Annual Report concerning the ECSC (for the financial year 1995)
Date: 1996-11-07
Institutions: European Court of Auditors
Subjects: ECSC, ECSC loan, activity report, auditing, financial solvency, financial year













EUR-Lex - 31996Y1213(01) - EN






Avis juridique important




|



31996Y1213(01)

Annual Report concerning the ECSC (for the financial year 1995)  


Official Journal C 377 , 13/12/1996 P. 0001 - 0016 





ANNUAL REPORT CONCERNING THE ECSC (for the financial year 1995) (96/C 377/01)Article 88 of  the Financial Regulation of 21 December 1977, as last amended by Council Regulation (EC, Euratom,  ECSC) No 2335/95 of 18 September 1995 TABLE OF CONTENTS Paragraph referencePageCHAPTER 1 - OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING THE ECSC'S SOLVENCY  AND THE CHANGES IN ITS PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES 1.1 - 1.26 2 Introduction 1.1 2 ECSC solvency 1.2 - 1.11 2 Solvency ratio 1.2 - 1.4 2 Spread of risk 1.5 - 1.7 3 Non-specific value adjustment 1.8 3 Specific value adjustments 1.9 - 1.11 3 Changes in the application of ECSC funds and resources 1.12 - 1.22 4 Changes in the application of funds 1.13 - 1.15 5 Changes in resources 1.16 - 1.20 5 Changes in own funds 1.21 - 1.22 6 Changes in the ECSC balance sheet 1.23 7 Closure timetable 1.24 8 Conclusion 1.25 - 1.26 8 CHAPTER 2 - OBSERVATIONS ON LENDING ACTIVITY 2.1 - 2.27 8 Introduction 2.1 - 2.4 8 Loans under the first paragraph of Article 54 2.5 - 2.7 10 Loans under the second paragraph of Article 54 2.8 - 2.11 10 Subsidized loans (Article 56 (2) (a)) 2.12 - 2.25 11 Audit of job creation 2.14 - 2.20 11 Audit of banking terms and conditions 2.21 12 Evaluation of the effectiveness of the instrument 2.22 - 2.25 12 Conclusion 2.26 - 2.27 13 CHAPTER 3 - STATEMENT OF ASSURANCE CONCERNING THE ECSC 3.1 - 3.6 13 The Commission's replies14 CHAPTER 1 OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING THE ECSC'S SOLVENCY AND THE CHANGES IN ITS PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES  Introduction 1.1. This chapter is chiefly concerned with the ECSC's solvency at 31  December 1995 and the changes in its principal banking and budgetary activities during the year.  The ECSC's solvency is of particular interest for the following reasons: - apart from some marginal lending from the ECSC's own funds, ECSC loans are financed by bank  borrowings and bond issues. It is therefore important that the ECSC should enjoy a first-class  credit rating on the financial markets. That, in turn, requires an excellent solvency level; - since most ECSC loans are back-to-back with the corresponding borrowings (in terms of rates,  currency and maturity), the only banking risk to which it is exposed is the risk of non-recovery; - the Treaty of Paris expires in 2002 and, in consequence, any changes in the necessary own funds  must be monitored carefully, in order to safeguard the ECSC's solvency right up to the expiry of  the Treaty and, beyond that date, to service the borrowings corresponding to loans which, in some  cases, will not mature until 2019 (see paragraph 2.3). ECSC solvency Solvency ratio 1.2. During the 1986 discharge procedure, the  European Parliament requested the Court of Auditors to provide, for each financial year, the  information necessary for calculating and assessing the reserve, net asset and liquidity ratios by  means of the appropriate formulae (1). 1.3. Since 1994 the Court, like the Commission, has used the solvency ratio specified in Council  Directive 89/647/EEC (2) as the main instrument by which to assess ECSC solvency. The denominator  of this ratio comprises asset and off-balance-sheet items weighted in accordance with the  Directive. On the other hand, the items which the Commission includes in the ratio numerator are  the Guarantee Fund, the surplus not allocated and the non-specific value adjustment, thus excluding  certain other items which might be considered to form part of the ECSC's own funds (see paragraph  1.22). The definition of own funds followed in calculating the solvency ratio is the result of an  interpretation of the Directive which gives a sufficiently prudent valuation. 1.4. At 31 December 1995, the ECSC's solvency ratio was 15,99 %, compared with 14,95 % at 31  December 1994. The increase is due to a reduction in the value of the denominator in line with the  decline of lending activity. Lending should continue to decline in the future, until the ECSC  Treaty expires. Part of the Guarantee Fund (9 million ECU) and the whole of the non-specific value  adjustment (22 million ECU) (see paragraph 1.8) have been included in the numerator and the ratio  has thus been kept within the range (14 % to 16 %) recommended by the firm of experts which  produced a report on the subject in July 1992, at the Commission's request. The recommended range  is a prudent one and was fixed in the light of a comparison between the structure of the ECSC's  balance sheet and that of comparable institutions. The special nature of the ECSC's activity was  also taken into account. Spread of risk 1.5. The level of the solvency ratio is not the only indicator of a financial  establishment's solvency. This is especially true of the ECSC in its current situation. Given that  the Treaty of Paris will expire in 2002, the ECSC can no longer be considered on a going-concern  basis. Its loan portfolio will shrink and become concentrated on a diminishing number of debtors,  so that the risks will be less widely spread. A default on the part of any borrower would thus make  considerable inroads into the ECSC's own funds, if the latter decline in equal proportion to the  volume of lending. This type of risk, which is due to the concentration of liabilities vis-à-vis  third parties, was the subject of a Council Directive on the monitoring and control of large  exposures of credit institutions (3). 1.6. In paragraph 1.5 of its Annual report concerning the ECSC for the financial year 1994 (4), the  Court referred to the two limits provided for in the Directive and found that the ECSC had exceeded  both. The limits apply to the volume of the ECSC's exposure to any one client (client or group of  clients): - the total exposure to any third party must not exceed 25 % of the ECSC's own funds; - the total volume of 'large exposures` must not exceed 800 % of the said own funds. The exposure  is deemed to be 'large` if the total exposure to any third party is 10 % or more of own funds. In its reply, the Commission stated that it was, in fact, aware of the problem of large exposures  and would take a new approach if necessary, depending on the results of a study that was being  carried out by private consultants. 1.7. The study has been completed and the new approach that was finally adopted was to establish a  provision for large exposures. The amount in question, 55 million ECU at 31 December 1995, was  calculated as a function of the level of over-exposure, in accordance with Annex VI of Council  Directive 93/6/EEC (5). Although the Directive does not really apply to the ECSC situation, this  approach is an option which results in a sufficiently prudent policy concerning the exposures  yielded by past transactions. Non-specific value adjustment 1.8. The Commission reintroduced the non-specific value adjustment  in 1993, with a provision of 50 million ECU. This provision was subsequently reduced to 22 million  ECU at 31 December 1994 and cancelled completely in 1995. The provision was intended to cover the  risk of non-recovery of debts that are not covered by first-class guarantees. These debts were  analysed individually, case by case, for the risk of default and an appropriate specific value  adjustment constituted where the result was positive. Where that was not the case, no value  adjustment was necessary. The withdrawal of the non-specific value adjustment also makes it  possible to keep the solvency ratio within the recommended range (paragraph 1.4). The improvement  in the debt-risk analysis, the establishment of the provision for large exposures and the fact that  the solvency ratio continues to remain within the recommended range justify the abolition of the  non-specific value adjustment. Specific value adjustments 1.9. There was a substantial increase in the balance-sheet amount for  the specific value adjustment in respect of loans and advances - from 60 million ECU at 31 December  1994 to 155 million ECU at 31 December 1995 (6). The 160 % increase is almost entirely attributable  to the situation of one debtor to whom the ECSC granted five loans (in 1992, 1993 and 1994) to a  total of some 230 million ECU. As the file on this debtor stands at present, the value adjustment  shown in the accounts seems adequate. 1.10. The Commission department responsible analysed the financial situations of the other  high-risk debtors, that is to say, those whose debts to the ECSC are not backed by first-class  guarantees. The results of that analysis did not indicate any need for further value adjustments. 1.11. The ECSC established large value adjustments in the 1992 year (7) in view of the position of  two debtors in particular. The changes in their situations have not resulted in any further value  adjustments. In the first case the ECSC finally abandoned 40 % of its claim under an agreed  settlement. Since then the undertaking in question has become part of another group and undergone  capital restructuring. It achieved equilibrium in 1994 and is expected to return to profits in  1995. Any value adjustment therefore appears to be unnecessary. In the second case the loan was  covered in full by provisions, the interest was paid and there was a partial redemption of the loan  in 1995. Nevertheless the company's situation is still precarious (bankruptcy proceedings were  started in 1993) and thus justifies the retention of a value adjustment for 100 % of the  outstanding loan. Changes in the application of ECSC funds and resources 1.12. In 1995 the ECSC  balanced its operating expenditure and its revenue for the year (see Table 1). The calls on the  reserves and the available provision for financing the ECSC operating budget which were  characteristic of 1992, 1993 and 1994, have returned to the earlier low level. This change was  primarily due to a substantial reduction in operating expenditure. Table 1 - Changes in application of funds and resources 1991 to 1995 >TABLE> Changes in the application of funds 1.13. In the environment of diminishing resources that is  associated with the expiry process, the level of budgetary expenditure also had to be reduced  considerably. However, the extent to which the different aid categories were affected varied (see  Table 2). The instrument which decreased most in relative terms was the aid granted in the form of  interest subsidies. The corresponding commitments dropped by 78 %, from 51,5 million ECU in 1994 to  11,4 million ECU in 1995, even though the allocation for 1995 was 33 million ECU. >TABLE> 1.14. Social aid for the redeployment of workers fell by 77,9 million ECU overall (27,5 %) in 1995  and, with the exception of the social measures for the coal industry, the legal commitments entered  into in 1995 were 13 % less than the commitments provided by the budget. It was possible to meet  all the applications qualifying for traditional aid without any need to apply a linear reduction  (8). One of the factors which made this possible was the ECSC's suspension of funding for  vocational training programmes and employment aid as of 1 January 1995 (9). The social measures for  the steel industry were introduced for a period of three years, 1995 being the final year. 1.15. At 61,4 million ECU, the research aid commitments in 1995 were almost in line with the  estimates contained in the amending budget for 1995 (63 million ECU), which produced an upward  revision of the initial allocation (52 million ECU) (10). This level of 61,4 million ECU is  significantly lower than the equivalent figures for 1992 and 1993. The resumption of ECSC research  activity under the EC's fourth research and development framework programme has proved to be only  partial (11). Changes in resources 1.16. Although levy revenue was slightly down on 1994, it became the  principal source of revenue for the year in 1995. The decline was slowed by the appearance of new  contributions following the accession of Austria, Finland and Sweden to the European Union. The  levy rate has been declining steadily, by around 0,02 % per year, since 1991. The rate was thus set  at 0,21 % for 1995. It is expected to continue to decline at the same rate until 1997 and will be  set at 0,11 % in 1998 and at 0 % in 1999 (12). 1.17. The figure for non-budgetary transactions was also lower than in 1994. This result mainly  depends on revenue generated by cash and near-cash transactions (interest and profits on bonds) and  changes in provisions and value adjustments. It should perhaps be remembered that there is no  margin on the ECSC's loans against borrowed funds. The four principal elements that made up this  figure in 1995 deserve to be emphasised. 1.18. The value adjustment of almost 70 million ECU included for securities in the 1994 accounts  was almost all withdrawn in 1995. The recovery in the markets for bonds and other fixed-interest  securities was due to falling interest rates. 1.19. There were two significant changes in the value adjustments on loans. Firstly, the specific  value adjustments increased by 95 million ECU (see paragraph 1.9). Secondly, the non-specific value  adjustment was withdrawn in full to an amount of 22 million ECU (see paragraph 1.8). 1.20. Finally, a provision for large exposures was established in 1995 with an amount of 55 million  ECU (see paragraph 1.7). Changes in own funds 1.21. Following the changes in the resources and application of funds  described above, only 9,3 million ECU of the reserves and the provision for financing the ECSC  operating budget were used in 1995, compared with 45,3 million ECU in 1994 (Table 1). The main call  was on the Guarantee Fund (9 million ECU). The year's changes in the non-specific value adjustment  and the provision for large exposures are not taken into account at this stage, as they are already  included in the result for non-budgetary operations. 1.22. The reserves and the provision for financing the operating budget represent only a fraction  of the ECSC's own funds, which increased by 69,6 million ECU overall (Tables 3 and 4). In order to  understand this development it is necessary to take account of the new Member States'  contributions, totalling 44,1 million ECU, 50 % of which was divided between the Guarantee Fund,  the special reserve and the former pension fund in 1995. The remainder will not be called until  1996. >TABLE> >TABLE> Changes in the ECSC balance sheet 1.23. The ECSC balance sheet total declined  by 8,8 % between 31 December 1994 and 31 December 1995 (Table 5). The fall of 772 million ECU was  mainly due tothe reduced lending and borrowing activities, which were down by 834 million ECU and  606 million ECU respectively. The volume of lending continues to be above the level of borrowing,  due to the loans from own funds. Liquid assets, on the other hand, increased by 85 million ECU,  chiefly as a result of the increase in the main corresponding items on the liabilities side (Table  6). >TABLE> >TABLE> Closure timetable 1.24. In its Annual report on the ECSC for the financial year  1994, the Court drew attention to the problem of final accounts which are submitted late and thus  make it difficult for the Court to complete its work within the deadlines imposed by Community  legislation (13). The Commission replied that the late submission of the accounts was due to an  exceptional combination of circumstances and that it had taken the necessary steps to ensure that  this would not occur in future. Regarding the Court's audit concerning the financial year 1995, the  closure timetable for the Commission's accounts and the fact that the final version received by the  Court on 20 June 1996 was identical to the provisional version sent on 20 April 1996 meant that the  Court was able to carry out its audit work under better conditions than last year. Conclusion 1.25. The ECSC'S solvency at 31 December 1995 was still adequate.  Its own funds continue to be essential for the maintenance of its solvency and for that reason  calls on them must be modest, unless they are replaced by another guarantee. On the other hand, the  Commission is prudent in taking account of exposures, be they large exposures or the specific risks  associated with claims that are not backed by first-class guarantees. 1.26. In 1995 the ECSC reported a significant decline in its activities. At the same time, it  restored the balance between its revenue and expenditure for the year (Table 1), so that this year  there were only minor calls on the reserves and the provision for financing the operating budget. CHAPTER 2 OBSERVATIONS ON LENDING ACTIVITY Introduction 2.1. The Court's most  recent observations concerning the ECSC's lending operations were published in Chapter 2 of the  Court's Annual report on the ECSC for the financial year 1993 (14) (hereinafter referred to as 'the  1993 report`). 2.2. The three main categories of loan granted by the ECSC from borrowed funds are: - loans to finance investment in the coal and steel sectors, as provided in the first paragraph of  Article 54 of the ECSC Treaty; - loans to finance investment which encourages consumption of Community coal and steel, as provided  in the second paragraph of Article 54 of the ECSC Treaty; - so-called 'conversion` loans for investment which creates jobs in ECSC regions, as provided in  Article 56 (2) (a) of the ECSC Treaty. The Court described these three categories in its 1993 report. They have been joined by a fourth  type of loan against borrowed funds, which is based on Article 95 of the ECSC Treaty. These loans  are to finance investment in the coal and steel sectors in the countries of central and eastern  Europe. As part of total funding of 200 million ECU, a first loan of 42,3 million ECU was disbursed  in 1995 to a Polish steel works, for production modernization. 2.3. In view of the expiry of the Treaty of Paris the Commission decided, in 1994, to adjust the  terms of its policy on ECSC loans and borrowings (15) in the direction of a reduction of lending  activity and the gradual freeing-up of its reserves. It stated, in particular, that the maturity of  ECSC loans decided on after 1 July 1994 would not extend beyond 23 July 2002 (the expiry date of  the ECSC Treaty). An exception could be made in the case of loans which do not tie up reserves,  namely those that are backed by a government guarantee. The adjustment continued in 1995.  Nevertheless, there are already some existing loans which tie up reserves and mature after the date  on which the ECSC Treaty expires (see Table 7). Furthermore, because the interest subsidies on  loans granted under Article 56 (2) (a) of the ECSC Treaty are spread over five years (see  paragraphs 2.12 - 2.25), the Commission will not grant any loans of this type after July 1997, so  that although payments will continue to be made until 2002, they will not continue beyond that  date. >TABLE> 2.4. Lending against ECSC borrowed funds has declined significantly over the last three years,  falling from 1 473,5 million ECU in 1992 to 388,5 million ECU in 1995 (Table 8). >TABLE> Loans under the first paragraph of Article 54 2.5. The Commission has finally  recovered the interest subsidies that were unduly paid in Bagnoli. The problem was first mentioned  in the report entitled 'Supplementary information to the Court's annual report on the financial  statements of the ECSC for the financial year 1991` and was last raised in paragraph 1.17 of the  Court's report on the ECSC for the 1994 financial year. 2.6. In paragraph 2.36 of the 1993 report, the Court noted that two British mines which had  received ECSC finance in the form of subsidized loans ceased production two years after the  investment was made. One of the two mines mentioned in the 1993 report finally reopened in May  1994, following its transfer to a private producer. Since then the Court has established that  another mine has been closed, after receiving interest subsidies of 0,3 million ECU. The number of  pits that have closed after receiving ECSC aid therefore remains at two. 2.7. The Commission maintains that it cannot recover the interest subsidies paid to these mines,  because the loan contracts did not provide for that eventuality. In the resolution accompanying the  decision granting discharge for the management of the ECSC for 1994 (16), the European Parliament  considered it highly deplorable that the Member State in question could not be forced to repay the  funds that had been wasted in this way and requested the Commission to point this out to the   government concerned. Be that as it may, the Court notes that this situation will not recur in  future with this type of loan, given that the granting of subsidized loans under Article 54 (1) of  the ECSC treaty has ceased in the coal sector. Loans under the second paragraph of Article 54 2.8. The volume of loans granted  under the second paragraph of Article 54 of the ECSC Treaty in 1995 was markedly lower relative to  the high level of the three previous years, and 1992 in particular. The previous high level of  lending was attributable to a small number of very large loans, which were used to fund large-scale  infrastructure projects with European interest, as provided in the relevant Commission decision  (17). For example, more than 1 000 million ECU has been lent since 1990 for projects such as the  Channel tunnel, the TGV rail routes in France and the Great Belt rail and bridge link in Denmark.  These are projects which would have been carried out even if there had been no ECSC intervention  and, because of technical and geographical constraints, the amount of Community steel used would  have been just as high. In the case of the high-speed rail routes the choice of a European producer  was essential, because of the nature of the technical specifications and the need for intensive,  ongoing contact between the steel manufacturers and the construction companies. In the case of the  Great Belt, there was a call for tenders and the contract went to a European company. And in the  case of the finance for the Channel tunnel, the ECSC became involved at a later stage, when the  technical aspects of the project had already been defined. The ECSC loans thus did not lead to any  increase in Community steel consumption. 2.9. The Commission granted three loans in 1992, followed by a fourth in 1994, for a total amount  of 463,8 million USD (353 million ECU at the rate for 31 December 1995), for the construction of  the Great Belt bridge and tunnel in Denmark. There is no interest subsidy on the loans, which are  guaranteed by the Government. The amount of the loans was calculated in terms of the estimated  consumption of Community steel for the project in question. The Court found, however, that although  the volume of steel actually used by the end of the project will undoubtedly be slightly higher  than the initial forecasts, the price estimate for the steel was considerably over-estimated, in  that it has proved to be three times higher than the real price, due to the inclusion of  non-qualifying elements such as treatment, transport and assembly costs. It is difficult to accept  that such an error was not detected by checks carried out by the Commission departments  responsible. Without this error the total possible ECSC lending would have been limited to  approximately 170 million ECU, under the rule of the lower of the value of the steel used or 20 %  of the project cost. Early repayment of the non-qualifying part must be called for. 2.10. The ECSC disbursed five loans (two in 1992, one in 1993 and two in 1994) to a total of 197  million UKL (233 million ECU at the rate for 31 December 1995) as finance for the Channel tunnel.  These loans, which have already necessitated a substantial value adjustment (see paragraph 1.9),  although they were in line with the legislation, were granted on the basis of considerations other  than the specific interests of the ECSC. 2.11. In 1995 the Court also audited a project which had received a loan, with interest subsidies,  under the second paragraph of Article 54. The contract was for a term of five years and provided  for an interest subsidy to be paid in ten six-monthly instalments of 187 542 ECU on 28 May and 28  November. The fourth instalment was due on 28 May 1994, but was paid at the beginning of March  1994, two and a half months before the due date, for reasons which the Commission is invited to  explain in its reply. Had the Commission waited for the correct date before making payment, there  would have been no need for it to do so, because in the intervening period it was informed by the  parent company of the latter's intention of disposing of the beneficiary company. The contract was  rescinded and the interest subsidy cancelled. The subsidy payment was thus paid unduly and must be  recovered. Subsidized loans (Article 56 (2) (a)) 2.12. In its 1993 (18) report, the Court  drew attention to a number of inherent weaknesses in this instrument and the related management  systems. 2.13. Interest subsidies are awarded as a function of the number of jobs created in a three-year  period and maintained for a further two years (19). If, at the end of the five years, the forecast  number of jobs have not been created or maintained, the subsidy on the missing jobs is deemed to  have been inapplicable for the whole of that period and the amounts already paid are recovered from  the beneficiary. The non-performance penalty thus applies retroactively. Audit of job creation 2.14. The responsible Commission departments use the progress reports  prepared by beneficiaries and forwarded by banking intermediaries to determine whether these  conditions have been complied with. As there were around 8 000 files with outstanding balances in  1995, it was impossible for the departments in question to provide an adequate level of on-the-spot  checks. They were, therefore, obliged to rely to a very large extent on the progress reports.  However, such reports are produced by the beneficiaries, who have no desire to lose the subsidies  already received, and are forwarded by the banking intermediaries, who have no desire to upset  their customer relations. The compliance risk on these reports is, therefore, high. 2.15. The Court pointed out these risks that are intrinsic to the control machinery in paragraph  2.46 of its 1993 report and the Commission, in its reply, announced its intention of alerting the  banks to their responsibilities on this point. Audit visits to France and the United Kingdom by the  Court at the end of 1995 and the beginning of 1996 revealed a considerable percentage of  non-qualifying interest subsidies relative to the volume of funds audited. In principle, none of  the files selected for audit were associated with any particular risk. 2.16. The audits in France concerned four financial intermediaries, 14 beneficiary undertakings and  1 951 170 ECU of interest subsidies granted. Following the audits by the Court it was necessary to  reduce the ECSC aid by 273 605 ECU, or 14 % of the total audited. The files that contained  non-qualifying interest subsidies concerned the four financial intermediaries and nine  beneficiaries. 2.17. In the United Kingdom the audits concerned two financial intermediaries and 15 beneficiary  undertakings, for a total of 810 080 ECU of interest subsidies granted. This time the downward  adjustment was 287 610 ECU, or 35,5 % of the total audited, as non-qualifying expenditure was found  in the case of 12 beneficiaries. In the course of these visits, the Court's auditors encountered  many progress reports in which the number of jobs declared as having been created was not matched  by the reality. 2.18. Although these results confirm the weaknesses in the systems, as the Court has pointed out  already, the percentages mentioned cannot be taken to be representative of interest subsidies as a  whole, because the number of files audited is too small in relative terms. 2.19. In order to avoid such problems and, more specifically, to remedy the inherent weaknesses  described in paragraphs 2.11 to 2.13, beneficiary undertakings must be asked to include supporting  documents with their progress reports, as corroboration for the numbers of workers employed at key  dates. Depending on the Member State, these documents could be official forms initially intended  for the tax or social security authorities and, as such, subject to checks by the national  departments. An alternative possibility would be for the numbers to be certified by the auditors of  the companies in question. 2.20. In addition, it would be better to delay payment until the necessary conditions have been met  and the requisite checks carried out. In some cases the procedural instructions actually specify  that the beneficiary's final report is to be submitted two months after the final Commission  payment. Consequently, if there are problems, the Commission has to take steps to recover part of  the amount paid, whereas the simpler alternative would be to avoid over-payment. Audit of banking terms and conditions 2.21. In the course of one audit visit the Court found that  one of the financial intermediaries concerned had not paid the ECSC loans to the final  beneficiaries in full but, in certain cases, had retained 4 % of the nominal amount in order to  create a guarantee Fund. In fact, though, the risk of default on the part of the beneficiary was  already covered by the bank's margin, which was equal to a maximum of 1 % a year. As a general  rule, the Commission should reduce the risk of this type of irregularity by introducing a procedure  which requires confirmation to be obtained from final beneficiaries. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the instrument 2.22. The audits carried out by the Court since  the publication of its 1993 report confirmed the opinion expressed in paragraph 2.54 of that  report, namely, that the instrument is not efficient, particularly in terms of the initial  objective of promoting the creation of jobs for jobless workers who were formerly employed in the  coal and steel sectors. On-the-spot audits showed that the jobs created in the context of this  instrument almost never benefit former ECSC workers. 2.23. Moreover, it is doubtful whether the amount of subsidy per job (2 000 ECU) acts as an  incentive to job-creation. In practice the ECSC subsidized loan is an item that is included in a  finance plan (normally on the initiative of the banking intermediary) at a stage where the decision  on an investment project which involves job creation has already been taken. The subsidy is,  therefore, following the jobs created, instead of the converse. 2.24. There were also found to be several cases where the beneficiaries were capable of financing  the investments from their own funds, but were nevertheless awarded an ECSC subsidized loan on the  grounds of the job creation forecast. 2.25. From the point of view of procedures and the possibility of this type of instrument being  reproduced in another framework in future, the operation of the system of ECSC subsidized  conversion loans gives rise to two comments in particular. Firstly, the amount of subsidy depends  on the number of jobs created and maintained. The Commission therefore recalculates the amount in  cases where the final number of jobs is below forecast, which may entail full or partial recovery  of the aid paid. The retroactive nature of this penalty is felt to be unfair in cases where jobs  have, in fact, been created, but have not been maintained for a sufficient length of time. These  subsidies should be directly linked to specific conditions which then become inoperative once they  have been satisfied. Secondly, under-achievement is sometimes due to the poor economic climate and  is independent of the undertaking's own policies. In this case an undertaking which is already in a  bad situation financially is also required to reimburse the Commission - an experience which it  sees as compounding its difficulties. As the Court remarked in its 1993 report, this seems to be  somewhat counter-productive in terms of the initial objectives. Abolition of the retrospective  aspect of the penalty for non-performance would already mitigate the effects considerably. A  further possibility would be to introduce an element of flexibility into the criteria, especially  as regards the choice of the key times in the overall period. Conclusion 2.26. During recent audits the Court has seen the consequences of  the increase in ECSC lending activity that was recorded in the early 1990s. They included serious  financial repercussions which then necessitated substantial value adjustments (paragraph 2.10), and  one excessive payment of more than twice the ceiling set by the regulations (paragraph 2.9).  Furthermore the major infrastructure works to which the ECSC lent more than 1 000 million ECU under  the second paragraph of Article 54 would have been carried out without ECSC assistance and would  have used just as much Community steel. 2.27. In the case of the conversion loans, the intrinsic risks deriving from the system, which the  Court pointed out in its 1993 (20) report, were highlighted by the examples found during recent  on-the-spot audits, where expenditure proved to be ineligible, or even irregular (see paragraphs  2.16 - 2.17). This situation must be addressed as a matter of urgency. In view of the large number  of files, it is not possible to perform sufficient on-the-spot checks to palliate risks of this  type. Furthermore, it is inconceivable that the regulations governing this instrument can be  redrafted the year before it is abolished. However, payments will continue to be made up until 2002  (see paragraph 2.3) and it is therefore imperative that the control arrangements are reinforced  along the lines indicated by the Court in paragraphs 2.19 to 2.20. CHAPTER 3 STATEMENT OF ASSURANCE CONCERNING THE ECSC 3.1. In accordance with Article  45c of the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community the Court has examined the  ECSC's accounts in order to provide the European Parliament and the Council with a statement of  assurance as to the reliability of the accounts and the legality and regularity of the underlying  transactions. 3.2. The accounts in question are the financial statements of the ECSC at 31 December 1995, which  were drawn up under the auspices of the Commission and published in the Official Journal of the  European Communities (21). 3.3. In its report on the financial statements of the ECSC at 31 December 1995 (22), which  constitutes a statement of assurance and is published with the financial statements to which it  refers, the Court concluded that they give 'a true and fair view of the assets and financial  situation of the European Coal and Steel Community as at 31 December 1995 and of the results of its  operations for the year then ended`. 3.4. In order to assure itself of the legality and regularity of the transactions underlying the  ECSC's accounts for the financial year 1995, the Court also carried out audits in accordance with  generally accepted international auditing standards, relying, in particular, on analysis of the  systems and the results of the tests carried out. 3.5. The inherent risks of the systems pertaining to the interest subsidies associated with loans  granted under Article 56 (2) (a) of the Treaty establishing the ECSC concern the observance of  eligibility criteria. The implications of these risks were found in concrete form during  on-the-spot audits of this expenditure for the 1995 financial year. The audits revealed a high  frequency of substantial errors (23) (see paragraphs 2.12 - 2.18), although it was not possible to  establish the total volume. 3.6. Notwithstanding the above observation, the Court's opinion is that it has obtained adequate  assurance as to the legality and regularity of the transactions in question as a whole. This report was adapted by the Court of Auditors in Luxembourg at the Court meeting of 7  November 1996. For the Court of Auditors, Bernhard FRIEDMANN President THE COMMISSION'S REPLIES CHAPTER 1 OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING THE ECSC'S SOLVENCY  AND THE CHANGES IN ITS PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES Introduction 1.1 (second indent) The Commission can confirm that since ECSC loans are back-to-back with the  corresponding borrowings, the sole banking risk is that of default by borrowers. Risk management is  by means of guarantees meeting the criteria customarily applied in the banking sector. ECSC Solvency Spread of risk 1.6 From a strictly legal point of view, the Directives on credit institutions are not applicable  to the ECSC by virtue of its rules and the special nature of its activities. 1.7 The Commission shares the view expressed by the Court on the new approach adopted since 1995 to  cover for large exposures and will ensure that this policy is strictly followed. Changes in the application of ECSC funds and resources Changes in the application of funds 1.15 In anticipation of the termination of the ECSC Treaty, the Commission has created the  possibility for research activities carried out until now under the ECSC Treaty to be incorporated  progressively into the framework programmes (e. g. see SEC(92) 1889 and SEC(93) 1596). However, the orientation of the Fourth Framework Programme emphasizes generic, precompetitive  research of multi-sectoral applications. The ECSC RTD programmes, during more than 40 years of  activity, provided and provide financial support mainly to precompetitive sectoral research and to  pilot/demonstration projects; these are not eligible under the Fourth Framework Programme, which  was running during the year of reference 1995. Therefore, only part of the current ECSC RTD  activities could be 'phased-in`. In 1995, 'phasing-in` of ECSC RTD activities can be estimated to be about 16 % and 7.5 % of the  average funding between 1991 and 1993 for steel and social research respectively, while no coal  projects were 'phased-in` in 1995. CHAPTER 2 OBSERVATIONS ON LENDING ACTIVITY Loans under the first paragraph of  Article 54 2.7 The Commission consulted both its Legal Service and a firm of UK lawyers with respect to the  recovery of rebates paid out and they share the view that the recovery in the event of subsequent  closure is not contractually possible as this unforeseen eventuality was not specifically addressed  in the contracts. Once details of the events were confirmed, rebate payments were suspended, the rebate entitlement  was reviewed and the Commission withheld all outstanding amounts of rebate related to the loans  concerned and covering the series of projects of the same company that were financed by the ECSC  and of which all but two remained productive. Loans under the second paragraph of Article 54 2.8 The Commission would draw attention to the following points: - investors know that to qualify for a loan under the second paragraph of Article 54 of the ECSC  Treaty, Community steel must be used. They are thus able to make the correct choice from the  outset; - ECSC participation in the financing of a project acts as an incentive to other lenders and thus  makes it easier to complete the financial package; - the ECSC, which ranks as an AAA issuer, provides funds on optimum terms, thus raising the  profitability of the projects concerned. 2.9 The Commission acknowledges the overestimate noted by the Court. This error was due to an  incorrect assessment of the forecasts which the beneficiary provided in 1991 and, to a lesser  extent, to a reduction in certain unit prices for ECSC products between 1991 and 1995. It is worth mentioning that the calculation of steel consumption and its value has been based on  forecasts, since the Great Belt project will not be completed before 1998. A new assessment of the  use of steel will be carried out at the beginning of 1997. At that stage the Commission will be  able to ascertain the correct loan volume corresponding to the actual steel use. As some of the  loans reach their normal maturity in 1997, the opportunity can then be taken to extend only those  ECSC loan tranches which are fully justified. In this way the total loan volume will be reduced on  the basis of the aforementioned assessment. 2.10 The loans disbursed for the financing of the Channel Tunnel were agreed by both the Commission  and the Council under Article 54.2 destined to promote the consumption of Community steel. The  steel content of the project has been verified by the Commission and the value of the steel from  Community sources exceeds the total amount of the loans disbursed. The Commission confirms that the  loan decision was fully in compliance with the requirements of Article 54.2 of the ECSC Treaty. 2.11 In order to avoid any delay in receipt of payment it is customary for the Commission to  prepare the payment orders for interest rebates two months in advance of the due date. With regard  to the fourth payment due on an Article 54.2 loan, no reports were required to validate this  payment and there were an exceptional number of public holidays in April and May when delays could  normally be expected. The payment order was therefore prepared earlier than is usual practice but  in fact did not suffer the anticipated delay. The Commission has contacted a British firm of lawyers with a view to summoning the company  concerned to repay to the ECSC the interest subsidies unduly received. Subsidized loans (Article 56 (2) (a)) Audit of job creation 2.14 The Commission would agree that there is a risk that the information contained in reports does  not reflect the real situation. However, the Commission's own experience is that there have been  relatively few cases where this has led to a reduction or recovery of interest rebates. Therefore,  the Commission feels that it is premature to draw any quantified conclusion at this stage. 2.15 to 2.17 The Commission's own control missions have specifically targeted large payments of  interest rebates and cases where the Commission had reason to believe that difficulties would be  encountered. Despite this bias the number of irregularities found and the rebate corrections which  resulted from these controls were considerably lower than resulted from the Court's controls of  cases which apparently presented no particular risk. 2.18 In order to assess the reliability of its procedures, the Commission is now undertaking a  series of controls of a representative random sample of payments using an appropriate sampling  method validated by an international firm of auditors. The Court will be informed of the results of  these controls. 2.19 The Commission has noted the Court's recommendations and has decided to take the following  measures to improve the arrangements for managing interest subsidies: - any new application for a sub-loan must be accompanied by an official document attesting to the  number of workers actually employed at the time of the application; - all payments of interest subsidies will be made on the basis of an official document attesting to  the number of workers actually employed on the date of the last report required by the contract  before payment is made; - on-the-spot checks will be stepped up. 2.20 The date for submission of the final report cannot be advanced as it has been fixed to ensure  that job creation is maintained for a full two-year period. In addition the date has been  contractually agreed with the Financial Intermediaries who have in turn reflected this in their  sub-loan arrangements with the individual beneficiaries. The Commission has examined the possibility of delaying the date of the final payment until after  the final report has been received, which it feels would be a preferable solution. However as this  payment date has also been contractually agreed the Commission feels that it should honour its  commitments. The Commission will amend any future agreements to take account of the Court's recommendation, but  does not feel that it should amend its current agreements retrospectively. Audit of banking terms and conditions 2.21 The Commission proposes to remind all its Financial Intermediaries that the maximum margin  must not be exceeded. As far as the case mentioned by the Court is concerned, a detailed analysis is underway in order to  better assess the issue. On its own controls, the Commission checks the bank margin and has only on rare occasions found  that the permitted margin of 1 % p. a. has been exceeded. The Commission may face a problem in  requiring confirmation of the interest rate paid by its 8 000 sub-loan beneficiaries since the  interface of the Commission is with the Financial Intermediaries and no direct contractual  relations are established with individual beneficiaries. The effectiveness of the instrument 2.22 The Commission agrees that the number of exECSC workers actually employed by sub-loan  beneficiaries is generally small. However the Commission feels that the conversion loan scheme  should be regarded as a wider instrument of regional policy which helps promote productive  investment and alternative employment in regions which, having lost their traditional coal and  steel industries, suffer high unemployment. The first paragraph of the current procedures for the coordination of ECSC loans with Structural  Fund Programmes (OJ No C 59, 6. 3. 1992) clearly states that 'The purpose of conversion loans under  Article 56 of the ECSC Treaty and interest rebates is to help convert the economies of regions  affected by the restructuring of ECSC industries by contributing to the financing of job-creating  investments.` 2.23 The Commission would also agree that ECU 2 000 of Union interest rebates is alone unlikely to  promote job creation. However the interest rebated loan forms an integral part of the financing  package which may include other local, national or other Union aids. It is the cumulative effect of  these diverse efforts which is intended to both promote investment and stimulate job creation. The Guidelines and operational rules for the granting of conversion loans (OJ No C 188, 28. 7.  1990) state 'They are intended as a complement or contribution to the corresponding national  assistance measures.` 2.24 The abovementioned Guidelines and operational rules for the granting of conversion loans state  that these loans are designed to help 'create new and economically healthy activities or to  transform existing companies.` With this in mind the Commission does not feel it would be appropriate to carry out a financial  analysis of individual beneficiaries under global loan schemes and to refuse an application and  thus discriminate against a company which has adequate own resources. The approval of an ECSC conversion loan application is therefore based on its eligibility under the  relevant criteria. 2.25 The Commission would agree that the conception of any future possible job creation instrument  could usefully draw on the experience of the ECSC conversion loan scheme. This would be  particularly relevant as regards recovery of interest rebates already paid and the choice of key  dates for job creation and maintenance. Conclusion 2.26 The Commission takes the view that the granting of ECSC financial assistance presents certain  advantages: Community steel is in fact used; a lever effect is produced for the overall financial  package; and financing can be made available on the best possible terms. As regards the excessive payment to which the Court refers, the Commission has acknowledged the  overestimate in question and has adopted the measures described at 2.9 above. 2.27 The Commission feels that it would be premature to draw any quantified conclusion at this  stage. It is for this reason that the representative random sample quoted in the answer to  paragraph 2.18 has been extracted and is currently being examined. In any case, as mentioned above - answers to paragraphs 2.19 and 2.20 - the Commission is adopting  wherever possible the Court's recommendations with a view to reinforcing its own control function. CHAPTER 3 STATEMENT OF ASSURANCE CONCERNING THE ECSC 3.5 The Court refers to an  extremely small sample of the total of 8 000 sub-loans. The Commission is carrying out further  controls on a representative random sample, the results of which will enable the necessary  conclusions to be drawn. The results will be communicated to the Court - cf. the Commission's  answer to paragraph 2.18.  (1) OJ No C 122, 9. 5. 1988, p.66 (2) Council Directive of 18 December 1989 on a solvency ratio for credit institutions (89/647/EEC),  OJ No L 386, 30. 12. 1989, p.14. (3) Council Directive 92/121/EEC of 21 December 1992 on the monitoring and control of large  exposures of credit institutions, OJ No L 29, 5. 2. 1993, p.1. (4) Annual report concerning the ECSC (financial year 1994), OJ No C 329, 7. 12. 1995. (5) Council Directive 93/6/EEC of 15 March 1993 on the capital adequacy of investment firms and  credit institutions, OJ No L 141, 11. 6. 1993, p.1. (6) See ECSC financial statements at 31 December 1995: specific value adjustments on loans (91  million ECU, note 5.1) + specific value adjustment for loans and payments due and not received (51  million ECU, note 8) + value adjustments for interest accrued and not received (13 million ECU,  note 19) (7) Report by the Court of Auditors on the accounting and financial management of the ECSC for the  financial year 1992, paragraphs 1.20 - 1.22. (8) Annual report on the ECSC concerning the financial year 1994, paragraph 3.10, OJ No C 329, 7.  12. 1995. (9) OJ C No 178, 30.6.1994, p.21. (10) Amending ECSC operating budget for 1995, OJ No C 302, 14. 11. 1995, p.3. (11) Draft ECSC operating budget for 1997, SEC (96) 981 final, 13.6.1996, p. 8. (12) Commission working document updating the communication to the Council on the future of the  ECSC Treaty - financial activities, SEC(93) 1596 final, 20. 12. 1993.(13) OJ No C 329, 7. 12. 1995, paragraph 1.18. (14) Annual report on the ECSC (financial year 1993), OJ No C 346, 7. 12. 1994. (15) Adjustment of borrowing and lending policy with a view to the expiry of the ECSC Treaty, OJ No  C 175, 28. 6. 1994. (16) OJ No C 141, 13. 5. 1996, p. 125. (17) Commission notice setting out working principles governing the award of loans under Article  53, second paragraph, of the ECSC Treaty for investment aimed at promoting the consumption of  Community steel, OJ No C 291, 31. 10. 1987, p.3). (18) OJ No C 346, 7. 12. 1994, pp. 11 and 12. (19) Procedures for the coordination of ECSC conversion loans with Structural Fund programmes (OJ  No C 59, 6. 3. 1992, p. 4). (20) OJ No C 251, 29. 8. 1996, p. 3. (21) OJ No C 251, 29. 8. 1996, p. 29. (22) According to the terminology used by the Court of Auditors, legality/regularity errors which  directly affect the amount of the underlying transactions are described as substantial.