or recyclable nature of packaging 
indicating that the packaging is made of recycled material 
indicating that the packaging is subject to a specific system of return and management 

At the moment numbering  systems, abbreviation  systems and graphical  symbols are used in 
a  total  mix,  that  makes  it  impossible  for  the  consumer  to  be  sure  of  what  the  marking 
indicates. 

THE  DIRECTIVE  ON  PACKAGING  AND PACKAGING  WASTE 

requires  a  material  identification  system,  based  on  a  numbering  and  abbreviation 
system.  The  packaging  shall  indicate  for  purposes  of  its  identification  and 
classification  by the industry  concerned  the nature of the packaging material  used. 
The Packaging  Committee  shajl  deal  with  this,  and the Commission  shall  determine 
the  system. 

requires that the Council decides on the marking of packaging no later than two years 
after the enter into force of the Directive, that is before the end of  1996. This marking 
could  be graphical  symbols,  indicating  e.g.  the  reusable,  recoverable  or  recyclable 
nature  of  packaging.  This  type  of  marking  was  part  of  the  original  proposal  on 
packaging  and  packaging  waste2,  but  was  removed  due  to  the  complexity  of  the 
problem,  also including legal rights to the symbols proposed. 

The present  proposal  deals with the graphical  symbols, as mentioned  in the latter indent. 

COMMENTS  ON THE  PROPOSAL ON  MARKING 

1. 

The  proposed  marking of packaging 

The purpose of the marking is to enable the consumer to contribute to the protection 
of the environment, to give the consumer a choice - thus the marking should be a kind 
of quality marking, indicating which packaging is environmentally  more friendly  than 
others. 

2  OJ  No  C  263,  1 2 . 1 0 . 1 9 9 2,  p . l. 

2 

By marking reusable and recyclable packaging, the proposal gives a priority .to these 
kinds of packaging; this is in line with the Directive 94/62/EC that indicates that "until 
scientific  and technical  progress is made with regard to recovery processes, reuse and 
recycling should be considered  preferable  in terms of environmental  impact"-

Encouraging recycling of packaging by indicating the recyclable nature of packaging 
is  also  in  line  with,  and  supports  the  fact  that  the  Directive  94/62/EC  has  specific 
targets for  recycling to be attained. 

Thus, it is proposed  to mark reusable ^nd  recyclable  packaging. 

It  is  evident,  that  the  packaging,  marked  reusable,  shall  comply  with  the  essential 
requirements  of  the  Directive  94/62/EC,  related  to  reusable  nature  of  packaging  -
Annex II, para  1. and para 2., and in case the packaging is marked recyclable, it shall 
comply  with  the essential  requirements  for  recyclable  nature packaging  - Annex  II, 
para  1. and para  3. (a) or (c) or (d). 

The possibility  of indicating the percentage of "recycled content" of a packaging has 
been  considered.  In  case  the  percentage  is  related  to  the  symbol  for  "recyclable 
packaging" it would not be clear whether the indication applied to the recyclability or 
to the recycled  content. 

Further  more  it  is  not,  at the  moment, possible to  control the recycled  content  of  a 
packaging, and thus, whether the indication is correct. Following the development in 
this area, it can be considered at a later stage, to introduce a symbol for the indication 
of recycled  content. 

2. 

No conformity  marking  is suggested,  but a conformity  assessment  procedure is 
introduced 

Indication  of  compliance  with  the  essential  requirements  as  such,  that  means 
-introducing  a conformity  mark, has no interest for the consumer. 

The meaning of the conformity  mark, the CE marking, is: 

that  the  product  in  question  complies  with  all  applicable  provisions  (or 
requirements)  of the applicable  directive^) 

and 

that  the  product  has  been  subject  to  the  appropriate  conformity  assessment 
procedures)  contained  in the appropriate directive's). 

The CE marking is a kind of a "passport" allowing industrial products to move freely 
throughout  the  internal  market.  It  is  intended  to  make  it  easier  for  the  national 
surveillance  authorities in the Member  States to monitor the market. 

Furthermore  the  potential  confusion  is  obvious  -  it  would  not  be  possible_to  tell 
whether  a CE mark  on a product refers  to the packaging or to the product inside. 
Taking the above mentioned into account, the Commission is of the opinion that it is 
not  suitable to introduce a CE marking or any other conformity  mark for packs. 

Council  Decision  of 22 July  1993 concerning  modules for  the various phases of  the 
conformity  assessment  procedures3  imposes  the  use  of  the  "modules"  in  technical 
(total)  harmonisation  directives.  Therefore  a  conformity  assessment  procedure  is 
introduced, with the aim of ensuring a coherent application of the Directive 94/62/EC 
by  manufacturers  as  well  as  allowing  the  Member  States  authorities  to  efficiently 
control  their market. This should contribute to avoid internal market problems in the 
future. 

In  order  not to  impose unnecessary  burdens  on  the manufacturers  of packaging and 
taking  into  account  the  risks  arising  from  the  products  concerned  as  well  as  the 
economic  infrastructure  of  the  sector,  the  Commission  considers  that  the  most 
appropriate procedure - and at the same time the least onerous - is Module A (internal 
production  control  by the  manufacturer). 

3. 

No  marking  indicating  "Return system  is available" 

For  the  consumer  it  would  be  ideal,  if  the  marking  of  recyclable  packaging  also 
indicated,  that  the  packaging was subject  to  an  established  system  of  return and 
management,  so  that  the  consumer  could  contribute  to  the actual  recycling  of  the 
pack by  choosing  only those packs which  are marked  accordingly. 

However,  such  EC-wide  marking  would  only  be  possible where  a  European  wide 
return and management system existed; today it is impossible to ensure, that a system 
is  available  on  places where the packaging  is  actually  sold. For  example,  a  certain 
bottle  might  be  reusable  in  the Member  State  where  it  is produced,  but  not  in  the 
Member  State where it is marketed. 

Thus the present  proposal  does not deal with this kind  of marking. 

4. 

Voluntary  marking 

Any  manufacturer  of  packaging  will  probably  mark  his  reusable  and  recyclable 
products  according  to  the Directive,  whenever  it  is  possible,  in  order  to  obtain  the 
goodwill  this will  imply. 

The marking is therefore proposed to be voluntary; thus, its use is not mandatory and 
may  be omitted,  where the costs, compared  to the benefits,  seem to be excessive. 

3  OJ  L  220  of  30  August  1993 

4 

5. 

The choice of  new symbols 

-z 

The Commission, suggests the  symbols as  set out  in the annexes. It  has not  recurred 
to  existing  symbols.  Indeed,  such  symbols  are  often  privately  owned  and  it  is 
uncertain  whether  the EC  would  obtain  the  possibility  to  introduce  them  generally. 
Furthermore, such  symbols are already used by different  economic operators or their 
associations  for  very  different  purposes. 

Therefore, in order to avoid conflicts in relation to the current use of certain markings, 
and  to  avoid  obstacles  in  terms  of  property  rights,  a  different,  neutral  marking  is 
considered  the optimal  solution  at European  level. 

Discussions on  a symbol  for the marking of both the content and the packaging of a 
product  are currently  on-going in the framework  of ISO.  The definitions  underlying 
the ISO marking, however, differ  significantly from the definitions of Directive 94/62 
determining the marking symbol of the current proposal. Also, the discussions within 
the framework of ISO are not likely "to end before  1999. The current proposal  is put 
forward  in  compliance with  Art.  8 of Directive  94/62  which  requires  the  European 
Parliament  and  the  Council  to  decide  on  the  marking  of  packaging  in  relation  to 
Directive 94/62 before  the end of  1996. 

6. 

Existing  marking 

The  Member  States  shall  ensure,  that  any  markings  other  than  those  set  out  in  the 
directive,  which  intend  to  indicate the  reusable  and  recyclable  nature  of packaging, 
shall  be  prohibited.  This  is  the  key  element  of  the  directive  and  an  indispensable 
provision  to  eliminate  the  confusion  in  the  current  use  of  the  same  marking  for 
different  purposes and, in  particular,  different  markings for the same purpose. 

7. 

Concluding  remarks 

It  is  obvious  that  the  success  of  the  marking,  which  intends  to  orient  consumers' 
choice, will depend very largely on information and education of consumers. Directive 
94/62/EC provides already that users of packaging, in particular consumers, obtain the 
necessary  information  about, among other things,: 

their  role  in  contributing  to  reuse,  recovery  and  recycling  of  packaging  and 
packaging  waste 

the meaning  of markings on packaging  existing on the market. 

The present proposal, once adopted, will allow Member States and the EC institutions 
to  target  their  information  campaigns  in  order  to  influence  consumers'  and  users' 
behaviour as responsible contributors to an environmentally sound waste management. 

Proposal  for a 
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 
on marking of packaging 
and 
on the establishment  of a conformity  assessment  procedure for packaging 

r&Co 

THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN 
UNION, 

Having regard to the Treaty  establishing  the European  Community,  and in particular  Article 
100a thereof, 

Having  regard  to the Directive  94/62/EC  of the European  Parliament  and of the Council  of 
31 December  1994 on Packaging  and Packaging  Waste,  and in  particular  Article  8 thereof, 

Having regard  to the proposal  from  the  Commission4, 

Having  regard  to the opinion  of the Economic  and  Social  Committee5, 

Having regard to the Council Decision of 22 July  1993 concerning the modules of the various 
phases of the conformity  assessment procedures  and the rules for  the affixing  and the use of 
the  CE conformity  marking6, 

Acting  in accordance  with  the procedure  laid  down in Article  189b of the Treaty, 

Whereas markings are necessary to inform  the consumer about the nature of packaging, and 
to provide  a possible  choice between  different  types of packaging, 

Whereas  markings  are  essential  to  enable  the consumer  to contribute  to promote  reuse and 
recycling  of packaging,  and thus prevent the creation  of packaging waste, 

Whereas the current use of different  symbols for the same purpose and vice versa creates an 
urgent  -need to harmonize the symbols for reusable, recoverable and recyclable packaging to 
remove  confusion, 

Whereas this harmonization  should be done at Community level, since packaging is a product 
that is circulating  all over the Community,  thus the markings of this Directive should be the 
only  ones at Community  level to indicate  reusable  and recyclable nature of packaging, 

Whereas  the  marking  should  be linked  to the  essential  requirements  of  Directive  94/62/EC 
on  packaging  and  packaging  waste,  to  ensure  that  the  understanding  of  reusable  and 
recyclable  nature  of packaging  is in line with that Directive, 

4 OJ  No 

5 OJ  No 

6 OJ  L 220 of  30 August  1993 

6 

Whereas  it  is recognised,  that  the use of  markings  on  packaging  is not  required  where  the 
costs,  compared  to the benefits,  are excessive, 

:_-

Whereas marking of packaging to indicate that it is reusable or recyclable shall be voluntary, 

Whereas Member States shall not impede the placing on the market of packaging which does 
not bear the symbol  for  reusable or recyclable, 

Whereas Directive 94/62/EC established the requirements that apply to packaging but did not 
indicate how the conformity  of packaging to such requirements must be assessed; whereas it 
is therefore  necessary  to  insert provisions on conformity  assessment, 

Whereas  this  procedure  should  not  impose  unnecessary  burdens  on  the  manufacturers  of 
packaging, 

HAVE ADOPTED  THIS DIRECTIVE: 

Article 1 

This  Directive  aims to  facilitate  reuse  and  recycling  of  packaging  and  packaging  waste by 
providing  harmonized  information  to the consumer  by  marking. 

*~ 

For  this  purpose  the  Directive  harmonizes  the  marking  of  packaging  to  be  placed  on  a 
voluntary  basis by the operators to indicate  its reusability  or recyclability. 

This Directive also establishes a conformity  assessment  procedure for  all  packaging covered 
by Directive  94/62/EC  on packaging  and packaging waste. 

For the purpose  of this Directive : 

Article 2 

1. 

2. 

"reusable  packaging"  shall  mean  packaging  that  complies  with  the  essential 
requirements as defined  in Article 9, para  1 and 2 and Annex II, para  1  and para 2 of 
the  Directive  94/62/EC,  as  well  as  Article  11  of  this,  related  to  the  concentration 
levels  of  heavy  metals present  in packaging; . 

"recyclable  packaging  "  shall  mean  packaging  that  complies  with  the  essential 
requirements as defined  in Article 9, para  1 and 2 and Annex II, para  1  and para 3(a) 
or  (c)  or  (d)  of  the  Directive  94/62/EC,  as  well  as  Article  11  of  this,  related  to 
concentration  levels of heavy  metals  present  in  packaging. 

Article 3 

1. The symbols,  shown in Annex I and II of this Directive, shall  indicate either the reusable 
or the recyclable  nature of packaging. 

2.  The  Member  States  take the necessary  measures to  ensure  that  these  symbols  are used 
only on packaging that corresponds to the definitions  indicated in Article 2 of this Directive. 

Article 4 

The Member States shall take the necessary measures to prohibit the application on packaging 
of  other  symbols  than  those  set  out  in  this  Directive  intended  to  indicate  reusable  or 
recyclable  nature  of packaging; 

This is without  prejudice  to the application  of  internationally  agreed  and  adopted  standards 
for  indicating  reusability  or recyclability. 

The  Committee  mentioned  in  Article  6  shall  examine  standards  indicating  the  nature  of 
packaging  developed  in the context  of  ISO in order to adapt  the annexes,  if appropriate, by 
measures to avoid  obstacles to trade. 

Article  5 

Numbers  and  abbreviations  for  material  identification  according  to the material  identification 
system  determined  by  the  Commission  Decision  96/  /EC,  shall  be  located  in  the  centre  of 
or  below  the  markings  of  this  Directive. 

Article  6 

The  amendments  necessary  for  adapting  the  Annexes  and  the  conditions  for  the  use  of  the 
markings  to  the  scientific  and  technical  progress  and  to  European  standards,  developed 
according to Directive 94/62/EC, shall be adopted  in accordance with the procedure laid  down 
in  Article  21  of  Directive  94/62/EC. 

Article  7 

The  procedure  for  the  assessment  of  the  conformity  of  packaging  with  the  essentiel 
requirements  of  Directive  94/62/EC  on  packaging  and  packaging  waste  shall  be  internal 
production  control  (Module  A),  referred  to  in  Annex  3. 

Article  8 

Member  States  shall  bring  into  force  the  laws,  regulations  and  administrative  provisions 
necessary  for  them  to  comply  with  this Directive within  three years from  its  entry  into  force. 

Article  9 

This Directive  shall  enter  into force  on the day  of its publication  in the Official  Journal  of the 
European  Communities. 

Article  10 

This  Directive  is  addressed  to  the  Member  States 

Done  at  Brusssels 

For  the  European  Parliament 
President 

For  the  Council  The 
The  President 

ANNEX 1 

MARKING 

REUSABLE PACKAGING: 

10 

ANNEX 2 

MARKING: 

RECYCLABLE PACKAGING 

11 

ANNEX  3 

CONFORMITY  ASSESSMENT  PROCEDURE  REFERRED  TO  IN  ARTICLE  7 

Module  A  (internal  production  control) 

.1 

1. 

2. 

This  module  describes  the  procedure  whereby  the  manufacturer  or  his  authorized 
representative established within the Community,  who carries out the obligations  laid 
down  in paragraph 2, ensures and declares that the  packaging  concerned  satisfies  the 
requirements of Directive 94/62/EC. The manufacturer or his authorized representative 
established within the Community  must draw up a written declaration of  conformity. 

The manufacturer  must establish the technical  documentation  described  in paragraph 
3 and he or his authorized representative established within the Community must keep 
it for a period ending at least 4 years after the last  product has been manufactured at 
the  disposal  of  the relevant national  authorities  for  inspection purposes. 

Where neither the manufacturer nor his authorized representative is established within 
the  Community,  the  obligation  to  keep  the  technical  documentation  available  is  the 
responsibility  of  the person who  places the  product  on the Community  market. 

3. 

Technical  documentation  must  enable  the  conformity  of  the  product  with  the 
requirements  Directive  94/62/EC  to  be  assessed.  It  must  cover  the  design  and 
manufacture  of  the product,  in particular : 

-  a general  description  of the product, 
-  conceptual  design  and manufacturing  drawings  etc, 
-  descriptions  and  explanations  necessary  for  the understanding  of  said drawings, 
- a list of the standards referred to in Article  10 of Directive 94/62/EC, applied in full 
or in part, and descriptions of the solutions adopted to meet the essential requirements 
of Directive  94/62/EC where the standards referred to in its Article  10 have not been 
-applied, 
-  results  of  design  calculations  made,  examinations  carried out,  etc, 
- tests  reports,  including the tests performed  in  order to verify  that the  concentration 
levels  of  heavy  metals  referred  to  in  Article  11.1  of  Directive  94/62/EC  have  been 
met. 

The manufacturer  or his authorized  representative  established within the Community 
must keep a copy  of the declaration  of conformity  with the technical  documentation. 

The  manufacturer  must  take  all  measures  necessary  in  order that the  manufacturing 
process  ensures  compliance  of  the  manufactured  products  with  the  technical 
documentation referred to in paragraph 2 and with requirements of Directive 94/62/EC 
that  apply  to them. 

4. 

5. 

12 

IMPACT ASSESSMENT FORM 

THE IMPACT OF THE PROPOSAL ON BUSINESS 
with special  reference to small  and  medium-sized  enterprises (SMEs) 

Title of Proposal  : 

Proposal for a Directive of the Council and the European Parliament on marking of packaging 
and on the establishment of a conformity  assessment procedure for packaging. 

Reference Number  : 

-. 

-

1.  Taking  account  of  the  principle  of  subsidiarity,  why  is  Community  legislation 
necessary  in this  area  and what are its main aims? 

According to the Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste, Article 8,para 1., the Council 
shall decide no later than two years after the entry into force of the Directive on the marking 
of packaging; 

This proposal  is developed to meet this obligation. 

The Directive seeks to harmonize the marking of packaging to provide clear and unambiguous 
messages  to  the  consumer,  enabling  the  consumer  to  contribute  to  the  attainment  of  the 
objectives of the Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste. 

The  introduction  of  a  conformity  assessment  procedure  is  necessary  to  ensure  a coherent 
application  of  the  Packaging  Directive  by  manufacturers  and  to  avoid  internal  market 
problems in the future. 

2.Who will  be affected  by the proposal? 

The marking system  is  proposed to be applied on a voluntary basis. 

Which  sectors  of  business? 

Primarily packaging manufacturers. 

13 

Which  size of  business? 

All  sizes of  enterprises will  be affected,  however  marking  is not  required where the 
costs, compared to the benefits,  are excessive. Marking as a competitive factor-should 
nevertheless  be taken  into account. 

"~ 

Concerning the conformity  assessment procedure, this has to be complied with by all 
packaging manufacturers  or by  their authorized  representative. 

Are there particular geographical  areas of the Community where these business 
are  found? 

Packaging manufacturers can be found throughout the whole  Community; there is no 
concentration  in  any  geographical  areas. 

3. What will  business  have to do to  comply with  the  proposal? 

The marking system is voluntary, thus the manufacturers  do not have to mark their packaging 
according to this proposal. In case they wish to mark their packaging, indicating the reusable 
or recyclable nature of packaging, they  must use the symbols  set out in this Directive. 

Marking their packaging with the symbols of this Directive, the packaging must comply with 
the essential requirements for the packaging in question, set out in the Directive on Packaging 
and Packaging Waste. 

Finally, the manufacturers  must not continue the use of existing symbols, in case they intend 
to indicate the reusable  or recyclable  nature of packaging. 

To comply  with  the provisions  on a conformity  assessment  procedure,  the manufacturer  of 
packaging  must  draw up  a declaration  of  conformity  with the  essential  requirements  of  the 
Packaging  Directive,  establish' the  technical  documentation  and  keep  it  for  a  période  of  4 
years at the disposal  of relevant national  authorities  for  inspection  purposes. 

4.  What economic  effects  is the proposal  likely  to have ? 

In case the  manufacturers  wish to mark their packaging with the new symbols, investments 
are necessary  to introduce the system. 

The  marking  as  such  will  also imply  some costs that  should  be  related  to the goodwill  the 
marking will imply among consumers, i.e. the marking is expected to be a competitive  factor. 

14 

Manufacturers  must  spend  some resources  at  drawing  up  a  declaration  of  conformity.  It is 
expected  that the manufacturer  is already  in possession  of the technical  documentation; this 
will  not imply  essential  extra costs. 

5. Does the proposal  contain measures to take account  of the specific  situation  of small 
and  medium  sized  firms  (reduced  or different  requirements  etc)? 

The fact  that the marking  system is proposed to be applied  on a voluntary  basis implies that 
small  firms  do not  have to  use it.  In  case the costs  of  marking  are excessive,  e.g.  on  very 
small  packaging, it is not mandatory  to mark. 

The  conformity  assessment  procedure  applies  to  all  packaging  manufacturers.  The  least 
onerous  procedure is  proposed. 

6.Consultation 

A  number  of  meetings  has  been  held  with  the  associations  of  packaging  and  packaging 
material  manufacturers  on the general  issue of marking  of packaging. 

The general  position  among the manufacturers  is the wish to keep the existing symbols and 
abbreviations. These symbols and abbreviations are not used consistently throughout Europe, 
are a mix of indication of nature of packaging (e.g. recyclable) and of  material  identification. 
Symbols looking like they indicate recyclability  are used for  pure material identification  etc. 

To meet this position would be contradictory  to the decision  on material identification  to be 
taken  by  the Packaging Committee  as well  as the principles  of this proposal  on marking of 
packaging. 

The packaging  manufacturers  have shown  a. general  support  for  one common  procedure  for 
the assessment  of the conformity  to the essential  requirements. 

15 

ISSN 0254-1475 

COM(96) 191 final 

DOCUMENTS 

EN 

14 

Catalogue number  : CB-CO-96-199-EN-C 

ISBN 92-78-03197-6 

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