REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT - Annual Report 1995 on Humanitarian Aid
Date: 1996-03-18
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: activity report, cooperation policy, humanitarian aid, statistics

T V ** 

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 

Brussels, 18.03.1996 
COM(96)105  final 

REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION  TO THE COUNCIL 
AND THE EUROPEAN  PARLIAMENT 

Annual  Report 1995 
on Humanitarian Aid 

Table  of  Contents 

Executive  Summary 

1 

2 

3 

4 

Institutional  Framework 
Legal  Basis 
1.1 
Emergency  Food  Aid 
1.2 
Financial  basis 
1.3 

Means  of  action 
2.1 
2.2 

Framework  Partnership  Agreements 
Databases  and  management  systems 

Humanitarian  operations  in  1995 
Statistical  overview 
3.1 
General  issues 
3.2 
Former  Yugoslavia 
3.3 
Africa,  Caribbean  and  Pacific  Countries 
3.4 
3.4.1  The  region  of  the  Great  Lakes 
3.4.2  Angola 
3.4.3  Sudan 
3.4.4  Somalia 
3.4.5  Liberia 
3.4.6  Sierra  Leone 
3.4.7  Haiti 
Commonwealth  of  Independent  States 
Eastern  Europe 
Asia 

3.5 
3.6 
3.7 
3.8  Middle  East  and  North  Africa 
3.9 

Latin  America 

Horizontal  Activities 
4.1 
4.2 
4.3 

Inter-service  coordination 

Information  and  Visibility 
"Humanitarian  Summit"  in Madrid 
Coordination/cooperation 
4.3.1 
4.3.2  Member  States 
4.3.3  European  Parliament 
4.3.4  Non-Governmental  Organisations 
4.3.5  United Nations 
4.3.6  United  States 
third 
4.3.7  Other 
organisations 

countries 
. . 

and 

, 

'. 

international 

4.4 
4.5 

Evaluation 
Disaster  Preparedness 

5 

Prospects  for  1996  and  beyond 
5.1 
5.2 

Foreseeable  needs  in  1996 
Conclusions  and  future  strategy 

P\ 

1 
1 
2 
2 

3 
3 
3 

4 
4 
8 
10 
11 
11 
13 
13 
14 
15 
15 
.  15 
15 
16 
16 
18 
18 

19 
19 
20 
21 
21 
22 
22 
23 
24 
26 

26 
27 
28 

29 
29 
30 

and 

regional 

DOCUMENTARY  ANNEXES 

MADRID  DECLARATION 
List  of  Disaster  Preparedness  Projects  financed  in  1995 
EU-USAID  High  Level  Meeting 
The  NOHA  Diploma 
ACRONYMS  USED  IN  THE  REPORT 

STATISTICAL  ANNEXES 

NOTE  ON  THE  STATISTICAL  ANNEXES 

32 
33 
37 
39 
41 
42 

43 
44 

Annex  SI, 
of  Finance  1991-95 

Overview  of  Financial  Decisions  for  EC  Humanitarian  Aid  by  Source 

Annex  S2, 
Humanitarian  Aid  1993-95 

Summary  of  Financial  Decisions  for  Countries  Benefitting  from  EC 

Annex  S3, 

Financial  Decisions  for  Humanitarian  Aid  by  Region  in  1994-95 

Annex  S4, 

EC  Contracts  for  Humanitarian  Aid  1991-95 

Annex  S5, 
of  the  affected  Population  (Oct.  1993-Dec.  1995) 

Rwanda/Burundi Operations: Summary of Financial Decisions in favour 

Annex  S6, 
1991-1995  ; By  Relief  Items,  1995 

Breakdown of Community Aid to the Former Yugoslavia: By Republic, 

Annex  S7, 

Breakdown  of  Items  for  Humanitarian  Assistance,  1993-1994-1995 

FIGURES  IN  THE  TEXT 

Figure  1, 

Financial  Decisions  for  Humanitarian  Aid  by  Region  in  1994-95 

(page  5) 

Figure  2, 

Financial  decisions  by  Source  of  Finance  1993-1994-1995  (page  6) 

Figure  3, 

EC  Contracts  For  Humanitarian  Aid  1991-95  (page  7) 

> 

Executive  Summary 

In the last five  years the humanitarian  operations carried  out by the Commission on behalf of 
the  Union  have  grown  sevenfold  to make the  EU now the  foremost  single  public  donor  of 
humanitarian  aid.  From  ECU  114 million  in  1991, the  figure  reached  ECU  764  million  in 
1994,  and  in  1995  stood  at  around  ECU  692  million.  As  in  1994,  the  main  theatres  of 
operation  this  year  continued  to  be  former  Yugoslavia  and  Rwanda/Burundi.  This 
notwithstanding,  a  presence  was maintained  in  some  sixty  crisis-stricken  countries  around 
the  globe,  most  significantly  in  Angola,  Sudan,  Haiti,  the  Russian  Federation  (Chechnya), 
Armenia,  Azerbaijan,  Georgia,  Tajikistan,  Iraq,  Afghanistan  and  Cuba. 

Humanitarian  assistance  is  implemented  within  the  Commission  by  its  Humanitarian 
Office  (ECHO).  ECHO  was established  in  1992 and became fully  operational  in  1993.  1995 
was therefore  the  third  full  year  of  operations.  Although  the  Commission  has  been  involved 
in humanitarian operations on a smaller scale for many years, the dimension that the problems 
have taken since the end of the Cold War clearly more than justify  a dedicated  structure.  1995 
may  be  seen  as the year  in  which  ECHO  moved  towards  completing  the  consolidation  of  its 
functions.  The  year  saw  the  Office  take  full  responsibility  for  all  the  Commission's 
humanitarian  operations,  as  well  as  the  essential  work  towards  the  setting-up  of  its  own 
database  and  the  adoption  of  a  Council  Regulation  covering  EC humanitarian  aid.  It  also 
reinforced  its  efforts  in  the  field  of  evaluation,  as  well  as  its  policy  instruments  and 
capacity. 

1995  saw  a new  Commission  take  office.  As far  as humanitarian  aid  is concerned,  the  basic 
principles  underlying  ECHO'S work  were reinforced  rather  than  changed.  As  in the  past,  its 
modus operandi continued  to be based on the principle of partnership together with  some  170 
NGOs  - for  the most  part  European  - UN agencies  and the  Red Cross,  signatories  in  almost 
all  cases to a Framework  Partnership  Agreement  with the Commission.  ECHO  aid  continued 
to be  granted  without  discrimination  on the basis of race, religion  or  political  ideology,  to 
benefit  the many  millions  of human beings victims in  1995 of natural  disasters  and  of man-
made  chronic  crises,  but  above  all  of  civil war. 

In  recent  years  humanitarian  operations  funded  by  the  Commission  have  taken  place  in 
increasingly  difficult  and wide-ranging contexts, and  1995 was no exception to this trend. The 
conflict-related  crises  which  account  for  the vast majority  of  interventions  have proven  to be 
complex  and  persistent.  In  general,  the  roots  of  such  conflicts  lie  in  deep  socio-conomic 
imbalances,  which  sometimes take on an ideological  or ethnic tinge. Neither  their  causes nor 
their  effects  disappear  from  one  day  to  the  next. 

In many  cases, the Commission  assumed a key role amongst donors in such crises. It was the 
single biggest donor not only  in ex-Yugoslavia, but also in Afghanistan.  South  Sudan,  Liberia 
and  Sierra  Leone,  among  others.  While  tenaciously  defending 
the  autonomy  and 
independence  of humanitarian  assistance, this presence also allowed  it - indeed obliged  it  -
to draw attention to conflict  prevention  and resolution  issues both at country  level and  more 
widely,  even  where  such  issues  were  not  prominent  on  domestic  or  international  political 
agendas.  The year  saw the  adoption  by the Commission  of a communication  on the  external 

X 

dimension  of  human  rights  policy  noting  their  relevance  to  conflict  prevention1.  On  other 
In  such 
occasions,  humanitarian  assistance  helped  prevent  a  tragedy  from  getting  worse. 
countries  as Haiti, Angola,  Liberia  and parts of Latin  America,  and  even  in the  Israel/Palestine 
context,  it  contributed  to  fostering  the  first  fragile  moves  towards  peace,  reconciliation  and 
reconstruction. 

Throughout  the  year  the  Commission  has  taken  a  close  interest  in  the  debate  staged  in  the 
international  humanitarian  community  on  the  need  to  reinforce  links  between  relief  and 
development,  and  the  discussion  paper  it  produced  on  the  subject  has  already  been  widely 
debated  and  will  be  developed  in  1996. 

Flagrant  violations  of  international  humanitarian  law  sadly  continued  to  mark  the  context 
of  the  Commission's  work  in  1995.  Atrocities  carried  out  on  civilians  in  many  theatres  of 
conflict  caused  outrage  in  the  international  community  and  led  to  situations  in  which 
assistance  was  rendered  difficult,  dangerous  and  sometimes  outright 
impossible.  This 
notwithstanding,  the  Commission  continued to be present through  its partners  in such  countries 
as  the  Sudan,  Somalia,  and  Sierra  Leone,  even  where  other  donors  withdrew,  shouldering  a 
correspondingly  greater  burden  and  responsibility. 

indeed 
Even  where  an  uneasy  peace  was  established,  fundamental  humanitarian  and 
socio-economic  problems remained,  most notably that of land-mines, the elimination of  which 
remains  a  top  priority  for  action  by  the  international  community. 

If  natural  disasters  cause  in  general  less  loss of  life  and  suffering,  they  nonetheless  can  have 
an  enormously  damaging 
impact  on  developing  societies.  An  approach  aiming  at 
preparedness  is often  preferable  from  the point of view of reducing  suffering  and  diminishing 
the  economic  consequences  of  disasters,  and  this  was  an  important  element  of  ECHO'S  often 
pioneering  work  in  this  field  in  1995. 

Even  in  the  absence  of  large-scale  conflict  or  natural  disaster,  chronic  and  deteriorating 
situations  such  as  those  in  Algeria,  Cuba  and  Iraq  similarly  called  for  humanitarian 
assistance  to  alleviate  the  worst  sufferings  of  particularly  vulnerable  groups  of  population. 

Outside  of  particular  crises,  the  Commission's  role  and  influence  within  the  international 
humanitarian  community  in  general  continued  to  develop  throughout  the  year.  Links  with  the 
US  were  significantly  strengthened  within  the  overall  context  of  the  EU-US  Action  Plan 
agreed  in  Madrid  at  the  end  of  the  year.  Operational  and  policy  links  with  the  UN  and  its 
agencies,  especially  UNHCR,  but  also  WFP  and  DHA,  were  also  developed,  in  crisis 
situations  and  in overall  planning,  including  support  to initiatives  such as ReliefWeb,  MCDA, 
and  IDNDR. 

Information  and  transparency  remain  a  top  priority  for  ECHO  and  continued  to  be 
developed,  not  only  as  regards  the  Member  States  but  also  vis-à-vis  the  whole  array  of 
humanitarian  actors.  The  statistics  annexed  to the  present  report  once  again  demonstrate  the 

COM(95)  567  final 

Commission's  commitment  to  this  principle.  This  year  also  saw  the  finalization  of  the 
refugee  reporting  system  and  a new  ECHO  presence  on  Internet. 

Towards the  end of  the year  a number  of leading humanitarian  agencies  and  donors  attended 
a particularly  significant  event organized  in Madrid on the initiative of Commissioner  Bonino 
to discuss the problems  confronting  humanitarianism  at the  dawn  of the twenty-first  century. 
The  event  culminated  in the  adoption  of  the  "Madrid  Declaration",  attached  to  this  report, 
underlining a remarkable degree of convergence in the analysis of the major  challenges on the 
part  of  all  participants. 

The  coming  year  is  likely  to  see  humanitarian  efforts  being  deployed  at  least  on  a par  with 
1995.  While  there  are  encouraging  developments  in  some  parts  of  the  world,  instability  in 
others  is unlikely  to disappear  and may  well worsen. New forms  of humanitarian  assistance, 
particularly  in  aid  of  displaced  persons,  are  likely  to  play  a  key  role  in  the  Bosnian  peace 
process  and  in  calming  tensions  in  the  region  of  the  Great  Lakes  in  East  Africa  and 
elsewhere. If the destructive  impact of natural disasters is to be reduced,  important  challenges 
are  before  us  in  terms  of  preparedness,  prevention  and  mitigation.  Links  between  relief 
and  development  have  to  be  reinforced  to  the  benefit  of  both. 

The Union's humanitarian assistance enjoys widespread support and growing visibility. With 
the  hopefully  imminent  adoption  of  the  new  legal  basis,  it  will  enter  a  new  phase.  Yet  it  is 
still important to underline that it addresses the symptoms, not the causes, of conflict.  Indeed, 
conflict  prevention and resolution lie, needless to say, in the political, diplomatic or sometimes 
military  spheres  and  require  formal  instruments  and  policies  which  the  Union  does  not  yet 
have. The task of the  1996 Inter-Governmental  Conference  will be to rise to this challenge. 

m 

1 

1.1 

Institutional  Framework 

Legal  Basis 

1995  was  marked,. among  other  things,  by  discussions  with  the  Council  and  the  European 
Parliament  over the  Commission  proposal  for  a Council  Regulation  concerning  humanitarian 
aid2. 

Hitherto, European Union activities in this field have been conducted only on the ad hoc basis 
afforded  by  the  allocation  of  funds  within  the  budgetary  procedure. 

In  view  of  the  importance  of  the  sums  involved  -  over  two  billion  ECU  from  1992  to 
1995  - the  Commission  and  the  Member  States  shared  the  view  that  the  time  had  come  to 
formalise  this,  and  the  new  Regulation  aims  to  provide  a  more  precise  legal  basis  for  the 
management  by  the  Commission  on  behalf  of  the  Community  budgetary  resources  made 
available  for  humanitarian  aid. 

The Commission's proposal, based on Article  130w of the Treaty, seeks notably to codify  the 
scope  and  nature  of  humanitarian  aid,  the  relationships  with  humanitarian  partners,  and 
introduce  procedures  for  consultation  with the Member  States before  decisions  are  finalised. 

The  draft  regulation  has  been  examined  at  length  by  the  European  Parliament  under  the 
cooperation  procedure.  Parliament delivered  its opinion  following  the first reading during  its 
second  plenary  session  of  November.  Its  reaction  to  the  Commission's  proposal  was  very 
favourable,  and most of the amendments proposed by it were incorporated  by the Commission 
into  a  revised  proposal. 

The  debate  in  the  Council  showed  that  a  majority  of  Member' States  sought  a  much  more 
constraining mechanism than the consultation procedure proposed by the Commission, wishing 
themselves 
the  conception,  decision-making  and 
implementation  of  humanitarian  aid.  The  Council's  common  position  was  adopted  at  the 
Development  Council held in Brussels on December 20. It responds to Member  States'  wishes 
while preserving  the Commission's  room for  manoeuvre,  especially  in emergency  situations. 

to  become  an  effective  party 

to 

Partner NGOs have also assiduously  followed  the debate in Council and Parliament.  They  are 
clearly keen to ensure that their interests, including flexibility, speed of response  and political 
impartiality,  are  given  due  recognition  and  support  in  this  exercise.  They  have  made 
substantial  efforts  in  their  own  right  to  ensure  that  these  interests  are  duly  heeded  in  the 
decision-making  process  of  the  Union's  institutions. 

If  Parliament  now  endorses  something  similar  to the Council's  common  position,  it is hoped 
that  the  latter  will  be  able  to  take  its final decision  on  the  Regulation  in April  or  May  1996 
under  Italian  Presidency. 

COM  (95)  201  final  of  31  May  1995 
COM  (95)  721  final  of  15 December  1995 

1 

1.2 

Emergency  Food  Aid 

Together  with  the  proposed  new  legal  basis  for  humanitarian  aid,  the  Council  received  a 
Commission proposal  for  a new Regulation to replace the existing Food Aid Regulation.  This 
Regulation  is the  responsibility  of  DG  VIII  and  covers  food  aid,  food  aid  management  and 
special  operations  in  support  of  food  security. 

The proposal defines  the objectives, means and procedures for long-term  food  security policy. 
It  no  longer  refers,  as before,  to  emergency  food  aid  operations,  which  have  been  under  the 
responsibility  of ECHO since a Commission decision of December  1994. This decision, which 
completes  the  transfer  to  ECHO  of  operational  responsibility  for  all  areas  placed  under  its 
competence by the Commission, led to responsibility for funds totalling ECU  51  million being 
transferred  from  DG  VIII  to  ECHO  in  1995  for  implementing  humanitarian  food  assistance 
operations  in  favour  of  refugees,  displaced  persons  and  the  most  vulnerable  groups  in  crisis 
situations,  mainly  through  the  World  Food  Programme  (WFP),  UNHCR,  the  International 
Committee  of the  Red  Cross  (ICRC)  and NGOs. This aid  was for  the  main part  disbursed  in 
the  region  of  the  Great  Lakes,  Angola,  Iraq  and  the  Caucasus. 

ECHO's  involvement  in  food  aid  is  not  confined  to  the  crisis  period,  but  continues  in  the 
post-emergency  period  so  long  as  imperious  humanitarian  needs  remain.  The  transition  is 
closely  managed  to  the  point  where  DG  VIII  may  (as  necessary)  take  over. 

1.3 

Financial  basis 

The  great  majority  of  the  Commission's  operations  through  ECHO  are  financed  from  the 
General  Budget  of  the  European  Union.  To  a  small  extent,  and  in  1995  much  less  than  in 
previous  years,  operations  in  favour  of  ACP  countries  have  also  been  financed  under  the 
financial  protocol  to  the  Lomé  IV  Convention. 

In the  last five years the humanitarian  operations carried  out by the Commission  on behalf  of 
the  Union  have  grown  sevenfold,  to  make  the  EU  now  the  foremost  single  public  donor  of 
humanitarian  aid.  From  ECU  114 million  in  1991, the figure  (including  a special  allocation 
of  ECU  150  million  from  Lomé  convention  funds  for 
the  Rwanda  crisis)  reached 
ECU  764  million  in  1994,  and  in  1995  stood  at  around  ECU  692  million.  In  1996,  initial 
appropriations  under  the  "humanitarian  aid"  chapter  of  the  EU  Budget  (B7-21)  were' 
ECU  319.5  million.  Other  funds  may  be  made  available  during  the  year  depending  on  the 
evolution  of  the  humanitarian  situation  to  which  the  Commission  may  be  called  upon  to 
respond. 

The  financial  position  of  EC  humanitarian  aid  is  nonetheless  less  than  satisfactory  in  some 
ways. The main problem  is the lengthy  procedure  required to release  appropriations  from  the 
reserve  part  of  the  EU  budget,  coupled  with the  requirement  first  to  have  disbursed  80% of 
the funds  initially  attributed.  These administrative  requirements have sometimes proved  to be 
at  variance  with  crisis  needs. 

2 

2.1 

Means  of  action 

Framework  Partnership  Agreements 

In  the  course  of  the  year  a  further  17  NGOs  and  international  organisations  signed  the 
Framework  Partnership  Agreement  (FPA)  with  the  Commission,  bringing  the  total  to  170. 
Naturally  enough, NGOs from  the three new Member  States of the EU - Austria, Finland  and 
Sweden  - were  prominent  among  the  newcomers. 

Partner  NGOs  played  a  leading  role  in  the  work  of  the  extended  Dialogue  Group  set  up  to 
review  the functioning  of the  FPA and  identify  possible  improvements.  The  Dialogue  Group 
did  submit,  in November  1994, a proposal  to revise the  FPA, which  was carefully  examined 
by  ECHO  at the  beginning  of  1995. Although  the  suggestions  formulated  by the  group  were 
very  helpful,  the  result  of  the  legal  basis  exercise  (see  section  1.1)  will  clearly  be  important 
in  determining  the  Commission's  future  way  of  working  and  the  policy  options.  ECHO  is 
therefore  awaiting  the  outcome  of  this  exercise  before  deciding  how  to  proceed  with  the 
further  development  of  the  FPA. 

2.2 

Databases  and  management  systems 

Humanitarian  assistance  embraces  a  wide  variety  of  scenarios,  conditions,  actors  and 
requirements,  spread  across  the  surface  of the  planet.  Proper  communication  is  a must  if  all 
the  various  factors  are  to  be  mobilised  with  adequate  cohesion  to  help  the  massive  victim 
population  and  make  best  use  of  the  available  resources.  Modern  electronic  databases  and 
informatics-based  communication  and  management  systems  have an increasingly  key  role to 
play,  and  the  Commission  has  gone  out  of  its way  to  develop  such  capacities  and  skills. 

Its  first  concern  was  to  rethink  and  modernise  its  own  informatics  tools.  Late  1995  saw  the 
operational  commissioning  of  the  first  phase  (relating  to  financial  management)  of  ECHO'S 
new database, the Humanitarian  Office  Programme Environment  (HOPE) under  development 
since spring  1994. Early in  1996 the contract management modules too will be commissioned. 
Increasingly,  HOPE  will  permit  the  storage  and  active  management  of  all  data  pertinent  to 
ECHO'S  work. 

Migration  in  early  1996  to  the  X400  Commission  e-mail  facility  (Route  400)  will  open  up 
new and advanced  scope for  electronic communication  within and between  services,  between 
institutions  of the  Union  and  above all with the outside  world: ECHO's partners and  theatres 
of  operations. 

informatics-based 
The  Commission's  longer-term  goal  is  to  help  promote  international 
communication  and  management  tools  between  the  main  actors  in  the 
international 
humanitarian  community.  To this end,  ECHO has been  actively  involved  in discussions  with 
several  international  partners,  including the United  States  authorities  and  the  United  Nations 
Department  of  Humanitarian  Affairs,  with  a  view  to  promoting  a humanitarian  Relief  Web 
to foster  information  exchange.  ECHO is also seeking ways of promoting  closer  interchange 
between  the  humanitarian  bodies  of the  Member  States  of the  Union  and  between  these  and 
It  is  also  aware  that  there  is  much  to  learn  from  the  experiments  in 
the  Commission. 

electronic database and communications systems that are being carried out by NGOs and other 
international  agencies  specialising  in humanitarian  relief. 

ECHO  went  up  on  the  Commission's  World  Wide  Web  server  (EUROPA)  with  a  range  of 
information  in November  1995  (see  section  4.1).  The  address  of  the  home  page  is: 

http://www. cec. lu/enJcommlecho/echo, htm] 

3 

Humanitarian  operations  in  1995 

3.1 

Statistical  overview 

The production  of  comprehensive  and  sound  statistics has been  a priority  for  ECHO  and  the 
means  to  achieve  this  goal  were  further  developed  in  1995.  Such  statistics  are  a  vital 
management tool, and also serve important information,  coordination and transparency needs. 
Statistics  are  now  issued  from  ECHO  on  a  quarterly  basis,  to  which  refugee  statistics  from 
the PISG database will soon be added (see section 4.3.1.1). A number of the statistical  reports 
ECHO  produces  are  annexed  to  the  present  report  (Statistical  Annexes  SI  to  S7). 

Operations  in  1995  were  on  a  comparable  scale  to  those  in  1994  with,  as  has  been  said,  a 
headline  figure  of  ECU  692  million  for  decisions  adopted  during  the  year. 

While  statistics  by  country  are  available  for  the  entire  sum  committed  during  the  year,  it 
should be noted  that contracting  inevitably  continues, in some cases, into the following  year. 
Statistics by  partners  are based  on amounts contracted  by  end of year  and  therefore  come to 
a lower figure.  At the end of  1995, this amount was ECU  494  million, representing a contract 
to  decision  ratio  by  end  of  year  of  71%  (in  1994,  the  figure  was  79%. and  reached  99%) in 
the  course  of  1995). 

A  list  of  funding  decisions  by country  is provided  in Annexes  S2  and  S3  and  by  partner  in 
Annex  S4.  These  figures  are  summarised  in  figures  1  and  3  overleaf.  In  order  to  avoid 
repetitiveness.  the amounts  involved  are not always mentioned  in the country  sections  which 
follow. 

At  the  end  of  its third  full  year  of  operations,  ECHO  is  still, at  a relatively  early  stage  of  its 
development, and any talk of trends needs to be cautious. Nonetheless, it should be noted  that 
the figures show a striking increase in the proportion of aid channelled through NGOs  in  1995 
as  compared  to  1994, up  from  41% to  56%, mainly  at  the  expense  of  the  UN  system. 

FINANCIAL  DECISIONS  FOR  HUMANITARIAN  AID  BY  REGION 

1  9 94 

Figure 1 

As per:  09/01/96 

(35,3%)  EX-YUGOSLAVIA 

(0,5%)  GLOBAL 

(2,8%) LATIN  AMERICA 

(0,5%)  NORTH  AFRICA 

(3,4%)  ASIA 

%)  IRAK 

EASTERN  EUROPE 

(11,9%)C.I.S 

(42,4%)  ACP 

(0,4%) EASTERN  EUROPE 

(3,6%)  IRAK 

(0,6%)  GLOBAL 

(33,9%)  EX-YUGOSLAVIA 

(30,6%)  ACP 

(0,6%)  DISASTER  PREPAREDNESS 

(4,0%)  LATIN  AMERICA 

(0,7%)  NORTH  AFRICA 

(5,7%)  ASIA 

(19,9%) C.I.S 

Financial  Decisions  by Source  of Finance  1993  -1994  -1995 

Figure 2 

o 
LU 

CT\ 

1000 

800 

600 

400 

200 

0 

LOME  III 

LOME  IV 

BUDGET 

TOTAL 

Total Humanitarian Assistance  1991 -1992 -1993 -1994  -1995 

Figure 3 

amounts in ECU 

UNITED NATIONS 

! OTHER INTERN. ORG. 

400 

300 

to 
c 
o 
=  200 

100 

0 

D  1991 
0  1992 
B  1993 
1  1994 
S  1995 

2 013 855 
11 368 642 
55 194 966 
116 225 415 
69 062 696 

13 461  500 
21 526  340 
3 546  195 
6 173 000 
7 920 000 

0 
25 325 000 
10 400 000 
1 800 000 
119 578 

87 685 529 
111 446  577 
264 250 750 
308 334 733 
275 783 820 

4 778 000 
1 552 000 
2 424 257 
7 089 870 
3 652 676 

3 652 400 
1 089 626 
4 740 000 
600 000 
1 513444 

46 524 500 
122 843 166 
189 723 733 
240 672 705 
83 941  166 

33 244 000 
36 809 900 
67 674 267 
72 434 812 
52 359  152 

A part of this increase is probably  due to random factors  during the year, and in any case the 
final  disbursement  figures  may be expected  to redress the imbalance  somewhat.  Another part 
is arguably  due, however, to a diversification  of ECHO's activities as it continued to develop 
in  1995 and as the context of its work shifted  somewhat, both geographically  and  functionally. 
Although ECHO was involved  in slightly fewer  countries in  1995, its funds  were spread more 
evenly than in  1994. In this respect, it should be borne in mind that the UN agencies are more 
geared  to  immediate  crisis  response,  whereas NGOs  often  have  a  comparative  advantage  in 
emergency  rehabilitation,  chronic disaster relief  and first  steps towards reconstruction,  which 
constituted  a  greater  proportion  of  ECHO'S  activities  in  1995  as  it  was  able  to  improve  its 
perspective  vis-à-vis  crisis  situations. 

It is  interesting  also  to  see how  ECHO aid may be broken  down  by type  of  assistance.  This 
is done in Annex S7. Unsurprisingly,  and as in previous years, some 40% of ECHO assistance 
was  spent on food  aid.  The other  major  items were  transport,  medical  supplies,  and  local 
and  expatriate  staff  costs,  making  up  altogether  83% of  the  overall  total.  Communications 
equipment  accounted  for  another  7.5%. 

3.2 

General  issues 

In  the  increasingly  difficult  environment  in  which  the  Commission  has  had  to  provide 
humanitarian  assistance in recent years, a number  of general issues have emerged  which were 
highlighted  by  events  in  1995  and  which  will  be  discussed  in  this  section.  In  the  following 
sections,  country-by-country  accounts  outline  briefly  the  specific  operations  in  which  the 
Commission  was  involved  and  the  backdrop  against  which  they  took  place. 

(i) 

Humanitarian  aid  in relation  to crisis  resolution 

It  is evident that  humanitarian  assistance  does not  have the  means to  address  the root  causes 
of conflicts,  and cannot be a substitute for  other measures to resolve them. On the other  hand, 
it may  accompany  and provide  breathing space for  the resolution  of conflicts  in cases  where 
the  necessary  political  will  is  present.  Such  has  been  the  case  in  Haiti,  Angola  or  even 
Liberia  and  parts  of  Latin  America  where  it  has  contributed  to  restoring  peace  by 
diminishing the inevitable tensions ensuing from  struggles over resources which the crisis has 
made  scarce.  While  such  synergies  exist,  lines  need  to  be  clearly  drawn  if  the  impartial, 
neutral  and  independent  character  of  humanitarian  aid  -  so essential  to  its  effective  and  safe 
delivery  - is not  to  be  compromised. 

(ii) 

• 

Linking  relief  and  development 

The  Commission  is well  aware  of  the  need  to  ensure  a smooth  transition  from  humanitarian 
assistance to rehabilitation, reconstruction  and development measures as soon as possible once 
the  crisis  is  over  -  always  with  an  eye  to  addressing  the  factors  which  caused  it  in  the  first 
place.  Indeed,  even  during  a  crisis  every  attempt  must  be  made  not  to  undermine  but  to 
reinforce  local capacity to cope and to recover. In some instances, ECHO has been  successful 
in  preparing  long-term  activities  but  more  has  to  be  done  to  achieve  this  aim. 

In  full  recognition  of  the  inter-service  character  of  such  linkages,  in  December  1995  the 
Commission  produced  a  Discussion  paper  on  "Linking  Relief,  Rehabilitation  and 
Development".  The  document  was the result of a joint  exercise by ECHO, DG  VIII, DG  IA 
and DG  IB.  Before  the paper  was finalized  it was further  discussed  in a workshop,  financed 
by  ECHO,  with  experts  drawn  from  Member  States,  USAID,  UN  agencies,  NGOs  and 
academic  institutions.  The  final  document,  which  incorporates  many  of  the  ideas  presented 
during  the  workshop,  was put to  informal  meetings both of Member  State  Directors-General 
for  development  and  for  humanitarian  aid  as well  as to  the  Development  working  group  in 
the  Council.  The  document  was well received  and it was decided  to develop it further  during 
the  first  half  of  1996  by,  inter  alia,  including  reference  to  linkage  efforts  by  the  Member 
States  before  a  final  document  is presented  to  the  Development  Council,  due  in  May. 

(Hi) 

Crisis  prevention 

Involvement  in humanitarian  assistance  can scarcely  fail  to  evoke  a strong  sense  of the  need 
for  more  efficient  measures  to  address  crises  in  the  making.  Not  only  is  this  a  moral 
imperative:  it also  makes  far  more financial  sense.  However,  existing  provisions  have yet to 
prove  their  worth,  and  it  seems  clear  that  a  qualitative  leap  forward  is  required.  Crisis 
prevention  has  both  developmental  and  diplomatic  dimensions  -  as  well  as,  no  doubt,  a 
military  one  on occasions.  If it is true that these are not  issues for  humanitarian  assistance  in 
the  strict  sense,  they  can  often  benefit  from  a  humanitarian  stimulus  to  their  discussion. 
The humanitarian  services of the Commission  have often  been called upon, in many  different 
European and international fora,  to contribute to discussions of "lessons learned" from  various 
field  operations. 

(iv) 

Development  of global  humanitarian plans  to address major  crises 

Major  crises call  for  global plans, be it in terms of types of aid or geographical  strategies and 
priorities. The Commission has continued to develop such plans in  1995, within which all the 
operations  it  finances  are  integrated.  The  added  coherence  and  synergy  thus  generated  have 
enabled  the  impact  of  operations  to  be  maximised  while  avoiding  overlaps  or  gaps  in  the 
coverage  of  humanitarian  needs.  Such  global  plans  relate  to  a  fixed  amount  of  funding, 
providing  for  rational  use  of  available  funds. 

The  perspective  necessary  to  develop  such  plans  is  not  always  present  in  crisis  situations, 
however.  Apart  from  the  Great  Lakes  region  and  former  Yugoslavia,  such  plans  were 
developed  in  Cuba,  Haiti,  the  southern  Caucasus  and  Iraq; on  the  other  hand,  the  unstable 
situations 
their 
development. 

in  Sierra  Leone,  Afghanistan  and  Somalia,  for  example,  prevented 

(v) 

"Forgotten"  crises 

The  Commission  is present  in a number  of  "forgotten"  crises - such  as those  in  Afghanistan, 
southern  Sudan,  Liberia  or  Sierra  Leone,  in  all  of  which  it  is  the  premier  donor  of 
humanitarian  aid.  This  fact  should  not  allow other  donors to  evade their  responsibilities,  and 
the  Commission  therefore  intends  to  continue  working  to  draw  attention  to  these  tragedies, 
often  as  terrible  as  others  relayed  more  directly  to  our  living  rooms. 

"Forgotten" crises may also be of a sectoral nature, such as the diphtheria epidemic throughout 
the  former  Soviet  Union  and  the  ongoing  effects  on  health  of  the  Chernobyl  disaster. 

(vi) 

Obstacles  set  in the  way of  humanitarian assistance 

While  ECHO'S  partners  are  ever  more  solicited  by  the  demands  the  humanitarian  situation 
places on them, their work is severely handicapped in many parts of the world by flagrant  and 
unacceptable  violations  of  international  humanitarian  law.  In  internal  conflicts  under 
conditions  often  approaching  anarchy,  civilians  have  far  too  often  become  the  target  of 
atrocities  explicitly  orchestrated  by  the  belligerent  parties. 

The  inevitable  consequence  of  such  disregard  for  the principle  of humanity  is a  similar  lack 
of respect for humanitarian  assistance. In a disturbingly  long list of countries, humanitarian 
operations have been compromised, threatened and attacked: restrictions on access to victims, 
deviation  of  aid,  theft,  kidnapping  and  physical  attacks  on  aid  workers,  sometimes  even 
assassinations,  have  occurred.  Local  authorities  may  see  aid  entering  or  passing  through  the 
territories  under  their  control  as  a  legitimate  tool  to  gain  tactical  advantage  in  conflict 
situations.  In any  case, security  measures regularly  hinder  or entirely  prevent  the  deliver}' of 
aid. 

The  Commission  has paid  more  attention  than ever  to avoiding  that  its  aid  "feed"  the  war  or 
fall  victim  to  it.  At  the  same  time,  it  is  evident  that  humanitarianism  -  based  as  it  is  on  a 
minimum  of  civilised  values  - needs  to  be  emphatically  reaffirmed. 

3.3 

Former  Yugoslavia 

Following  initial  optimism  at  the  end  of  1994 and  a  static  though  tense  situation  during  the 
first  months of the year,  former  Yugoslavia was characterised  in  1995 by extremely  dramatic 
and contrasting developments. Throughout the conflict, the European Union has been the main 
donor of humanitarian relief assistance and in 1995 the Commission granted ECU  234  million 
in aid to the victims, taking the total figure  for  1992-95 to ECU  1 185 million. More  detailed 
statistics  are  provided  in  Annex  S6. 

The  failure  of  the  warring  parties  to  extend  the  Cessation  of  Hostilities  Agreement  upon  its 
expiry  in  April  1995  was  followed  by  an  alarming  deterioration  of  the  overall  situation  in 
Bosnia-Herzegovina.  Fighting  escalated  and  humanitarian  operations  as  a  whole  faced 
increased  levels of obstruction.  The Commission  committed  ECU  94  million in  humanitarian 
aid in May. In July  and August tens of thousands of civilians were uprooted  as a result  of the 
fall  of the  Srebrenica  and  Zepa enclaves and  more  fighting  in both central  and  north-western 
Bosnia;  to  which  the  Commission  responded  with  a  further  grant  of  ECU  5 million  to 
reinforce  the  assistance  provided. 

The  Croatian  army  offensive  on  former  Sectors West  (May  1995), North  and  South  (August 
1995)  triggered  the  massive  movement  of  200  000  refugees  into  northern  Bosnia,  most  of 
whom  subsequently  proceeded  into  Serbia  and  Montenegro.  More  fighting  in  north-western 
Bosnia  in  September  and  early  October  sparked  off  further  movements  of  population,  as 
approximately  100  000  persons  fled  towards  Banja  Luka,  making  it  necessary  to  commit  a 
further  ECU  15 million  in  relief  assistance. 

10 

In the  first  weeks  of  August  approximately  25  000  refugees  from  Velika  Kladusa  (Northern 
Bihac)  fled  to  Croatia  to  seek  refuge  and  were  stopped  in  Kupljensko.  They  subsequently 
endured  inhumane  living  conditions  on  account  of  harassment  by  the  Croatian  police,  who 
were  obstructing  the  delivery  of  vital  supplies  to  the  camp,  as  well  as the  unsuitable  site  of 
the camp itself. The Commission granted  ECU  4.6  million for the refugees  in the  Kupljensko 
camp  in  September. 

The  fighting  in  Bosnia-Herzegovina  resulted  not  only  in  ever  larger  groups  of  population 
being  moved  and  displaced,  but  also  led  to  such  movements  occurring  in  increasingly 
distressing  conditions,  with  mental  and  physical  injuries  being  inflicted,  in  a  climate  of 
flagrant  disregard  for  human rights. Vulnerable groups - the elderly, the disabled and  children 
- were resettled  in destroyed  "newly  liberated" cities taken during recent offensives  and/or on 
the front  line. Thousands of displaced or expelled civilians, isolated, lacked the most essential 
utilities  and  relief  supplies. 

The  practice  of  ethnic  cleansing  continued  unabated.  Brutal  evictions  of  minorities  from  the 
Banja  Luka  region  in  northern  Bosnia  intensified  from  August  onwards. 

From  October  on,  substantial  progress  was  nonetheless  made  in the  search  for  a  solution  to 
the  conflict.  The  upholding  of the  cease-fire  agreement  since mid-October,  coupled  with the 
restoration  of  utilities  and  access  to  Sarajevo,  as  well  as  the  opening  of  land  access  to  the 
enclave  of  Gorazde,  led to optimism  regarding  the prospects  of finally  reducing  the  scope  of 
the  humanitarian  tragedy. 

In  November,  the  Commission  decided  to  provide  an  additional  ECU  110 million  in  relief 
assistance to cover the winter needs of the 3.6 million beneficiaries  of humanitarian  aid in the 
region. 

The signing  of the peace agreement  on  14 December  in Paris gives grounds for  hope that  the 
humanitarian  situation in Bosnia-Herzegovina will  gradually improve. By the end of the year, 
the  encouraging  political  and  military  developments  had  already  had  a positive  impact.  The 
end  of  the  year  was  characterised  both  by greater  access  to humanitarian  aid  for  victims  and 
the  prospect  of  greater  freedom  of  movement  for  civilians  and  goods,  together  with  the 
dismantling  of  internal  checkpoints  by  the  end  of  December. 

3.4 

Africa,  Caribbean  and  Pacific  Countries 

In  1995 the Commission  spent  ECU  212  million  on humanitarian  aid  for  refugees,  displaced 
persons,  returnees  and  the  most  vulnerable  groups  of  population  in  ACP  countries. 

3.4.1 

The  region  of  the  Great  Lakes 

The  situation  in  the  region  of  the  Great  Lakes  (Rwanda,  Burundi,  Tanzania,  Zaire  and 
Uganda)  hardly  improved  in  1995  and  was characterized  by  instability  due  to  three  factors: 
the  presence  of  1.7  million  Rwandan  refugees  and  over  200,000  Burundian  refugees,  which 
represent  a  heavy  burden  for  the  host  countries  and  for  the  international  community; 
the 
frequent  incursions and  acts of sabotage in western Rwanda perpetrated  by armed Hutu bands 

11 

based  in  Zaire,  and  the  increasingly  confrontational  stance  of  the  Hutu  and  Tutsi  ethnic 
populations. 

Faced  with  such  large  numbers  of  refugees,  the  regional  approach  developed  by  the 
Commission  since  the  onset  of  the  crisis  in  Rwanda  in April  1994 was  confirmed.  In  order 
to  maximise  coordination,  speed  and  efficiency,  the  novel  step  was  taken  of  designating 
UNHCR  as  lead  agency,  granting  it  ECU  118  million  from  April  1994  to  date  for 
humanitarian  operations  in favour  of the refugees  and returnees in the region, to finance  both 
the  operations  of  UNHCR  itself  and  those- of  a number  of  NGOs.  At  the  same  time  a joint 
ECHO/UNHCR  Task  Force  was set up in order to organize practical  initiatives  to  encourage 
the return of refugees  to their country of origin. Thus, information  programmes were launched 
for  refugees,  and  justice  and  confidence-building  measures  were  also  supported.  A  further 
ECU  42.25  million  for  UNHCR  to  use  in  the  region  was  granted  by  the  Commission  in 
November  1995. 

Within  Rwanda,  the  Commission  continued  to  support  twenty  or  so NGOs  working  in  the 
health  field,  providing  care  for  unaccompanied  children,  support  to  vulnerable  groups  and 
basic  rehabilitation. 

Through these activities, it proved possible to reopen health centres, pharmacies and hospitals 
throughout  the  country  so  as  to  ensure  adequate  health  cover  for  the  population.  Supply  of 
medical  and  sanitary  products  was  mainly  carried  out  by  ECHO'S  partners.  This  assistance 
culminated  in  the  reopening  and  reorganisation  of  the  Rwandan  Pharmaceutical  Office 
(OPHAR). In addition, more than two hundred schools were restored and re-equipped  making 
it  possible  to  resume  school  education. 

Beyond supporting nutritional programmes for children and pregnant and nursing mothers, the 
Commission  lent  its  support  to the  work  of  care  centres  for  unaccompanied  children  as  well 
as to  the  ICRC  tracing  programme  aimed  at  reuniting  families. 

In  all  its  operations  the  Commission  was  careful 
to  respect  local  salary  levels  and 
administrative  requirements  such as the need for NGOs to be registered  with the  government, 
and  encouraged  its partners to think  in terms of the transfer  of their  activities  to  development 
organisations or local authorities by including training elements and making use of local  staff. 
Some  such  programmes  were  indeed  successfully  transferred  in  this  way  in  1995. 

Lastly,  the  Commission  supported  the  restoration  of  the  judicial  system  as. well  as  other 
confidence-building  measures  within  the  country. 

In  Burundi  the  situation  within  the  country  worsened  considerably  during  1995.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  year  the  Commission  launched  a global  plan  of  assistance  to  displaced  and 
dispersed  persons  to  encourage  them  to  return  to  the  villages  by  re-establishing  acceptable 
living  conditions  there.  By  funding  ten  or  so  NGOs,  medical,  nutritional  and  sanitary 
assistance  was  provided, "as well  as  support  for  some  small-scale  housing  and  water  supply 
rehabilitation  programmes.  Despite  the  caliber  of  the  partners  chosen  to  carry  out  these 
programmes,  their  activities  were  hindered  by  serious  security  problems,  daily  outbreaks  of 
renewed  violence,  lack  of  protection  for  their  staff  and  difficulties  in  reaching  affected 
populations.  Humanitarian  work  in  Burundi  became  and  remains  very  difficult. 

12 

Tliroughout  the  Great  Lakes  region  the  Commission  has  provided  constant  support  for  the 
international organisations and NGOs carrying out assistance programmes addressing the needs 
of  the  stricken  populations.  A  specialist  team  based  in the  region  regularly  evaluated  needs 
and  monitored  operations. 

A  statistical  overview  of  operations  carried  out  in  response to  the  Rwanda/Burundi  crisis  is 
provided  in  Annex  S5. 

3.4.2 

Angola 

In  Angola  the  end  of  the  civil  war  signalled  by  the  signature  of  the  peace  agreement  at 
Lusaka  in  November  1994  meant  only  a  small  reduction  in  the  level  of  humanitarian 
assistance,  from  ECU  24  million  in  1994  to  ECU  17 million  in  1995.  Access  to  whole 
regions  which  had  been  inaccessible  due  to  the  war  was  restored.  Funding  was  therefore 
channelled  to  these  regions  as  a priority,  and  to the  health  sector  in  general. 

The  peace  process  and  the  country's  economic  reconstruction  cannot  be  expected  to  be 
anything  but  slow  and  fragile  after  twenty  years  of  civil  war.  Mine  clearance  and  the 
demobilisation  of  troops  are  specific  obstacles  to  economic  recovery. 

To  meet  the  still  pressing  needs of  the  most  vulnerable  groups and to  support  and  encourage 
the peace process, the Commission funded  the programmes of twenty NGOs in 1995, covering 
all  the  accessible.areas.  Support  for  mine  clearance  is  also  provided  to  NGOs  within  the 
limited  framework  of their  operational  contracts, and significant  assistance has been provided 
to  war  wounded. 

3.4.3 

Sudan 

The  civil  war  in  Sudan  which  opposes  the  predominantly  Islamic  Government  in the  North 
and  the  animist/Christian  South  started  in  1983. In  addition,  there  is  open  warfare  between 
factions  in  the  South,  whose  loyalties  are  often  divided  along  tribal  lines.  In  spite  of  the 
official  four-month  cease-fire  declared  in  April  1995,  fighting  actually  intensified  with 
disastrous  consequences  from  the  humanitarian  standpoint  as  politics  took  priority  over 
humanitarian  concerns  for  all  warring  parties.  NGOs  were  forced  to  evacuate  sites  for 
extended  periods;  compounds  were  looted;  staff  threatened  and  some  even  taken  hostage. 
This  situation  culminated  in  a  13-day  total  flight  ban  in  November-December  on  all 
humanitarian  flights  into  South  Sudan  instigated  by  GOS  while  the  SPLA  gained  ground 
around  .Tuba. 

It is estimated  that there are 4.25  million war-affected  persons in Sudan, of which 3.6  million 
in  South  Sudan,  350  000  in  the  Transitional  Zone  and  300  000  in  camps  around  Khartoum 
(out  of a total of  1.2 million  forced  from  their homes and living around  Khartoum). A  further 
200  000  Sudanese  are  refugees  in  transit  and  settlement  camps  in  northern  Uganda. 

In  1995 the Commission  granted over ECU  20 million to humanitarian programmes  in  Sudan 
and  to  assist  refugees  in Uganda.  Needless  to  say,  it  targeted  its  assistance  in  such  a way  as 
to  avoid  "feeding  the  war"  while  ensuring  effective  implementation  of  aid  programmes. 

Programmes in the North have focused  on essential needs for the displaced around Khartoum, 
while  in  the  South  they  have  focused  on  three  elements:  household  food  security  (fishing 
programmes,  seed-barter  shops,  veterinary  programmes,  etc.)  in  order  to  counter  food-aid 
dependency  and food-aid  diversion while creating a minimum of sustainability; primary health 
care  coverage  using  low-value  commodities;  and  basic  relief  (shelter,  domestic  items,  water 
and  sanitation,  nutritional  programmes,  etc.)  especially  for  the  large  number  of  displaced 
persons. 

3.4.4 

Somalia 

March  1995 saw the final withdrawal of UN peacekeeping forces from  Somalia, and with that 
the  withdrawal  of  a  large  number  of  humanitarian  organisations.  Though  the  predicted 
intensification  of  the  conflict  did  not  occur,  low-level  fighting  continued  throughout  the 
country,  encouraged  by  massive  unemployment,  the  removal  of  the  dollar  economy  and 
increasingly  limited access to food.  Where the situation has stabilized,  however,  rehabilitation 
programmes  have begun.  In such areas a number  of ECHO-funded  programmes  were  taken 
over  by  DG  VIII. 

can 

other 

regions, 

the 
In 
Commission  has  continued  to 
limit  funding  for  Somalia  to 
e s s e n t i al 
h u m a n i t a r i an 
programmes  where  effective 
implementation 
be 
g u a r a n t e e d. 
T h e se 
programmes  have  focused  on 
primary  and  specialist  health 
care,  supplementary  feeding, 
water  and sanitation,  and  food 
security.  Partners  have  been 
careful  to target  only the most 
vulnerable  groups  and  to  use 
operating  procedures  which 
limit  exposure  to  risk  and  the 
need  for  protection 
to  the 
minimum.  Nevertheless, 
and 
threats, 
kidnappings 
forced  evacuations 
repeated 
have 
in 
November  a  staff  member  of 
Caritas  was  assassinated. 

continued, 

and 

The  Commission  continued  to 
provide  considerable  support 
to  efforts  to  control  cholera 
and  measles  epidemics  and 
funds  to  assist  the  victims  of 
the 
the  armed  conflict 
North  West  of  the  country. 

in 

ECHO-FLIGHT 

1995 saw the continuation  of the  ECHO-Flight  service to the Horn 
of Africa  which  was  set  up  in  May  1994  in  order  to  fly  essential 
cargo  and passengers into areas where  no other  access is possible. 
The  service  is  primarily  at  the  disposal  of  NGOs  working  in 
humanitarian  operations  and  is free  of charge  to  them.  There  are 
eight aircraft  currently  involved  in the operation,  based in Nairobi. 
Entebbe,  Djibouti,  Mandera  and  Lokichoggio.  and  serving 
humanitarian  operations  in  Somalia,  Kenya,  southern  Sudan  and 
Uganda. 

Although  security  conditions  forced  the  suspension  of  flights  to 
various destinations on a number of occasions during  1995. notably 
in  Sudan,  on  other  occasions  ECHO-Flight  proved  to  be  an 
invaluable  asset  in  carrying  out  emergency  evacuations. 

As  part  of  the  ECHO-Flight  network,  the  Commission  also 
supported  a  Hercules  C-130  from  the  Belgian  Air  Force,  which, 
based  in  Lokichoggio,  air-dropped  essential  food  aid  into  South 
Sudan as well as transporting  seeds, tools, logistical  equipment  and 
so on,  mostly  into  Sudan  but  also,  when  necessary,  into  Somalia. 
In  July  1995  the  Sudanese  Government  banned  the  BAF  C-130 
and,  even  after  considerable  pressure,  this  decision  was  not 
reversed.  As the  year  came  to  a  close,  there  was  no  heavy  lift 
capacity  in  Lokichoggio,  hampering  the  humanitarian  operation 
and,  as  the  hunger  gap  approached  early  in  the  new  year,  this 
situation  risked  threatening  the  effective  implementation  of  aid. 

From  May  1994 to the end of  1995, ECHO-Flight  transported  over 
50 000  passengers,  airfreighted  over  13 000  million  tonnes  and 
flew  over  15 500  hours.  In  1995  ECU  16 million  went  to  fund 
ECHO-Flight  operations,  including  the  C-130. 

14 

3.4.5 

Liberia 

In Liberia,  despite  the  peace  agreement  concluded  between  the  various  warring  factions  in 
August,  the  overall  political  situation  remained  highly  volatile.  Nevertheless  the  peace 
accords  permitted  access  to  several  regions which  had  been  isolated  for  the  last two  or  three 
years,  enabling  the  Commission  to  fund  the  programmes  of  ten  or  so  NGOs  to  provide 
medical  care, food  aid and  dietary  supplements, and  sanitation.  In addition,  the  Commission 
funded  a  number  of  small-scale  schemes  to  control  cholera  outbreaks  and  two  major 
immunization  programmes  to  control  a yellow  fever  epidemic  in  Buchanan  and  Monrovia. 

Besides  initiatives  in Liberia,  the Commission provided  support  for  a number  of  programmes 
to  assist  Liberian  refugees  (about  1 million)  mainly  settled  in  Guinea  and  Côte  d'Ivoire. 

3.4.6 

Sierra  Leone 

In  Sierra  Leone  relief  efforts  continued  to  be  hindered  by  the  climate  of  violence  which 
prevails  in  the  country  as  a  result  of  the  civil  war.  Numerous  international  organizations 
responded  to  the  situation  by  repatriating  their  staff  and  keeping  their  aid  programmes  just 
ticking over.  In such difficult  circumstances, the Commission funded  "strategic" programmes 
(in  carefully  targeted  areas  and  sectors)  so  as  to  prevent  further  deterioration  in  the  living 
conditions  of  both  the  displaced  groups  of  population  and  those  living  in  large  towns  who 
depend  heavily  on  international  assistance. 

3.4.7 

Haiti 

Following  the  return  to  power  of President  Aristide  in Haiti,  the European  Union  expressed 
its desire to play  an  active role in the reconstruction  of the country. An ambitious  programme 
worth  ECU  23  million  for  1994/5  was  immediately  approved. 
It  included  over  twenty 
projects  spanning  health  care,  food  and  water  supply  and  water  purification. 

3.5 

Commonwealth  of Independent States 

As  was  feared  at  the  end  of  1994,  events  in  the  Northern  Caucasus  region  of  the  Russian 
Federation  provoked  a  major  humanitarian  crisis  in  Chechnya  and  other  surrounding 
Autonomous  Republics.  After  an  initial  response  of  ECU  310  000  at  the  end  of  1994,  aid 
granted  during  1995  to  this  region  totalled  ECU  26  million.  A  careful  choice  of  partners, 
limited  to  those  who  could  already  demonstrate  an  ability  to  bring  the  necessary  relief  into 
the  area  and  to  distribute  it  fairly  among  all  the  needy  groups  of  population,  ensured  the 
success  of  the  programme,  the  emphasis  of  which  shifted  as  the  population  moved  and,  in 
most  cases,  returned  to  their  areas  of  origin.  What  began  as  assistance  in  the  form  of  food, 
medicines  and  basic  shelter  for  up to  one million  affected  people, developed  into  a  carefully 
targeted  programme  of medical  supplies for  the entire population,  food  for  vulnerable  groups 
and  the  restoration  of  shelter,  sanitation  and  water  supplies. 

15 

The  sums  allocated  to  the  Northern  Caucasus  meant  less  aid  elsewhere  in  the  CIS,  but  the 
Southern  Caucasus  - Armenia,  Azerbaijan  and  Georgia  - continued  to benefit  from  a high 
level of support, receiving aid totalling over ECU  80 million as compared to ECU  55  million 
in  1994.  Distribution  was  made  marginally  easier  by  the  continued,  if  uneasy,  peace  within 
and  between  the  three  countries,  but  the  basic  humanitarian  problems  remained  as  daunting 
as ever.  In addition to normal humanitarian  aid (food,  medicine, relief  items and  shelter), the 
problem  of  energy  supplies  was  tackled,  with  heavy  fuel  and  gas  supplied  to  Armenia  and 
Georgia  and  specially  targeted  supplies  to  vulnerable  groups  and  social  centres  in  all  three 
countries. 

The  three  Southern  Caucasus  countries  were  once  more  the  recipients  of  a  special  food  aid 
programme,  as  did  Kyrgyzstan  and  Tajikistan,  although  special  assistance  was  no  longer 
required for Moldova. This programme totalled ECU  197 million, as against ECU  204  million 
in  1994,  with  ECHO  participation  at  the  same  level  in  both  years  at  ECU  35  million. 

Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan both received extra humanitarian assistance from the Commission, 
largely  medical.  Unfortunately,  other  claims  left  no  room  to  continue  aid  to  Belarus  and 
Ukraine, although these countries did continue to benefit  from two multi-country  programmes 
covering  the  CIS. 

The multi-country  programmes continued to address the aftermath  of the Chernobyl  disaster, 
affecting  Belarus,  the  Russian  Federation  and  Ukraine,  and  to  fund  a  large  scale 
immunization  campaign. Aid in the wake of Chernobyl consisted mainly  in continued  support 
for  ongoing  activities  providing  consumables  for  equipment  already  delivered,  ongoing 
monitoring  programmes  and  the  supply  of  additional  specialist  equipment. 

In  1995 the focus  of the  1994 immunization  programme  against common  childhood  illnesses 
shifted  to the  fight  against  diphtheria,  some 200  000 cases of which were  recorded  in  1994, 
and was threatening to extend westwards into the European Union. Again a global  programme 
was  drawn  up  by  UNICEF,  IFRC  and  WHO  with  responsibility  for  activities  in  specific 
countries allocated to the first  two organisations. The Commission has undertaken to continue 
playing  a prominent role in what should be a three year campaign to control and eradicate this 
and  other  epidemics. 

3.6 

Eastern  Europe 

Leaving  aside  former  Yugoslavia,  humanitarian  assistance  in Eastern  Europe  was  limited  to 
providing  ECU  1.2  million  for  Albania,  supplementing  other  Commission-funded  aid; 
including  the  three  Baltic  States  in  the  overall  campaign  against  diphtheria;  and  providing 
ECU  0.5  million  for  Romania  to  deliver  food  and  medical  aid  to  hospitals  and  other 
institutions. 

16 

3.7 

Asia 

If  the  man-made  humanitarian  crises  in  Afghanistan  and  Iraq  continued  to  dominate  the 
Commission's  humanitarian  activities in Asia,  1995 was also a year of natural disasters in the 
continent,  particularly  floods. 

In  Afghanistan,  the  Commission  continued  to  provide  assistance  to  refugees  and  internally 
displaced  populations,  dovetailing  with  its  other  activities.  Outbreaks  of  fighting  in  various 
parts  of  the  country  continued  to  make  the  delivery  of  humanitarian  aid  a  complex  and 
dangerous task. As in  1994, the emphasis was on providing  medical  and  sanitation  assistance 
with  a  view to  ensuring  minimum  levels  of  health  care  and preventing  the  worst  epidemics. 
Assistance  provided  by  ECHO  in  1995  stood  at  similar  levels  as in  1994 (around  ECU  12.5 
million). 

In  Iraq,  the  Commission  continued  to  be  among  the  largest  providers  of  assistance  with 
ECU  24.9  million  -  a  slightly  higher  total  than  in  1994.  However,  emphasis  in  the 
programme  for  the  country  shifted  as  it  became  ever  clearer  that  humanitarian  needs  in  the 
areas under  central  government  control  are rapidly  equalling  those of both the North  and  the 
In  the  North,  food  aid  for  targeted  groups  remained  essential  and 
Southern  marshes. 
rehabilitation  of social, medical and water facilities was undertaken, together with a continued 
programme  aimed  at  restoring  local  agricultural  production  in  close  collaboration  with  the 
ODA. 

Such  is  the  number  of  mines  laid  in  the  area,  running  into  several  millions,  that  mine 
clearance programmes  could be continued virtually forever,  and support has continued  for the 
provision  of  artificial  limbs  for  a  still  large  number  of  victims.  The  current  mine  clearance 
programme  is being  undertaken jointly  with the UK.  Food  and  medical  assistance  continued 
to be given to Iraqi  refugees  in Iran who fled the southern marshes region and assistance was 
further  expanded  in areas under central government control, but again under strictly monitored 
conditions.  From  over  90%  of  aid  disbursed  in  the  North  some  two  years  previously,  only 
ECU  17.3  million  —  slightly  under  70% of the total  —  was  allocated  to  that  region  in  1995. 

Natural disasters called for assistance to Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos and Pakistan, and twice 
to Bangladesh  and  the  Philippines.  Refugees  from  Bhutan,  Myanmar  and  Tibet  received 
assistance  administered  in  Nepal,  Thailand  and  India.  For  the  first  time,  responding  to 
appeals  from  a  number  of  partners,  emergency  aid  was provided  to  North  Korea  following 
exceptional  floods  in  many  provinces. 

The fighting  in Sri Lanka, which had already necessitated  assistance in  1994, was the  subject 
of  two  Commission  decisions  in  mid  1995.  However,  violence  broke  out  again  later  in  the 
year  requiring  an additional  decision  to assist those forced  to flee the northern  city  of  Jaffna. 
At the  end  of  the  year  the  threat  of  a major  man-made  humanitarian  disaster  in the  northern 
part  of  the  island  could  not  be  ruled  out. 

17 

3.8 

Middle East and  North  Africa 

The  Commission  continued  to provide  humanitarian  assistance  under  its  overall  programme 
for  the  Autonomous  and  Occupied  Palestinian  Territories  with  a  1995  contribution  of 
ECU  5.3  million.  Aid  went to supplying  urgently  needed  equipment  and training  in  private 
and  public  hospitals  inherited  by  the  Palestinian  authorities,  and  followed  on  from  similar 
initiatives  in  1994.  Palestinian  refugees  in  camps  in  Lebanon  received  medical  aid  worth 
ECU  1.3  million,  while  the  displaced  and  most  vulnerable  Lebanese  populations  received 
ECU  0.6  million  in  food  aid. 

In  North  Africa,  in  response  to  the  exacerbation  of  civil  strife  in  Algeria,  humanitarian 
support  in  the  form  of  food  aid  for  the  Sahrawi  refugees  was  stepped  up,  to  a  total  of 
ECU  4.5  million.  Medical  and 
tune  of 
ECU  0.5  million. 

logistical  aid  was  also  supplied 

the 

to 

The  Commission  also  provided  assistance  following  an earthquake  in Turkey,  and,  together 
with  other  donors,  made  a small  contribution  to Yemen  towards  an  immunization  campaign 
and  to  assist  with  the  aftermath  of  civil  war. 

Note  that  operations  in  Lebanon  and  for  the  Sahrawi  refugees  were  preceded  by  specific 
needs-evaluation missions undertaken with Commission funding,  and by consultation with the 
EU  Member  States  directly  interested  in helping  these  populations. 

3.9 

Latin  America 

While  the  principal  recipient  of  humanitarian  aid  in this region  continued  to  be  Cuba,  there 
was nevertheless  an  overall  increase  in ECHO activities  both  in the aftermath  of  earlier  civil 
wars  and  in  response  to  natural  disasters  in  Central  America. 

In view  of the worsening  crisis  affecting  the health  system  and  the  provision  of  basic  health 
services  to the  population,  aid to  Cuba  was  slightly  higher  in  1995 than  in  1994, reaching  a 
total  of  ECU  15 million,  and  provided  essential  medical  and  sanitary  supplies,  food  for 
hospitals  and  purification  products  to  avoid  epidemics.  The  programme  is  being  carried  out 
by a number  of European NGOs with full  responsibility  for  the proper  implementation  of the 
programme  down  to  beneficiary  level. 

The  aftermath  of conflicts,  and  in particular  the weakening  of the health  system,  necessitated 
aid  for  Mexico  and  Nicaragua,  while  conflict  between  Ecuador  and  Peru  affected  the 
population  of  both  countries.  It  should  be  noted  that  medical  assistance  provided  through 
NGOs  to the civilian  population  affected  by the uprising  in Mexico  contributed  to  stabilizing 
the  situation,  which  was  seen  as  a precondition  to  successful  peace  negotiations. 

In  Guatemala  the  Commission  funded  a general  aid programme  for  returnees  and  internally 
displaced  persons,  closely  coordinated  with  its  other  development  activities. 

Natural  disasters required assistance to Bolivia, which suffered  from  both drought and  floods; 
and  to  Colombia  and  El  Salvador. 

4 

4.1 

Horizontal  Activities 

Information  and  Visibility 

Humanitarian  aid  is one  of  the  success  stories of  the  EU  in  the past  three  years,  in  terms  of 
both  its  magnitude  and  the  diversity  of  theatres  of  operation.  It  is  therefore  natural  that  the 
Commission  should  want to emulate  its partners in providing  information  and publicizing  its 
activities on behalf  of the Union both in the Member States and in recipient countries. Indeed, 
the  impact  of  humanitarian  activities  often  depends  on how  visible  they  are. 

No  doubt,  visibility  is  primarily  the  result  of  immediate  response  in  an  emergency,  using 
effective  NGOs  or  international  relief  agencies as partners.  But  it is equally  true  that  raising 
awareness  of  a crisis  and  informing  the public  on the way  available  resources  are  managed 
are  also  essential  elements  in  humanitarian  assistance. 

The Commission  spends a very  small proportion of its budget on visibility  compared  with the 
organisations  it finances.  The latter have a further  advantage in that, as operators in the  field, 
they  naturally  often  get  all  the  credit  for  an  operation.  In  1995,  only  approximately 
ECU  1.5  million  was  spent  on  visibility  measures,  whence  the  need  for  the  Commission  to 
work  closely  with  its partners  to  obtain  a profile  commensurate  with  its  contribution. 

The  strategy  pursued  has  four  main  components:  the  media,  publications  and  audio-visuals, 
joint  activities  together  with  NGOs  and  international  organisations,  and joint  activities  with 
Member  States. 

To  target  the  media,  this  year  again  a press  release  was  issued  for  every  allocation  of  aid: 
over  150  went  out  during  the  year.  Material  also  started  to  be  regularly  made  available  on 
INTERNET  (see  section  2.2).  Thirdly,  facility  visits  for journalists  to  theatres  of  operation 
were organised. This resulted in good coverage both in the press and on television. Some  such 
visits  were  arranged  on  the  initiative  of NGOs  and  UN  agencies. 

The  media  operation  is  backed  up  by  a  number  of  publications  and  audio-visuals. 
Publications  currently  comprise: 

(a) 

This  'Annual  Report',  distributed  widely  inside  and  outside  the  EU; 

(b) 

(c) 

'ECHO News'  - a quarterly  newsletter  in French and  English, mainly  aimed  at a more 
limited  audience  within  the  European  Union; 

'ECHO Files'  - comprehensive background briefings on particular humanitarian crises, 
eg.  Rwanda,  Somalia,  Haiti; 

(d)  An  'ECHO  Calendar'; 

(e)  Various  brochures  explaining  how  the  Commission  operates  through  ECHO  and 

describing  some  of  its  major  operations,  for  example  in  former  Yugoslavia. 

19 

The  audio-visual  aspect  relies  on videos explaining  the  role  of ECHO  and  giving  the  profile 
of the organisations and aid workers it finances, plus television news clips and a documentary. 

The  Framework  Partnership  Agreement  with  NGOs  and  International  Organisations  (see 
section  2.1)  requires  them  to  give  visibility  to  the  EU  as  the  donor.  This  is  done  largely 
through  stickers  and  other  ECHO  distinctives  being  affixed  to the material  that  is  distributed 
in  the  field,  and  is now  by  and  large  standard  practice. 

However,  the  concept  of  visibility  should  go  beyond  mere  stickers.  In  the  past  two  years 
ECHO  has been  encouraging  its partners to include it in their  media projection just  as ECHO 
does  in  its own.  During  the past  year  many NGOs have given  extensive  coverage  to  ECHO-
fmanced  operations  in their  own publications,  which  have  a circulation  that  runs  into  tens of 
thousands. ECHO has now published brochures for general distribution jointly with the French 
and  Spanish  NGOs.  Similar  publications  with the German  and  Italian  NGOs  are  planned  for 
next  year. 

the  French  presidency,  while 

To  promote  cooperation  with  the  Member  States,  in  view  of  the  success  of  the 
Humanitarian  Day  in Berlin during the German presidency  in  1994, this was repeated  in Paris 
the  Spanish  presidency,  a 
during 
"Humanitarian  Summit"  was organised  (see next  section). In both  instances this  was  done  in 
close  collaboration  with national  authorities and NGOs. In Paris it included  a two-day  "green 
line"  phone-in  operation  and  a two-week  exhibition  at  the  Arche  de  la  Défense. 

in  Madrid,  during 

4.2 

"Humanitarian  Summit"  in  Madrid 

On  the  initiative  of  Commissioner  Emma  Bonino,  a  meeting  was  arranged  in  Madrid  on 
14  December,  with  the  purpose  of  highlighting  issues  of  humanitarian  concern  common  to 
donors and humanitarian  agencies alike. The meeting brought together  - for  the first time ever 
-  the  EU  and  US,  together  with  UNHCR,  UNICEF,  WFP  and  DHA,  the  Red  Cross,  and 
representatives  of  Médecins  sans  frontières  and  of  EU  and  US NGOs.  The  event,  which  all 
participants rated  a success, culminated  in the adoption of an action-oriented  paper  setting out 
a new  humanitarian  agenda,  termed the  "Madrid Declaration".  The  Declaration,  which  draws 
attention  to  the  limits  of  humanitarian  aid  and  the  need  to  address  the  root  causes  of  crises 
promptly  and  effectively,  is  attached  as Annex  1. 

Although  unable to  be present  personally,  Mrs Hillary  Clinton,  the wife  of  the  US President, 
underlined  her  support  for  the  event  through  a video  which  was  shown  at  the  meeting.  The 
prominence  of the event was also enhanced  by a message of support  from  Pope John-Paul  II, 
and  by  the  active  patronage  of  Queen  Sofia  and  the  interest  taken  by  Prime  Minister  Felipe 
Gonzalez  of  Spain  in  his  capacity  as  President  of  the  European  Council. 

20 

4.3 

Coordination/cooperation 

4.3.1 

Inter-service  coordination 

The  value  of  individual  humanitarian  operations  is  not  only  determined  by  their  intrinsic 
qualities  but  also by the place they  occupy  within  a global  analytical  framework  covering  all 
the  political,  humanitarian  and  developmental  aspects  of  a  given  crisis.  This  being  so,  the 
Commission is careful  to coordinate its humanitarian activities closely with those it undertakes 
in  other  fields.  Such  coordination  covers  all  stages  from  design  to  implementation.  In  view 
of the need  to  further  expand  the conceptual  basis, however,  the debate  on how to  link  relief 
and  development  (see  section  3.2)  took  a broader  look  at  some  of  the  issues. 

4.3.1.1 

Refugees,  internally  displaced persons  and  returnees 

As  mentioned  in  the  Annual  Report  for  1994,  ECHO  has  been  at  the  forefront  of  efforts  to 
set up a permanent  inter-service group (PISG) on refugees, internally displaced persons and 
returnees  in third  countries,  as a forum  to  coordinate  the  Commission's  policy  in respect  of 
these groups of people. The group is also responsible for preparing the Commission's  position 
in  high-level  discussions  with  UNHCR  (see  below,  section  4.3.5.1). 

In  1995 the working of this group was consolidated. The inter-service clearance procedure has 
proven  to  work  well  both  as  a  stimulus  to  internal  coordination  and  on  the  rare  occasions 
when,  for  one  reason  or  another,  a proposal  had  to  be  revised. 

The  PISG  has  its  own  internal  database  which  records  all  programmes  related  to  refugees 
carried  out  by  this  or  that  department,  and  supports  the  production  of  a  wide  range  of 
statistics.  The  database  has  logged  all  Commission  activity  since  1st January  1995. The  first 
statistical  report  will  be  available  early  in  1996,  and  will  be  updated  regularly. 

4.3.1.2 

Other  inter-service  groups 

In order  to  increase  the  impact  of the ECHO  disaster-preparedness  programme,  and  to  avoid 
any risk of duplication between Commission departments, an Inter-Service Group for  Disaster 
Preparedness  was  created.  This  met  on average  once every  two  months  to  discuss  relevant 
issues  and  opportunities  for  further  programme  development. 

ECHO  also  participates  in  the  permanent  inter-service  groups  on Human  Rights  chaired  by 
DG  1 A,  and  on  immigration  and  asylum  chaired  by the  Secretariat  General.  In the  Human 
Rights context,  it was involved  in the preparation  of the Commission's  communication  to the 
Council  and  Parliament  on  the  external  aspects  of  human  rights  policy. 

4.3.1.3 

External  relations  coordination 

With a new Commission  taking office  as of January  1995, the Commission's external  relations 
departments  were  reorganized,  both  at  Commissioner  and  at  departmental  level.  The  four 
Directorates-General  geographically  responsible  for  external  relations  (DGs  I,  IA,  IB  and 

21 

VIII),  together  with  ECHO  and  with  the  Directorate-General  for  Economic  and  Financial 
Affairs  (DG  II)  now  meet  regularly  within  coordination  structures  known  as  "Relex" 
coordination.  This  consultation  mirrors  the Relex group  of  Commissioners  which  also  meets 
regularly  to  discuss  issues  of  common  concern. 

4.3.2 

Member  States 

Discussions  with  Member  States  during  1995  focused  heavily  on  the  Commission's  draft 
proposal  for  a Council  Regulation  on  humanitarian  aid, as discussed  above  (see  section  1.1). 

In  addition  to  this,  working  relations  with the Member  States  were  maintained  informally  in 
crisis  situations  on the  ground  and  in consultations  in various  international  fora,  particularly 
within  the  United  Nations  system,  where  the  world's  donor  community  discussed  aid 
programmes. 

More  specifically  within  the  Union's  own  institutional  framework,  the  regular  Quarterly 
Meetings,  which  bring  together  Member  State  Directors  of  humanitarian  aid  and  the 
Commission,  continued their useful  function  as a discussion forum.  Particularly  exemplary  in 
this  respect  was  the  meeting  in  early  November  which  examined  in detail  the  Commission's 
pending  decisions  for  new  humanitarian  aid packages  for  former  Yugoslavia  and  the  region 
of the  Great  Lakes  in East  Africa.  An  initial  discussion paper  on linking  relief,  rehabilitation 
and  development  was  also  examined  at  this  meeting  (see  section  3.2). 

Bilateral  contacts  and  cooperation  with  individual  Member  States  were  pursued  in  various 
forms  and fora both officially  and on a more informal  basis, making an important  contribution 
to  constructive  dialogue. 

It  is  worth  mentioning  that  clear  support  for  ECHO'S  operations  was  expressed  by  the 
Members  States at the meeting of April  1995. On that occasion, most countries argued  against 
cuts  in  humanitarian  aid  despite  current  budgetary  constraints.  They  also  called  for  greater 
Commission  involvement  in  rehabilitation  programmes  and  for  a  gradual  switch  from 
straightforward  humanitarian  aid  to  "sustainable  programmes". 

The  enlargement  of  the  Union  on  1st January  1995 to  include  Austria.  Finland  and  Sweden 
brought  with  it an unarguable  enrichment  of the context  in which ECHO  carries out  its work. 
As  neutral  countries  with  a  long  tradition  of  humanitarian  concern,  they  have  taken  a  keen 
interest  in  ECHO'S  work  from  the  outset. 

4.3.3 

European  Parliament 

1995  was  a year  of  intense  parliamentary  activity  on  themes  directly  or  indirectly  related  to 
humanitarian  aid. 

The  discussions  on  the  proposal  for  a  Council  Regulation  on  humanitarian  aid  have  already 
been  mentioned  (see  section  1.1). 
It  is  in  this  context  and  on  the  occasion  of  one  of  its 
ordinary  meetings that the parliamentary  Committee on Development  convened  a meeting on 
17 October bringing together Ms  Bonino, the Community's partners involved  in humanitarian 

22 

work  (NGOs  and  international  agencies)  and  representatives  of  the  Member  States.  The 
meeting  indicated  that  the  proposal  as  put  forward  by  the  Commission  enjoyed  the  support 
of  both  the  parliamentary  commission  and  the  Community's  partners. 

In addition, the committee  monitored  closely developments  in the countries  concerned  and in 
their  relief  needs.  In particular,  the situation  in the region of the Great  Lakes  in East  Africa 
featured  regularly  on  its  agenda. 

The  Committee  on  Foreign  Affairs  focused  its  attention  on  former  Yugoslavia  and  the  war 
in  Chechnya. 

Besides  ordinary  parliamentary  work,  written  and  oral  questions,  resolutions,  initiatives  and 
reports,  a number  of  significant  events were  organized  within  Parliament,  namely  the  public 
hearings  on  anti-personnel  mines  on  21  and  22  March;  on  "50  years  of  United  Nations:  the 
humanitarian  challenge"  on  22  and  23  May  and  on  "Evaluation,  impact  and  perspectives  of 
the  human  rights  clause"  on  20  and  21 November.  The  hearings  have  been  a  constant 
reminder of the keen interest shown by the European Parliament  in all aspects of humanitarian 
work,  cooperation  and  development,  and  observance  of  human  rights. 

Meanwhile  the  European  Forum  for  Active  Conflict  Prevention  (FEPAC)  continued  to  meet 
once a month in Strasburg to discuss topical matters in the presence of prominent  personalities 
directly  involved  in  its  work.  The  forum  enables  views  to  be  exchanged  in  a  lively 
atmosphere  and  bears witness to the fact  that  however  difficult  dialogue  might  be, it is never 
impossible. 

Under  the  auspices  of  the  ACP-EU  Joint  Assembly,  a  Refugee  Working  Group  was 
established  in  1994 (rapporteur the Hon. Mr. Vecchi, MEP). At the first meeting it was agreed 
that  ECHO  should  attend  future  sessions, two  of which were held  in  1995.  ECHO  has taken 
an  active  part  in  discussions  within  this  forum,  which  has  shown  a  keen  interest 
in  the 
development  of  the  Permanent  Inter-service  Group  for  Assistance  Towards  Refugees, 
Internally  Displaced  Persons  and  Returnees  (PISG)  (see  section  4.3.1.1). 

4.3.4 

Non-Governmental  Organisations 

During  1995, about  half  of  humanitarian  aid  funds  administeried  by ECHO  were  committed 
for  operations  carried  out  by  non-governmental  organisations  (NGOs).  This  represents  an 
increase  even  on  the  figures  for  preceding  years, and  underlines yet  again  the  Commission's 
commitment  to the  partnership  principle  for  its humanitarian  operations  and  in particular  the 
prominent  role of NGOs  in that partnership: they  were involved  in virtually  every  one of  the 
almost  sixty  countries  in  which  humanitarian  assistance  was  funded. 

ECHO  has  continued  throughout  the  year  to  seek  opportunities  for.  and  devote  time  to, 
dialogue  with  various  groupings  of  partner  NGOs  in  a  number  of  Member  States.  This  has 
been  a valuable  investment  in that  it has allowed  all parties to keep up to  date  with  trends  in 
humanitarian  affairs  and  to  tackle  problems,  clear  up  any  misunderstandings  and  familiarise 
each  other  with  the  constraints  under  which  each  has to  work. 

23 

While  giving  scope  for  joint  review  of  policy  issues  pertinent  to  humanitarian  work,  these 
organised contacts proved particularly fruitful  as a way of looking at the many practical  issues 
involved  in  managing  humanitarian  operations.  As  time  goes  by,  it  is  clear  too  that 
increasingly  close  working  relationships  are  developing  between  NGOs  and  ECHO  desk 
officers  and  field  correspondents. 

4.3.5 

United  Nations 

Where  humanitarian  assistance  is  concerned,  the  Commission's  stake  in  the  UN  system 
remained  very important  in  1995, although figures  were down compared  to the previous year. 
Of  the  total  of  ECU  494  million  committed  by  the  end  of  the  year,  17%  was  channelled 
through  UN agencies (as compared to a final figure  of 32% in  1994). This figure  breaks down 
as  follows: 

UNHCR 
WFP 
UNICEF 
DHA 
UNRWA 
Others 

ECU  46.9  million 
ECU  29.2  million 
ECU  4.7  million 
ECU  0.55  million 
ECU  0.14  million 
ECU  1.45  million 

9.5% 
5.9% 
0.9% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.3% 

ECHO  also  contributed  to  the  publication  of  a brochure  on  relations  between  the  European 
Union  and  the  United  Nations  to  mark  the  latter's  50th  anniversary. 

4.3.5.1 

Office  of  the High  Commissioner for  refugees (UNHCR) 

UNHCR  is by  far  the  Commission's  most  important  single  operational  partner  in  delivering 
humanitarian  assistance,  and  the converse  is also true  (in  1994, the  Commission  financed  an 
estimated  22% of  UNHCR"s  budget,  of  which  the  lion's  share  came  from  ECHO). 

Indeed, support to UNHCR in  1995 went beyond simple financing  of operations to encompass 
wide-ranging  policy  discussions  and  coordination  initiatives,  exemplified  by  the  case  of 
Rwanda/Burundi  (see  section  ?). 

This  symbiotic  relationship  has found  expression  in the  establishment  of  a  high-level  group 
which  met  for  the  second  time  in  May  1995.  All  relevant  Commission  and  UNHCR 
departments  take  part  in  this  structured  dialogue,  which  is  chaired  by  ECHO. 

Not limited to this context, constant dialogue and policy discussions with UNHCR at all levels 
and  in  various  fora  led  to  the  development  of  targeted  strategies  and  a  good  deal  of 
convergence  in  the  analysis  of  needs  and  priorities. 

In  summary,  as far  as the  operations  funded  by  the  Commission  are concerned,  UNHCR  has 
proven  to  be  an  efficient  implementing  agency  and  relations  between  the  two  are  good,  to 
such an extent  that  it could be said that their relationship has been and is a major  contributory 
factor  to  a more  efficient  international  humanitarian  relief  effort. 

24 

4.3.5.2 

DHA  (Department  of Humanitarian  Affairs) 

The Commission  has continued to follow  with interest  DHA's efforts  to become an  effective 
coordinating  instrument  within the overall UN humanitarian  system. Some recent  discussions 
in  the  revitalised  Inter-Agency  Steering  Committee  hold  out  the  hope  of  specific  progress 
with  respect  to  issues  such  as  internally  displaced  persons  and  the  use  of  military  and  civil 
defence  assets  in  humanitarian  operations  (MCDA). 

Relations  with  DHA  have  been  good,  concentrating  specifically  on  the  MCDA  project  and 
discussions  over the development  of the ReliefWeb  concept.  Work has also proceeded  on the 
IDNDR project  supported  in  1994 (see section  4.5). Training  and standing procedures  for  air 
operations were  supported  under the  MCDA project  in  1995, followed  by additional  support, 
agreed  upon  towards  the  end  of the  year,  for  the  development  of  a register  of  assets.  ECHO 
has  participated  in  and  closely  monitored  work  in  the  MCDA  steering  committee. 

Another  area  of  cooperation  with  DHA  has  been  in  the  context  of  the  so-called  Escrow 
account,  a  facility  set  up  by  the  US  government  which  enables  DHA  to  carry  out 
humanitarian assistance operations in Iraq by providing it with counterpart funds released  from 
frozen  Iraqi  assets,  equivalent  to  the  pledges  of  other  donors. 

4.3.5.3 

World Food  Programme  (WFP) 

In  1995,  WFP  was  once  again  a  very  important  operational  partner  in  delivering  the 
Commission's  humanitarian  assistance.  The  operational  problems  highlighted  in  1994, 
however,  have  not  been  solved.  Specific  failings  have  been  highlighted  in  external 
evaluations  commissioned  by  ECHO,  notably  in  Tajikistan. 

WFP"s structure  has  been  slow in  adapting  itself  to the requirements  of  handling  emergency 
aid.  a fact  which  has been  observed  also by many  other  donors and by  WFP's  own  external 
audits.  On  the  other  hand,  the  organization  has  considerable  strengths  when  it  comes  to 
delivering  large-scale  food  aid,  e.g.  in  Rwanda/Burundi. 

WFP  signed  a  Framework  Partnership  Agreement  with  the  Commission  in  May  1995,  and 
high-level  contacts  were  pursued  throughout  the year  with  a view to  ironing  out  some  of  the 
operational  difficulties,  not  without  some  progress. 

4.3.5.4 

United Nations  Children 's Fund  (Unicef 

A  smaller  but  still  significant  partner.  Contacts  with  Unicef  were  also  frequent  throughout 
the  year.  Relations  are  set  to  develop  following  the  signing  of  a  Framework  Partnership 
Agreement  between  the  two  parties  on  29  June  1995.  Unicef s  Executive  Director, 
Mrs  Bellamy,  came  to  Brussels  for  the  occasion,  and  this  provided  the  opportunity  for  a 
fruitful  exchange  of  views  between  herself  and  Ms  Bonino. 

25 

4.3.6 

United  States 

Good  relations  with  the  US  in the  field  of  humanitarian  assistance  are  a natural  priority  for 
the  Commission  in  view  of  the  fact  that  the  EU,  its  Member  States,  and  the  US  together 
accounted  for  some  86%) of  all  official  humanitarian  aid  in  1994.  Links  already  established 
in  1994  were  strengthened  in  1995. 

Alongside regular exchanges of information  and contacts at working level, dialogue on matters 
of  mutual  interest  in  the  humanitarian  field  was  pursued  through  high-level  consultations 
between the Commission  and the Americans. On 24  and 25  May Ms Bonino had very  fruitful 
meetings in Washington  with Mrs Clinton, US politicians and high-ranking  officials  from  the 
State  Department  and  from  the  Agency  for  International  Development  (USAID).  A  further 
high  level  meeting  between  the  Commission  and  USAID  was arranged  on  21-22  September 
in Brussels, in which  ECHO took an active part.  On this occasion,  agreement  was reached  to 
cooperate  on  a  number  of joint  concerns. 

Partly  as  a  result,  humanitarian  aid  and  related  issues  were  also  identified  as  one  of  the 
priority  areas  for  closer  overall  relations  between  the  EU  and  the  US  in  the  context  of 
transatlantic  dialogue.  This  was  expressed  in the  drawing  up  of  a Joint  EU-US  Action  Plan, 
which  was  released  at  the  EU-US  Summit  of  3  December.  The  Plan  covers  many  specific 
humanitarian  concerns,  including  peace  and  reconstruction  in  former  Yugoslavia  and  the 
Middle East, preventive diplomacy, development assistance, human rights, democracy, asylum 
and refugee  issues, nuclear  safety  and health. The Plan also foresees  the setting-up  of a High-
Level  Consultative  Group  on  Development  Co-operation  and  Humanitarian  Assistance  with 
a  wide  mandate,  including  all  of  the  areas  identified  at  the  meetings  with  USAID  in 
September  (see  Annex  3). 

To  improve  the  exchange  of  information,  the  Commission  continues  to  work  together  with 
the  US  in  attempting  to  set  up  a  global  financial  tracking  system  for  humanitarian  aid. 
Problems  with collecting  data  from  the various US departments  responsible  for  humanitarian 
aid  which  would  be  comparable  with  Commission  statistics  mean,  however,  that  the  picture 
is  still  very  incomplete. 

4.3.7 

Other  third  countries  and  international  and  regional  organisations 

4.3. 7.1 

Other  third  countries 

Following  contacts  in  1994  when  membership  of  the  Union  was  under  consideration,  the 
Commission  has  maintained  a  working  relationship  with  aid  authorities  in  Norway, 
traditionally  a  country  with  significant  involvement  in  humanitarian  issues. 

Preliminary  contacts  were  also  pursued  with  Canada  during  the  year  and  are  likely  to  be 
intensified  in  1996. 

26 

4.3. 7.2 

Red  Cross 

An  important  partner  of  ECHO's  is  of  course  the  Red  Cross,  guardian  of  the  Geneva 
Conventions  of  1949. Close working  relationships  were was maintained  and  even  intensified 
in  1995, both  with  the  International  Committee  (ICRC),  the  International  Federation  of 
Red  Cross  and  Red  Crescent  Societies  (IFRC)  and  national  Red  Cross  Societies.  Regular 
planning  and policy  meetings with these two partners have been organized  so as to  capitalize 
on  their  expertise  in  complex  humanitarian  situations. 

During  1995 the Commission contributed ECU  40.4  million towards ICRC activities to protect 
prisoners  and  their  basic  rights,  trace  family  members  and  missing  persons,  and  implement 
numerous  medical  and  first  aid  programmes,  most  notably  in  Rwanda  and  Burundi. 

Through  its  liaison  office  in  Brussels,  in  1995  the  IFRC  was  able  to  reinforce  coordination 
between  national  Red  Cross  societies  involved  in  ECHO  operations,  and  remained  an 
important  operational  partner  in  its  own  right. 

4.4 

Evaluation 

The  year  was marked  by  growing  interest  on the part  of  the  Member  States  and  of  ECHO'S 
partners in the evaluation of humanitarian aid operations and its methodology.  This coincided 
with  the  Commission's  resolve  to  evaluate  its  activities  in  all  fields  under  the  "Sound  and 
Efficient  Management  2000"  initiative  launched  by  the  new  Commission. 

ECHO  has been  among  the  first  in  responding  to  the  challenge  of  evaluation,  while  bearing 
in  mind  the  very  specific  nature  of  its own  work.  Good  progress  was  made  in  1995  both  in 
finalizing an updated methodology which would fit in with ECHO's needs and its own modus 
operandi  as  well  as  those  of  its partners,  and  increasing  the  overall  number  of  evaluations 
carried  out.  With  the  publication  of  a  methodological  manual  containing  practical  and 
systematic  guidelines  for  evaluating  humanitarian  aid,  the  first  phase  is  now  over.  This 
handbook  will  not  only  serve the needs of the Commission,  but also those  of  its partners  and 
indeed  of  all  those  involved  in humanitarian  work. 

The  Commission  continued  to  evaluate  operations  funded  by  the  EU  and  implemented  by 
NGOs  or  UN  agencies.  Accordingly,  operations  carried  out  by  46  NGOs  and  by  5  UN 
agencies  were  evaluated  in  the  course  of  the  year.  The  evaluations  covered  all  types  of 
programmes  and  all  theatres  of  operation. 

Having  developed  its  own  evaluation  methods,  the  Commission  has  acquired  sufficient 
experience to evaluate  its own programmes, and  in particular  those in Southern Caucasus  and 
Iraq.  Evaluation  has  enabled  the  Commission  to  obtain  first-hand  information  on  the  socio 
economic  situation  and on the impact of its work in each sector (medical,  food  aid, etc.)  with 
a  view  to  improving  the  targeting  of  its  activities  in  those regions. 

For  instance,  the  evaluation  of  an  immunization  campaign  in  Southern  Caucasus,  Ukraine, 
Russia  and  Belarus  carried  out  by  different  partners  has enabled  the  Commission  to  identify 
the pros  and  cons  of the  various  methods.  In  addition,  in  1995 the Commission  for  the  first 

27 

time  evaluated  12  disaster-preparedness  operations  in  Africa,  Latin  America  and  Southern 
Asia. 

Besides looking closely at the effectiveness  of relief operations, the Commission has  carefully 
monitored  the impact  of its initiatives, in particular on health indicators, the local market,  the 
environment  and  on  local  institutional  capacities  throughout  its  evaluation  effort,  and  has 
considered  the  need  for  continued  funding  of  relief  operations  in the  region. 

Despite  the  large  number  of  evaluations  carried  out,  it  is  too  early  to  draw  meaningful 
conclusions at this stage, since humanitarian operations differ  widely reflecting  as they do the 
complex  and  very  specific  situations  in which  they  are  carried  out.  The  Commission  sees to 
it  that  evaluation  results  are  extensively  discussed  with  its  partners.  Generally  speaking,  it 
could  be  said  that  a  sound  partnership  is  being  built  since  the  role  of  evaluation  is  well 
understood  and  its  findings  are  an  effective  way  of  obtaining  better  results. 

4.5 

Disaster  Preparedness 

ECHO's  Disaster  Preparedness  Programme,  begun  in  1994,  was  consolidated  in  1995  and 
received  increasing  attention  from  international  organizations  and  NGOs  active  in  both 
emergency  and  development  programmes.  The  budget  reserved  for  disaster-preparedness 
activities  in  1995  amounted  to  ECU  4.2  million. 

ECHO  started  supporting  27  Preparedness  and  Prevention  projects  in  Africa,  Asia,  Latin 
America and the NIS  in  1995, and continued  funding  6 projects which were launched in 1994. 
A  list  of  the  projects  is  attached  at  Annex  2. 

In  addition  to  the  three  key  elements  of  the  Programme,  namely: 

the  development  of  human  resources, 
the  strengthening  of  institutional  capacities,  and 
the  implementation  of  community-based,  low-cost  technology  projects  for 
preparedness  and  prevention, 

projects  favoured  in  the  selection  process  met  several'of  the  following  criteria: 

implementation  in countries  ranked  unfavourably  in the  Human  Development 
Index; 
focus  on  the  needs  of  the  most  vulnerable  groups; 
complementarity  to  national  development  programmes  and  relief  operations: 
sustainability  over  the  long  term,  and  environmental  soundness; 
community  participation/management,  strengthening  of  local  capacities,  and 
emphasis  on  the  involvement  of  women. 

Besides  supporting  field  operations,  ECHO  also  contributed 
to  the  development  of 
international  policies  and awareness raising on the subject  of prevention  and preparedness.  In 
this  context,  a  meeting  of  experts  on  "The  Environmental  Impact  of  Displaced  Populations" 

28 

was organized  in Brussels on 23-24 September  1995. Recommendations  and technical papers, 
presented during the workshop, are currently being prepared for publication and dissemination. 

As  stated  above  (see  section  4.4), by the  end  of  1995  evaluations  of  most  of  the  operational 
projects had been conducted. Most of the evaluations have shown very positive results, despite 
modest financial  support and often  a small geographical  impact area. Evaluators have praised 
the projects'  cost-efficiency,  their being rooted in local resources and their  effective  potential 
in  preventing  or  mitigating  disaster. 

The  Commission's  activities  in  the  field  of  disaster  preparedness  take  full  account  of  the 
recommendations  of  the  Yokohama  Plan  of  Action  agreed  upon  in  the  context  of  the  UN 
International  Decade  for  Natural  Disaster  Reduction  (IDNDR),  in  support  of  which  it  has 
played  and  continues  to  play  an  active  role. 

The  challenge  for  the future  will be to further  consolidate  and develop the experience  gained 
in  1995. A'particular  challenge  in  1996 will  be to  develop  further  some  specific  elements  of 
the  Disaster-Preparedness  Programme,  including  the  Preparedness  Technical  Advisory 
Committee  (PREP-TAG)  as  an  expert  group  to  give  advice  on  the  Programme,  and  the 
regionally-based  Focal  Centres  which  will  be  set  up  to  allow  ECHO  to  implement  training 
programmes  directly  at  a regional  level. 

As part of its mandate to coordinate Commission policies in the field of  disaster-preparedness 
outside  the  territory  of the  EU,  since  March  1995 ECHO  has been  chairing  an ad  hoc  inter-
service group with the aim of addressing off-site  nuclear emergency preparedness in Central 
and  Eastern  Europe. 

Following  a  successful  meeting  with  prospective  beneficiary  countries  in  August,  a  major 
needs  assessment  study  was commissioned  in September.  This  study,due  to be completed  by 
January  1996, has the twin objectives  of determining the current state of off-site  preparedness 
in  the  partner  countries  and  of  identifying  areas  where  assistance  is  needed  to  bring  these 
arrangements  to  an  adequate  level.  Following  analysis  of the  results,  a coherent  multiannual 
programme  aimed  at  improving  local  preparedness  systems  will  be  developed. 

Lastly.  1995  saw  the  further  consolidation  of  the  NOHA  Diploma  launched  by  ECHO 
together  with  DG  XXII  at  the  end  of  1993  with  the  aim  of  upgrading  the  qualifications  of 
humanitarian  staff.  Additional  information  on this  can  be  found  in  Annex  4. 

5 

5.1 

Prospects  for  1996  and  beyond 

Foreseeable  needs  in  1996 

No  crystal  ball  is necessary  to predict  that  instability,  with  its heavy  toll  of human  suffering, 
will  continue  to  haunt  several  regions  of  the  world  in  1996  and  beyond. 

Humanitarian  assistance  in former  Yugoslavia  has acquired  a dimension  never  yet known  in 
Europe.  The  international  relief  aid  on  which  millions  of  people  have  had  to  depend  during 

29 

more than  four  years of fighting  has become a constant  of daily  life  for  the population  of this 
stricken  zone. 

The  enormous  material  and  psychological  damage  inflicted  by  the  conflict  means  that  the 
population is highly vulnerable and will remain so for a long while. Moving back to normality 
will  necessitate  continued  external  support,  with  humanitarian  assistance  remaining  high  on 
the  agenda  in  the  short  term,  while  needing  to be conceived  so  as to  reduce  aid  dependency 
and  allow  reconstruction  to  take  over. 

The Commission's  support for humanitarian agencies, notably the UNHCR as the lead agency 
for  repatriation  and  resettlement  questions,  and  the  ICRC  as  regards  protection,  therefore 
remains  crucial.  At  the  same  time,  aid  will  need  to  be  evaluated  and  re-examined  on  a 
permanent  basis  to  respond  to  changing  needs. 

Aware  of  the  importance  of the  return  and  resettlement  of displaced  persons  and  refugees  to 
the  success  of the  overall  peace process,  the Commission  will  be increasing  its  humanitarian 
presence  on  the  ground  so as to  monitor  the  situation  and  develop  appropriate  responses  on 
a  permanent  basis.  The  granting  of  aid  will  continue  to be guided  by  considerations  only  of 
needs,  regardless  of  ethnicity,  religion  or  political  persuasion  of  the  recipients.  It  may  be 
hoped  that  this  even-handed  approach  will  in  itself  encourage  some  measure  of  conciliation 
between  the  communities. 

With  the continuing  Rwandan  refugee  crisis and the deterioration  of the  situation  in Burundi, 
an EU  humanitarian  presence will remain  indispensable  in Africa,  especially  in the region  of 
the  Great  Lakes,  but  also  in  Sudan,  Somalia,  Liberia  and  Sierra  Leone  as  well  as  Angola. 
Short  of  any  clear  signs  of  stabilisation,  humanitarian  needs  are  likely  to  persist  in  northern 
Iraq  and  in  Afghanistan  as well  as  in parts  of  South-East  Asia  and  of  the  CIS,  especially 
the  Caucasus.  In  each  of  these  regions,  ECHO  is  unlikely  to  be  able  to  phase  out  its 
intervention  in  the  short  term. 

Building  on  results  to  date,  the  Commission  has  also  identified  disaster  preparedness  and 
prevention  as a special priority  for  ECHO's work in  1996. Well-chosen  activities in this field 
have  proven  their  effectiveness  and  value  many  times  over. 

ECHO  will  also  continue  to  liaise  closely  with  other  Commission  departments  and  relevant 
outside  bodies  to  ensure  that  humanitarian  concerns  are  addressed  in  a timely  and  effective 
fashion.  This  includes  contributing to discussions aimed at  establishing  links between  relief 
and  development  and  making  sure  that  integrated  Commission  strategies  vis-à-vis  third 
countries  take  sufficiently  into  account  the  risk  of  disasters  and  the  need  to  act  to  prevent 
them,  as well  as  to  be  ready  when  disaster  does  strike. 

5.2 

Conclusions  and  future  strategy 

It  is evident  that  ECHO  operates  in  an  environment  where  speed  of  response  and  efficiency 
are  of  the  essence.  Its  activities  enjoy  ever-increasing  visibility  and  widespread  support 
amongst  the  general  public.  It  has  become  a  leading  partner  for  the  major  international 
organisations  dealing  with  humanitarian  relief  and  the  many  NGOs  representing  the 

30 

commitment  and concern of ordinary  citizens faced  with enormous humanitarian  needs. It has 
acted  as a powerful  force  to draw the attention  of the  EU and  the international  community  to 
the  need  for  political  solutions  to  crises  and  for  genuine  preventive  strategy.  It  has  fostered 
the  conditions  necessary  for  moves  towards  peace  in  more  than  one  troubled  region  of  the 
world.  It  has  helped  towards  the  affirmation  of  a new  but  precarious  solidarity  of  the  rich 
world  towards the victims of disasters. It has contributed  substantially  towards more  effective 
coordination  of  international  humanitarian  efforts. 

ECHO's work is about people. People in need, who have nowhere else to turn. It is a task and 
a  commitment  which  does  the  European  Union  credit  and  gains  it  enormous  sympathy. 

In  presenting  its  proposal  for  a  new  Regulation  on  humanitarian  aid,  the  Commission  has 
asserted  its belief that ECHO has to carry out its work with neutrality  and impartiality,  guided 
only  by the needs of victims of humanitarian  emergencies. This vision was recently  endorsed 
by the world's  major  humanitarian actors as they met in Madrid  on  14 December.  In adopting 
their  common  position  on  the  Commission's  proposal  for  a  legal  basis,  the  Member  States 
have  also  affirmed  that  they  share that  vision  and  wish  to  be  an  active  party  in translating  it 
into  action. 

In  this  spirit,  the  Commission  intends  to  continue  fostering  its  relations  with  the  US  and 
bringing  issues  connected  with  the  UN  and  other  humanitarian  partners  into  focus  so  as  to 
develop  this  model  of  cooperation  further.  There  is a need  for  relations  to  be  built  up  with 
countries  which  already  share  or  are  desirous  of  sharing  in  the  international  humanitarian 
relief  effort  and,  of  course,  are  in  a position  to  do  so. 

1996  will  also  see  the  opening  of  the  Inter-Governmental  Conference  (IGC)  intended  to 
review  the  functioning  of  the  Maastricht  Treaty  and  prepare  the  necessary  treaty  changes, 
notably,  to  allow the  Union  to  continue  to  function  effectively  after  enlargement.  The  future 
development  of  the  Union's  Common  Foreign  and  Security  Policy,  which  has  not,  it  is 
generally  agreed,  worked  well  so far,  will  be  one  of  the  major  challenges.  In this  context,  it 
should  be underlined  that humanitarian  assistance is neither  an element  of  foreign  policy  nor 
an  instrument  of  conflict  resolution,  since  it  treats  the  symptoms,  not  the  cause.  This  is the 
principle  which  has  guided  the  Commission's  work  through  ECHO  in  the  past  and  which  it 
is  crucial  to  uphold. 

However,  the  crisis  situations  in which  ECHO  is called  upon  to  provide  assistance  highlight 
the need  to strengthen  the Union's capacity  to act in the political arena, and especially,  where 
foreign  relations  are  involved,  when  conflict  prevention  and  conflict  resolution  issues  are  at 
stake.  As  the  Madrid  Declaration  underlined,  recognition  of  the  fact  that  humanitarian 
assistance  does  not  have  the  wherewithal  to  address  these  issues  must  lead  to  the 
determination  to use the political tools which are available. In the case of the European  Union 
this  also  means  reviewing  the  Treaty  in  such  a way  as to  give  the  Union  sufficient  power  to 
act  -  in  defence  of  its  own  interests,  and  in  defence  of  the  defenceless.  To  do  so  is a  matter 
which  is  independent  from  humanitarian  aid,  but  which  is central  to  humanitarian  concerns. 

DOCUMENTARY  ANNEXES 

iZ. 

MADRID  DECLARATION 

ANNEX  1 

We,  leaders  and  representatives  of  prominent  humanitarian  agencies  and 
donors,  met  this  day,  the  14th  of  December  1995, for  a Humanitarian  Summit. 

RECALLING: 

1.1 

1.2 

1.3 

1.4 

1.5 

That  in  response  to  ever-growing  needs,  global  humanitarian  assistance  has 
increased  many-fold  in  the  past  five  years  to  exceed  today  4  billion  dollars.  In 
1994  an  estimated  45  million  people  depended  on  humanitarian  assistance. 
However,  it  is  clear  that  humanitarian  assistance  is  neither  a  solution,  nor  a 
panacea  for  crises  which  are  essentially  man-made.  This  is  true  in  Rwanda  and 
Bosnia,  but  also  in many  other  parts  of the  world,  such  as Afghanistan,  Northern 
Iraq,  Liberia  and  Sierra  Leone,  Tajikistan,  and  the  Sudan; 

That  in  line  with  our  respective  mandates  and  responsibilities,  we  remain 
committed to relieve the plight of victims of man-made and natural  disasters when 
and  where  we  can,  and  to  support  and  encourage  local  and  regional  initiatives  to 
address  crises.  We  will  provide  assistance,  in  particular,  to  protect  and  feed  the 
victims, to organise  shelter, to provide medical care and counselling  and to reunite 
children  with  their  families.  We  will  ensure  we  coordinate  closely  amongst 
ourselves  and  with  our  partners  to  achieve  maximum  impact  to  reduce  suffering; 

That  since the end of the Cold  War, the world  is torn by some 50 armed  conflicts. 
A  large  number  of  civilians  have been and  are being brutally  murdered,  wounded 
or  forced  to  flee  their  homes  on  a scale  unseen  since  the  UN  Charter  was  drawn 
up.  Those  who  cannot  flee,  or  have  nowhere  to  go, have  suffered  untold  misery 
and  seen their  lives traumatized  and, in many cases, their existence rendered  more 
fragile  than  ever.  Basic  principles  of  international  humanitarian  law  are  often 
disregarded;  human  rights continue to be trampled  underfoot  in many  areas of  the 
world; 

That  too  often  the causes of humanitarian  disasters  still  lie deep  in the  social  and 
economic  injustice  existing  within  and  between  nations.  Power  struggles,  poor 
governance  and  competition  over  scarce  resources  are  also  related  to  widespread 
abject  poverty,  overpopulation,  and  social  inequality; 

That  the  work  of  humanitarian  organisations  is  guided  by  the  principles  of 
humanity,  impartiality,  neutrality  and  independence; 

WE  APPEAL  TO  THE  INTERNATIONAL  COMMUNITY  AT* LARGE 
FOR: 

2.1 

2.2 

2.3 

2.4 

2.5 

2.6 

2.7 

Determination  to  take  whatever  resolute  decisive  action  may  be  necessary  to 
resolve  crisis  situations  and  not  to  use  humanitarian  activities  as  a  substitute  for 
political  action.  The independence  and impartiality  of humanitarian  assistance  must 
be  fully  recognized  and  respected.  This  is  indispensable  for  saving  lives  in  crisis 
situations. 

The development  of a global  system of proactive  crisis  prevention.  Determination 
and  political  will  are  needed  to  address  both  the  direct  and  indirect  causes  of 
conflict  and  other  humanitarian  emergencies.  Early  warning  should  lead  to  early 
action. 

A  new  and  imaginative  commitment  to development  assistance.  Crises  are  greatly 
exacerbated  by  the  current  decrease  in development  assistance, just  at  a time  when 
it needs  to be  increased  to reduce the  severity  of humanitarian  crises. Poverty  leads 
to  vulnerability  and  forces  people  into  survival  strategies  that  can  further  hasten 
the  onslaught  of  crises.  As  a  result,  crises  become  more  likely  and  more  deadly 
when  they  strike. 

A  global  campaign  against  hunger  which  afflicts  one  out  of  every  seven  people  on 
earth.  Food  security  is  one  of  the  issues  which  must  be  singled  out  in  view  of  the 
particular  importance  that  food  has  in  poor  rural  households  in  the  developing 
world.  Not  only  must  food  production  and  supplies  be  assured  but  also  access  at 
affordable  prices  for  the  poorest  segments  of  society.  Similar  attention  must  be 
given  to  the  supply  of  clean  drinking  water. 

Greater  stress  on  and  support  for  preparedness  measures,  especially  for  natural 
disasters.  Reluctance  to  fund  local  initiatives,  carry  out  preparedness  programmes 
and  support  self-reliance  may  not  only  cause  human  suffering  when  the  crisis 
strikes  but  it  will  also  lead  to  much  larger  costs  for  victims  and  donors  alike. 

Resources  to  bring  relief  and  political  solutions  also  to  the  many  "forgotten" 
crises  which  do  not  hit.  or  quickly  slip  from,  the  international  headlines.  These 
crises,  just  like  any  others,  threaten  the  survival  of  millions  of  people  and  can 
destabilise  whole  regions. 

Urgent  steps  to  address  the  deliberate  targeting  of  civilians  in  today's  conflicts. 
Atrocities  such  as  ethnic  cleansing,  torture  and  rape  have  become  in  many  cases 
tools  and  objectives  of  warfare,  in  flagrant  disregard  for  international  humanitarian 
law.  All  parties  to  conflict  should  be  held  accountable.  Impunity  for  human  rights 
abuses  must  end.  The  International  Criminal  Tribunals  for  Former  Yugoslavia  and 
Rwanda  must  be  enabled  fully  to  carry  out  their  mandates,  with  a  view  to  the 
establishment  of  a  permanent  International  Criminal  Tribunal  for  the  punishment 
of  «zenocide,  war  crimes  and  crimes  against  humanity. 

34 

2.8 

2.9 

2.10 

2.11 

Measures to address the specific  protection  and assistance  needs of the millions of 
people  who  have  fled  within  their  own  countries  as a  result  of  conflict.  Guiding 
principles  must be formulated  to improve their plight, and  to safeguard  their  right 
to physical  and  material  security.  We also support  the development  by  the  UN  of 
improved  facilities  to  prevent  human  rights  abuses  in  cases  of  internal  conflict. 
Moreover,  the  right  of  refugees  to  seek  and  enjoy  in  other  countries  asylum  from 
persecution  must  be  upheld. 

Urgent  attention  to  be  given  to  the  needs  and  protection  of  all  victims,  with 
priority  to  women,  children  and  the  elderly,  who  are  invariably  the  vast  majority 
of all  victims  of  armed  conflict.  The  central  role  of women  must  be  recognised 
and  women  must  be  reasserted  in  the  planning,  management  and  distribution  of 
relief  assistance,  as  the  best  way  of  ensuring  that  relief  reaches  the  most 
vulnerable.  Their 
into 
consideration. 

reproductive  health  must  be  systematically 

taken 

Children,  in particular,  should  not be deprived  of their  home and  family,  of  their 
right  to  life,  physical  and  psychological  health  and  education,  and  to  a  peaceful 
existence. 

Resources  to  remain  available  to  meet  the  challenge  of  rebuilding  war-shattered 
societies  and  thus  consolidate  a peace  settlement  and  prevent  the  seeds  of  future 
disaster  from  being  sown.  The  links  between  relief  and  development  must  be 
strengthened  and  local  capacity  to  cope  must  be  reinforced.  Reconstruction 
involves  not  only  water  systems,  bridges  and  roads  but  also  civil  society:  the 
demobilisation  of  soldiers  and  the  rebuilding  of  the judiciary  and  administration 
and of education and social services. Flexible mechanisms to provide more  funding 
for  emergency  rehabilitation  must  be  found.  At  the  same  time,  relief  must  be 
managed  efficiently 
in  order  to  phase  out  humanitarian  aid  as  soon  as  the 
emergency  period  is  over,  switching  over  rapidly  to  other  forms  of  assistance. 

All concerned  to respect the humanitarian  and non-political  nature  of our  work, as 
well  as  our  respective  mandates,  to  give  us  full  access  to  all  persons  in  need,  to 
ensure the  safety  of humanitarian personnel, and to provide us with a more  secure 
basis  for  funding.  In  this  connection  we  reaffirm  international  concern  and 
commitment.  The resourcefulness  of human  solidarity  is enormous.  Yet  fatalism 
and compassion fatigue  are real threats. Governments and leaders need to recognise 
that,  in  an  ever  more  interdependent  world,  the  vital  interests  of  every  nation  in 
global  peace  and  security  can  only  be  achieved  through  concerted  international 
action. 

35 

[Signed  by:] 

Mr  Brian  Atwood 
USAID  Administrator 

Ms  Carol  Bellamy 
Executive  Director  of  UNICEF 

Ms  Catherine  Bertini 
Executive  Director  of  the  World  Food  Programme  (WFP) 

Mrs  Emma  Bonino 
European  Commissioner  for  Humanitarian  Aid 

Mr  Agostinho  Jardim  Gonçalves 
President  of  the  Liaison  Committee  of  Development  NGOs  to  the  European  Union 

Mr  Peter  Hansen 
United  Nations  Under-Secretary  General  responsible  for  Humanitarian  Affairs 

Mrs  Sadako  Ogata 
United  Nations  High  Commissioner  for  Refugees 

Mrs  Doris  Schopper 
President  of  Médecins  Sans  Frontières 

Mr  C o r n e l io  S o m m a r u ga 
President  of  the  International  Committee  of  the  Red  Cross 

Mrs  Julia  Taft 
President  of  InterAction  (the  American  Council  for  Voluntary  International  Action) 

36 

List  of  Disaster  Preparedness  Projects  financed  in 
1995 

ANNEX 2 

In  Central/Latin  America  and  the  Caribbean. 

1.  Building  hazard-resistant 

features  into  Central  American  schools:  273,000  Ecu 

2.  Risk  assessment 

in  Costa  Rica,  Ecuador  and  Jamaica:  179,000  Ecu 

3.  Safer  roads  and  bridges  in  Central  America  and  the  Andean  countries:  184,000 
Ecu 

4.  Safer,  healthier  housing  for  low-income 

families  in  Lima,  Peru:  34,000  Ecu 

5.  A  network  of  experts  in  Latin  America:  70,000  Ecu 

6.  Environmental  planning 

in  Jamaica:  13,500  Ecu 

7.  Developing  hurricane-proof 

low-cost  housing  in  Jamaica:  18,200  Ecu 

8.  Disaster  mitigation 
Latin  America  and  Caribbean  Region:  18,400  Ecu 

in  hospitals  and  health  facilities:  formulation  of  guidelines 

for 

9.  Strengthening 
Latin  America:  148,871  Ecu 

institutional  capacity 

in  disaster  management  and  prevention 

in 

10.  Community-based  disaster  prevention  and  management 

in  Peru:  93,977  Ecu 

In  Asia. 

11.  Early  warning  systems  in  coastal  Andhra  Pradesh,  India:  65,000  Ecu 

12.  Cyclone  preparedness 

in  Andhra  Pradesh,  India:  37,300  Ecu 

13.  Waste  management  project  to  prevent  outbreaks  of  plague  in  Baroda,  Gujarat, 
India:  69,000  Ecu 

14.  Preparedness 

training  in  Myanmar:  225,500  Ecu 

15.  Preparedness 

training  in  the  Philippines:  119,500  Ecu 

16.  Preparedness  and  disaster  mitigation  in  Quang  Binh,  Vietnam:  209,600  Ecu 

17.  Disaster  preparedness,  mitigation  and  response  project  in  Nepal:  204,200  Ecu 

37' 

18. Community-based  disaster preparedness  and management  system  in  Northern 
Bangladesh:  310,086 Ecu 

In Africa. 

19. Local  radio  warnings in  Sahel countries:  101,000 Ecu 

20. Kits for  displaced  people  in southern  Sudan: 458,300 Ecu 

21.  Monitoring  and preparedness  activities in Fogo  Island,  Cape  Verde:  20,700  Ecu 

22. Refugee  women  and health: relief strategy  for self-help  in emergency  situations 
in Ethiopia:  236,100 Ecu 

In the  former  Soviet  Union. 

23. Landslide  prevention  in Kyrghyzstan:  110,300 Ecu 

24.  Training for  emergency  personnel  in  Spitak, Armenia:  67,000 Ecu 

On  a global  level. 

25. Streamlining  procedures  for the use of military and civil defence  assets  in getting 
emergency  relief  goods  to  disaster  spots,  together  with  the  UN  Department  of 
Humanitarian  Affairs:  178,000 Ecu 

26.  Disaster  preparedness  training  programme  in  Latin  America  and  East  Africa, 
together  with the  International  Federation  of the Red  Cross: 270,066  Ecu 

27. Disaster preparedness  programme  development and monitoring project,  together 
with  the  Centre  for  Research  into  the  Epidemiology  of  Disasters  (CRED):  222,500 
Ecu 

ANNEX  3 

EU-USAID High  Level  Meeting 
21-22  September  in  Brussels 

AIDE  -MEMOIRE 

Breakout  Session  on  Humanitarian  Assistance 

1. 

Public and Political  Support for humanitarian assistance and emergency food  aid 

US and  EU agreed to mutually  reinforce  each other's efforts  to secure public  and 
political  support  for  humanitarian  assistance. 

2. 

Chronic  Crises 

Agreement  to  promote  concrete  measure  to  follow  up  relief  in  terms  of 
mobilization  of  development  funds. 

3. 

Relations  with  UNHCR 

Agreement  to  suggest  tripartite  meetings  EU-US-UNHCR  to  discuss  operational 
and  policy  matters  with  UNHCR. 
Joint  consultations with UNHCR to encourage voluntary repatriation in long-term 
crises  (e.g.  in  Horn  of  Africa  and  Afghanistan) 

4. 

Relations  with  WFP 

Joint  consultations  with  WFP  to  encourage  on-going  internal  reforms  in  that 
organisation. 
Joint  US-EU  consultations  on  Protracted  Refugee  Operations  (PRO) 
Joint  prior  EU-US  consultations  prior  to  CFA  (especially  on  cost  agreements) 

5. 

DHA 

Agreement  on  analysis  on  DHA's  needs  to  meet  goals. 
Continuous  US-EU  consultations  on  DHA's  horizontal  programmes,  not  least 
ReliefWeb. 

Action: 
continue  their  own  information  sharing  systems. 

In  parallel  with  DHA's  efforts  to  develop  ReliefWeb,  EU/US  should 

Agreement  that  both  sides  would  consider  secondment  of  staff  to  DHA  on  an 
experimental  basis  to  improve  the  human  resource  base  of  that  organisation. 

39 

6. 

Joint  EU-US  Assessments 

Any  impediments  to joint  assessment  missions  should  be  removed. 
Joint  missions  should  be  considered  whenever  possible. 

7. 

Security  in  refugee  camps 

Support  for  military  to  improve  camp  security  was  discussed  (ref.  UNHCR 
support  of  Zairian  troops  in  Rwanda  refugee  camps).  It  was  agreed  that  each 
situation  must  be  considered  carefully  and  prior  EU-US  consultations  were 
encouraged. 

8. 

Relations  with  Military 

Agreed  that US deployment  of humanitarian  advisers to military  forces  (to  avoid 
that  military  action  causes  unnecessary  harm  on  civilians  and  humanitarian  aid 
personnel)  is useful  (ref.  recent  US  adviser  in former  Yugoslavia). 
Suggested 
that  EU  humanitarian  advisers  should  be 
humanitarian  advisers  to  military  forces  on  future  occasions. 

invited  to  join  US 

9. 

General  Operational  Coordination 

Move  operational  coordination  to  include  planning  phase  ("upriver")  to  avoid 
overlapping. 
Continue and improve US-EU operational information  sharing on decisions taken 
or  proposals  under  consideration. 
Active  search  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic  for  complementarity  (you  provide 
blanket  we  do  food;  you  do  region  A,  we  do  region  B). 
Appoint  humanitarian  US/EU  focal  points  on  both  sides  of  Atlantic  responsible 
for: 

(1) 
(2) 
(3) 

to  arrange  policy  discussions 
consultations  on  UN  humanitarian  matters  and 
to  set  up  meetings  of  operational  experts. 

10. 

Staff  Relations 

Exchange  of  Staff 
Mutual  training  of  officials  administering  humanitarian  aid. 

40 

The  NOHA  Diploma 

ANNEX  4 

The  NOHA  (Network  On  Humanitarian  Assistance)  Diploma  was  designed  as  a  means  of 
enhancing  the professionalism  of relief workers.  The need  had become  increasingly  obvious 
in  view  of  the  considerable  increase  in  disasters  calling  for  humanitarian  aid  throughout  the 
world.  Confronted  with the dearth of options, at European  level, offering  specific  training in 
this field,  at the end  of  1993 ECHO launched a multidisciplinary  diploma,  European  in spirit, 
covering  the  major  subjects  related  to  humanitarian  work.  The  NOHA  Diploma  was 
developed  in  collaboration  with  DG  XXII  (Education,  training  and  youth),  which  is 
responsible for the Erasmus/Socrates programme,within  which framework  this post-graduate 
diploma  is  implemented. 

Five  universities  take  part  in  the  programme:  Aix-Marseille  III  (F),  Bochum  (D),  Deusto-
Bilbao  (ES),  Université  Catholique  de  Louvain  (B),  and  Oxford  (UK). 

The  academic  year  is  subdivided  into four  parts: a two-week  intensive  programme  in  one  of 
the  five  universities  (at  the  beginning  of  September),  followed  by  a foundation  course  at  the 
university  of  origin  (October-February),  then  by  specialised  tuition  in  one  of  the  other  four 
international 
universities  (February-May)  and  lastly  two-months'  work  experience 
organizations,  NGOs  or  national  administrations  responsible  for  humanitarian  assistance. 

in 

Subjects  taught  cover  the  major  aspects  of  humanitarian  aid,  namely 
humanitarian  law.  economics,  logistics,  geopolitics,  anthropology,  medicine/epidemiology. 

:  international 

A course  book  has  been  written  for  each  of the  five  modules.  These  manuals,  intended  for 
both  teachers  and  students,  have  been  translated  into  the  four  working  languages  of  the 
participating  universities.  Demand  for  them  has  been  such,  mainly  from  persons  who  are 
unable  to  attend  lectures,  that  it  was  decided  to  publish  a  new,  up-to-date  edition  of  the 
manuals  in  1996.  So  as  to  reach  a  wider  audience,  the  volumes  will  be  available  for  sale. 
Two  new  modules  - geography  and  psychology  - are being  written  and  will  be  published  in 
September  1996. 

41 

ACRONYMS  USED IN  THE REPORT 

ANNEX  5 

ACP 
CEC 
DGI 

DG  IA 

DG  IB 

DG  VIII 
DHA 
EC 
ECU 

EU 
FPA 
HOPE 
ICRC 
IDNDR 
IFRC 
MCDA 
NGO 
PAHO 
PISG 

UNHCR 
UNICEF 
UNRWA 
USAID 
WFP 
WHO 

African,  Caribbean and Pacific Countries signatory to the Lomé IV Convention 
Commission  of  the  European  Communities  (European  Commission) 
Directorate-General  for External Relations (Trade Policy, Relations with North 
America,  the  Far  East,  Australia  and  New  Zealand)  of  the  European 
Commission 
Directorate-GeiTeral  for External Relations (Europe and the newly  independent 
States,  common  foreign  and  security  policy  and  external  missions)  of  the 
European  Commission 
Directorate-General  for  External  Relations  (Southern  Mediterranean,  Middle 
East, Latin America, South and South-East Asia and North-South  Cooperation) 
of  the  European  Commission 
Directorate-General  for  Development  of  the  European  Commission 
Department  of  Humanitarian  Affairs  of  the  United  Nations 
European  Community 
European  Currency  Unit  (value  at  date  of  going  to  press:  1.33  US  dollars, 
1.87 DM) 
European  Union 
Framework  Partnership  Agreement 
Humanitarian  Office  Programme  Environment  (ECHO  database  system) 
International  Committee  of  the  Red  Cross 
International  Decade  for  Natural  Disaster  Reduction  (DHA) 
International  Federation  of  Red  Cross  and  Red  Crescent  Societies 
Military  and  Civil  Defence  Assets 
Non-Governmental  Organisation 
Pan-American  Health  Organisation 
Permanent  Inter-Service  Group on Refugees,  Displaced Persons and  Returnees 
in  third  countries 
United  Nations  High  Commissioner  for  Refugees 
United  Nations  Children's  Fund 
UN  Relief  and  Works  Agency  for  Palestine  Refugees  in  the  Near  East 
United  States  Administration  for  International  Development 
World  Food  Programme 
World  Health  Organisation 

42 

STATISTICAL  ANNEXES 

</3 

NOTE  ON  THE  STATISTICAL  ANNEXES 

The figures  in the annexes for  1995 deal with decisions adopted up to the end of that year and 
contracts  concluded  by  then.  It  should  be  understood  that,  while  the  figure  contracted 
the 
decisions  is  a final  one,  funds  relating  to  a number  of  decisions  will  only  be  committed  or, 
a  fortiori,  disbursed  in  1996  and  that,  in view  of  the  above, the  1995  figures  for  contracted 
amounts  and  payments  are  far  from  definitive. 

The  final  figures  for  1995  contracts  will  be  included  in the  Annual  Report  for  1996. 

It  should  be noted that  ECHO  publishes up-to-date  quarterly  statistics  which  are  available  on 
demand. 

44 

OVERVIEW OF FINANCIAL DECISIONS  FOR EC HUMANITARIAN AID BY SOURCE  OF FINANCE  1991-1995 

ANNEX S1 

Source of 
finance / 
Budget  Line 

Description 

DECISIONS 
(in ECU) 

L O ME 

III  NATiOtUUNBICATrVS PROGRAMME (NK*) tl) 

40000000 

esooobo 

L O ME 

III  ART203 

:: 42445 000 

isgédoo:; 

F E O GA 

FOND BWR. D'ORIENTATION IT  DC GARANTIE AORL p» 

72SO0O0O 

B 7 - 5 Q 00 

HUMANTTAWANSEMeROfiNCYAlO 

iSS^OOO 

154 867  297 

19  9  4 

Aiper:  09/01/9S 

19  9  5 

DECISIONS  I  CONTRACTS  I  PAYMENTS 
(in ECU) 

(in  ECU) 

(in ECU) 

DECISIONS  I  CONTRACTS  I  PAYMENTS 
(in ECU) 

(in  ECU) 

(in ECU) 

B 7 - 6 0 00 

PHARE 

L O ME 

IV  « r m | ï) 

69000000 

mmmmêmmmâm 

i35QQt>Û0: 

31  €75 000 

82  185  0001 

:;2èi;|&:603: ^é^S^âSS:; :|:280;:6i9 007 

:;46:456 000 • : :4S:$38;:927  26 W 798-

B 7 - 5 10 

DIS ASTER AID DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 

70 033  195 

;:iOS^22;:247:: • 105 308 025 : :83 085 236 

B 7 - 2 10 

B 7 - 51 1 

EMERGENCY r-ooo A» 

B7-211 

B 7 - 5 14 

HUMANITARIAN AID TO C » B EUROPE 

B7-214 

B 7 - 5 15 

HUMANITARIAN AID To EX-USSR 

B7-215 

B 7 - 5 1G 

HUMANtTAWAN ACTION M 3RD COUNTRIES 

B7-216 

B 7 - 5 17 

R6TU0BES *  DISPI.. PERSONS INOEV. COUNTRIES 

B7-217 

B 7 - 2 19 

OPERATIONAL SUPPORT, DISASTER PREPAREDNESS 

m_ 

m_ 

I4|_ 

|4) 

(4i_ 

HI 

TOTAL  I 

FOOTNOTES: 

17425000 

46 boOÔOO •• ;:45 567 650  ;39 850 699 

33 710 000 

29 453 388  21130 160 

385 000 000 

271 380 ÔO0 :  267 503 758:  226 876  033 

238 339 500  123 912 958 

47 607  710 

30  000:000 

:;S:7:1:30bO 

::3 «91:008 

IiSOi'OiD^OOO;: :: ;: 4â:ê60;ië8:  £3$i3Zt:$7i 

||::3:|9i:57;4: ïff &0$iM  M^-^^i 

lio:|pèi;ooj: 3||!i^6||i^ :-f:fcs$&:m 

236 670 000  176 991  075 

67 835  531 

93 350 000 

80 658 509 

42 254  913 

38 540 000  34 141000  19 312 150 
:-;%i0$fôy :;::ijt62;Éi2: :.;• 
yïà0t&ï 

195  320  000 

764 169 424  753 330 S35  689 544  001 

692 092 512  494  352 532  226 051 064 

(1)  NATIONAL  INDICATIVE  PROGRAMME  FOR  SOMALIA 

(2)  5-YEAR  ALLOCATION  (1991-35)  UNDER  LOME  N IS 250,000,000  ECU 

(3)  DECIDED  ON A  CASE-BY-CASE  BASIS 

(4) 

IN  1995, THE BUDGET  CHAPTER  THAT  CORRESPONDS  TO ECHO  BECOMES  Bl-200  INSTEAD  OF87-500 

Financial  Decisions for EC Humanitarian  Aid  1991-1995 

O  PAYMENTS 

M  CONTRACTS 

m  DECISIONS 

$':§':•:•!?:•:•: 

1000 

800 

600 

400 

200 

1991 

1992 

1993 

1994 

1995 

^ 

Summary  of  Financial  Decisions  by  Countries  Benefitting  from  Humanitarian  Aid  1993-94-95 

LOME IV 

:„ 

i 

1 9 93 

DECISIONS 
InECU) 

1 9 94 

DECISIONS 
(nECU) 

1 9 95 

DECISIONS 
(nECU) 

UJMEiWlJi 

1992 

1993 

B U D G ET 

DECISIONS  DECISIONS 

(«ECU) 

I n E C ll 

Asppr 

09ft 1/96 

1 9 93 

t€ OSONS 
(ai ECU) 

1 9 94 

DECISIONS 
(«.ECU) 

1 9 95 

DECISIONS 
(..ECUI 

ANNEX  S2 

vrac* 

1  000  000 

1  000  000 

AFRICA  Burundi Refuoee» 

u  300  ooo 

13  500  000 

tflKA 

Burundi I  Rwv»ndan Refus 

151  000  000 

25  000  000 

«NGOLA 

fW 

3LW94AFAS0 

3UHLM* 

c a r e v c « oe 

3 «0 

DJBOLrn 

;«TXîEA 

L T M O PH 

•CVJ 

> WU 

> J T «A 

X ŒE  BISSAU 

-WT1 

VORY COAST 

<EWYA 

jeERm 

AOAGASCAR 

UAJAM 

4AURTÏANW 

«uroTTE 

«CZAMBIOUE 

*WA«SlA 

•»jÇR 

*3£RIA 

6 0 00  000 

la  ooo  ooo 

t  000  000 

500  000 

4  000  000 

16  000  000 

447 000 

515  000 

355  000 

1  000  000 

J50  000 

60  000 

1  000  000 

500  000 

1  000  000 

220  000 

1  000  000 

300 000 

540  000 

300  000 

100  000 

2  000  000 

1  010  000 

950 000 

2  400  000 

1  204  163 

5 8 1 0 00 

8 9 90  000 

7  473  550 

2  125  000 

1  170  000 

300  000 

400  000 

500 000 

3  000  000 

1  180  000 

180  000 

70  000 

465  000 

340 250 

400  000 

3APUANEWGL»CA 

123  440 

RWANDA 

SEMEC-AL 

9  000  000 

15  500  000 

1  000  000 

SS=?RALEONE 

1  850  000 

2  773  200 

4  520  000 

51  LUCIA 

SLOAN 

TAACAMA 

I D 53 

>>ANDA 

!ARE 

125  000 

9  300  000 

IB  507  000 

9  950  000 

2  000  000 

1  810  000 

500  000 

200  000 

1  000  000 

500  000 

*  500  000 

7  320  000 

C r t tt »n Rejion 

-loods n Senin, Cong: and Maurta.14 

1 0 05  000 

700  000 

| 

j 
1 
| 
1 
1 

1 
1 

! 
| 
1 
1 

I  SOMALIA 

40  0 00  000  7  796  000 

AfGHAMSTAN 

2  750  000 

12  315  000 

12  695  000 

•J-BAMA 

ALGERIA 

«NGOLA 

ARMEUA 

A2EREAUAN 

1ANGLADESH 

3ELARUS 

30LMA 

3RAZI_ 

3UL0ARW 

3URUN0I 

CAMBODIA 

^ P E V E R PE 

ZHLE 

COLOMBIA 

CUBA 

ECUADOR 

5C.YPT 

ÏL  SALVADOR 

ÏTH0PIA 

EX-USSR 

456  000 

1  675  000 

1  150  000 

1  225  000 

2  935  000 

1  000  000 

6 0 00  000 

5  000  000 

17  000  000 

19  089  000 

23  955  218 

18  850  000 

28  831  010 

500  000 

3  520  000 

2  100  000 

2  735 000 

1  115  000 

1  150  000 

600  000 

1  004  000 

5 0 00  000 

445  000 

470  000 

1  785  000 

2  236  000 

5 9 60  000 

220  720 

500  000 

470  000 

700  000 

2  320  OOO 

7  805  000 

14  054  500 

15  000  OOO 

350  000 

450  OOO 

630  000 

340  000 

750  000 

236  100 

51  295  000 

;x- YUGOSLAVIA 

395  080  195 

269 376  000 

234  670  000 

3EORGK 

3UATEMALA 

-tA/Tl 

HONDURAS 

NO» 

NDONESIA 

RAK 

RAN 

VORY COAST 

ORGYZSTAN 

-AOS 

-E6ANON 

JBER1A 

4EMCO 

V.OLDOVA 

U.ONOOUA 

VIYANMAR 

« P AL 

«CARAGUA 

N»C€R 

JORTH COREA 

PAKISTAN 

=ALESTMVISRAEL 

'ERU 

'HTJPPNES 

31MAT4A 

3L»SSIA 

RWANDA 

5IERRA LEONE 

SOMALI» 

:.Rt LANKA 

3UDAN 

TAJIKISTAN 

THAILAND 

TURKEY 

.«RAWE 

. t N E A Ç LA 

^ETNAM 

rTMCN 

IWRE 

3MBAEWE 

.(-nrr8lSlu*es 

: hsaslpr Preparedness 

Rwanda & Burundi Reluaee 

}e(ug  (.«sell  r\Cenfr 

fcEastAfnee 

THirteryn Estonia. Law». Lanu 

Cyclon n  the Caribcan (AnTroua, Bartwda) 

IVect Action Alnca. SouCh Amenca 

"oorrjmation and Momlonng 

17  806  000 

27  469  772 

250  000 

830  000 

2  770  000 

17  000  000 

11  580  000 

595  000 

920  000 

1 

100  000 J 

21  500  000 

22  515  000 

24  873  500 

230  000 

1  800  000 

1  000  OOO 

6  250  000 

8  050  000 

1  500  000 

1  180  000 

1  875  000 

4  000  000 

1  050  000 

1  225  000 

2  5OC0O0 

320  000 

1  820  000 

1  OOC  000 

240  OOO 

1  800  000 

950  000 

700  000 

500  000 

1  990  000 

430  000 

200  000 

100  000 

290  000 

200  000 

10  400  000 

4  700  OOO 

5  350  OOO 

510  000 

2  320  OOO 

1  730  OOO 

550  000 

2  619  57» 

350  000 

500  000 

9  870  000 

29  523  000 

2  000  000 

1  900  000 

4  500  OOO 

8  338  359 

6  010  000 

150  000 

615  000 

3  125  000 

1  100  000 

8  000  000 

] 1  450  000 

9  R25  000 

16  105  000 

2  320  OOO 

250  000 

500  OOO 

500  000 

200  OOO 

3  300  000 

150  OOO 

110000 

750  000 

75  000 

1  220  000 

1  300  000 

12  OOO 

500  000 

100  000 

3  481  962 

4  000  614 

12  000  000 

82  000  OOO 

4  500  000 

20  595  000 

1  OOO  OOO 

900  000 

8  570  OOO 

4  290  000 

T o t a ls 

82  1S5  0 00 

2 63  2 61  6 03 

46  4 36  0 00 

T o t a l!  :  40  0 00  0 00 

7  796  000 

T o t a ls  : 

5 14  8 33  195 

5 00  9 00  1 21 

6 45  6 36  5 12 

Grand l o t a M I»  : 

Grand t o l i M IM  : 

Grand total  1 1 1 5: 

| 

| 

I 

6 04  « 14  193  |  ECU 

7 64  1 69  4 24  |  ECU 

6 92  0 9 2 7 T 7I  ECU 

H6 

FINANCIAL  DECISIONS  FOR  HUMANITARIAN  AID  BY  REGION  IN  1994  AND  1995 

ICOUNTRY/REGION 

DECISION IN ECU 

Nr of CONTRACTS 

ICOUNTRY/REGION 

DECISION IN ECU 

Nrof CONTRACTS 

As  B ar 09101/96 

ANNEX  S3 

EX-YUGOSLAVIA 

ACP  TOTAL 

AFRICA: Burundi Refugees 
AFRICA: Burundi 4 Rwandan Refuc, 
ANGOLA 
BURUNDI 
DJIBOUTI 
ERITREA 
ETHIOPIA 
GHANA 
SUINEA 
GUINEA BISSAU 
HAITI 
KENYA 
LIBERIA 
MADAGASCAR 
MALAWI 
MAURITANIA 
MAYOTTE 
MOZAMBIQUE 
NIGER 
NIGERIA 
PAPUA NEW GUINEA 
RWANDA 
SIERRA LEONE 
SOMALIA 
ST. LUCIA 
SUDAN 
TANZANIA 
CHAD 
TOGO 
UGANDA 
ZAIRE 

C.I.S(1) 
^ARMENIA 
AZERBAIJAN 
GEORGIA 
BELARUS 
KIR6Y2STAN 
MOLDOVA 
RUSSIA FED 
TAJIKISTAN 
UKRAINE 

269 376 000 

324 106 962 

13 500000 
168 500 000 
24 000000 
21 000 000 
355000 
1 000 000 
6 0 0 00 
1 000 000 
300 000 
100 000 
18 010 000 
1 204 163 
7 473 550 
1 170 000 
300 000 
400 000 
500000 
1 180 000 
70 000 
340 250 
123 440 
15 500 000 
2 773 200 
8 338 359 
125000 
26 507 000 
1 8 1 0 0 00 
447 000 
200 000 
500 000 
7 320000 

91010 000 
19 089 OOO 
18 850 000 
17 806000 
3 520 000 
6 250 000 

2 500 000 
9 870 000 
9 825 000 
3 300 000 

EASTERN EUROPE 
ALBANIA 
BULGARIA 

2 679 000 

; 1 6 7 5 0 Q& 
1 004 000 

419 

480 

14 
112 
57 
34 
3 
3 
1 
2 
1 
1 
55 
3 
18 
5 
1 
3 
1 
3 
1 
1 
1 
23 
7 
35 
1 
69 
3 
2 
1 
1 
18 

228 

53 
57 
55 
4 
17 
2 
17 
16 
7 

IRAK 

ASIA (2) 
AFGHANISTAN 
BANGLADESH 
CAMBODIA 
LAOS 
MONGOLIA 
MYANMAR 
PALESTINE/ISRAEL 
PAKISTAN 
PHILIPPINES 
SRI LANKA 
VIETNAM 
YEMEN 

NORTH AFRICA 
ALGERIA 
EGYPT 

LATIN AMERICA 
BOLIVIA 
BRAZIL 
COLOMBIA 
CUBA 
EL SALVADOR 
GUATEMALA 
MEXICO 
NICARAGUA 
PERU 

General Studies 
Disaster Preparedness 

G R A M Ï O T AL 

25 826 000 

12 315 000 
500 000 
2 236 000 
1 500 000 
1 000 000 
240 000 
4 700000 
200 000 
550 000 
615 000 
750 000 
1 220 000 

3 565 000 

2 935 000 
630 000 

21 509 500 
1115000 
600 000 
700 000 
14 054 500 
340 000 
830 000 
1050 000 
500 000 
2 320 000 

100 000 
3 481 962 

EX-YUGOSLAVIA 

ACP TOTAL 

AFRICA: Food Aid 
AFRICA: Burundi & Rwandan Refug 
EASTERN 4 CENTRAL AFRICA 
IVORY COAST 
KENYA 
LIBERIA 
NIGERIA 
NIGER 
SIERRA LEONE 
SOMALIA 
SUDAN 
ANGOLA 
HAITI 
CAPE VERDE 
GUINEA 
CARIBBEAN Region 
ETHIOPIA 
Floods : Congo, Benin, Mauritania 

234 670 000 

212 017 820 

8 570 000 
107 000 000 
20 595 000 
1 950 000 
581000 
6 125 000 
400 000 
565 000 
6 420 000 
6 010 000 
21400 000 
17 000 000 
11 580 000 
440 720 
540 000 
1 905 000 
236 100 
700 000 

C.I.S(1) 
ARMENIA 
A7FRBAIJAN 
GEORGIA 
BELARUS 
KIRGYZSTAN 
MOLDOVA 
RUSSIAN FED 
TAJIKISTAN 
UKRAINE 

EASTERN  EUROPE 
ALBANIA 
Baltic States 
RUMANIA 
TURKEY 

IRAK 

ASIA (2) 
CAMBODIA 
NEPAL 
LEBANON 
AFGHANISTAN 
BANGLADESH 
SRI LANKA 
ISRAEL 
PHILIPPINES 
THAILAND 
YEMEN 
INDONESIA 
NORTH KOREA 
PAKISTAN 
LAOS 
VIETNAM 

NORTH AFRICA 
[ALGERIA 

LATIN AMERICA 
PERU 
NICARAGUA 
BOLIVIA 
COLOMBIA 
GUATEMALA 
ECUADOR 
CUBA 
MEXICO 
EL SALVADOR 

Coordination & Monitoring 
Disaster Preparedness 

:V1:335 

GRANQTOTAL 

*l 

137 491 000 
23 955 218 
28 831010 
27469 772 
2 735 000 
8 050 000 
326 000 
29 525 000 
16 105 000 
500 000 

2 900 000 
1150 000 
1 000 000 
lOO 000 
250 000 

39 464 578 

5 960 000 
950 000 
1 875 000 
12 695 000 
2 1 00 000 
3 125 000 
5 350 000 
2 619 578 
2 320 000 
200 000 
100 000 
290 000 
200 000 
1 180 000 
500 000 

5 000 000 

5 000 000 

27 385 000 
1 730 000 
1 990 000 

1 150 000 
2 320 000 
2 770 OOO 
450 000 
15 000 000 
1 225 000 
750 000 

4 290 000 
4 000 614 

223 

212 

1 
17 
10 
5 
4 
13 
1 
4 
8 
20 
49 
39 
25 
5 
3 
2 

225 

42 
47 
54 
3 
11 
1 
38 
28 
1 

30 

865 

EC CONTRACTS  FOR HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE 1991 - 92 - 93 - 94 - 95~ 

AS  PER 

:  09/01/96 

TYPE  OF 
CONTRACT 

1991 

1992 

1993 

1994 

ECU 

ECU 

ECU 

ECU 

1995 

ECU 

IN  %  OF 
T O T AL 

IN  %  OF 
T O T AL 

EC COMMISSION-DIRECT 
COMMISSION/ECHO 
COMMISSION/AEC 
DELEGATIONS 
S U B T O T AL 

MEMBER STATE GOVNTS 
B E L G I UM 
DENMARK 
FRANCE 
ITALY 
NETHERLANDS 
SPAIN 
UK 
S U B T O T AL 

OTHER GOVERNMENTS 
W E S T E RN  S A M OA 
M O Z A M B I Q UE 
G R E N A DA 
TRINIDAD  A ND  T O B A GO 
W A L L IS  A ND  F O R T U NA 
NEW  C A L L E D O N IA 
P H I L I P P I N ES 
FIDJI 
CROATIA/MACEDONIA 
S U B T O T AL 

EC NGOs (1) 
AUSTRIA 
B E L G I UM 
DENMARK 
FINLAND 
FRANCE 
G E R M A NY 
GREECE 
IRELAND 
ITALY 
L U X E M B O U RG 
NETHERLANDS 
P O R T U G AL 
SPAIN 
SWEDEN 
UK 
S U B T O T AL 

OTHER  NGOs  (1) 
NORWAY 
A U S T R A L IA 
SWITZERLAND 
USA 
S U B T O T AL 

LOCAL NGOs (1) 
A N G O LA 
B A N G L A D E SH 
BOLIVIA 
CHILI 
EL  S A L V A D OR 
ETHIOPIA 
G H A NA 
I R A Q - M I S C - 1 9 90 
J A M A I CA 
LEBANON 
OCC.  TERRITOTY  (ISRL) 
PAKISTAN 
PHILIPPINES 
SUDAN 
TURKEY 
S U B T O T AL 

UNITED NATIONS 
W FP 
FAO 
W HO 
UNDRO 
UNHCR 
UNICEF 
UNDP 
UNRWA 
SPECIAL  UN  OPERATIONS 
S U B T O T AL 

OTHER INTERNATIONAL  ORG. 
ICRC 
FIRC 
CARITAS  INTERNATIONAL 
LUTHERAN  W O R LD  FEDERATION 
THE  W O R LD  C O U N C IL  OF  CHURCHES 
S U B T O T AL 
D e c o m l t m m e n ts 

1  793  855 
0 
220  000 
2  013  855 

8  474  142 
2  524  500 
370  000 
11  368  642 

45  324  321 
8  318  645 
1  552  000 
55  194  966 

104  3 8 1 8 38 
1 1 5 8 1 5 77 
262 000 
116  225  415 

13,9% 
1,5% 
0,0% 
15,4% 

64  026  854 
4  535  842 
500  000 
69  062  696 

13,0% 
0,9% 
0 , 1% 
14,0% 

4  648  000 
100  000 
500 000 

129  000 
796  000 
6  173  000 

1  300  000 

20  000  000 

25  000 

0 
0 
0 
0 
3  521  195 
3  546  195 

4  812  000 
42  500 
1  822  000 
1  233  000 
4  252  000 
13  461  500 

1  526  340 

21  526  340 

300  000 

75  000 
250  000 

0 

24  700  000 
25  325  000 

400  000 
10  000  000 
10 400  000 

1  800  000 
1  800  000 

NA 

28  155  900 
4  630  000 
NA 

27  057  209 
6  374  000 

4  296  000 
4  273  500 
0 
5  274  500 
? 

216  100 

NA 
7 408  320 
87  685  529 

727  000 

3  761  000 
290  000 
4  778  000 

NA 

20  187  650 
26  313  000 

NA 

38  579  700 
4 6 0 1 87 
1  745  000 
2  105  000 
8  943  500 
0 
9  314  040 
244  000 
1  160  000 
NA 
2  394  500 
111  446  577 

NA 

25  098  353 
48  724  057 

NA 

88  634  711 
24  769  700 
886  500 
1  026  000 
16 406  961 
0 
15  212  795 
862  990 
19  021  832 

NA 

23  606  851 
264  250  750 

625  000 
35  256  810 
27  128  000 
0 
110  942  799 
29  357  380 
980  000 
2  335 250 
18  9 0 1 2 37 
445 26$ 
24  496  993 
1  945 000 
2 1 5 16  375 
350 00Û 
34  054  623 
308  334  733 

3 2 0 0 00 
1  232  000 
1  552  000 

0 

744  692 
1  679  565 
2  424  257 

4  170  000 
250  000 
1  237  140 
1  432  730 
7  089  870 

338  000 

300  000 

130  000 

420  000 

70  000 
58  000 

364  400 

2  400  000 
3  652  400 

50  000 

500  000 

41  000 

70  626 
1  089  626 

175  000 

2  520  000 

800  000 
1  245  000 

600  000 

4  740  000 

600  000 

16  853  000 

35  831  586 

0 
0 
22  640  500 
5  547  000 
198  000 

3  809  500 
110  000 
78  232  580 
4  127  000 
470  500 

1 2 86  000 
46  524  500 

262  000 
122  843  166 

71  318  781 
868  000 
9  250  000 

47  355  716 
0 
500  000 

87 955  354 
13  631  598 

177  336  429 
1 1 9 08  135 

6  000  000 
700  000 
189  723  733 

450  000 
3  122  425 
240  672  705 

27  593  000 
5  651  000 

35  073  900 
1  666  000 
70  000 

33  244  000 

36  809  900 

38  006B20 
26  001  135 
491  560 
3  160  440 
1  000  000 
68  659  955 
(985  688 

32  327  000 
37  163  603 

2  852  105 
92  104 
72  434  812 

0,6% 
0,0% 
0 , 1% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0 , 1% 
0,8% 

0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 

0,0% 
0,2% 
0,2% 

0 , 1% 
4,7% 
3,6% 
0,0% 
14,7% 
3,9% 
0,4% 
0,3% 
2,5% 
0,0% 
3,3% 
0,3% 
2,9% 
0,0% 
4,5% 
40,9% 

0,6% 

0,2% 
0,2% 
0,9% 

0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 

0,0% 
0 , 1% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0 , 1% 

6,3% 
0,0% 
0 , 1% 
0,0% 
23,5% 
1,6% 
0,0% 
0 , 1% 
0,4% 
31,9% 

4,3% 
4,9% 
0,0% 
0,4% 
0,0% 
9,6% 

6  600  000 

1  320  000 
7  920  000 

119  578 

119  578 

1  280  000 
28  000  000 
8  800  000 
0 
91  636  000 
32  629  000 
915  750 
2  368  000 
23  206  556 
850  000 
25  157  910 
3  130  720 
21  121  500 
940  000 
35  748  384 
275  783  820 

800  000 
0 
1  746  000 
1 1 06  676 
3  652  676 

13  444 

1  500  000 

1  513  444 

29  155  000 
493  500 

46  885  500 
4  684  000 
575  000 
140  000 
2  008  166 
83  941  166 

40  385  000 
1 1 3 49  066 

625  086 

52  359  152 

1,3% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,3% 
1,6% 

0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 

0,0% 

0,3% 
5,7% 
1,8% 
0,0% 
18,5% 
6,6% 
0,2% 
0,5% 
4,7% 
0,2% 
5 , 1% 
0,6% 
4,3% 
0,2% 
7,2% 
55,8% 

0,2% 
0,0% 
0,4% 
0,2% 
0,7% 

0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,3% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,3% 

5,9% 
0 , 1% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
9,5% 
0,9% 
0 , 1% 
0,0% 
0,4% 
17,0% 

8,2% 
2,3% 
0,0% 
0 , 1% 
0,0% 
10,6% 

T O T AL 

191  359  784 

331  961  251 

597  954  168 

753  330  535 

100,0% 

494  352  532 

100,0% 

(1) INCLUDING NATIONAL RED CROSS ASSOCIATIONS 

(2) THE MAIN REASON WH Y IN  1992 THE CONTRACT AMOUNTS (122 MECU) ARE SUBSTANTIALLY LOWER THAN THE DECISION AMOUNTS (168 MECU) IS THAT 23 5 MECU HAS KEEN DIRECTLY ADMINISTER ED RY DG VI (FEOGA) 
IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE COMMISSION DECISION  OF 2 JULY  1992  HENCE. CONTRACTS HAVE MEN SIGNED RY DG "I  FOR THIS AMOUNT AND NOT ECHO  THE REMAINING DIFFERENCE (12 5 MECU 1  CONSISTS OF 
ACCUMULATED AND UNUSED RESERVES FROM A LARGE NUMBER OF ACTIONS IN  1992  WHEN ECHO BECAME FULLY CI EFATIONAL IN EARLY 19' 
ARE EITHER UTILIZED OR DECOMMnTED  SO THAT THE QUESTION OF SUEKENDTNG RESERVES WILL NOT ARISE AGAIN 

? MEASURES WERE IMMEDIATELY TAR:EN TO ENSURE THAT ALL RESERVES 

H\ 

ANNEX  S5 

EUROPEAN  COMMISSION  (ECHO)  FINANCIAL  DECISIONS  IN FAVOUR  OF THE  AFFECTED 

BURUNDI/RWANDAN  POPULATION  since  the  2 i st  October  1993  until  December  1995 

AMOUNTS IN ECU 

As pet  09- January-VSA 

COUNTRY 

DATE 

Reason for  Contribution 

PARTNER 

AMOUNT 

TOTAL 

BURUNDI 

25/11/93 

Displaced  Population 

ICRC/ONG 

1 000 000 

25/11/93 

Displaced  Population 

25/11/93 

Displaced  Population 

22/12/93 

Displaced  Population 

03/02/94 

Displaced  Population 

28/03/94 

Displaced  Population 

17/05/94 

Burundi Repatriates and Rwandan  Refugees 

15/12/94 

Displaced  Population 

UN 

ONG 

ONG 

1 000 000 

1 000 000 

1 000 000 

ONG/UN 

1 000 000 

ONG/UN 

14  000 000 

ONG 

ONG 

1  000 000 

5 000 000 

REGIONAL 

21/12/93 

Burundi  Refugees 

16/03/94 

Burundi Refugees 

ONG/UN/IFRC 

18 300 000 

ONG/UN 

13 500 000 

27/05/94 

Rwandan, Burundi, Tanzania  Refugees 

UNHCR/ICRC 

12 000 000 

21/06/94 

Rwandan, Burundi, Tanzania  Refugees 

UNHCR 

19 000 000 

20/07/94 

Rwanda, Burundi.Zaire, Uganda, Tanzania 

HCR/ONG/IC 

12  000 000 

27/07/94 

Rwanda, Burundi.Zaire, Uganda, Tanzania 

UN/ONG/ICRC 

75 000 000 

21/09/94 

Refugees & Disp. pop. in Central/East  Africa 

ONG 

4 500 000 

20/12/94 

Rwandan/Burundi  Populations 

ONG/UN/IFRC 

45 000 000 

09/03/95 

Rwanda, Burundi, Zaire.Tanzania 

WFP 

12 000  ftOO 

25/07/95 

Rwanda, Burundi, Zaire.Tanzania 

UNHCR/NGO 

25 000 000 

21/11/95 

Rwanda, Burundi, Zaire.Tanzania 

UN/ONG/ICRC 

70 000 000 

RWANDA 

28/10/93 

Burundi  Refugees 

28/10/93 

Burundi Refugees 

28/10/93  Displaced  population 

10/11/93 

Burundi  Refugees 

15/12/93 

Burundi  Refugees 

ONG 

ONG 

1 000 000 

1 000 000 

ONG/UN 

1 000 000 

UN 

ONG 

1 000 000 

1 000 000 

04/02/94 

Refugees and displaced  population 

ICRC/ONG 

8 000 000 

09/04/94 

Conflict 

12/04/94 

Conflict  & Drought 

11/05/94 

Conflict 

ONG 

ONG 

500 000 

1 000 000 

ONG/ICRC 

1  000 000 

17/10/94 

Rehabilitation-Electricity  & Water 

GTZ 

5 000 000 

TANZANIA 

! 

15/11/93 .Burundi Refugees 

11/11/93  Burundi  Refugees 

29/04/94  iRwandan  Refugees 

29/04/94  iRwandan Refuqees 

ONG 

UN/ONG 

ONG 

ONG 

1 000 000 

1 000 000 

680 000 

450 000 

ZAIRE 

15/11/93  Burundi  Refugees 

UN/ONG 

500 000 

25  000  000 

306  300  000 

20  500  000 

3  130  000 

500  000 

TOTAL  1993-December  1995 

3 55  4 30  0 00 

»o 

ANNEX S6 

Breakdown  of Community Aid to the  Former 
Yugoslavia, 1991-1995 by Republic 

Republic 
Bosnia-Herzegovina 
Croatia  (+ UNPAS) 
Serbia  and Montenegro 
Slovenia 
F.Y.R.  of Macedonia 
All Republics 
Turkey and  Hungaiy 
Total 

% 
52,4% 
21,4% 
] 8,0% 
0,1% 
4,2% 
3,1% 
0,2%0 
100% 

Breakdown  of Community Aid to the  Former 

Yugoslavia,  1995 by Relief  Items 

Relief  Items 
Food Aid 
Sanitation 
Medical  Aid 
Logistics 
Psychosocial 
Emergency  Rehabilitation 
Mi see l la ne o us 
Total 

% 
32,4% 
8,6%o 
16,3% 
8,4%o 
3,3% 
17,6%o 
13,3 % 
100% 

~^>  o 

ANNEX  S7 

| Breakdown of Items for Humanitarian Assistance | 

(37,9%)  FOOD 

^ ' ^ ^ S i ï ï J' 

[ £^ 

; ; [^ ^ ^ ^ '^ 

(3,6%) OTHER SERVICES / MISCELLANEOUS 

(13,8%) TRANSPORT 

Breakdown of Items for Humanitarian Assistance 

(28,0%)  NON-FOOD 

(34,0%)  FOOD 

(2,4%)  CONTINGENCY  RESERVE 

(9,1%)  EXPATRIATE  STAFF 

(2,7%)  LOCAL  STAFF 

(14,6%) TRANSPORT 

(9,1%) OTHER SERVICES /  MISCELLANEOUS 

1  9 93 

1  9 94 

Breakdown of Items for Humanitarian Assistance 

9,6%)  EXPATRIATE STAFF 

(2,1%)  RESERVE 

(0,8%) MISCELLANEOUS  (STAFF) 

(3,2%)  LOCAL  STAFF 

(0,8%)  OTHER  SERVICES 

(16,0%)  TRANSPORT 

(39,3%)  FOOD 

1 9 95 

(28,2%)  NON-FOOD 

S-\ 

ISSN 0254-1475 

COM(96)  105 final 

DOCUMENTS 

EN 

11 

Catalogue number  :  CB-CO-96-113-EN-C 

ISBN 92-78-01446-X 

Office  for  Official  Publications  of the European  Communities 

L-2985  Luxembourg 

XV