Special Report No 1/96 on the MED programmes together with the Commission's replies
Date: 1996-05-30
Institutions: European Court of Auditors
Subjects: EU programme, Mediterranean region (EU), economic cooperation, research, teaching, type of business













EUR-Lex - 31996Y0819(01) - EN






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31996Y0819(01)

Special Report No 1/96 on the MED programmes together with the Commission's replies  


Official Journal C 240 , 19/08/1996 P. 0001 - 0032 





SPECIAL REPORT No 1/96 on the MED programmes together with the Commission`s  replies (96/C 240/01) (submitted pursuant to Article 188C, paragraph 4, indent 2, of the EC Treaty) TABLE OF CONTENTS  Paragraph Page INTRODUCTION... 1-24 3  Background... 1-4 3  Presentation of the MED programmes... 5-18 3  The diversity of the programmes... 7-18 3  Resources implemented... 19-20 4  A new legal framework and increased budgetary resources... 19-20 4  The Court`s methods and objectives... 21-24 5 OVERALL SYSTEM FOR MANAGING THE PROGRAMMES... 25-84 5  General presentation... 25-38 6  The ARTM... 25-27 6  The mechanism of the system... 28-38 6  Appraisal of applications... 28-30 6  Preparation and structure of the financing decisions... 31-38 6  Analysis of the system and of the way in which it functions... 39-84 7 Observations concerning the delegation of powers... 39-57 7  Legal basis... 41 7  Competent authority... 42-43 8  Conditions of delegation... 44-45 8  Rules for awarding public contracts... 46-49 8  Confusion of interests... 50-57 9  Budgetary and financial observations concerning the implementation of the programmes... 58-80 10  Rate of implementation of the budget... 58-60 10  Cost of managing the system... 61 10  Checks in respect of the ARTM`s financial data... 62-63 10  Regularity from the point of view of budgetary principles... 64-70 10  Administrative expenditure covered by operating appropriations... 64-65 10  Infringements of the budgetary principle of universality... 66-70 11  Incorrect presentation of the Community`s accounts... 71-72 11  Use of reserves... 73-74 11  Drawing up of the accounts... 75-76 12  Protection of the Commission`s financial interests... 77-80 12  Observations concerning selection procedures... 81-84 12  Establishment of the Committees... 81 12  Procedure for the selection of members... 82 12  Identifying needs... 83-84 12 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION... 85-130 13  Introduction... 85-86 13  Results of audits at network head offices... 87-115 13  Findings concerning financial and accounting matters... 87-96 13  Ineligibility of some expenditure... 97-104 14  Reimbursement of staff expenditure... 98-100 15  Absence of supporting documents... 101 15  Other anomalies identified... 102-104 15  Observations on sound financial management... 105-108 16  Calls for tenders... 105 16  Amounts of subsistence allowances and additional remuneration... 106-108 16  The viability of the networks... 109 16  The impact of the projects... 110-115 16  The causes of this situation... 116-130 17  Weaknesses in the planning of projects... 117-123 17  The volume of funding... 121-122 18  The annual framework... 123 18  The management tools... 124-128 18  Impossibility of applying important contract clauses... 124-127 18  Weakness of the financial control system... 128 18  The limits of BAT monitoring... 129-130 18 CONCLUSIONS... 131-137 19 RECOMMENDATIONS... 138-144 19 ANNEXES...  21 The Commission`s replies...  27 INTRODUCTION Summary The MED programmes consist of a range of decentralized cooperation actions undertaken by  organizations in the public or private sectors of European Union and Mediterranean countries which  are formed into networks. The sectors covered are local government (MED-Urbs), higher education  (MED-Campus), the media (MED-Media), research (MED-Avicenne) and business (MED-Invest). The overall  objective of these programmes is to promote partnership and to transfer knowledge and experience  between European and Mediterranean organizations. Between 1992, when the programmes began, and 1994  ECU 75,8 million was provided from the Community budget for these actions. The audit of these  programmes by the Court identified serious irregularities and mismanagement. These were immediately  reported to the Commission which has informed the Court that it is taking corrective measures. It is essential, if decentralized cooperation is to succeed in the long run, that the arrangements  for its implementation should be developed in a regular manner, with adequate management and  control of Community funds. The Commission must ensure that it allocates sufficient resources,  notably personnel, to oversee the implementation of these programmes. Background 1. Aid from the European Union to the Mediterranean non-member States now comes under a single  programme known as the New Mediterranean Policy (NMP). The overall economic objectives of this  policy are, economically speaking, to foster the emergence of a prosperous region around the  Mediterranean and, politically speaking, to reinforce democracy and regional integration in the  Mediterranean non-member States. 2. The Court undertook to examine the management of the budgetary resources allocated to the three  main aspects of the NMP, namely the financing of: (a) measures to accompany the process of structural adjustment started by the Mediterranean  non-member States; (b) multilateral aid; (c) the third and fourth financial protocols. 3. Chapter 11 of the Court`s Annual Report concerning the financial year 1994 looked at the first  component of the NMP and a subsequent report will be devoted to the implementation of the financial  protocols. This report deals exclusively with the MED programmes, which are one of the aspects of  multilateral aid. 4. Initially, when the Court began its audit of the MED programmes, it became apparent at an early  stage that there were serious irregularities and weaknesses in the financial management of  implementation. The Court, therefore, focused its efforts on the areas of weakness. It also decided  that the findings justified a special report on its own. Presentation of the MED programmes 5. The MED programmes are the expression of the Community`s desire to develop multilateral  cooperation with and between the Mediterranean non-member States. They were created because the  financial protocols, which are bilateral agreements between States, were unsuited to carrying out  such a policy. 6. The MED programmes were designed so as to make it possible to obviate these obstacles by  developing decentralized cooperation on the basis of new instruments. They consist of entrusting to  partners on both sides of the Mediterranean who form networks of four to eight members the  realization of a project they have planned themselves. These partners are, depending on the  programmes concerned (see paragraphs 7 to 18) regional authorities, universities, enterprises,  media professionals or research centres. The Commission provides the additional financing and the  requisite technical assistance they need to complete their projects. The diversity of the programmes 7. As of 1994, the MED programmes included MED-Urbs, MED-Campus, MED-Media, MED-Invest and  MED-Avicenne. In 1995, a sixth programme was added: MED-Migration (a sub-topic of MED-Urbs). At the  same time, the same management concepts and systems were set up in order to foster the peace  process in the Middle East when the Peace programmes were created. MED-Urbs 8. The objectives of this programme are varied and complementary. The aim is to contribute to  improving the living conditions of urban populations, reinforcing and generalizing democratic  practices at the local level and creating and developing decentralized cooperation between the  local communities of the various Mediterranean non-member States, and also between these latter and  their counterparts in the European Union. 9. The budgetary resources allocated to the MED-Urbs programmes between 1992 and 1994 represented a  budgetary volume of ECU 22,3 million in commitment appropriations. The projects financed in this  way concerned 17 countries and involved 170 local authorities, including 104 in the European Union  and 66 in the Mediterranean non-member States. 10. These projects cover areas as varied as the environment, urban planning, municipal management,  the management of human resources, economic development, urban transport, local taxation and local  democracy. MED-Campus 11. MED-Campus supports decentralized cooperation projects managed by networks of universities in  the northern and southern Mediterranean. These networks are operational channels which make it  possible to exchange experience and transfer technologies and know-how. 12. The 142 projects financed by these programmes during the period in question concerned training  measures in the fields of the environment, development economics, culture and management. Community  aid totalled ECU 23,3 million in commitment appropriations. MED-Media 13. MED-Media aims to create high-level media networks so as to foster cooperation between  professionals on both sides of the Mediterranean. 14. These programmes started in 1994. The Commission took two decisions to provide financing for it  totalling ECU 11,1 million, on the basis of which about 60 projects were subsidized. They comprise  four basic components: training, programme exchanges, joint production, seminars and workshops. MED-Invest 15. Having been endowed with a budget of ECU 10 million, the MED-Invest programme aims to promote  in the Mediterranean non-member States an environment which favours small and medium-sized  enterprises and which is conducive to increasing their ability to compete. This programme comprises  two components which are outlined below. 16. Component A consists of making available to the Mediterranean non-member States existing  Community instruments and programmes originally created to assist European small and medium-sized  enterprises. Broadly speaking, these instruments serve to facilitate the exchange of information  and contacts between potential partners. They may take the form of meetings, which are known as  Europartnership when held in a Community country, Med-Partnership when held in a Mediterranean  non-member State or Med-Intreprise when on a smaller scale. They may also consist of the creation  of networks of middlemen (BC-Net) or Bureaux de Rapprochement des Entreprises (BCR) with a view to  identifying potential partners. Since the MED-Invest programme was launched, four  Euro-Partnerships, two Med-partnerships, 11 Med-Intreprises and two BCR/BC-Net have been financed. 17. Component B, unlike the other MED programmes, does not consist in allocating a subsidy to a  beneficiary network but in remunerating third parties for the technical assistance they provide  with the implementation of a project pre-defined by the Commission itself. The areas covered by  this component include the creation of specialized financial companies and export management  companies, the establishment of service centres and development agencies and, lastly, measures to  support the creation of companies. The implementation of this component was considerably delayed  since, between the adoption of the financing decision by the Commission in September 1992 and 31  December 1994, only three operations had been financed at a total cost of ECU 1,3 million. MED-Avicenne 18. MED-Avicenne is a component of the Avicenne (1) research programme. This programme received  such a large number of applications that the appropriations available under heading B 7-5 0 3 5  provided for this purpose proved to be inadequate in 1993. ECU 9 million was therefore withdrawn  from heading B 7-4 0 8 0 to finance 15 additional projects in which the Mediterranean non-member  States` partners participated and which were brought under the single heading of MED-Avicenne. Resources implemented A new legal framework and increased budgetary resources 19. On 29 June 1992, the Council adopted Regulation (EEC) No 1762/92 which covers the management of  the financial protocols with the Mediterranean non-member States and Council Regulation (EEC) No  1763/92 (1), which covers, in particular, multilateral cooperation with the Mediterranean  non-member States. This latter text states the financial resources - ECU 230 million - which the  Regulation says must be devoted to multilateral aid and sets specific objectives, such as the  protection of the environment, measures of regional interest and projects promoting regional  integration. 20. As Annex 1 shows, the Commission`s financial estimates for the period concerned differ  considerably from the wording of the Regulation. A comparative reading of the two documents  reveals, in particular: (a) a considerable increase in resources allocated under the budgetary procedures - ECU 309,9  million instead of ECU 230 million; (b) a reduction in measures to assist regional cooperation, ECU 64,1 million instead of the ECU 85  to 90 million indicated; (c) an allocation of ECU 115,6 million to decentralized cooperation, i.e. the MED programmes. The Court`s methods and objectives 21. The Court, given the two-tier level of management, both of the programmes and of the networks,  first of all carried out an analysis of the system set up to implement the financing decisions in  respect of the MED programmes. It then assessed the quality of the instruments created by the  Agency for Trans- Mediterranean Networks (ARTM), which was entrusted with the administrative and  financial management of the programmes, and the various Technical Assistance Bureaux (TAB)  responsible for monitoring them, so as to assess to what extent they enabled the Commission to  check that Community funds had been used properly. 22. Because it had observed a number of weaknesses when it examined the management system and  instruments, the Court carried out an on-the-spot examination based on records at the head office  of the network coordinators of a representative sample of about 30 projects. These checks made it  possible to assess the overall management of the network, the eligibility of the declared  expenditure and the results attained. They also served to assess the assistance given to the  networks. 23. The Court identified serious irregularities and shortcomings in financial management in the way  in which the MED programmes have been organized and implemented. These were brought to the  attention of the Commission as soon as possible because of the need for immediate action to be  taken to correct the highly unsatisfactory situation that was found. Following discussions with the  Commissioner and Commission services concerned, the Court was informed at the end of November 1995  of a number of measures the Commission intended to take (see paragraph 57). 24. The criticisms set out in this report are not directed at the concept of decentralized  cooperation. It is the way in which it has been implemented that is unsatisfactory. The  shortcomings identified, however, must be overcome if the concept itself is not to be called into  question.OVERALL SYSTEM FOR MANAGING THE PROGRAMMES Summary In the light of the inadequacy of its own resources to manage the MED- programmes, the Commission  subcontracted the administration and financial management to ARTM, a non-profit making organization  established specifically for this task on the initiative of the Commission. The technical  monitoring functions were contracted out to Technical Assistance Offices (usually consulting  firms). The manner in which this was done, and the subsequent functioning of these management  arrangements gave rise to a number of serious irregularities and weaknesses in financial  management: - the powers conferred upon ARTM constitute in effect a delegation of the powers of the Commission  to a third party: apart from the fact that it is doubtful whether in this case there is a legal  basis for such a delegation, a decision in principal to that effect is required, which can only be  taken by the Commission itself. No such decision exists, - excessive recourse was had to private treaty contracts, without proper tendering, - the manner in which contracts were awarded, the involvement of the same consulting firms in the  conception of the programmes, in the preparation of financing proposals, in the management of ARTM,  and in the technical monitoring of the programmes led to a situation in which serious confusions of  interest existed, prejudicial to the proper management of Community funds, - the resources and procedures of the Commission for monitoring the implementation of the MED  programmes and for controlling their decentralized administration were inadequate: when the serious  confusions of interest referred to above were identified by the Commission, it was ineffective for  a long time in bringing them to an end, - serious shortcomings in the financial management of the programmes at the level of the Commission  and ARTM were identified. General presentation The ARTM 25. From the outset, the Commission realized that it was unable, owing to both the limited number  of staff at its disposal and the constraints imposed by the Financial Regulation, directly to  manage programmes which would inevitably entail a multitude of different management tasks once  implementation started. 26. The management of this new instrument was organized on the basis of two central features -  sub-contracting the management of the programmes to private bodies and the separation of  administrative and financial duties from technical support - was adopted. Administrative and  financial duties were entrusted to the ARTM whilst technical support duties were entrusted to a  different BAT, for each of the programmes. The idea at the root of this division of tasks was to  enable the Commission to collect information from different sources for the purposes of  comparison. 27. The ARTM is an international non profit-making association under Belgian law (1). It was  created on the initiative of the Commission which, moreover, bore all of the costs of its creation.  Consequently, the decisions which this association is required to take should, in principle, be  strictly supervised by the Commission. Furthermore, with the exception of the token contribution of  Bfrs 1 000 per annum by the members of the association, the ARTM`s resources come exclusively from  the contracts awarded to it by the Commission. The mechanism of the system Appraisal of applications 28. The implementation of the programmes got under way with the publication in the Official Journal  of the European Communities of a call for proposals. Networks which wish to obtain Community  financing submit their applications, which are then centralized by the competent BAT. This latter  checks compliance with the conditions of eligibility for the Community subsidy, such as the area  covered by the project submitted and the origin and the number of the partners in the network. 29. Once this work has been completed, the Commission convenes a Selection Committee (2), which  gives its opinion on the applications. In the second year of a programme, before the competent  committee takes applications from the new networks into consideration, it first examines all of the  applications submitted by the networks which have already received financing and which wish the  Community aid to be continued for a period of consolidation. 30. Once this work is finished, the competent committee draws up two lists which identify the  projects and the network coordinators and fix the amount of Community joint financing granted to  each of them. The first list is of networks which are considered to have priority. The second  comprises a reserve of networks which are eligible for financing if any candidates withdraw from  the first list. On the basis of these documents, the Commission prepares the financing proposal  submitted to the MED Committee (3). Preparation and structure of the financing decisions 31. If the MED Committee`s opinion is favourable, the Commission adopts a financing decision  approving the programme concerned. This decision, in addition to financing awarded to the networks,  provides for a financial reserve to cover operations which prove necessary in order properly to  implement the programme. Certain decisions also include the remuneration of the ARTM and the BATs,  whilst, in other cases, this remuneration is settled partially or in full by the Commission itself  from an overall commitment. 32. DG IB prepares a global commitment proposal for a figure corresponding to the figure  established in the financing decision. Once the commitment proposal has been approved, an initial  tranche of 40 % of the amount committed is paid to the ARTM once it has submitted a bank guarantee.  The procedures which subsequently come into play are what make the system drawn up for the  administrative and financial management of the MED programmes an original one. 33. From this point on, the ARTM is invested with broad management powers, which range from sending  letters of notification to the beneficiaries to signing contracts awarding subsidies and including  the renegotiating of terms with applicants where the subsidies granted differ from the amounts  applied for. By means, in particular, of drawing up project reports which it submits to the  Commitment Committee (1), the ARTM plays a far from negligible role in assessing the eligibility of  expenditure. It may also take the initiative to ask for sums it considers to have been paid in  error to be reimbursed. 34. It should also be pointed out that the contracts signed when the first two MED-Urbs and  MED-Campus programmes were implemented were exclusively signed by the ARTM and the representative  of the pilot body. The same was true as regards the contracts awarding technical assistance, which  were concluded directly between the ARTM and the managers of the BATs. With effect from the second  series of programmes, these documents were also signed by a Commission official. 35. However, from the outset, the sums paid to the ARTM were held in a bank account and payments  had to be co-signed by three people: the Director of the ARTM and two officials from the  Authorizing Officer`s department. 36. The contract stipulates that the coordinator of a network must provide the agency with an  interim progress report and a final report. Both of these documents are divided into two parts. The  first part is purely descriptive and the second comprises a series of financial tables, which the  ARTM says are the revenue and expenditure accounts. 37. The payment to the beneficiaries of the second and third tranches depends on the approval of  the aforementioned reports by the programme`s Commitment Committee. This Committee, which is made  up of representatives of the ARTM and the BAT, is chaired by the Commission administrator  responsible for the programme concerned. The decision taken depends on the opinion given by the  ARTM and the BAT, based on their examination of these reports. The ARTM gives its opinion on the  financial aspect of the report whereas the BAT considers only the technical aspects. 38. The diagram drawn up by the ARTM, attached as Annex 2, gives an overview of the whole system. Analysis of the system and of the way in which it functions Observations concerning the delegation of powers 39. In view of the nature and scope of the powers conferred on the ARTM, what the Commission had  actually done was to delegate its powers de facto to a third body, rather than sign mere service  contracts. The fact is, though, that (ignoring the questions concerning the legal basis, see  paragraph 41 below) these powers were delegated in the absence of a decision of principle by the  Commission (see paragraphs 42 et seq.). The terms of this delegation are also open to criticism, in  so far as the contracts remain vague as to the responsibility of the ARTM and its administrators  and say nothing about the ownership of its assets and their sharing out in the event of bankruptcy,  although the ARTM was set up exclusively with finance from the Commission. Furthermore, the Court  observed serious irregularities in the way this delegation was managed (see paragraphs 44 to 45  below). 40. Lastly, in spite of several warnings, this de facto delegation of powers was not revoked, in  spite of the fact that, in a note of 2 December 1992, the Commission`s Legal Service, having been  consulted by the department responsible for the implementation of the MED programmes, pointed out  that: 'control-related duties, or those involving the discharge of discretionary power within the  framework of a genuine Community policy, including the implementation of the budget, may be carried  out only by officials or, under certain circumstances, temporary staff' (2). Legal basis 41. The legal basis for this delegation of powers is not clear. Whilst Article 105 (3) (1) of the  Financial Regulation (FR), which concerns the management of external aid in general, provides for  the possibility of delegating management 'to another body', in contrast, Article 6 (1) of Council  Regulation (EEC) No 1763/92, which covers the MED programmes in particular, does not mention any  such possibility. Although this Regulation refers explicitly to Article 105 of the FR, it allows  the Commission to delegate its management powers only to the EIB, as regards interest rate  subsidies and operations based on risk capital. Competent authority 42. The decision to entrust the management of the programmes to an external body is unquestionably  a decision of principle, which implies important choices regarding the way in which a policy is to  be implemented. Such a decision may only be taken by the Members of the Commission (1) together,  and must necessarily lay down precise provisions governing the procedures for delegating the powers  in question, in particular as regards the question of scrutiny and the responsibilities incumbent  on the delegates. 43. In its reply to the observations of the Court, the Commission argues that 'the arrangement  [with ARTM] flows from the financing decisions taken for the MED programmes adopted by the  Commission'. These decisions, however, are insufficient and do not define the conditions under  which ARTM is to exercise powers delegated by the Commission. Conditions of delegation 44. Lastly, the Court of Justice, in its ruling in re Meroni v. the High Authority of 13 June 1958  (which has since become the standard case-law reference for such matters), lists the conditions  that must be satisfied if power is to be delegated in a regular manner. One of these conditions  states that discretionary power may not be delegated, and that only clearly defined powers of  implementation may be delegated. However, it was noted that the utilization by the Commitment  Committees of the reservations contained in the Commission`s financing decision had resulted in the  de facto amendment of several decisions (see paragraphs 73 to 74 below). An irregularity was  therefore committed, either because the Commitment Committees had overstepped its powers or because  the Commission had delegated the discretionary power of amending a decision. This power cannot be  described as a clearly defined power of implementation. 45. Another condition stipulated by the Meroni ruling concerns the observance by the authority to  which power has been delegated of the same rules as those which apply to the delegating authority.  As the Commission is required to exercise its powers in complete independence (2), the ARTM should  have done the same. This was not the case, as is shown by the Court`s detection of flagrant  examples of confusion of interest, details of which are given in paragraphs 50 to 57. These clear  violations call into question the whole system of delegation. The fact is that the Commission, as  the delegating authority, is responsible for the actions of the ARTM. To this extent, it was also  responsible for preventing these violations. The Commission was given the means of doing this when  it co-signed the contracts and bank transfers drawn up by the ARTM. Rules for awarding public contracts 46. The ARTM was singlehandedly created and financed from scratch by the Commission. This latter  signed a private contract at the end of October 1992 with a firm of consultants totalling ECU 54  000 for the purpose of carrying out a study of the organizational needs of the future agency. The  expert seconded by this consultant was subsequently put in charge of operations at the ARTM. 47. The Commission assigned the administrative and financial management of the MED programmes to  this agency by private-treaty contracts from 1992 until December 1993. In July 1994, the ARTM  obtained a new contract following an invitation to tender. The table attached as Annex 3 gives the  details of the amounts of these contracts and the procedures for awarding them. This situation  infringes the rules governing the awarding of public contracts. The Commission issued an invitation  to tender only when the conditions of equality between the applicants had definitively ceased to  exist, even though that meant squandering the experience acquired over the previous two years.  Furthermore, the 'brother' programmes subsequently launched as part of the peace process in the  Middle East were also entrusted to the ARTM by private treaty contracts as was the technical  monitoring, for example, of a Peace programme concluded by private contract with FERE Consultants  on 18 January 1995. 48. The Commission justified the awarding of contracts by private treaty (by way of derogation from  Article 56 of the FR (1)) to the ARTM by citing the absence on the market of a body with the  requisite qualifications. However, there is no evidence in the Commission`s files to show that the  Management Department carried out any research in respect of the market in order to check the  situation, and the fact that several candidates applied when the invitation to tender was issued in  1994 would seem to indicate that firms with these qualifications already existed at the time.  Furthermore, in the Court`s opinion, the ARTM had no particular responsibilities either at the  technical level or in terms of administrative and financial management which could have provided  unrestricted justification for its being chosen. 49. Until December 1993, the contracts awarded to the BATs were also awarded by private treaty. The  table in Annex 3 shows for the period concerned that, out of 12 contracts awarded, in more than  half of the cases no invitation to tender had been issued. Confusion of interests 50. Two of the four administrators of the ARTM were, until April 1995, also managers of the BATs  (the firms FERE Consultants and Ismeri) responsible for monitoring the MED programmes. 51. These same BATs participated in the planning of the MED programmes, including the stage at  which draft financing proposals were prepared, a task which is the exclusive responsibility of the  Commission (2). In order to carry out this work, FERE Consultants, as part of the preparation of  the MED-Urbs programmes and component B of the MED-Invest programme, and Ismeri Europa with regard  to MED-Campus, obtained ECU 323 000 and ECU 199 960 respectively. These contracts were also awarded  by direct negotiation with these bodies. 52. The conditions for awarding the contracts and the involvement of the same firms of consultants  in preparing the programmes, drawing up financing proposals, on the Management Board of the ARTM  and in monitoring the programmes resulted in a situation where there was a conflict of interests  that was prejudicial to the sound management of Community funds and contrary to the principle of  equality of access to public contracts. Two particularly serious cases must be highlighted: (a) once the Committee had given its approval, the ARTM directly signed (see paragraph 34) private  treaty contracts to BATs that were managed by two of its administrators for ECU 547 750 and ECU 748  900 respectively. The first case was a contract dated 14 December 1992 between the ARTM and FERE  Consultants. The second case concerned a contract dated 21 December 1992 between the ARTM and  Ismeri. In both cases, the signatory managers occupied, when they signed the contract with the  ARTM, two of the four administrator posts on the ARTM`s Management Board. It must also be noted  that both of the firms to which the aforementioned contracts were awarded took part in the meetings  of the Commitment Committee which approved the contracts in question; (b) in the context of the implementation of the MED-Invest programme, these same two BATs were  awarded the contract to carry out two projects even though there was no tender or selection  procedure. The sums in question totalled ECU 270 000 ECU in one case and ECU 405 000 ECU in the  other; 53. The risks that such errors might occur were inherent in the logic of the system that the  Commission envisaged introducing and in the situations of the various parties involved. Even at the  drafting stage, these risks were so evident that the Commission should have called the system into  question immediately. 54. The awarding of the contract to monitor the MED-Urbs programme gave rise to a further confusion  of interests. Following the invitation to tender issued during the first quarter of 1994, the  Conseil des Communes et Régions d'Europe (CCRE) and the Cités Unies Development (CUD) were  instructed to monitor the MED-Urbs programme. The legal status of these two bodies is that of a  non-profit-making association, set up, inter alia, for the purpose of defending its members`  interests. To award them, as the Commission did, the contract to monitor the implementation of a  programme which consists of granting subsidies to regional authorities may place the loyalty which  the CCRE/CUD owe contractually to the Commission at odds with their statutory obligations in  respect of their principals. This situation may also give rise to unfair discrimination against  regional authorities which adhere to neither of these associations, all the more so since they  belong to other organizations. 55. Furthermore, one BAT which had received financing to implement a project in the context of the  implementation of component B of the MED-Invest programme was awarded the contract to monitor this  programme before the Commission had even given its opinion on the final implementation report which  it had submitted as part of this operation. 56. Once the Commission had realized the danger of this situation, it asked the managers of the  BATs responsible for monitoring to resign from the ARTM`s Management Board. The minutes of the  meetings of the Agency`s Management Board show how vigorously those concerned resisted the  Commission`s requests. Nearly a year and a half went by before they finally decided to step down,  in circumstances which are questionable to say the least. Thus, the minutes of the meeting of 11  October 1994 of the Agency`s Management Board show that the two administrators concerned 'would  resign if: - FERE Consultants were chosen by the European Commission to provide technical assisance for the  MED-Invest programme, - [or if] Ismeri Europa were reselected as Technical Assistance Bureau (BAT) for the MED Campus  programme'. Furthermore, both of these managers asked to be able to propose a candidate of their choice to  replace them in the event of their resignation. Once all of these conditions were fulfilled, both  administrators resigned from the ARTM`s Management Board in April 1995. 57. In view of the seriousness of these findings, the Court immediately informed the Commission of  them, so that it could take appropriate measures and examine, in particular, the need to take legal  action against those responsible. At the end of November 1995, the responsible Commission  departments informed the Court that they intended not to renew contracts signed with the ARTM when  they expired in January 1996 and to wind up the ARTM. They were also minded not to renew contracts  signed with the BATs and to open an enquiry so as to establish responsibilities and to examine, in  cooperation with the Commission`s Legal Service, whether it was appropriate to take legal action. Budgetary and financial observations concerning the implementation of the programmes Rate of implementation of the budget 58. An analysis of the utilization of the appropriations under budget heading B 7-4 0 8 0, which  was introduced into the budget by Regulation (EEC) No 1763/92, shows that, on 31 December 1994, a  total of ECU 169,7 million was committed, on the basis of which ECU 62,4 million was disbursed. 59. Of these sums, the commitments corresponding to the implementation of the MED programmes  amounted to ECU 75,8 million, of which ECU 23,9 million was committed in December 1994. A total of  ECU 40,2 million (ECU 39,2 million to the ARTM and ECU 1,0 million in direct payments to TAOs and  experts) was paid by the Commission from these commitments. 60. Annex 4 provides a detailed analysis of available funds and their use. That shows that out of  the total available funds of ECU 40,9 million, ECU 33,3 million was disbursed, leaving ECU 7,6  million unused at 31 December 1994. This amount, which represented almost 20 % of the Commission`s  payments to ARTM, was well in excess of the cash requirements for the programmes. Cost of managing the system 61. Annex 4 also shows that, of the ECU 33,3 million paid out by ARTM, only ECU 26,9 million (80,8  %) was contributions to projects. The rest was used to pay for the services of ARTM itself (ECU 1,3  million) and the TAO`s (ECU 3,7 million) and to finance committees (ECU 0,3 million), conferences  (ECU 0,1 million ) and evaluations (ECU 0,5 million). Another ECU 0,2 million for other costs and  ECU 0,3 million for financing costs are overheads. These items, representing the costs necessary  for the management of the programmes, total ECU 6,4 million, i.e. more than 19 % of funds actually  used. These costs of actually managing the programmes do not include expenditure specific to the  functioning of each of the networks subsidized. Checks in respect of the ARTM`s financial data 62. The progress reports sent by the ARTM to the Commission are not based directly on its accounts  but are drawn up on the basis of non-accounting data compiled from spreadsheets kept on computer by  ARTM staff. 63. These non-accounting documents do not comply with the rules for submitting information which  were observed in respect of the keeping of the ARTM`s accounts by an independent expert. The Court  drew attention to a number of discrepancies between these two sources which should be analysed and  regularly justified. The Court was unable to find any evidence that these comparisons had been made  either by the ARTM or the Commission. Regularity from the point of view of budgetary principles Administrative expenditure covered by operating appropriations 64. Although it is irregular, entrusting the administrative and financial management of the MED  programmes to the ARTM constitutes a delegation of the Commission`s powers. Consequently, this  agency`s operating costs should have been entirely funded from Part A of the budget, the  Commission`s operating expenditure appropriations. Similarly, work on drafting the financing  proposals, which was entrusted to external consultants, should also have been financed from Part A.  However, an examination of the Commission`s accounts and the contracts awarded to the ARTM and FERE  Consultants as part of the implementation of the MED programmes included in Annex 5, shows that: (a) out of ECU 1 311 136 ECU received by the ARTM as payment, ECU 863 743 was charged by the  Commission to operating appropriations under heading B 7-4 0 8 0, although no justification was  provided other than the shortage of appropriations available from Part A of the budget; (b) the same is true as regards financing obtained by consultants recruited to design and draw up  preliminary draft financing proposals for the MED-Urbs, MED-Invest and MED-Campus programmes for  total payments of ECU 480 160. 65. This practice marks the reappearance of so-called 'mini-budgets', even though the remarks in  the budget which accompany heading B 7-4 0 8 0 explicitly rule out the utilization of  appropriations to cover management and administrative expenditure in general. Infringements of the budgetary principle of universality 66. In a note dated 3 March 1994, the Commission informed the ARTM that 'interest produced by the  Commission`s payments must be specifically deducted from the applications for payment that you send  to the Commission'. 67. This solution is contrary to the budgetary principle of universality. The interest concerned is  the product of sums which, until such time as the beneficiary networks have fulfilled the  contractual conditions which enable them to demand payment of the subsidy awarded, belong to the  Commission. 68. This interest (see Annex 4), which totalled ECU 707 900 on 31 December 1994, is therefore a  revenue item under the general budget of the Community which must be entered as such and must be  paid back to the Commission`s Accountant. 69. Furthermore, Article 277 of the Financial Regulation shows that this interest is not part of  the revenue in respect of which Community legislation allowed for the possibility of re-use. 70. Consequently, the Commission was wrong in the note in question to allow this interest to be  confused in accounting terms with the interest fixed in the Commission`s financing decisions. Incorrect presentation of the Community`s accounts 71. Payments made to the ARTM, excluding the sums corresponding to its fees, are regarded from an  accounting point of view as advances rather than payments. The fact is that the Community`s debt to  the networks and the BATs only arises on the date the contract is signed by the networks and the  ARTM, irrespective of whether it is countersigned by the Commission. 72. Payment, which is the action by means of which the Commission discharges its debt, is given  concrete form by disbursements to beneficiaries effected by the ARTM on the Commission`s behalf  once it has been confirmed that these beneficiaries have fulfilled their contractual obligations.  Therefore, Commission revenue and expenditure accounts which indicate all disbursements to the ARTM  by way of payment are incorrect. These disbursements should have been entered in the accounts  merely as advances. The cash balance in the ARTM`s accounts should have been carried over to the  Community`s balance sheet at the end of each financial year. Use of reserves 73. Every financing decision concerning a MED programme stipulates that an amount is to be held in  reserve. The table in Annex 6 shows that the programme managers have modified these amounts on  several occasions and that, with only one exception, they have been increased, sometimes  substantially. In the case of the first MED-Urbs programme, the reserve was thus increased from the  initial allocation of ECU 110 000 to ECU 699 277, by a factor of 6,35. 74. A large increase such as this amounts to an amendment of the Commission`s financing decision,  which is irregular, either because the Commitment Committee has exceeded its powers or because the  powers delegated by the Commission are discretionary powers (see paragraph 44). Drawing up of the accounts 75. In principle, the duration of the operations covered by the MED financing decisions is one  year. If the accounts which record the implementation of these decisions had been drawn up on the  due date that would have enabled the Commission to regularize its financial accounts. As of  mid-July 1995 the Commission and ARTM had not agreed the balances of the accounts for any of the  financing decisions and the former had applied to the latter for payment of neither interest nor  the available balances on the accounts. 76. Spending in excess of the annual framework initially provided for is explained by serious  delays in the implementation of programmes. Component B of the MED-Invest programme continues to be  the case that gives most cause for concern: two years after the adoption of the financing decision,  the rate of progress was only 24,8 %. Protection of the Commission`s financial interests 77. An examination of the ARTM`s balance sheets shows that the first year of operation generated a  loss of ECU 19 706. However, the operations of the second year made it possible to record in the  balance sheet adopted in 1994 a profit of ECU 36 224, a sum which included a payment of ECU 74 000  to cover risks and charges. 78. The ARTM has not returned to the Commission the ECU 51 847 which the latter disbursed when the  agency was formed, even though ARTM has refunded to FERE Consultant the 22 700 ECU that it put up  for the same purpose. 79. The ARTM`s Articles of Association stipulate in the event of dissolution that the Management  Board shall determine the allocation of the association`s assets. All expenditure on creating and  setting up the ARTM was borne by the Commission, which is also the ARTM`s sole backer. Furthermore,  the ARTM`s work is totally dependent on the programmes managed by the Commission. 80. Consequently, the Commission should have taken greater care to ensure its interests were  protected by demanding that the sums it had advanced should be reimbursed and by having itself  clearly designated in the ARTM`s Articles of Association as the recipient of the ARTM`s asets in  the event of dissolution. Observations concerning selection procedures Establishment of the Committees 81. Delays in establishing the Committees vary in degree from one programme to another. For  example, subsidies were awarded under the first MED-Urbs, MED-Campus and MED-Invest programmes  before the Committees had been established. Furthermore, in the case of the MED-Invest programme, a  committee had still not been set up at the end of 1995. Procedures for the selection of members 82. It is usual for the members of these committees to be selected from among the most able people  in their field, and, by virtue of their ability, they or their organizations will also qualify as  suitable beneficiaries for Community aid under the programmes. In such circumstances it is  necessary to have clear rules and procedures for the selection of members and a code of conduct for  them which ensures that confusions of interest are avoided. At the time of the audit these did not  exist. Identifying needs 83. Most projects (28 out of the 30 in the sample) were proposed by European bodies and none of the  files contained any information from a Commission delegation in a non-member Mediterranean country  to clarify the Selection Committees` opinion as to what the aid recipients considered their  priority needs to be. Consequently, the projects adopted as part of MED-Urbs programmes were better  suited to the concerns of northern cities than to the priority needs of those in the south.  Although this shortcoming was not entirely absent from the MED-Campus and MED-Avicenne programmes,  it has usually been avoided because the large university networks such as Unimed (Universités de la  Méditerranée) and CUM (Communautés des Universités Méditerranéennes) have installed information  systems that enable them to collect expressions of priority needs by their partners in non-member  Mediterranean countries. 84. Allowing the Selection Committees the latitude to give a favourable opinion on a network whilst  cutting the budget of the proposed project has led to significant delays in execution. As a result  ARTM is, in fact, obliged to renegotiate its budget with the network coordinator after the  Commission has adopted the financing decision. Under these circumstances, the delays inherent in  the selection process, combined with those imposed by the necessity of consulting the MED Committee  in advance of the financing decision, make it virtually impossible for projects to be carried out  under satisfactory conditions within the one-year framework of these measures. On all the projects  that were visited the timetabling constraint was mentioned as one of the main difficulties that had  to be overcome when projects were being executed.PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION Summary At the level of the networks and the projects themselves (30 networks were sampled by the Court), a  large number of weaknesses and irregularities were identified. These can be summarised as follows: (a) concerning financial and accounting matters - basic requirements of proper financial management and control of public funds, which were  provided for in the contracts between ARTM and the network coordinators, were frequently not  respected: this was notably the case with regard to separate accounting for the projects,  conservation of supporting documents for expenditure claimed and the opening of a separate bank  account for the network, - the obligations of network partners to provide a co-financing contribution to the projects have  been largely ignored, - ineligible expenditure has been financed: in some cases this was systematic (e.g. the  reimbursement of the costs of local authority personnel already financed by the budget of the  authority), in others it concerned individual cases, which, albeit of limited financial importance,  reflected the weaknesses in the system of controls; (b) concerning matters of sound financial management: - the award of contracts following competitive tendering was the exception rather than the rule, - because of its lack of knowledge of national rules, ARTM paid daily allowances and supplementary  remuneration at levels exceeding those allowed. With regard to the impact of the projects, the Commission should obtain more systematic  information, based on rigorous evaluations of the results against clearly defined objectives. The  nature of many of the actions renders impact measurement difficult, but this makes the evaluation  function all the more important. On the basis of the data currently available, and its own  observations in the field, the Court considers that the impact of the MED programmes remains to be  proven. Some of the weaknesses in implementation of the programmes stem from inadequacies in the conception  of the programmes (e.g. the lack of authority of the network coordinators, limits to the autonomy  of the members), from weaknesses in the management instruments (most notably the inapplicability of  important clauses in the contract), and from limits on the role given to the Technical Assistance  Offices. Introduction 85. The audits of documents carried out on the spot in the head offices of the organizations  coordinating the 30 selected networks revealed many examples of shortcomings and irregularities. At  the same time, irrespective of the necessary slight variations from one programme to another and  the caution imposed by the lack of distance, the impact of the funded projects appears overall to  be low in quantitative terms and difficult to evaluate in terms of quality. 86. This situation is not, however, attributable solely to the network managers. The inherent  weaknesses in the design of the programmes and the unsuitability of the monitoring and management  facilities installed by the Commission and ARTM are also at fault. Results of audits at network head offices Findings concerning financial and accounting matters 87. In addition to stipulating that the budget on which it is based is to be adhered to, the  contract concluded between the Commission, the ARTM and every network coordinator: (a) sets out the principle that the project is to be co-financed by the Commission and the members  of the network; (b) specifies that a special bank account is to be opened for the network; (c) provides that the accounts for the project are to be separate and in accordance with the  standards laid down by ARTM; (d) states that supporting documents are to be kept for a period of five years; (e) specifies that a set of financial statements is to be annexed to the progress reports. 88. These requirements had been substantially ignored by networks. In spite of some rare exceptions  (MED-Avicenne 126, MED-Invest B.201, MED-Urbs 3, MED-Media 5 and 6), networks on the whole did not  keep separate accounts for projects. The transactions pertaining to the implementation of the  subsidized project could not be singled out in the general accounts of the coordinating body, or  were absent from them if they had been settled from another network member`s funds. There were five  cases - MED-Campus 33, MED-Invest A3.09, MED-Campus 25, MED-Campus 126 and MED-Campus 179 - where  no accounts could be produced for inspection. 89. There were similar findings regarding the opening of a special bank account. In reality this  obligation was respected only by those networks which subcontracted project management to an  outside organization (usually a non-profit making body). In the case of the MED-Urbs 39/40 network,  the bank account was opened in a country other than that of the coordinator, contrary to the  provisions of the contract. In addition, there were found to be several instances where the funds  had been transferred to a bank account that had been opened in the name of the project leader and  to which he had unrestricted access (MED-Campus 126, MED-Campus 179 and MED-Media 6). 90. As regards the possibility of delegating management from the coordinator to an outside  organization, in at least one case, that of the MED-Urbs 01 network, the conditions laid down by  national jurisprudence to qualify the practice followed by senior staff of the management  association had, in fact, been satisfied. 91. Furthermore, none of the networks selected for the sample were able to provide supporting  documents for all the refund applications submitted to ARTM. 92. Finally, several wrong entries in the accounts were made. Fees for the MED-Media 29 and  MED-Urbs 39/40 networks had been entered as staff expenditure, as had travel expenses and  subsistence allowances for the latter network. In the case of MED-Urbs 30, some of the costs  resulting from extensive use of consultants were accounted for as personnel expenditure. This had  the effect of seriously understating the amount of expenditure on external consultants: when the  amount of ECU 33 495 wrongly charged as personnel expenses is added to the ECU 55 807 correctly  declared as expenditure on external consultants, the total actually spent under this heading  accounts for 22,6 % of the total budget for the network. 93. From the above it is apparent not only that the obligations specified in the contracts signed  with ARTM have been widely disregarded by the networks, but also that the financial documents on  which the Commitment Committee bases its decisions are worthless in the strict accounting sense and  offer no guarantee of reliability. It is also clear that the responsible staff of the Commission  and ARTM were not aware of this. In the extreme case of the MED Campus 33 network, the coordinator  not only did not keep the supporting documents, he did not keep any accounts either. 94. The obligations associated with the principle that projects are to be co-financed by the  Commission and the members of the networks have been widely disregarded. The Annexes to the first  contracts were particularly clear on this point. Before it paid the second instalment of the  Community subsidy to the networks, ARTM was to check that the coordinator had mobilized the  material, human and financial resources required of each member of the network (1). Checks by the  Court showed that none of the MED-Campus networks was in a position to produce a decision of the  board of directors concerning a subsidy award, still less by the coordinator organization or the  other network members. As regards MED-Urbs, only one of the coordinating authorities, the town of  Belfort, was able to produce to the Court the minutes of the municipal council meeting awarding a  subsidy specifically to the MED-Urbs 31 network. 95. In practice, therefore, the participation of network members has usually been confined to  providing material resources and making direct payment for some expenditure items. In the case of  the latter it subsequently transpired that the amounts could not be verified because the network  coordinators did not have the supporting documents for the amounts declared and were unable to  obtain them from their associates. As a result, the European Community is usually the only backer.  When confronted with this situation, the managers at ARTM and the Commission elected to amend the  specimens of subsequent contracts to make the co-financing obligation more vague, instead of  requiring network coordinators to fulfil their contractual obligations. In so doing, they abandoned  one of the concepts on which the creation of the MED programmes was based. 96. An analysis of financial flows even indicates that for some projects the EC contribution was  higher than the real financial outflows (MED-Campus 25, 95, 126, MED-Urbs 34 and MED-Media 6). Ineligibility of some expenditure 97. Among the Court`s findings there were certain elements that were systematic whilst others  concerned only a small number of networks. The following examples are in the first category. Reimbursement of staff expenditure 98. In the context of the MED-Urbs programme local authorities were systematically submitting to  ARTM for refund amounts corresponding to the time that their officials and similar staff had spent  on implementing the project. The work done by such staff is part of the responsibilities of the  authority by which they are employed and is covered by its administrative budget. Although it is  conceivable that the Commission might bear part of the cost of additional remuneration as an  incentive to staff or to facilitate the recruitment of extra staff so as to cope with an increased  workload, declarations for reimbursement, in full, for time spent by national officials must be  considered ineligible for Community funding. 99. Since the authorities concerned were unable to produce any record of authorization for the  payment of extra remuneration or the recruitment of the staff assigned to the project, it may be  deduced that the Community refunds were, in fact, used to refinance the budgets of the network  members concerned. 100. In this connection, the Court recalls that in September 1992, in the context of the European  Regional Development Fund (ERDF), the Commission issued a manual of financial procedures, setting  out the principles behind Community co-financing of inter-regional cooperation. In that document,  in the second sentence of Section 4.2, the Commission stated that the European Community does not  take into account as eligible expenditure for co-financing capital expenditure (purchases of  machinery, furniture, etc.) or the salaries of permanent officials or staff of local authorities or  other organizations.Absence of supporting documents 101. In 16 of the 32 transactions selected for the sample, the coordinators were unable to produce  any documents in support of the expenditure. Under the rules concerning the use of Community public  funds the transactions in question should, therefore, not have been accepted. Other anomalies identified 102. Cases of the entry in the accounts of other ineligible items of expenditure, although they  were not systematic or material in terms of the budget, were nevertheless indicative of weakness in  the established control systems. 103. For example:(a) Med-Urbs 30: an amount of ECU 31 705, or 15,5 % of the total Community contribution for the  network, was for ineligible expenditure such as a consultant`s charge for drafting a tender  prepared for the purpose of obtaining fresh Commission funding (ECU 18 125); the cost of preparing  a simple agenda (never updated) and a four-page guide which simply presents the MED programmes,  without providing any management aids (ECU 9 350); a legal opinion, of which there was no trace  (ECU 4 230); and the refund to the coordinator of expenditure on services that were paid for before  the service was actually rendered and before the approval of the municipal council was obtained,  although it was required before the contract could be signed; (b) MED-Urbs 38: apart from the fact that the only concrete achievement of this network was the  introduction of a course for training the municipal staff in a very specific craft (there was no  practical follow-up), the expenditure financed was for the preparation and establishment of an  accounting system of which the auditors could find no trace (ECU 13 905 ) and the person  responsible for the project used the account opened in his name to settle various items of casual  expenditure; (c) MED-Campus 55: ARTM concluded a contract with a person who exercised control, either directly  or through his spouse, of several legal bodies involved in the execution of the project. Two of the  organizations shared the same premises, used the same equipment and the books of account were kept  by the same person, but almost all the staff were paid by only one of them. This arrangement made  it possible for one firm to bill the other without it being possible to verify the existence of  numerous services for which refund applications were made to ARTM. Neither ARTM nor the Commission  was aware of the situation. Furthermore, there were no worksheets by which to verify the number of  days` work performed for the network, even though ARTM was charged at a rate of ECU 745 per  man/day. This same network invoiced ECU 12 148 ECU to ARTM for preparing progress reports which  were a contractual obligation and were included in its fees. 104. The above findings indicate that payments have been made to the projects which were not  justified, and which should, therefore, in principle be recovered by the Commission. The total  amounts to be recovered, however, can only be assessed after an exhaustive examination at the level  of the networks. It is for the Commission to decide how to proceed in this matter. Observations on sound financial management Calls for tenders 105. Contracts were frequently concluded by private treaty, especially within the framework of the  MED-Urbs programmes. Furthermore, the network coordinators had no control over the choices made by  other network members. In the case of Med-Urbs 31, a member of the network thus imposed contractors  on the project leader, without producing evidence of a preceding call for tenders. In the case of  the Med-Urbs 30 network, it is arguable that in addition to the accounting error which it  represents there was also real misapplication of procedures. From a reading of the progress reports  it appears, in fact, that expenditure for external consultants was entered under the heading of  staff expenditure. Amount of subsistence allowances and additional remuneration 106. The rates of subsistence allowances paid by ARTM were systematically higher than the rates  paid and often authorized under the pay scales laid down in the national rules to which the  European members of the networks are subject. Consequently, instead of being used to pay for  services rendered, the extra amounts paid by ARTM were used to refinance the budget of the  coordinating body for the network concerned. 107. As regards additional remuneration, the observations concerning local authorities apply  mutatis mutandis to the universities. In their case the national regulations usually provide that  contracts may be concluded with teachers for a number of additional hours of work. The regulations  specify the hourly rates and maximum number of extra hours authorized. 108. ARTM`s misreading of these regulations led it to settle bills that were in excess of these  maxima and also (in most cases) greater than the amounts actually received by the beneficiary  mentioned in the refund application received. The viability of the networks 109. In view of the fact that the Commission funds the operation of the MED-Urbs, Campus and Media  networks almost entirely by itself, it is doubtful whether they can continue to operate once the  Community subsidy stops. In cases where the Commission had not renewed a subsidy, the network had  thus ceased to function. Networks` ability to release independent resources to joint projects  should, therefore, be a determining factor in their selection. Although the Community co-financing  is intended to provide the initial impetus, and in some cases sustains it with a second grant of  funds, it cannot make up for the networks` omissions indefinitely. The Commission`s selection  procedure must ensure that the capacity exists, because without it the MED networks are doomed to  disappear eventually or stagnate. The impact of the projects 110. Measuring the real impact of actions such as those financed by the MED programmes is  difficult: (a) the volume of resources devoted to these actions in their respective sectors is limited, and  isolating the impact of these measures from other factors affecting them is often not feasible; (b) some of the actions - for example certain training courses, seminars, meetings to transfer  knowledge and know-how have no concrete output: others - for the identification of projects,  elaboration of physical development plans - produce intermediate outputs, which may or may not lead  to the realization of a final output; (c) some actions, within programmes with general goals such as reforming public administration,  enhancing democracy, promotion and cooperation between media professionals in Europe and the  Mediterranean countries, form part of a long-term process designed to influence trends and change  mentalities. In these circumstances, it is essential that specific objectives be defined carefully for the  individual actions, which show how they are intended to contribute to the overall objectives.  Objectively verifiable indicators that permit evaluation of the results should be identified. 111. The evaluation reports of the first-year pilot phases of MED-Urbs and MED-Media, which were  carried out in 1994 (1), both identify key weaknesses in the formulation and prioritizing of the  purposes and goals of the programmes, and translating these into specific and concise objectives.  Although the evaluation report for MED-Campus did not examine the programme in the same way as the  other two (2), concentrating primarily on the way in which the programme had been implemented,  there are indications in the report that the same weaknesses applied. 112. It was, therefore, difficult for the evaluators to measure the impact of the programmes. The  MED-Urbs report identified positive results for some of the individual projects it examined, while  the MED-Media report concluded that after the first year the impact of the programme had been  limited, but that lessons had been learned for the future. The MED-Campus report did not examine  the projects themselves. 113. The Commission has used the results of the three evaluation reports to strengthen the  formulation of the programmes and the projects, but at the time of the Court's audit it was too  early to see whether this had led to a significantly greater impact for the programmes. 114. As explained in paragraph 4, the Court`s audit concentrated on the serious irregularities and  weaknesses in financial management identified at an early stage of its work. It has, however, found  the following in terms of the impact of the measures: (a) during the first two years of the programmes, when the majority of the network coordinators and  the organizations carrying out activities for the networks were located in Europe, the bulk of the  funds provided by the Commission were consumed in Europe; (b) the freedom of operation of certain local authorities within the networks was limited by the  absence, in whole or in part, of legal and/or financial autonomy in relation to the central  government: the ultimate effectiveness of the actions carried out, particularly where investments  are required, depends in such circumstances on obtaining the agreement and support of the central  government, which in most cases will not have been involved in the initial action; (c) there is undoubted enthusiasm amongst the participants for the actions, where contacts between  professionals in the same sector are developed: however, positive evaluations of meetings,  seminars, and other actions by the participants do not necessarily mean that the activities have  had the intended impact; more systematic evaluation is necessary; (d) as noted in paragraph 110, the sustainability of some of the networks when Commission support  is withdrawn is doubtful. 115. The impact of the MED programmes, therefore, remains to be proven. Even if the concept of  decentralized cooperation of this sort may be innovative and attractive, it is essential that  rigour should be applied in formulating objectives, in deciding how those objectives are to be  achieved and measured and then in evaluating whether or not they have been achieved. The causes of this situation 116. The causes of the situation described above are various. They consist not only of weaknesses  in network management, but also of weaknesses in the planning of projects and the shortcomings of  the monitoring tools. Weaknesses in the planning of projects 117. The network concept was adopted as a way of fostering multilateral cooperation between the  countries on the northern and southern shores of the Mediterranean. Its purpose was both to prevent  delays at intergovernmental level and to provide a common workplace for European and southern  Mediterranean partnerships, where they could operate on a basis of equality. 118. The actual execution of a project nevertheless presupposes that all those involved have real  legal and financial autonomy. Generally speaking, however, as mentioned in paragraph 114, the  governments of the non-member Mediterranean countries supervise their local authorities closely,  though to varying extents. The same is true of press freedom. These constraints strongly influence  the results that can be expected from programmes such as MED-Urbs and MED-Media. For example,  members of the Med-Urbs 29 and Med-Media 15 networks from one southern Mediterranean country were  required to obtain the consent of the Ministry of the Interior before they could send even a fax to  the network coordinator. From that point of view, the situation of the other MED programmes is less  adverse. 119. A second limit is imposed by the status of the networks. With the exception of some  MED-Avicenne networks, the relationship between the various members of the networks is simply an ad  hoc association, so that network coordinators have no legal means of compelling members to fulfil  their obligations. Furthermore, these obligations are only defined in the contract between  ARTM/Commission and the coordinator, to which the other network members are not party. Their only  commitment is in the form of a simple letter which is usually very loosely worded. 120. A third limit concerns the operating costs associated with networking - a method which  requires finance for the organization of regular meetings between the widely separated members of  the network. The number of meetings varies, but was rarely less than two or three a year in the  case of the networks audited by the Court. In the specific case of MED-Urbs, the meetings include  elected representatives and technical staff, either separately or together, which inevitably  increased the cost. In addition to the meetings for each network, there were also programme  conference(s). The project leaders whom the auditors met during visits usually complained that the  number of such conferences was too high and that the financial resources available for the actual  project were reduced proportionately in consequence. In extreme cases the existence of the network  may become an end in itself. Leaving aside the numerous criticisms generated by its management, the  Med-Urbs 38 network has practically reached this extreme (see paragraph 103 (b)). The volume of funding 121. Each financing decision concerns a relatively high number of beneficiaries. Since the overall  funding for each programme is only a few million ecus, the amount of the individual subsidies  awarded to networks is inevitably limited to a few hundreds, or even tens, of thousands of ecus. 122. The amount is relatively small, so it is not an obstacle in itself if the project being  financed concerns a training measure, feasibility study or other similar, small-scale operation.  When financing studies of this kind, however, the Commission must be careful to check that the  beneficiaries will subsequently be able to obtain the loans needed to complete the proposed  operation from other sources and that it will not be blocked in any way by the local government.  The Med-Urbs 30 network may be mentioned in this connection. The cost of carrying out one of the  proposed measures was estimated to be about ECU 230 million. There appears to be some doubt as to  the network`s ability to raise such a sum and the beneficiary town`s ability to assume the  corresponding debt burden, either legally or financially. The annual framework The delays inherent in the selection process, combined with the necessity of consulting the MED  Committee in advance of the financing decision, make it virtually impossible for projects to be  carried out satisfactorily within the one-year framework initially laid down for the MED  programmes. For all the networks visited, the problem of the timetable was advanced as one of the  major hurdles that had to be surmounted when putting projects into effect. The problem is  particularly acute in the case of the MED-Campus networks, because of the constraints imposed by  the university year. The management tools Impossibility of applying important contract clauses 124. As reported above, the contractual clauses on which ARTM wished to construct its monitoring  system have not been generally respected by the networks. The explanation for this lies less in any  lack of goodwill on the part of the managers than in the legal impossibility of complying with them  on account of prohibitions imposed by national legislation. 125. However, the coordinators cannot be exonerated completely, because the audit visits showed  that they were fully aware of this conflict of legislation and, therefore, of the impossibility of  complying with the clauses in question. However, not only did that not prevent them from signing  contracts which, theoretically, were legally binding on them, but the question of the contradiction  was never raised officially with ARTM and/or the Commission. 126. ARTM`s structure, size and staff profile are such that it was impossible for it to be aware of  all the legal constraints affecting the managers of networks whose members were from different  countries of the Union and southern Mediterranean. The Commission, on the other hand, is  responsible for checking that any measures which it puts into effect are fully legal. It must be  aware of conflicts of legislation and, moreover, it has the necessary powers. That reason alone  should have sufficed for it to question, if not the legality then, at least, the validity of the  delegation of powers to ARTM. 127. The fact that the project coordinators signed contracts containing clauses with which they  could not comply can undoubtedly be explained partly by the probable unenforceability of the choice  of the Brussels civil court as the court to which any disputes are to be referred. In fact, it is  not clear whether that court is competent to deal with contracts which concern the implementation  of a Community policy where the parties to the contract may include a public-law body in a member  country of the European Union. Weakness of the financial control system 128. Apart from the unreliability of the financial information that has been discussed above, there  was another major weakness in ARTM`s financial monitoring. It is essentially based on a comparison  of the expenditure statements forwarded by the network coordinator and the budget documents annexed  to the contracts. The two sets of documents have been structured in a way which makes such  comparison easy. In fact, in the absence of the supporting documents for the amounts of expenditure  shown, the comparison can be used only to form an opinion of their plausibility and cannot be used  to establish their existence or accuracy. The limits of BAT monitoring 129. The objective of the BATs` involvement was twofold: to assist the networks and to provide the  Commission with information concerning the progress of projects. From this point of view, the  overall results achieved are mediocre given their cost, although there is some slight variation  between programmes. On the other hand, the quality of monitoring for the MED-Avicenne programmes,  which is carried out directly by the Commission, is high. 130. The terms of reference of the contracts concluded with the BATS do not include any obligation  to assess the justification for the sums which are the subject of refund applications. CONCLUSIONS 131. The system for the administration and management of the MED programmes was established with  insufficient analysis by the various services of the Commission of what could be done within the  existing regulatory framework, and without examining properly the implications of what was being  proposed. Thus, basic administrative procedures of the Commission which are designed to ensure that  an irregular situation is avoided failed to function correctly (paragraphs 39 to 45). 132. The structure and procedures of the Commission to oversee and monitor the implementation of  the MED programmes, and to exercise control over their decentralized administration, were  inadequate and deficient. In part, this was because insufficient resources were available for the  task. 133. Serious confusions of interest developed in the implementation of the MED programmes which the  Commission failed to put an end to in a timely manner (paragraphs 50 to 57). The risks of such  situations arising were evident from the outset and should have led the Commission to call the  system itself into question. 134. There was excessive recourse to private-treaty contracts, without proper tendering.  Private-treaty contracts have permeated the whole structure of the MED programmes. This was one of  the elements contributing to the development of conflicts of interest referred to above (paragraphs  46 to 49). 135. At all levels of the financial management of the MED programmes there are serious shortcomings  and irregularities (paragraphs 62 to 63; 64 to 80). 136. At the level of network coordinators and the projects themselves, basic requirements of proper  financial management and control of public funds were frequently not respected, and many of the  conditions in the contracts between the Commission, ARTM and the network coordinators have not been  respected in part because they are inapplicable under the terms of national law (paragraphs 87 to  108 and 124 to 127). 137. On the basis of the data currently available and its own observations in the field, the Court  considers that the impact of the MED programmes remains to be proven. RECOMMENDATIONS 138. The Commission should take immediate action to redesign the manner in which these programmes  are formulated, managed and implemented. The Court is, therefore, pleased to note that, in response  to the Court`s findings, the Commission intends to take a number of measures which would go in this  direction. 139. New programmes or instruments should not be undertaken until adequate resources are available  for their management and the structures and procedures for their implementation have been properly  evaluated. 140. The Commission must ensure that it does not give to external organizations called upon to  assist in the implementation of a programme functions and responsibilities which it should exercise  itself: in particular, the Commission must remain responsible for the execution of the programmes  and the budgetary resources devoted to them, and recourse to external organizations should not lead  to a loss of control. 141. Considerable strengthening in the concept and status of the networks is necessary if the  implementation of projects is to be improved. The obligations of the members of the networks should  be defined in a contract, and their respect should be a condition for the granting of funds to  networks. Generally, networks should have a legal personality and financial autonomy so that a  specific bank account and financial accounts can be maintained, with full supporting  documentation. 142. Provision should be made to ensure that the accounts of all the organizations involved at all  levels in the implementation of the programmes are audited annually by independent external audit  bodies, whether from the private sector or from the public sector. 143. The Commission needs to examine more closely the question of the longer-term viability of the  networks. In this regard, the Commission should decide clearly whether or not to maintain the  principle of co-financing, and if it decides to maintain it, to ensure that it applies to real  co-financing, with the effective payment of funds allocated by the members of the networks. 144. As regards the implementation of the MED programmes, the Court noted the Commission`s  inability to complete its tasks with the resources, in particular in terms of staff, available to  the departments concerned. Consequently, the Court can only reiterate the recommendation it made in  the conclusions to Chapter 10 of the Annual Report concerning the financial year 1994 (1); the  Commission should '... state whether it believes it has adequate human resources to cope with its  obligations without systematically entrusting to third parties or staff not subject to the Staff  Regulations tasks that should be executed by a public service body'. Furthermore, the Court must  draw the Budgetary Authority`s attention to the dangers to the sound use of public funds and the  legislation of the Community (and sometimes of the Member States) posed by the gap which has  widened between the volume and the complexity of the work needed to implement the policies which  the Commission, through DG IB, must manage and the resources placed at its disposal. This point  should be taken into account in the context of the considerable increase in the funds allocated to  the Mediterranean non-member States as part of the MED programmes. This report was adopted by the Court of Auditors in Luxembourg at the Court meeting of 30 May  1996. For the Court of Auditors Bernhard FRIEDMANN President(1) Scientific and technological cooperation with the Maghreb  countries and other countries of the Mediterranean in areas such as health and environmental  protection. (1) OJ No L 181. 29. 6. 1992, p. 5. (1) Subject to the Law of 25. 10. 1919. (2) In the case of the MED-Campus programmes, the Selection Committee is called a Scientific  Committee. These committees are made up of eight experts in the field concerned. (3) The Committee provided for respectively in Articles 6 and 7 of Council Regulations (EEC) No  1762/92 and 1763/92 of 29. 6. 1992. (1) The Commitment Committee - made up of representatives of the ARTM and the relevant BAT and  chaired, for each of the various programmes, by the relevant Commission administrator - is in fact  a Management Committee. (2) DG IB did not, moreover, wait for this opinion, because it signed the first contract with the  ARTM on 25 November 1992. The Consultative Committee on Procurement and Contracts also warned DG IB  on the same questions in an opinion of 6 December 1993. (1) Court of Justice ruling of 23 September 1986, Case No 5/85, AKZO Chemie v. Commission, Rec. p.  2585, 2614 et seq. (2) See, for example, Article 157, paragraph 2 of the EC Treaty and paragraph 12, second indent of  the Staff Regulations. (1) Financial Regulation of 21 December 1977 applicable to the general budget of the European  Communities. (2) Commission manual of operational procedures, paragraph 9.2, pages 17 and 18. (1) Article 3 of Annex 1 of Title II. (1) 'Évaluation à mi-parcours du programme MED-Urbs', Abatons Srl, Italy October 1994, and  'MED-Media pilot phase evaluation', SPAN consultants BV, 6 October 1994. (2) 'Rapport d'Évaluation - système de la phase pilote du programme MED-Campus', Euro-Perspective,  15 July 1993. (1) Paragraph 10.70 of Chapter 10 'Measures in favour of the countries of central and eastern  Europe, the newly independent States (former Soviet Union) and Mongolia'. ANNEX 1 NEW MEDITERRANEAN POLICY COOPERATION CONCERNING ALL MEDITERRANEAN NON-MEMBER STATES >TABLE> ANNEX 2 THEORETICAL MANAGEMENT DIAGRAM (1)>REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC> ID="1">(1) Source: ARTM.>REFERENCE TO  A GRAPHIC> ANNEX 3 INVENTORY OF DOCUMENTATION CONCERNING CONTRACTUAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR MANAGING THE NETWORKS >TABLE> ANNEX 4 OVERALL REVIEW OF FUND USES WITHIN THE MED PROGRAMMES AS PER 31 DECEMBER 1994 >TABLE> ANNEX 5 FINANCING OF ARTM CONTRACTS (PAYMENTS) >TABLE> ANNEX 6 MED PROGRAMMES - ARTM VARIATIONS IN THE SIZE OF THE RESERVES >TABLE> THE COMMISSION`S REPLIES Introduction 1. The Court of Auditors preliminary observations on the Mediterranean decentralized cooperation  programmes raise important questions concerning the legality of the structure used to manage the  MED programmes, the way in which this structure was put in place during the experimental phase of  the programmes, certain conflicts of interest, and the degree of control exercised by the  Commission over the bodies entrusted with certain tasks related to the implementation of the  programmes. The present reply by the Commission consists of: 1. General remarks 2. Measures taken 3. New general framework 4. Detailed comments A series of general remarks on the Court of Auditors' report are followed by a presentation of  measures which were taken to strengthen the management of all MED programmes. These measures were  taken in response to the ever increasing number of projects in the framework of the MED programmes  and the political support given to decentralized cooperation by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of  the European Union and the Mediterranean partners at the Euro-Mediterranean Conference in  Barcelona, November 1995. This is followed by a description of the principles of the new overall framework which the  Commission proposes to put in place. A number of detailed comments on the Court's preliminary  observations on the Med programmes are contained in annex. General remarks 2. The first Med programmes were launched ex nihilo in 1992. They corresponded to a political  priority, consistently supported by the Commission, the Council and the Parliament, to include in  the New Mediterranean Policy an element of regional multilateral cooperation and the involvement of  civil society. The Commission was aware that, given the large numbers of transactions involved in  the implementation of the programmes, it did not have the staff resources available to take on all  aspects of the administration of the programmes. It was therefore decided to entrust a certain number of tasks concerning the management of the  programmes to an external body (ARTM), while ensuring that all major decisions remained under  Commission control. There is a difference of view between the Court and the Commission over Article 105 of the  Financial Regulation taken together with Regulation (EEC) No 1763/92. In the Commission's view this  Article fully covers the case of the ARTM contract entrusting certain management tasks to them  under the control of the Commission. The procedure followed flows from the financing decisions  taken by the Commission after consulting the MED Committee. The principle of collegiality of  Commission decisions was therefore fully respected. 3. The Commission does however accept that certain undesirable situations arose during the setting  up and the experimental phase of the programmes. The Commission services were under extreme time  pressure to set up the new programmes and to commit expenditure: the Council had agreed in 1991 to  the principle of the New Mediterranean Policy for 1992 to 1996 but the implementing Regulation  (EEC) No 1763/92 was not approved until end June 1992. The services therefore selected a consultant  whose qualifications and experience were known to them to perform the task and engaged the same  consultant as manager of the agency (ARTM) for the experimental phase. The two firms of  consultants, FERE and Ismeri, who carried out the studies for setting up the Med programmes,  participated in the setting up of ARTM in view of the expertise they were able to provide. 4. The Commission recognized that these exceptional measures should give way to regular procedures.  For the body entrusted with the management of the programmes, the Commission services launched a  consultation procedure which led to the publication of a call for tender on 30 March 1994 and the  eventual approval by the CCAM on 15 July 1994 of the award of the contract to ARTM being the most  economically advantageous tender (signed on 1 September 1994). It should also be noted that in the call for tenders of 30 March 1994 it was stated that the  successful bidder would not be allowed to benefit from any assistance under Med programmes in order  to eliminate any possible conflict of interest. 5. These measures went some way towards eliminating the problems encountered. However, the  Commission accepts that a number of anomalies remained which took some time to correct. The  Commission has now taken more drastic measures (see below). 6. Concerning the Court's observations on the degree of autonomy exercised by ARTM, in the  consolidation phase of the Med programmes a number of steps (selection of beneficiaries of  financial assistance, decisions on payments to networks and changes to the composition of the  financial reserve within each programme) were taken under the responsibility of one, or in most  cases several Commission officials, although in practice the large number of transactions involved  made it impossible for detailed control to be exercised throughout the programmes. 7. At the next level, the Court suggests that there are shortcomings in the financial management by  the networks themselves. With about 200 networks operating throughout the European Community and in  all Mediterranean partners, each consisting of at least four partners, it is impossible for the  Commission to carry out at all times individual checks on the financial operations of them all.  However, the Commission proposes improvements to the financial management of the Med programmes  which are detailed in 'New general framework'. 8. The Court considers in its conclusions that 'the impact of the MED programmes remains to be  proven'. In the body of the report it is made clear that the impact is extremely hard to evaluate  (paragraph 111). The Commission has in fact regularly carried out independent evaluations and needs  assessments of the programmes and will continue to do so. The results of these have been used to  adjust the objectives and the guidelines for the programmes; projects used to be financed on a  yearly basis but have been made into multi-annual projects to increase efficiency, a limitation in  the number of themes and network partners has been introduced, the application procedures have been  changed in order to allow a better selection system and more emphasis has been put on concrete  results and outputs of the projects. These evaluations and needs assessments concerned the  operation of the individual programmes rather than the overall concept of decentralized cooperation  in the Mediterranean. In the meantime, an evaluation unit has been established in DG IB which is  drawing up new parameters for evaluation. A more global evaluation of the decentralized cooperation  actions will be carried out in due course in accordance with the provisions of the MEDA Regulation,  which explicitly mentions decentralized cooperation as one of the objectives of Mediterranean  policy. 9. Impact of decentralized cooperation is indeed hard to evaluate, is often long term and to be  measured more in terms of overall changes in attitude and perceptions than physical products. The  programmes aim to increase mutual understanding and to promote the role of civil society in the  Mediterranean partners, where it is often not yet in a position to exert the influence in the  decision-making process which can be expected in open societies. In these terms, the support for  the programmes in many areas of society both in the Community and among the Mediterranean partners  is widely acknowledged. This acknowledgement comes from national governments in the Community and  both from governments and social and political forces in the Mediterranean partners, from members  of the European Parliament, local and regional governments, international media associations and  the academic world across Europe and the Mediterranean. While the main objective is not to focus on  concrete projects, mention could be made of results such as the water purification systems being  set up in towns in Syria and Lebanon, media training possibilities for over 200 journalists from  the Maghreb and the Mashrak, and numerous occasions of joint research between Community and  Mediterranean researchers on agricultural, biological and medical themes. Measures taken 10. The Commission, accepting that certain undesirable situations were created during the launching  of the programmes and that there is scope for tightening their financial and administrative control  and after a useful dialogue with the Court, has already taken a number of measures: - a letter was sent on 12 December 1995 informing ARTM that all contracts with the Commission would  not be renewed; similar letters were sent to all Technical Assistance Offices, - a contract was signed with ARTM on 16 February 1996, ending on 30 June 1996 defining the terms  and conditions for the completion of their outstanding contractual obligations; this is the only  remaining contract with ARTM, - an audit of ARTM has been carried out by DG XX and another audit of the Technical Assistance  Offices will follow, - all networks selected for financing under the next phase of the Med programmes were informed in  early January 1996 that there would be a delay in starting the 1996 phase pending a review of the  form of management used for the decentralized cooperation programmes, - a new management system for decentralized cooperation has been proposed and is under discussion  in the Commission.New general framework Internal redeployment and increases in staff resources will strengthen budgetary control and  management in DG IB. A Directorate for Finance and Resources is being created responsible for  budgetary and financial matters, contracts and tendering procedures, evaluation methods and  personnel management. A Division responsible for internal audit and relations with the Court of  Auditors directly attached to the Director General has also been created. Within the Directorate  responsible for relations with Mediterranean countries a horizontal unit has been created  responsible for programming and economic cooperation including the Med programmes. It is proposed that a new framework will be implemented for decentralized cooperation, with not  only the Mediterranean partners but also the countries of Asia and Latin America, reflecting the  political importance now attached to supporting the role of civil society in the Community's  cooperation programmes. The procedures for the approval by the Commission of this general framework  is currently under way. It will be based on the following principles: 1. combining the flexibility required to support initiatives from civil society (an aim  specifically supported in the Declaration of the Barcelona Euro-Mediterranean Ministerial  Conference and other Ministerial and high-level conferences in Latin America and Asia) with the  control of the Commission over the implementation of the policy; 2. providing the technical assistance offices and the decentralized cooperation networks with a  standard framework in order to ensure overall consistency of operation particularly through 'manual  of procedures' to guarantee this objective, which will also cover questions of financial  management; 3. drawing up standard contracts with the technical assistance offices and the networks to avoid  emergence of a multiplicity of different ad hoc arrangements. The large number of operations involved in decentralized cooperation will often require recourse to  external organizations. In that context, the following tasks will remain the sole responsibility of  the Commission: 1. decision on the eligibility criteria of the actions as well as final decisions over the actions  to be financed; 2. signature of financing contracts and technical assistance contracts to assure support for the  execution of the actions; 3. evaluation of actions carried out by the beneficiaries and the technical assistance offices; 4. overall evaluation of the results of the programmes according to their objectives. The Commission will maintain overall control over the application of its programmes through the  examination and approval of reports submitted by external organizations on their activities and  must maintain the possibility of carrying out ad hoc checks on the spot on individual documents. Subject to these stipulations, the following tasks may be entrusted to external organizations under  the control of the Commission and in the context of a clearly defined legal framework: 1. promotion of and information on the actions envisaged in the programmes; 2. receipt, examination and processing of applications; 3. preparation of draft contracts decided by the Commission; 4. follow up of the action and its implementation including preparation of regular reports; 5. carrying out of payments on the basis of a specific and precise delegation from the Commission  using funds properly guaranteed. In addition, the financial management of projects in the framework of the Med programmes will be  improved by revising the terms of reference of the networks. Standard contracts will be made  between the Commission and the networks and with all the projects being subject to independent  external audit, under terms of reference defined by the Commission so as to detect and correct the  type of situations noted by the Court. An increase in Commission staffing would enable closer  supervision to take place. However, if the essential characteristics of decentralized cooperation are to be maintained, the  operation of the system will need to continue to rely on the participants respecting the  contractual obligations which they have entered into and on regular external auditing. For the  future, all members of a network will be required to give a binding undertaking to cooperate, and  the Commission will be taking up with the Member States and the Mediterranean Partners any cases  where national legislation impedes the effective implementation of decentralized cooperation. Detailed comments Paragraphs 33 and 34 As far as letters notifying the coordinator of each network about the results of the selection  procedures are concerned, ARTM's role was secretarial. After the experimental phase, decisions were  taken in the Approval Committees, which were not only chaired, but controlled, by the  representative of the Commission who had the right to veto any decision. Paragraphs 39 to 45 Concerning the principle of delegation of competence to ARTM, the Commission considers that Article  6 (1) of Regulation (EEC) No 1763/92 could not exclude the option opened by Article 105 of the  Financial Regulation: the reference to the EIB was linked to the specific provisions relating to  the Bank's interventions. In any case the Commission proposes to clarify the situation in the  framework of the new MEDA regulation. In accordance with Article 105 (3) of the Financial Regulation, the contract entrusted ARTM with  the implementation of specific tasks of management under the control of the Commission. As results  from the contractual provisions, the services entrusted to ARTM included in particular the  conclusion of contracts with beneficiaries and Technical Assistance Offices designated by the  Commission, as well as the direct control of the Commission of the financial administration of the  contracts with the beneficiaries chosen by the Commission, with the Commission also fixing the  amount of the financial contribution, the terms of the contract and the payment modalities. Concerning the procedure followed for awarding the ARTM contract, the Commission notes that the  arrangement flows from the financing decisions taken for the Med programmes, adopted by the  Commission. Concerning the use of the reserve funds see paragraphs 73 and 74. Paragraphs 46 to 48, and 52 The Commission, under political and time pressure, awarded contracts by private treaty in the  experimental phase of the Med programmes. Such procedures are permitted by the Financial Regulation  in exceptional circumstances. After the end of the experimental phase all contracts awarded for  financial management or technical assistance were awarded following standard tender procedures (see  also point 4 of 'General remarks'). The contracts with the TAOs awarded during the experimental phase of the programmes were signed in  accordance with the Commission's instructions. Paragraph 54 The CCRE and CUD are organizations with specific knowledge of urban affairs. They give their advice  to many organizations such as the Committee of the Regions and the Council of Europe and to DG XVI  and DG IA of the European Commission. The team providing the MED-Urbs technical assistance is a  highly qualified team specialized in the Mediterranean region. The Commission has seen no evidence  that they have discriminated unfairly in the assistance they have given to the networks. Paragraph 56 The Commission agrees that the long delay before the resignation of the TAO representatives from  the ARTM board, after assurances were given that they would resign, is unacceptable. The Commission  was not aware of the meeting of the ARTM Board at which representatives of FERE and Ismeri made  their withdrawal conditional on being granted technical assistance contracts and on the right to  choose their own replacements. The Commission has seen the minutes of this meeting only during the  preparation of the Court of Auditors report. There is no trace of the minutes of the Board meeting  having been sent to the Commission at the time. While it is true that the delay before the resignation took place was excessive, it is to some  extent explained by the fact that the members of the Board concerned were not clear whether their  resignation would be required until the outcome of the bidding process for the technical assistance  contracts, which took some months, was known. Paragraph 57 The contracts concerned have not been renewed (see 'General remarks') and the audit of ARTM will be  pursued by auditing the TAOs. Paragraphs 58 to 60 The high level of cash in hand on 31 December 1994 is partly due to the slow rate of implementation  of the MED-Invest programme (Part B). The Commission is currently preparing new guidelines for the  implementation of this programme. In addition, financing decisions for the MED programmes have generally been taken towards the end  of the year. Commitment decisions have been made often in December and corresponding payments the  following year. The result is that the figures presented in this section giving the situation on 31  December 1994 generally relate to commitments made over three years and corresponding payments over  only two years. Paragraph 61 The costs presented by the Court for the management of the programmes should not be seen as  excessive since they include costs of technical assistance; technical assistance tasks are inherent  to the exchange of knowledge and expertise which are among the objectives of the programmes. These  tasks include supporting the setting up of networks, assistance to ongoing network activities,  helping to organize meetings, seminars and workshops, etc. Since the audit of the Court the  situation has evolved: an audit of ARTM carried out by DG XX found that, as of 31 December 1995,  the costs necessary for the management of the programmes were lower than indicated by the Court. Paragraphs 64 and 65 Prior to 1994, ARTM's contract was financed on operational credits (Part B of the budget)  reflecting the policy previously in force on 'mini-budgets'. Since 1994, since ARTM carried out  both administrative functions attributable to Part A of the budget and information and  communications functions attributable to Part B, this distinction has been respected in financing  ARTM, consistent with the Commission's policy of repatriating 'mini-budgets' to Part A of the  budget. On the preparation of financing proposals, this was technical assistance eligible for  financing from Part B of the Community budget. Paragraphs 66 to 72 The Commission attests to the exactitude of the facts mentioned by the Court as well as the  correctness of its conclusions. The Commission has already taken into consideration this kind of  situation and has taken the appropriate measures on the occasion of the revision of the Financial  Regulation which is currently being carried out. Paragraphs 73 and 74 Each programme contains a reserve of financial resources (approved at the time of the financing  decision) to be used on activities to improve the functioning of the programmes and additional  activities to extend their effectiveness. When networks are not successful in implementing their  programmes, resources which would have been used for financing them have been transferred to the  reserves, subject to the approval of the Director-General of DG IB. The use of these reserves  therefore covers a period considerably longer than expenditure on the original networks  themselves. Any changes in the composition of the reserve were required to be approved by the Approvals  Committee, controlled by the Commission and were executed under the authority of the  Director-General of DG IB. Since the reserve constitutes only about 5 % of the total of the  programme these changes were well within the discretion allowed by the Commission to the  Director-General (up to 10 % of the total of the programme or ECU 1 million). Paragraphs 77 to 80 In accordance with the provisions of the contracts with ARTM the return of their assets to the  Commission is to be the subject of discussions and mutual agreements in the context of the ending  of the participation of ARTM in the programmes. Paragraph 82 The Commission's services are establishing a code of conduct to be signed by all Selection  Committees in the future which will be established in the overall framework of the future  management of the MED programmes. Paragraph 83 It is not surprising that in the early stages of the MED programmes projects originated more from  the European Community. Since then, the situation has, however, changed dramatically. More and more  projects stem from the Mediterranean partners (situation 1995/96: MED-Campus: more MNC leaders than  Community leaders; MED-Media: 50 % is Mediterranean led; MED-Urbs: 40 % is Mediterranean led). The  Commission has launched specific information and awareness campaigns, Community Delegations have  been actively involved in the MED programmes and Technical Assistance Offices have played a very  useful role in reaching potential Mediterranean partners for projects. Decentralized cooperation is  a new concept for many of the countries and territories involved and it is only over time that the  Commission will have as many or more projects led by Mediterranean partners as by European  Community partners. Paragraph 84 The Commission identified this obstacle early 1995 following the needs assessment carried out. The  MED programmes now finance networks of two to three years' duration. Paragraphs 85 to 108 Steps are being taken to improve the financial management and control of the networks. In  particular, each network will be required to have an annual external audit under terms of reference  defined by the Commission so as to detect and correct the type of situations noted by the Court. Paragraph 95 Network partners bring in time, money, personnel, meeting rooms, transport, etc. and these have  always been considered as elements of co-financing. The new procedures will require a clearer  description of co-financing modalities. In the future, contracts will detail any kind of  contribution by the network, as well as require proper justification. Paragraph 118 The constraints referred to in this paragraph serve to reinforce the arguments in favour of the  need to promote decentralized cooperation in the south and east Mediterranean. The MED programmes  were set up to contribute towards enlarging the role of civil society in these countries and  territories and to create situations whereby the facts referred to in the report of the Court would  no longer be necessary. In the Commission's view, while it is very difficult to generalize, the  overall assessment is that the situation is improving over time in part due to the influence of  Community policies and actions including the MED programmes. Paragraph 119 In future, all partners in a network will be required to sign an undertaking to cooperate for the  duration of the project. Paragraph 120 Exchange of experience and know-how, and mutual understanding, are an integral part of the  objectives, and it would therefore be wrong to regard costs of meetings as ancillary. Paragraph 122 Feasibility studies are frequently carried out by projects in the framework of the MED programmes.  This feasibility study outcome was not intended to be executed by the MED-Urbs network and it was  never the case that the network partner would seek such funding from the European Community. The  lead city and one partner city intended to try and get money from the EIB or the World Bank after  completion of the study. Paragraph 123 See paragraph 84. Paragraphs 125 and 126 For the future, the Commission will ensure that all partners are able to assume legal  responsibility for their actions within the network. Also, all partners in a network will be  required to sign an undertaking to cooperate for the duration of the project which will be  enforceable under appropriate law. Paragraph 127 The Community needs to be covered by the possibility of legal recourse in the event of disputes.  The reference to jurisdiction of the Brussels Court provides the necessary guarantee. Paragraphs 129 and 130 The Technical Assistance Offices have a double role as was clear to them from the beginning. They  assist participants of the MED programmes on the one hand and they are 'the eyes and ears' of the  Commission on the other hand. This difficult task was carried out well and the Commission has no  evidence of occasions where this task was impossible to carry out or not carried out at all.  However, in the context of introducing a completely new management system, the Commission has  decided to terminate the contracts with the different TAOs and no organization mentioned in this  Court of Auditors report has, at this moment, a technical assistance contract with the Commission  in the framework of the MED programmes. Conclusions Paragraph 131 The Commission accepts that certain irregularities occurred during the experimental phase of the  MED programmes but these were subsequently corrected. The Commission has a different interpretation  from the Court of Auditors over the legal situation concerning the contract signed with ARTM  (comments on paragraphs 39 to 45). Paragraph 132 to 134 Inappropriate recourse to direct-treaty contracts, resulting from political and time pressure, has  since been corrected. Conflicts of interest did indeed arise in certain cases and were already  dealt with by the Commission although this process should have been more rapid (comments on  paragraphs 46 to 48, 52, 54, 56 and 57). Paragraph 135 Measures already taken, together with the introduction of a new system of financial management,  will considerably improve budgetary management at the central level (comments on paragraphs 64, 65,  66 to 72, 75, and 77 to 80). Paragraph 136 Steps are being taken to improve the financial management and control of the networks including an  external audit requirement. Increases in human resources decided by the Commission will make a  substantial contribution towards an improved management system (comments on paragraphs 85 to 108  and 125 and 126). Paragraph 137 As the Court itself admits, measuring the impact of decentralized cooperation is extremely hard  given that the objectives are long term and qualitative, nevertheless the benefits of actions under  the MED programmes are already widely acknowledged (paragraphs 9 and 10 of the 'General  comments'). Recommendations The Commission's response to these recommendations is contained in the overall reply to the Court's  preliminary observations.