REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION on cooperation with European non-governmental development organizations (NGDOs) in those fields of importance to developing countries (1994 financial year)
Date: 1996-02-02
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: EU financing, co-financing, cooperation policy, development aid, non-governmental organisation

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 

Brussels, 02.02.1996 
COM(96) 32 final 

REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION 

on cooperation with European 
non-governmental  development 
organizations (NGDOs) in those  fields 
of importance to developing countries 

(1994 financial  year) 

EXPLANATORY  MEMORANDUM 

1. 

At  its  meeting  on 28  November  1977,  the  Council  approved  the  procedure  to be 
followed  in using appropriations under Item B7-5010 of the Community budget  for 
cofinancing operations with non-governmental development organizations (NGDOs).l 

Under this procedure the Commission has to present an annual report to the Council 
on the use of the appropriations  allocated during the preceding year. 

Accordingly,  the Commission  is presenting  this report for  1994. 

2. 

Although the Council's agreement concerns only appropriations under Item B7-5010, 
the report also covers other major spheres of cooperation with NGDOs, such as food 
aid,  humanitarian aid, special programmes and coordination between NGDOs.  The 
various  contributions  made  by  the  relevant  Commission  departments  provide  an 
overview. 

See Council  document R/207/78  (GCD) of 26 January  1978. 

r-

v  Aï».-_ 
CONTENTS 

. • 

' ; 

'. 

INTRODUCTION 

COOPERATION  WITH NGDOs IN  1994 

I.  COFINANCING  OF DEVELOPMENT  SCHEMES AND  PUBLIC 

INFORMATION CAMPAIGNS 
(Item B7-5010  of the Budget) 

1.1  Overview 

1.2  Cofinancing  of development  schemes  in developing  countries 

1.2.1  European NGDOs'  sustained support fo 
partners in the South 

1.2.2  Block grants 

1.2.3  Development projects: recipient groups and 

sectors 

1.2.4  Recipient groups and countries 

1.3  Cofinancing  of public information campaigns in the Community 

1.3.1  Sustained Community  support for NGDOs and 

the situation in  1994 

1.3.2  Types of development education project 

— 

1.4  Cofinancing  programme from  1976 to  1994 

1.5  Relations with the NGDO Liaison Committee 

1.6  Outlook 

1 

2 

4 

4 

6 

6 

6 

7 

8 

10 

10 

10 

11 

12 

13 

A <c-

II.  OTHER  AREAS  OF  COOPERATION  WITH  NGDOs 

2.1  Food  aid  channelled  through  NGDOs 
(Community  budget  title  B7-2) 

2.2  The  Community's  contribution  to  storage  programmes 

(Community  budget  article  B7-202) 

2.3  European  Community  Humanitarian  Office  (ECHO) 

(Community  budget  article  B7-510,  Lome  Convention 
and  PTOM  decision) 

2.3.1  Activities  in  1994 

2.3.2  Humanitarian  aid  operations  in  1994 

2.3.3.  Cooperation  with  NGOs 

2.4  Cooperation  with  NGOs  on  self-sufficiency  for  refugees, 

displaced  persons  and  returnees  in Asia  and  Lalin  America 
(Community  budget  article  B7-302) 

2.5  Aid  for  NGDOs  operating  in Chile 
(Community  budget  item  B7- 5013) 

2.6  North-South  cooperation  projects  in the campaign 

against  drug  abuse 

(Community  budget  item  B7-5080) 

2.7  Cooperation  with  NGOs  on  rehabilitation  in  1994 

2.7.1  Design,  scope,  eligibility  criteria  and 

financing  of  rehabilitation  programmes 

2.7.2.  Role  of  NGOs 

2.7.3  Rehabilitation  schemes  in  1994 

2.7.4.  Community  budget  item  B7-5076 

Page 

14 

14 

17 

17 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

22 

22 

24 

24 

24 

/I<1 

2.8  Special  programme  for South Africa 

(Community  budget  item  B7-5070) 

2.9  Assistance  for  rehabilitation programmes  in southern Africa 

(Community  budget  item  B7-5071) 

2.10  Community  operations  linked  to the Middle  East peace  process 

(Community  budget  item  B7-4083) 

2.11  Programme  for  NGOs operating  in Vietnam 

(Community  budget  item  B7-5014) 

2.12  Programme  for  NGOs operating  in Cambodia 

(Community  budget  item B7-5015) 

2.13  Decentralized  cooperation  in developing  countries 

(Community  budget  item  B7-5077) 

Page 

25 

27 

30 

30 

30 

31 

A tu 

TABLES 

relating to heading B7-5010 

I. 

II. 

III. 

EC-cofinanced  development projects  by recipient 
country  from  1976 to  1994 inclusive 

Breakdown  by Member State of Community  funds 
allocated  from  1976 to  1994 inclusive 

Breakdown  by Member State of Community  funds 
allocated  in  1994 

Page 

34 

37 

38 

-1 

INTRODUCTION 

Since its inception  20 years ago, cooperation between NGDOs and the Community has 
given tangible expression  to the Community's part in the support provided  by Europe's 
citizens to the poorest groups in the Third World.  It mainly  involves the cofinancing of 
development  programmes  in  the  developing  countries,  campaigns  to  heighten  public 
awareness  in  Europe,  food  aid  and  humanitarian  aid. 
In  recent  years  cooperation 
between the Community  and NGDOs has been  diversified  further  with the introduction 
of new budget headings as indicated in this report and an increase in the funds available. 

In  1984 the Commission  had just three budget headings for  NGOs with total  financing 
of ECU  137 million.  Ten years on,  there are more than thirty,  and the modest budget 
of  some ECU  130 million  has swollen to over ECU 800 million.  Thus,  in less than a 
decade,  NGDOs'  involvement  in  directly  administering  funds  from  the  Community's 
development  budget  has  grown  appreciably,  making  them  the  institutional  category 
outside the Community  institutions administering  the largest budget in absolute terms. 

This shows that the Community's confidence  in these organizations has grown steadily. 
NGDOs  help  create  the  basic  conditions  for  self-reliant  development  besides  being 
capable of  acting effectively  in dealing with emergencies and  rehabilitation work. 

The  NGDOs'  key  role as EC partners calls for  high standards of  internal  management 
and organization,  and compliance with the management and control rules laid down by 
the Commission  and  the Court of Auditors. 

This  1994  annual  report  devotes  special  attention  to  the  results  of  NGDO  operations 
cofinanced  by the Commission under heading B7-5010.  Owing to the large number of 
such operations,  and  with an eye  to keeping the report  within  manageable proportions, 
the  lists  of  development  projects  and  information  campaigns  has  been  attached  to  the 
report.  These are obtainable from  the Directorate-General  for  Development (VIII/B/2). 

EC  COOPERATION  WITH  NGDOs  IN  1994 

In  1994  the  European  Community's  contribution  to  operations  carried  out  by  NGDOs 
amounted  to  ECU  803.3  million,  broken  down  as  follows: 

ECU  129.6  million for  cofinancing  development schemes in the developing countries 
(Item  B7-5010),  an  increase  of  7.3%  on  1993; 

ECU  14.5  million  for  cofinancing  public  information  campaigns  in the  Community 
on  development  issues  (Item  B7-5010),  7.4%  up  on  1993; 

ECU  174.0  million  for  food  aid  (Title  B7-2  of  the  budget),  up  3%  on  1993; 

ECU  4  million  for  the  purchase  of  food  products  by  NGOs  (Item  B7-5011),  down 
20%  on  1993; 

ECU  320.0  million  for  humanitarian  aid  (ECHO),  up  60%  on  1993; 

ECU  32.2  million  for  refugees  and  displaced  persons  (Article  B7-302),  down  19% 
on  1993; 

ECU  3.8  million  for  aid  to  NGOs  operating  in Chile,  with  a  view  to  strengthening 
the  democratic  process  (Item  B7-5013),  down  11% on  1993; 

ECU  5.0  million  for  drug  abuse  control  (Item  B7-5080),  down  12%  on  1993; 

ECU  66.7  million  for  the programme  of measures  for  South Africa  (Item  B7-5070), 
down  24%  on  1993; 

ECU  14.2  million  for  assistance  towards  rehabilitation  programmes  in  southern 
Africa  (Item  B7-5071),  down  11% on  1993; 

ECU  6.0 million to help further  the peace process in the Middle East (Item B7-4083); 

ECU  2.0  million for aid to NGOs operating in Vietnam (Item  B7-5014), same amount 
as  1993. 

- 3-

ECU  1.0  million  for  aid  to  NGDOs  operating  in  Cambodia  (Item B7-5015),  same 
amount  as  1993. 

ECU  30.0  million  for  rehabilitation  and  reconstruction  projects  in  developing 
countries  (Item B7-5076). 

This overall contribution of ECU 803  million in 1994 represents an increase of  14% over 
1993  (ECU  702  million)  and a 27%  increase over  1992 (ECU  632 million). 

The wide array of budget headings open to NGDOs reflects their ability to work in many 
different  sectors,  particularly  in fields  where official  Community  aid cannot operate or 
where it is preferable to encourage schemes via NGDOs. NGDOs also have an important 
role  to play  in the  follow-up  to humanitarian operations financed  by  the Community  in 
connection  with  reconstruction  and  rehabilitation  and  in  fostering  human  rights  and 
democracy. 

The above list covers only the most significant spheres of cooperation with  NGDOs, and 
those in which NGDO activities are financed  for sizeable amounts.  In recent years pilot 
schemes and one-off operations have also been carried out by NGDOs to help developing 
countries.  These  have  been  financed  either  from  other  budget  headings  or  by  the 
Such  operations  are  administered  on  a 
European  Development  Fund  (EDF). 
decentralized  basis  by  a large  number  of  Commission  departments,  so  it  has  not  been 
possible  to compile  a detailed  list  for the purposes of  this report. 

The  following  chapters give  a detailed  account of  the various areas of  cooperation with 
NGDOs  in  1994. 

I.  COFINANCING  OF DEVELOPMENT SCHEMES AND PUBLIC Information 

CAMPAIGNS  (Item B7-5010 of the Budget) 

1.1  Overview 

In  1994  NGDOs  again  proved  well  able  to  absorb  the  funds  made  available  to  them 
through  EC  cofinancing.  The  large  number  of  requests  was  a  direct  consequence  of 
initiatives  and  requests  put  to  European  NGDOs by  partners  in the  South,  and  of  the 
former's  success  in mobilizing  other  financial  public  and  private  funds,  the  net  result 
being a significant  multiplier  effect. 

A  sum  of  ECU  145  million  was  entered  in  the  1994  budget  as  appropriations  for 
commitment under Item B7-5010, a marked increase over previous years. As in previous 
years,  virtually  the  whole  amount  had  been committed  by  the end  of  the year,  as the 
table below  illustrates: 

YEAR 

AVAILABLE 
APPROPRIATIONS 

COMMITMENTS 
(ECU  m) 

COMMITMENT 
RATE 
( %) 

1976 

1984 

1986 

1988 

1989 

1990 

1991 

1992 

1993 
1994 

2.5 

35.0 

46.0 

80.0 

80.0 

90.2 

104.6 

110.0 

135.0 
145.0 

2.5 

34.4 

45.0 

79.8 

79.6 

90.2 

104.1 

109.9 

135.0 
145.0 

100 

98 

98 

100 

99.5 

100 

99.5 

100 

100 
100 

In  1994, the overall  figures  for cofinanced  operations (development schemes and public 
information  campaigns)  were as follows:1 

I 458  cofinancing  applications  dealt  with  by  the  Commission's  departments, 
requesting  a  tolal  Community  contribution  of  ECU 366.4  million  (not  including  a 
large  number  of  applications  submitted  informally  for  the  purpose  of  verifying 
whether  a  formal  request  would  be  eligible  and  ruled  out  following  preliminary 
discussions  with Commission  staff); 

769 operations cofinanced  for a total Community contribution of ECU  144.2 million 
(in financial  terms, 39.4% of the applications handled); 

359 applications,  corresponding  to  requested  funding  of  ECU 72.9 million,  which 
were turned  down or withdrawn (20%); 

330 applications,  representing  financing of ECU  149.3 million,  still under appraisal 
at the end  of  1994 (40.7%). 

The Commission was able to meet more requests in 1994 as the budget had increased by 
ECU  10 million compared  with 1993. 

Commission departments continued to handle this large number of requests in accordance 
with  the  criteria  and  rules  laid  down  in  the  General  Conditions  for  Cofinancing.2  In 
examining each dossier,  they considered  the professionalism  and financial  soundness of 
the NGDO; the quality of the project; the Southern partner's operational capacity and the 
quality of the ties between it and the European NGDO; the impact of the project and its 
viability;  and  the potential  multiplier effect  for  the target groups concerned. 

As  in  the  past,  the  Commission  has  sought  to  uphold  the  basic  principles  on  which 
cofinancing  is  founded  among  other  things  so as  to  maintain  a  high  standard  for  the 
schemes cofinanced  and to ensure that  "small" NGDOs have access to funds. 

A full  list  of development  operations  in the developing  countries  and campaigns to 
educate public opinion in Europe which the Commission cofinanced  in  1994 can be 
obtained  from  the  "Decentralized  Cooperation  and  Cofinancing  with  NGOs"  Unit 
(V1H/B/2), 200 rue de la Loi,  1049 Brussels. 

Commission  of  the  European  Communities,  General  Conditions  for  the  Cofinancing 
of  Projects  undertaken  in Developing Countries by Non-Governmental  Organizations 
(reference  VIII/764/87)  and  General  Conditions  for  the  Cofinancing  of  Projects  to 
Raise  Public  Information  of  Development  Issues  Carried  Out by  Non-Governmental 
Organizations  in the European Community  (reference  VIII/271/87). 

- 6-

In  1994  the  amount  of  payment  appropriations  under Item B7-5010  rose  to  ECU  125 
million.  Payments  made  over  the  year  amounted  to  ECU  124 927 000,  of  which 
ECU  68.7  million to finance  commitments  made in preceding years. 

1.2 

Cofinancing  of  development  schemes  in developing  countries 

1.2.1  European NGDOs'  sustained support for partners in the SouUi 

As 
in  previous  years,  the  Commission  channelled  approximately  90%  of  the 
appropriations  under  Item  B7-5010  into  the  cofinancing  of  operations  conducted  in 
developing countries,  the balance being earmarked mainly for cofinancing  campaigns to 
heighten public awareness  in the European Community. 

For operations in developing countries, the situation regarding requests and commitments 
was as  follows: 

1 205  applications  handled  by  the Commission  for  a total  Community  contribution 
of  ECU  337.5  million (an increase  of 26%  in financial  terms over  1993); 

599  operations cofinanced witii a Community contribution of ECU  129.7  million (an 
increase of  7.3% over  1993); 

307  applications,  requiring  financing  of  ECU 67.2 million,  turned  down  or 
withdrawn; 

299  applications,  representing  financing  of  ECU  140.6 million,  still at the appraisal 
stage  at the end of  the year. 

It should  be stressed that the Community  continues  to abide by the  principle  oj jiving 
special  consideration  to applications  from  new  NGDOs.  It helps  them to increase their 
level  of  professionalism,  either directly  or with the help of  experienced  NGDOs. 

There  was  a  modest  increase  in  the  average  Community  contribution  to  the  schemes 
cofinanced:  it rose  to ECU 216 456 per project  in  1994 from ECU 207 452  in  1993. 

1.2.2  Block  grants 

If  a European NGDO  has cooperated  satisfactorily  with the Commission  for  a number 
of  years,  it may  be offered  an additional  facility:  access to the block-grant system. 

NGDOs set great store by this system as it offers  them rapid and flexible financing  for 
a wide range of mini-operations (e.g. the purchase of equipment, construction of small-
scale  infrastructure,  training  assistance and health) and enables them to meet the needs 
of  the  recipient  groups  with finely-tuned  schemes. Such operations are often  identified 
by NGDOs to complement  the larger projects  they are supporting  or they may serve to 
establish  the  initial  contacts for  cooperation with new partners  in the South. 

Between  1984  and  1994,  the  Commission  cofinanced  1 014  block  grants  relating  to 
13 352  mini-operations  accounting  for  a  total  of  ECU  122.3 million.  The  average 
Community  contribution  was  ECU 9  160.  The  table  below  shows  the  trend  over  the 
period  in question. 

Year 

1984 
1985 
1986 
1987 
1988 
1989 
1990 
1991 
1992 
1993 
1994 

Amount of 
Block 
Grants 

%  OF 
Commitments 
under article 

No of 
Block 
Grants 

No of Mini-
Operations 

Amount given by 
the Community per 
Mini-Operation 
(ECU) 

3.1 
3.7 
5.7 
6.8 
8.8 
9.9 
9.7 
13.1 
18.1 
21.9 
21.5 

9 
11 
13 
11 
11 
12.4 
10.8 
12.6 
16.5 
16.2 
14.8 

39 
43 
50 
59 
79 
96 
97 
118 
140 
159 
134 

383 
450 
671 
822 
961 
1 082 
1 099 
1 447 
1 935 
2  263 
2  239 

8  202 
8  146 
8  507 
8  272 
9  153 
9  105 
8  857 
9  061 
9  363 
9  666 
9  606 

1.2.3  Development  projects:  recipient  groups and sectors 

A  wide  array  of  development  projects  were  cofinanced  in  1994.  Examples  of  such 
projects  have been chosen to illustrate the recipient groups and the various sectors. 

NGDOs  have  been  attaching  considerable  importance  to  projects  aimed  specifically  at 
women and the Commission has cofinanced  a number of projects  that enhance their role 
in productive  and  income-generating  activities  in both urban and rural areas. 

Street children  are another  important group of beneficiaries.  In recent years they have 
become a particularly  vulnerable group in the large cities of the South. 

There are also development projects under  way for,  and involving,  indigenous peoples 
and their representative organizations in  fields such as protection of fundamental  rights, 
productive development, bilingual education and environmental protection.  The countries 
concerned  included  Bolivia,  Colombia,  Peru,  Mexico, Thailand  and India. 

Disabled  people  form  another  key  group  of  beneficiaries  in  the  developing  countries 
(training,  reintegration  and other projects). 

As regards the sectors of activity, NGOs continued to give priority to rural development, 
training and health in 1994.  These are sectors that are important both in terms of basic 
needs and the large number of initiatives emanating from people in the South themselves. 

A substantial  number of  integrated development projects  were carried  out,  this being a 
feature of NGDOs' work and one of the best ways of triggering grassroots development. 
Integrated  development  projects  generally  involve  various  types  of  groupings  (peasant 
associations,  small cooperatives,  village associations,  women's organizations,  etc.) and 
embrace  more  than  one  sector,  for  instance  combinations  of  agriculture,  craft  trades, 
training,  health,  environmental  protection and the building of  infrastructure. 

Productive projects have assumed growing importance among the projects cofinanced  in 
recent years. 

Training  retains  a  high  profile:  projects  covered  vocational  training,  training  of 
instructors,  training  in appropriate technologies and the like. 

1.2.4  Recipient  uroups and countries 

The  599 development  projects  cofinanced  in  1994 were carried  out  in  105 developing 
countries. 

The geographical  breakdown  of the Community's  contributions  was as follows: 

1994 

(ECU  m) 

-  Sub-Saharan  Africa 
-  Latin  America 
-  Asia 
-  Caribbean 
-  Mediterranean 
-  Pacific 
-  Other 

44.0 
52.7 
20.7 
4.8 
6.9 
0.1 
0.5 

1993 

(%) 

38.3 
34.6 
18.5 
3.0 
4.0 
0.4 
1.2 

1992 
(%) 

36.3 
41.3 
15.5 
2.2 
3.8 
0.4 
0.5 

(%) 

33.9 
40.6 
16.0 
3.7 
5.3 
0.1 
0.4 

TOTAL 

129.7 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

And  the breakdown  between  ACP and non-ACP countries was as follows: 

1994 

(ECU  m) 

47.2 

82.5 

129.7 

(%) 

36.3 

63.7 

100.0 

1993 
(%) 

42.5 

57.5 

100.0 

1992 
(%) 

38.5 

61.5 

100.0 

ACP  countries 

Non-ACP 

TOTAL 

It is difficult  to give an exhaustive explanation for these fluctuations  because  differences 
in geographical  breakdown  from  one year to the next stem from  a multitude of  factors. 
Nevertheless,  we can pick out some which illustrate the overall picture.  In the case of 
Africa,  political conflicts, dictatorships and civil wars have reduced the scope for project 
implementation by grassroots organizations. 

Looking at the trends for  individual countries in recent years, we see that some African 
countries, such as Cameroon and Zaire (where NGO cofinancing  is a way of continuing 
humanitarian  aid  to  a  country  where  official  development  assistance  has  been 
suspended), have seen an increase in contributions, while those of  Burundi and Rwanda 
have gone down.  There has been a large increase in countries such as Ethiopia, Uganda 
and Mali. 

In Latin America,  Brazil,  Peru  and Nicaragua,  for  example,  remain major  recipients. 

In  Asia,  India,  traditionally  a  leading  recipient,  saw  a further  increase  in  cofinanced 
projects  in 1994. 

-  10-

1.3  Cofinancing  of  public  information  campaigns  in  the  Community 

1.3.1  Sustained  Community  support  for  NGDOs  and  the  situation  in  1994 

From  a  modest  beginning  of  17 projects  cofinanced  at  a cost  of  almost  ECU  200  000, 
the  budget  has  increased  appreciably  in  recent  years.  In  1994,  170  projects  totalling 
ECU  14.5 million  were  cofinanced,  which  accounted  for  10% of budget Item B7-5010. 

In  1994,  the  situation  regarding  requests  and  commitments  was  as  follows: 

-  217 cofinancing  applications  handled  by the Commission  (not  including  multi-project 

programmes)  requesting  a total  Community  contribution  of  ECU  27.4  million; 

-  134 projects cofinanced  with a Community contribution of ECU  13 million  (a  12.8% 

increase  over  1993). 

-  52 applications,  requiring  financing  of  ECU  5.7  million,  turned  down or  withdrawn. 

These  applications  represented  in  financial  terms  20.8%  of  the  total  handled; 

-  37  applications,  representing  financing  of  ECU  8.7  million,  still  under  appraisal  at 

the  end  of  the  year; 

In  addition,  the  EC  cofinanced  36  multi-project  programmes  with  a  Community 
contribution  of  ECU  1.5  million. 

1.3.2  Types  of  development  education  project 

Schools  are  a key  target  of development  education projects,  the main aim  of which  is to 
produce  teaching  materials  and  train  teachers  to  use  the  material  and  lead  classroom 
discussion.  The  subjects  are varied,  although  there  is a preference  for  general  topics  on 
North-South  relations,  cultural  or  daily  life,  the  social  and  economic  situation  in 
developing  countries, the environment and so on. Curriculum  reforms  in some European 
countries  have  prompted  NGDOs  to  get  development  education  included. 

Other  target  groups  of  information  campaigns  are  policy-makers,  NGDOs  themselves 
(members  and  collaborators),  trade  unions,  the media,  etc.  Some  of the  topics  covered 
in  projects  cofinanced  in  1994 include:  international  trade and North-South  relations  (in 
connection  with  GATT);  democracy  and  development;  environment  and  development, 
North-South  intercultural  relations,  immigration  and  development,  fair  trade. 

11 

Most  projects  employed  a  mix  of  communication  techniques  such  as:  publications, 
audiovisual  material, teaching materials, community activities, exhibitions, lobbying, etc. 

1-4 Cofinancing  programme  from  1976  to  1994 

The  cofinancing  programme  under  Item  B7-5010  was  launched  in  1976  on a  trial  basis 
with  a  small  amount  of  commitment  appropriations  (ECU  2.5  million).  In  following 
years  the  appropriations  were  gradually  increased,  partly  as  a  result  of  active  support 
from  the  European  Parliament,  and  in  1994 climbed  to  ECU  145 million.  The  table  in 
point  1.1 shows  the  rise  in the  appropriations  available under Item B7-5010  since  1976. 

Over this period,  7  523 NGDO operations were cofinanced;  the Community  contribution 
to  these  operations  was  ECU  1 030  million. 

The breakdown  of  operations  in developing  countries  and  public  information  campaigns 
was  as  follows: 

1976-1994 

NUMBER  OF 
PROJECTS 

* 

EC 
CONTRIBUTION 
(ECU  m) 

Projects  in 
developing 
countries 

Public  information 

TOTAL 

6  177 

1 346 

7  523 

934.1 

96.3 

I  030.4 

% 

90.7 

9.3 

100 

7  523  development  operations  were  conducted  by  463  NGDOs  in  122  developing 
countries. 

The  geographical  spread  of  Community  contributions  to  these  operations  is  as  follows: 

1976-1994 

ECU  m 

Sub-Saharan  Africa 
Latin  America 
Caribbean 
Asia 
Mediterranean 
Pacific 
Other 

TOTAL 

372.8 
306.7 
31.9 
165.6 
49.6 
4.9 
2J3 

934A 

% 

39.9 
32.8 
3.5 
17.7 
5.3 
0.5 
03 

10O0 

-  12 -

ACP  countries  received  44%  and  non-ACP  countries  56%  of  the  total  Community 
contribution. 

Tables I and II in the Annex give breakdowns by recipient developing country  and by 
EU Member State. 

1  346 public  information  campaigns  were  run by  382 NGDOs  in the twelve  Member 
States. 

Roughly half of all operations cofinanced and 57% of all commitments took place during 
the last five  financial  years,  from  1990 to  1994. The average Community contribution 
to operations in developing countries grew from ECU 123 000 in 1985 to ECU 216 348 
in 1994, and the average contribution to public information campaigns from ECU 82 027 
to ECU  85 495. 

1.5 

Relations with the NGDO Liaison Committee 

Over a period of 20 years the Commission has built up close relations with the NGDO 
Liaison Committee, which is a democratic umbrella group for more than 800 European 
NGDOs.  There  is a representative  from  each EU  Member  State,  elected  by  national 
platform. 

Once a year the Liaison Committee holds a General Assembly, which is the association's 
supreme  body.  To mark  the  twentieth  anniversary  of  the  NGDOs'  first  meeting  the 
general assembly was divided  this year  into two distinct parts: 

general assembly  of the European NGO's delegates 
open  conference  on  "Conflicts,  development  and  military  intervention:  roles, 
positions and experiences of the NGOs". 

NGDO representatives discussed these topics in four workshops on the principles behind 
intervention,  the institutional  players, effective  means of  action and  non-governmental 
action. 

The Commission  has regular  meetings with the Liaison  Committee  to discuss NGDO-
related  issues  such  as  development  policy  and  financing,  development  education, 
humanitarian aid, food aid and food security and in general any other Community policy 
which can affect  development.  Following a meeting between Mr Marin and the Liaison 
Committee in May 1994 it was decided to explore the problems encountered hi relations 
between  NGOs  and  the  various  Commission  departments  which  manage  the  funds 
earmarked  for  them  or  to which they  have  access.  This  look  place  in the  light  of  the 
growing role of  NGOs in EC development  cooperation  and with the aim of  seeking to 
identify  principles  and  methods  to  guide  these  relations,  while  taking  account  of 
individual situations. 

-  13-

1.6 

Outlook 

In  1994,  as  in previous  years,  the results of  cooperation between  the  European  Union 
and  NGDOs  were  fruitful  and encouraging,  and the  amount  of  Community  resources 
made available to the various NGDO schemes rose appreciably,  from ECU 632  million 
ECU  in  1992 to ECU 702 million in  1993 and ECU  803  million  in 1994. 

Non-governmental development aid should play an increasingly important role in meeting 
the challenges  stemming  from greater commitment and a greater show  of  solidarity  on 
the part of Europe vis-à-vis  the developing  world.  To assume this role more fully,  the 
NGDOs must try to become more professional  as regards die nature and formulation of 
their objectives and  their financial management, which should be sound and transparent. 

Inter-organizational coordination also needs to be stepped up in the interests of increasing 
the  impact of  their projects  in die Soutii and involving  the general  public  in the North 
in their objectives  and tasks. 

Although the EU's development cooperation is aimed at all developing  countries,  there 
are  still  some  areas,  such  as  die  Maghreb,  where  NGDO  activities  are  thin  on  the 
ground.  Our  historical,  geographical  and  cultural  links  with  those  countries,  and  the 
seriousness of the socio-economic problems engendered by significant migration towards 
Europe, oblige us to act togeUier to take practical steps to foster the development of their 
civil  societies,  a task for which die help of  European NGDOs  will  be needed. 

It  is  also  important  that  European  NGDOs  strengthen  their  links  wiUi  NGOs  and 
grassroots organizations in die OSouth so that they  are more receptive  to new  initiatives 
from  the Soudi. 

14-

II. OTHER AREAS OF COOPERATION WITH NGDOs 

2.1 

Food  aid  channelled  through  NGDOs  (Title  B7-2) 

In  1994  Community  food  aid  channelled  through  NGDOs  totalled  ECU  187 440  000. 

This  accounts  for  33.65%  of  all  EC-financed  food  aid. 

Food  aid  allocated  under  the  1994  programme  was  up  by  10.6%  on  the  1993  figure 
(ECU  169 421  000). 

The  programme  of  food  aid  channelled  through  NGDOs  is run  by  EURONAID,  a  service 
agency set  up and  managed  by 24 European and international  NGDOs which are among the 
principal  handlers  of Community  food  aid.  The procedures governing  the delivery  and use 
of aid by NGDOs and the justifications  they have to provide are decided by the Commission 
in consultation  with  EuronAid. 

The  third  link  in  this  chain  are  the  Commission's  desk  officers  and,  above  all,  the 
Commission  Delegations,  which  play  an  active  "on-the-spot"  role  at  every  stage  of  the 
execution  of  food  aid  operations. 

The  overall  total  of  products  made  available  to  the  NGDOs  under  the  programme  breaks 
down  as  follows: 

PRODUCT 

QUANTITY 
(tonnes) 

% VARIATION  ON  1993 

Cereals 
Skimmed  milk  powder 
Sugar 
Vegetable  oil 

355  000 
14 200 
4  502 
26 000 

(Other  products) 

(ECU  16 955  000) 

Some  examples  of  these  NGO  schemes 

-  3.5 
-  14.9 
-  22.9 
+17.2 

Assistance  to  the  people  of  the western Haraghe  (East Central  Ethiopia),  badly  affected  by 
the disastrous  harvests  of  1993.  CARE-United  Kingdom 

As a  result  of  plagues  of  insects and  irregular  rainfall  in August  and  September  harvests  in 
1993  in  western  Haraghe  were  sharply  down  on  the  average,  by  70%  to  80%  in  some 
regions. 

-  15-

With the help of an information  system it has developed  in the region,  CARE was rapidly 
able  to  assess cereal  needs  for  1994 and  gauge the urgency  of  the situation.  It  requested 
from  the  European  Community,  via  EURONAID,  aid  of  5  000  tomies  of  wheat  to  be 
distributed  for 60 days,  in July and August, to  166 667 inhabitants of Haraghe in the form 
of daily  rations of 500 grammes. 

This wheat was distributed  free  of charge. Setting up food  for work programmes proved a 
non-starter owing to a lack of adequate infrastructure  and the urgent nature of the operation. 

Once  the  wheat  arrived  at  the  port  of  Assab  it  was  transported  in  lorries  to  central 
warehouses  in Asebeteferi  and Meisso.  From there, CARE lorries conveyed  it to the nine 
distribution  centres  in line with needs. 

Madagascar:  agricultural  rehabilitation  programme  in the Brickaville region  ,  in the wake 
of cyclones  Daisy and  Gerelda. CARE-International. 

In mid-January  1994, cyclone Daisy struck the east coast of Madagascar.  In the region of 
Brickaville,  50%  of  dwellings  were  wrecked,  breadfiiiit  and  banana  trees destroyed  and 
whole areas flooded.  On 2 February a second cyclone, Gerelda, caused dramatic floods and 
ruined not only crops, in particular sweet potatoes and of manioc, but also previous harvest 
and seed  stocks.  58 000 people in the area were deprived  of  food. 

Once  emergency  aid  in  the  form  of  food  and  medical  care  had  been  dispensed  the most 
urgent need was to get agricultural production on its feet again in a region that is normally 
self-sufficient  and  a major  supplier of the national market. 

CARE called  on the European  Community,  DG VIII and  ECHO to mount an agricultural 
rehabilitation programme. CARE's task,  in the immediate aftermath  of the disaster, was to 
feed  the 58 000 people in need with rations of 7.5 kilos of rice each for  15 days, some 235 
tonnes  in  all.  Rice,  vegetable,  beans  and  maize  seeds  were  then  distributed  to  15 000 
families  in  the  region.  In  these  two  schemes,  the  Community  financed  the  purchase,  in 
neighbouring  regions  or  countries,  of  65 tonnes of  rice  and  121 tonnes of  seeds.  It also 
funded  local  transport  by lorries, distribution and the storage of all  the products. 

Somalia:  food  for  work  operations  for  the  personnel  of  the  Ministries  of  Health  and 
Education,  and demobilized  soldiers. Save the Children Fund,  United Kingdom. 

-  16 

Following die civil war in northern Somalia, people who had taken refuge  or been displaced 
by the fighting  began to return to Somaliland  (north of the country).  To help diem resettle, 
the health and education systems of the areas concerned  had  to be bolstered.  To  encourage 
the new Ministries of Health and Education in tliis task,  Save die Children (SCF) organized, 
tliroughout  1994,  food  for  work  operations  for  the  staff  of  these  administrations.  It  also 
undertook,  in  cooperation  with  the  government,  to  distribute  food  rations  to  young 
demobilized  soldiers  in  exchange  for  dieir  weapons.  The  latter  operation's  aim,  in 
conjunction  with  education  programmes,  was  to  help  the  soldiers  reintegrate  into  civilian 
life. 

These operations were designed  as provisional measures to last until die end of  1994. In the 
long  term  those  in  die  sectors  concerned  would  be  encouraged  to  generate  their  own 
incomes. 

The aid from  the European Community  involved the delivery  of 4  188.42 tonnes of  cereals 
(rice,  wheat  and  sorghum),  of  legumes  (beans  and  lentils),  sugar  and  vegetable  oil.  Once 
these  products  got  to  Somalia  (cereals  and  legumes  were  bought  where  possible  in  the 
country  itself),  they were  conveyed  to and distributed  in the target regions by the  Ministry 
of  Health,  with  the  help  of  SCF.  In  all,  this  programme  will  have  benefited  7  500 
demobilized  soldiers  and  15 000 Ministry  officials,  plus  their  families. 

Social  assistance  for  Zaire:  sale  and  free  distribution  of  food  rations  to  the  poor  in  urban 
areas  of  Kinshasa.  CDI  Bwamanda,  Belgium. 

Thousands  of  inhabitants  of  Kinshasa,  the  capital  of  Zaire,  are  unable  to  buy  food  at  its 
local market price. They have therefore  generally to go to nutrition centres, where diey can 
obtain  cheap  or  free  food  rations.  The  Belgian  NGO,  CDI-Bwamanda,  has  been  running 
such  social  programmes  for  some  years.  In  1994  it  once  more  asked  die  European 
Community  to finance  a food  programme  for  the poor.  4  150 tonnes of  maize,  groundnuts 
and  of  rice,  bought  in  the  country  itself,  were  sold  or  distributed,  according  to  their 
financial  resources,  for  a  year.  The  recipients  were  by  and  large  children  being  weaned, 
badly  nourished  children  under  the  age  of  five,  pregnant  or  nursing  women,  the  sick  and 
the  elderly.  CDI-Bwamanda  took  charge  of  transport  to  Kinshasa  and  distribution  of  the 
food  via  nutrition  centres  and  local  charity  committees.  The  NGO  also  saw  to  the 
processing  and  storage  of  the  maize  and  rice. 

This  programme  helped  feed  the  poorest  citizens  of  the  capital  besides  affording  Zairian 
peasant  farmers  a guaranteed  market  for  their  food  products. 

17-

2.2  The  Community's  contribution  to  storage  programmes 

(budgetary  article  B7-202) 

Given  the  importance  of  the storage  schemes  for  improving  the food  security  of  the people 
concerned,  a number of these operations were financed  by the Community and  implemented 
by  NGOs  or  international  organizations.  In  1994,  six  countries  (Niger,  El  Salvador, 
Ethiopia,  Eritrea,  Zimbabwe  and  Mozambique)  received  such  aid  via  NGOs  for  a total  of 
ECU  1 337  722. 

OK-Zimbabwe:  warehouse  construction 

In  1994,  the  Commission  financed,  via  the  NGO  HELP,  the  construction  of  three 
warehouses  in  three  drought-prone  districts  of  Zimbabwe.  The  effects  on  supplies  are  all 
the  more  serious  as  there  is  a  severe  lack  of  storage  premises  for  the  product  of  harvests 
(maize,  groundnuts,  sunflowers  etc). 

The  warehouses  built  with  Community  funding  enabled  the  storage  and  marketing  of  the 
local  harvest  and  inputs  (in  particular  seeds  and  fertilizers).  They  helped  Zimbabwe's 
government  in  its  decentralization  efforts  and  could  also  be  used  to  store  food  aid  in  the 
event  of  a  serious  crisis. 

OK-Salvador:  network  of  storage  hangars 

Various  NGOs  arc  working  in  El  Salvador  on  agricultural  development  programmes 
designed  to  increase yields,  conserve the soil and diversify  crops,  etc.  Unfortunately,  these 
efforts  have come  up  against  a major  obstacle:  losses  during  the  maize  and  bean harvests, 
which  are  sometimes  as  high  as 40%. 

To  solve  this problem,  the Commission  financed,  via the NGO CRS,  an aid programme  in 
250 communities  in  the  west  and  north  of  the  country.  Hangars  to dry  and  store  the  grain 
have been  built  and community  leaders have been trained  in handling methods from  harvest 
to  storage. 

2.3. 

European  Community  Humanitarian  Office  (ECHO) 

2.3.1 

Activities  in  1994 

1994  was  the  second  full  year  of  ECHO'S  operations.  Against  a  backcloth  of  new  or 
worsening  international  humanitarian  crises,  the Community  beefed  up  the funds  allocated 
to  humanitarian  aid,  which  rose  from  ECU  605  million  in  1993  to  well  over  ECU  760 
million  in  1994.  This  international  solidarity  redounded  to  the  benefit  of  63 countries  in 
the  following  regions:  ACP  (42.4  %),  former  Yugoslavia  (35.3  %),  Eastern  Europe 
(0.4  %), former  Soviet Union  (11.9  %), rest of Asia, northern Iraq (6.3  %), Latin  America 
(2.8  %)  and  North  Africa  (0.5  %). 

18 

About  85%  of  the  Commission's  humanitarian  aid  is  distributed  directly  by  its  partners 
(41.9  % by  NGOs,  32.7  % by  United  Nations  agencies  and  8.2  % by other  international 
organizations).  Some  150 partners signed the framework  partnership  agreement which  took 
effect  in September  1993. After  a first  year of running-in,  it was universally  agreed that the 
partnership  agreement  was  an  effective  way  of  improving  relations  with  the  partners  and 
that  it  had  improved  aid  operations.  The  system  will  be  further  refined  in  1995  on  the 
strength  of  the outcome  of  the fruitful  dialogue  with the partners  in  1994 on the experience 
gained  in  applying  the  agreement. 

The  institutional  framework  of  humanitarian  action  underwent  two  key  changes.  In  July 
1994 the  Commission  sent  the budgetary  authority  a communication  in which  it undertook 
to  propose  a  legal  basis  for  the  budget  headings  used  by  ECHO  for  its  humanitarian 
projects.  A  proposal  defining  the  scope  of  humanitarian  action  and  the  methods  of 
coordinating  action  with  the Member  States,  international  organizations  and  NGOs  is to be 
tabled  in  the  first  half  of  1995.  The  Commission  has  also  decided  to  entrust  to  ECHO, 
from  the  beginning  of  1995,  the  management  of  short-term  food  aid  and  humanitarian 
programmes  worth some ECU  50 million,  hitherto managed  by the Directorate-General  for 
Development  (DG  VIII).  Large-scale  food  crises  will  be  the  subject  of  closer  cooperation 
between  the  two  Commission  departments. 

In addition  to  improving  the coordination  and effectiveness  of aid,  ECHO  also has the  task 
of  publicizing  Community  humanitarian  aid operations.  Its strategy  is to ensure,  along with 
its  traditional  partners,  the  NGOs  and  international  organizations  that  itswork  has  a  high 
profile.  This  cooperation  has  been  largely  satisfactory,  but  some  organizations  need  to  be 
regularly  reminded  that  they  are  required  by  contract  to  ensure  such  publicity.  Several 
publications  that  appeared  in  1994 made  the general  public  more  aware of  ECHO'S  work. 
Several  media  events,  organized  in  close  cooperation  with  the  Member  States  in  Madrid, 
Berlin and  Zagreb,  put the spotlight  on the humanitarian dimension of the European  Union. 

Keen  to  draw  lessons  from  past  experience,  ECHO  carried  out  an  evaluation  of  33 
humanitarian  operations undertaken since November  1993.  This exercise was by and  large 
appreciated  by  humanitarian  aid partners  who view  it as a means  of  helping  all sides to  do 
better.  The  bulk  of  the  evaluations  painted  a  favourable  picture  of  the  partners'  work  and 
the problems  raised  were discussed  in a spirit of partnership.  ECHO is now putting  together 
an  evaluation  handbook  to  help  lend  more  structure  to  the  exercise. 

2.3.2 

Humanitarian  aid  operations  in  1994 

Throughout  the  year,  the  Commission  met  the  urgent  needs  of  the  victims  of  natural  or 
man-made disasters  in some 70  countries by concluding  1002 humanitarian aid contracts  for 
a  total  of  ECU  764  million. 

19 

The Commission's humanitarian aid operations in 1994 were financed from die Community 
budget  (ECU 501  million,  including  a reserve  of  ECU 233  million)  and by die  European 
Development  Fund under the fourth Lomé Convention  (ECU 263  million). 

Approximately  85  % of the funds managed by ECHO are channelled  through its partners, 
of  which  NGOs  account  for  41.9  %,  UN  agencies  32.7  %  and  odier  international 
organizations  8.2  %. Only about  14  %  of  these  funds were the subject of direct action by 
the Commission,  essentially  in former Yugoslavia.  Even  "direct action" depends,  in most 
cases,  on NGOs (often  local),  which help distribute die aid on the ground.  It is important 
that the  Commission,  tlirough  ECHO,  is  able  to  carry  out direct  action,  but  it  has  to be 
understood  that  this  happens  only  when  the  traditional  partners  cannot  cope  in  a  given 
situation. 

2.3.3 

Cooperation with NGOs 

Basic  ECHO  statistics  for  1994  clearly  reflect  the  partnership  principle  underlying  all 
ECHO  operations:  41.9%  of  die  humanitarian  aid  funds  managed  by  ECHO  in  1994  on 
behalf  of  the  European  Union  were  the  subject  of  contracts  with  NGOs.  In  1994,  548 
contracts  were  signed  with  a total  of  147  NGOs  for  humanitarian  aid  programmes  in  63 
countries. 

1994  was  the  first  full  year  of  operations  undertaken  widi  partners  who  had  signed  the 
framework  partnership  agreement 
in  May  and  up  and  running  since 
launched 
September  1993,  At die end of  1994,  150 partners,  including  144 NGOs,  had signed. 

From the outset all die parties concerned,  ECHO and its partners, knew that the operation 
of  this framework  agreement  during  the first  year would  be  subject to trial  and error and 
that  it  would  need  to  be  reviewed.  The  conclusions  of  diis  review  are  currently  being 
studied. 

During  the year,  ECHO,  the NGOs  and other partners often had occasion to consult each 
other on current and planned operations.  Such consultations made for more rational use of 
scarce human and material  resources  in the overall  plans for  ACP countries  and for other 
operations. 

Dialogue with the NGOs was not confined to operations. Several times during the year, the 
Commission and the NGOs discussed  broader  issues of  common  interest.  Certain national 
NGOs' programmes were also the subject of  frank and constructive  debate.  At Easter,  the 
symposium  organized  by  the  Brussels-based  NGO  Liaison  Committee  on  "Conflicts, 
development  and  military  intervention"  was  the  occasion  for  a  lively  debate  within  the 
international humanitarian community in which the issue of prevention figured prominently. 

- 20 

2-4 

Cooperation with  NGOs on self-sufficiency  for  refugees,  displaced  persons and 
returnees in Asia and Latin America (Budgetary  article B7-302) 

This budget heading was created at the initiative of the European Parliament in 1984 to help 
refugees,  displaced persons and returnees become self-sufficient  in the period between the 
end of the emergency  and the longer-term development phase. 

Heading B7-302 appropriations have increased steadily since  1984.  In the period  1984-94 
a  total  of  ECU 318 593 000  was  spent  on over  300 projects  implemented  by  a  host  of 
NGOs  (European  and  local),  international  organizations  (primarily  the  UNHCR)  and 
government agencies.1 

In  1994, 66 projects  were financed  under Article B7-302 for  a total of  ECU 70 000 000: 
ECU 52 220 000 (60%) in Asia and ECU 22 780 000 (40%) in Latin America.  Of diese, 
35  were  cofinanced  with  NGOs,  of  which  17  (ECU 22 507 550)  in  Asia  and  18 
(ECU 9 650 000) in Latin America.,  making a total of ECU 32  157 550,  i.e.  45% of the 
total committed  in 1994. 

The programmes implemented  in 1994 for  refugees,  displaced persons and returnees were 
broad  in scope and geographical  spread.  They were in line with the action plans adopted 
at  the  international  conferences  on refugees  in Central  America  (CIREFCA,  Guatemala, 
1989)  and  on Indochinese  refugees2  (Geneva,  1989).  The  international  institutions  also 
receive  aid  for  care and maintenance  (UNHCR)  and repatriation  (UNOCHA,3 UNHCR4) 
operations. 

In  Asia,  operations  focused  on  three  key  regions:  Afghanistan/Pakistan,  where  the 
Commission supported integrated rural development projects to assist the return of refugees, 
Bangladesh where there are still many Rohingya refugees,  and Cambodia,  which received 
funds via NGOs for its reconstruction programme. In addition, there were one-off  schemes 
in Thailand  for Karen refugees  and in Laos for  returnees. 

In  view  of  the  peace  process  under  way  in  Central  America,  Community  aid  in  1994 
focused  on  reconstruction  and  the  socio-economic  reintegration  of  displaced  people, 
returnees and demobilized  soldiers. Projects cofinanced  and executed by European or  local 
NGOs in 1994 in the region involved the promotion of agriculture and livestock production, 
vocational  training,  the  development  of  basic  health  services/health  staff  training, 
improvement of  infrastructure  and protection of the environment. 

A  Commission  working  paper,  SEC(92)  2426  -  "Community  aid  to  refugees, 
displaced  persons  and  returnees  in  the  developing  countries  of  Asia  and  Latin 
America"  outlines the aid granted  in  1990-91. 

Vietnam and Laos. 

3 

4 

Afghanistan. 

Cambodia. 

21 

Of  the  18 projects  executed  in  Latin  America,  six  concerned  returnees  and  demobilized 
soldiers  in  Nicaragua  and  El  Salvador  and  12  were  for  the  resettlement  of  returnees 
(Guatemala). 

2.5 

Aid for NGDOs operating  in Chile (Item B7-5013) 

Item  B7-5013,  first 
in  the  Community  budget  in  1986,  was  allocated 
ECU 3 850 000 million  in  1994.  Its  aim  is  to  help  the  people  of  Chile  through  NGO 
projects,  chiefly  those groups deemed  to be poor,  in distress or  in  difficulties. 

included 

The breakdown  of  operations cofinanced  under Item 5013 in  1994 was as follows: 

BREAKDOWN  OF OPERATIONS COFINANCED IN  1994 
UNDER ITEM B7-5Q13 OF THE BUDGET 

Number  of 
operations 

Cost 

Commission 
contribution 
(ECU) 

Human  rights, 
decentralization, 
democratization 

Health 

Rural  productive 
activities 

I Inions 

Ethnic  minorities 

Promotion  of 
women 

Young  people 

Training 

Improving  living 
conditions 

Urban  productive 
activities 

TOTAL 

Audit 

Monitoring  of 
B7-5013 

T O T AL 

6 

1 

8 

4 

6 

2 

6 

8 

6 

4 

1325594 

435871 

65156 

891179 

205458 

585035 

167393 

1407382 

1145441 

1168114 

35300 

501495 

179398 

341456 

122322 

567074 

588301 

724135 

398020 

187521 

51 

7358772 

3682873 

15000 

150000 

3847873 

- 2 2-

2.6 

North-South  cooperation  projects  in the campaign  against  drug  abuse 
(Item  B7-5080) 

In  1994,  more  than  30 operations  carried  out by  NGOs  were  financed  for  more than  ECU 
5  million,  i.e.  more  than  54%  of  the  total  commitments  concluded  (ECU  9.3  million)  for 
35  projects  in  all. 

Cooperation  with NGOs was most intense in Latin America  and Asia,  two regions  in which 
the  projects  financed  in  1994  under  this  heading  were  devoted  almost  exclusively  to 
prevention,  reduction  in  demand  and  rehabilitation  of  addicts.  The  distribution  of  the 
projects  financed  was  as  follows: 

Latin  America: 
Asia: 
Mediterranean: 
ACP  States: 

34% 
27% 
37% 
2% 

2.7 

Cooperation  with  NGOs  on  rehabilitation  in  1994 

Developing  countries  emerging  from  war or a serious crisis with fragile  economies,  ruined 
infrastructure  and  a  social  fabric  in  tatters  need  an  interim  period  of  "rehabilitation". 
Rehabilitation  aid  bridges  the  gap  between  relief  operations  and  the  resumption  of 
programmes  to  promote  long-term  development. 

Rehabilitation  must  gradually  take  over  from  humanitarian  aid,  reducing  the  need  for  it 
while  paving  the  way  for  economic  revival  and  political  and  social  transition. 

2.7.1  Design,  scope,  eligibility  criteria  and  financing  of  rehabilitation  programmes 

The  precise  nature  of  rehabilitation  aid  programmes  was  spelled  out  by  the  Council  in 
December  1993.  Such  programmes  began  to  be  implemented  in  1994  and  represent  a 
stepping-stone  between  humanitarian/emergency  aid  and  the  resumption  of  long-term 
development  programmes.  Candidates  for  rehabilitation  are  countries  emerging  from  a 
serious  crisis  or war or  whose economies have been ruined by other factors  such as natural 
disasters. 

At  the  end  of  1993  the  following  countries  were  receiving  rehabilitation  aid:  Somalia, 
Ethiopia,  Eritrea,  Mozambique,  Angola,  Liberia,  Cambodia,  Lebanon,  El  Salvador, 
Guatemala  and  Nicaragua.  Other  countries  were  added  to  the  list  in  1994:  Madagascar, 
Rwanda  and  certain  neighbouring  countries  (Uganda,  Burundi,  Tanzania  and  Zaire),  Haiti 
and  the  Occupied  Territories. 

23 

Rehabilitation  programmes may embrace a wide variety  of activities that come under  four 
broad  headings: 

-  getting  productive plant running again; 

repairing essential  infrastructure; 

reintegrating  groups such as refugees,  demobilized  soldiers and displaced people back 
into society; 

rebuilding  institutions. 

Eligibility criteria  have not been formally  defined.  However,  certain crucial requirements 
were  laid down by the Council on 2 December 1993: 

request  from  partners  in the country  concerned; 

a disaster  situation that prevents essential  needs being met; 

setting in train by the authorities of a transition process in which democratic values and 
fondamental  freedoms  are upheld; 

capacity  of  the  administration  and/or  partners  concerned  to  implement  rehabilitation 
operations. 

Having  weighed  up  these  different  factors  the  Commission  decides  oh  the  need  for  a 
rehabilitation  programme  and on its content. 

There are  various sources of  funds  for  these programmes. 

For  ACP  countries  the  main  source  is  the  EDF.  Funds  available  under  the  National 
Indicative  Programme,  Stabex  or  Article 255  can  be  topped  up  with  funds  from  certain 
budget  headings that can be used for  rehabilitation aid. 

Prelèrence  is  given  to  NGOs  for  the  reliabilitation  of  social  services  and  small-scale 
infrastructure,  which  is  the  case  of  most  operations  financed  under  Article 255  (aid  for 
refugees,  demobilized  soldiers  and displaced  persons),  heading B7-5071 (rehabilitation  in 
southern Africa),  heading B7-5011 (purchase of food, seeds and tools) and heading B7-5010 
(cofinancing  of NGO operations). Funds for non-ACP countries come from the EC budget. 

- 2 4-

2.7.2  Role of NGOs 

NGOs  play  a  key  role  in  running  Community-funded  rehabilitation  programmes.  Their 
intimate knowledge of the countries concerned, their flexibility, the various approaches they 
bring to bear and their contact with local people are crucial factors  in individual  situations 
and in dealing with post-emergency needs. 

Since the Council's decision of 25 May  1993 to finance  the special  initiative,  the NGOs' 
role has also been boosted as regards the design of the rehabilitation programmes. 

2.7.3  Rehabilitation schemes in 1994 

In  1994 the  Commission  continued,  notably  on  the  basis  the  Council's  conclusions  of  2 
December  1993  and  the  Council's  discussions  at  its  meeting  on  6  May  1994,  the 
implementation of the rehabilitation schemes, in particular those taken as part of the Special 
Initiative  for  Africa. 

A  detailed  list  of  the  schemes  under  way  in  the  eight  countries  covered  by  the  special 
initiative  was  presented  to  Member  States  at  the  Council  meeting  (development)  of  25 
November  1994.  It  shows  that  the overall  amount  earmarked  for  rehabilitation  schemes 
since  1991/92  is  already  sizeable  (ECU  520  million).  ECU  287  million  has  been made 
available since the launching of the special initiative in May 1993, with payments amounting 
to ECU 227 million. New decisions taken in 1994 as part of the rehabilitation programmes 
in Africa  amounted to ECU 238 million. 

2.7.4 Budgetary Item B7-5076 

This  new  heading  was  included  in  the  1994  budget  for  the  purpose  of  financing 
rehabilitation  programmes  in  all  developing  countries. 
It  covers  the  ALA  and  MED 
countries as well as the ACP States and is administered jointly  by  Directorates-General  I 
and  VIII.  Commitment  appropriations  in  1994  total  ECU 44.8 million  and  payment 
appropriations stand at ECU 25 million. 

As regards the ACP countries, which received ECU  17.8 million in all under this heading 
- including ECU 0.85 million from an exceptional contribution from Luxembourg - the role 
of NGOs has been particularly  important.  In  1994 in the ACP countries,  22 NGOs  from 
nine EU countries received a total of ECU  12 327 369 for  rehabilitation projects,  notably 
in the basic sectors (health, education,  agriculmral production). This accounts for  70% of 
the ECU  17.7 million allocated  to the heading  for  the ACP countries,  which represents a 
major  contribution  from  NGOs  to  the  design,  programming  and  implementation  of 
rehabilitation projects. 

25 

2.8  Special programme for South Africa  (budgetary Item B7-5070) 

Overall  objectives 

This  heading  is  designed  to  finance  programmes  to  improve  the  lot  of  the  most 
disadvantaged  sections  of  South  African  society.  The  priorities  were  defined  by  the 
European Parliament  in its resolution of  15 December  1993 on development prospects  in 
South  Africa  and  in southern Africa  (OJ No C 20 of  24 January  1994, p.  120)  and take 
account  of  the Council  Decision on the conclusion  of  the  interim cooperation  agreement 
between  the  European  Community  and  the  Republic  of  South  Africa  (OJ  No  L  341 of 
30 December  1994, p. 61). 

Sir Leon Brittan signed die interim agreement with South African Vice-President, Mr Yhabo 
Mbeki, on 10 October 1994. The Commission has since embarked on negotiations with the 
South African  government on future  ties between the European Union and South  Africa. 

The special programme for South Africa, first proposed by the European Parliament in 1985 
and  confirmed  several  times  by  the  European  Council,  was  renamed  the  "European 
Programme for Reconstruction and Development"  in order to underscore die EU's support 
for the South African  government's drive to implement a reconstruction  and development 
programme. The changes compared with past years reflect the strides made by South Africa 
towards democracy since the elections held in April 1994. 

In 1994, the electoral process in South Africa received financial backing from the European 
Union for activities such as voter education, financing the electoral campaigns of registered 
parties through the Independent Electoral Commission 's election fund and the financing of 
observer missions by two NGOs. 

The ECU  110 million budgeted was fully  committed at the end of the year. 

The special programme has financed  the following  schemes: 

projects  to support the reconstruction and development programme; 

development  programmes  for  local  authorities  implemented  by  the  Kagiso  Trust,  the 
trade  unions,  the  Southern  African  Cadiolic  Bishops'  Conference  (SACBC)  and  the 
South African  Council of Churches (SACC); 
programmes to improve training and education in rural areas and in less advanced urban 
regions; 
support programmes  in the vocational  training  sector,  in particular  with regard  to the 
teacher training and student grants; 

- 

-  programmes  and  projects  in the health  sector  in rural  areas  and  in the  less  advanced 

urban regions; 
programmes to support micro-enterprises  and boost job creation. 

2 6-

Specific  objectives 

Programmes  and  projects  under  this budgetary  item are financed  by  the Community  for  an 
amount  in excess  of  80%.  They  generally  run  for  one  to  three  years. 

Administrative  expenditure  necessary  for  implementing  the  programmes  and  projects  are 
also  covered,  as  are  appraisal  and  evaluation  costs. 

In  1994,  aid  was  targeted  on: 

Sector 

No.  of projects 

ECU  million 

Development  of  communities 
Education 
Good  governance  and  democratization 
Elections 
Health 
Institutional  support 
SMEs 
Trade  unions 
Other 

25 
32 
4 
4 
12 
2 
7 
1 
7 

18.7 
55.1 
18.2 
5.7 
23.8 
1.6 
2.6 
0.05 
10.6 

Total 

90_ 

136.5 

The  partners  involved  were: 

Partner 

No.  of  projects 

ECU  million 

Kagiso  Trust 
SACC 
SACBC 
South  African  government 
Independent  Electoral  Commission 
Other 

Total 

47 
9 
6 
5 
2 
21 

90 

60 

3.3 
3.4 
35.9 
5.4 
28.5 

136.5 

Education  and  vocational  training  remain  the principal  development  sector  in  South  Africa, 
closely  followed  by  health.  The  government's  White  Paper  on  reconstruction  and 
development  accords  these  two  sectors  high  priority. 

Outlook for  1995 

- 2 7-

The  1995  programme  will  be  drawn up  in  close  cooperation  with  the  government.  The 
project-oriented  approach  is  to  be  abandoned  in  favour  of  a  more  programme-oriented 
approach.  This will  enable die number of  schemes per annum to be  reduced and make for 
closer  scrutiny  of  their progress. 

Wherever  possible  and  appropriate  the  Commission  will  continue  to  lay  stress  on  the 
involvement of  the target group or institutioa. 

2.9  Assistance  for rehabilitation programmes  in soudiern Africa  (item B7-5071) 

In June  1988  the  Commission  introduced  a  special  budgetary  item,  9531,  to  support  the 
front-line  states  and  Soudiern  Africa  Development  Community  (SADC)  member  states 
suffering  the effects  of  war and destabilization activities  in die region. 

In 1993, widi the changing scene in southern Africa, tliis heading, now B7-5071, was geared 
towards assistance for rehabilitation programmes in the region.  Given the changes that have 
taken place  in  the  region,  die focus  of  die  budgetary  item  was  switched  to  rehabilitation 
schemes  so  as to contribute to die democratization process under way  in southern Africa. 

The budgetary  audiority  allocated,  for financial  year  1994,  a commitment  appropriation of 
ECU  15 million (payment  appropriation of  ECU  12 million) to heading  B7 -5071  in order 
to maintain the Commission's scope for action in die rehabilitation programmes being carried 
out  or  envisaged  in  southern  Africa,  notably  in  Angola  and  in  Mozambique.  Thirty-five 
projects received funding to the tune of ECU  15 million.  Virtually  all the approved projects 
were financed  in their entirely  (100%) by the Commission. 

Priority  went  to  rehabilitation  and  the  rebuilding  of  basic  infrastructure  (73.7%  of  the 
appropriations) to allow refugees,  displaced persons, and demobilized soldiers to go back to 
their regions of origin and to enable the population as a whole to resume normal civilian life. 
Five social rehabilitation projects, totalling ECU 2 260  176, were aimed at boosting help for 
women and street children. 

- 2 8-

The spotlight is on four  key sectors: 

rehabilitation of basic  infrastructure; 

integrated humanitarian schemes; 

training and education; 

information  and documentation programmes. 

BREAKDOWN OF FUNDS BY SECTOR (1994) 

No.  of  projects 

ECU 

1.  Rehabilitation 
-  Health  infrastructure 
-  Social  rehabilitation 
-  Education  infrastructure 
-  Agriculture/fisheries 
3.  Information/documentation 
4.  Humanitarian 
5.  Small-scale  rehabilitation 

Total 

21 
9 
5 
4 
3 
3 
9 
1 
1 

35 

11 060  725 
5 092  783 
2  260  176 
2  160 323 
1  545  443 
582  000 
1  711 275 
646  000 
1000  000 

% 

73.7 
33.9 
15.1 
14.4 
10.3 
3.9 
11.4 
4.3 
6.7 

15 000  000 

100 

As regards the breakdown of appropriations by recipient country, the Commission's financial 
contribution has been earmarked, as in previous years, for priority rehabilitation projects in 
Angola and Mozambique,  the two countries on which the aid is being focused,  with more 
than  94%  of  the  total  funds  available  in  1994 for  27  projects  (77%).  The  rehabilitation 
schemes account for  the lion's  share of the projects  financed  in these two countries where 
the risk of  insecurity  or instability  is ever-present. 

Breakdown by recipient country (1994): 

Recipient 

Angola 
Mozambique 
Zimbabwe 
Tanzania 
Europe 
Réfugiés 

Total  1994 

No.  of  projects 

ECU 

% 

13 
14 
1 
1 
1 
5 

35 

7.283.532 
6.934.736 
100.000 
30.000 
452.000 
199.732 

15.000.000 

48,6 
46,2 
0,7 
0,2 
3,0 
1,3 

100 

- 2 9-

The main agencies to receive financial  support for programmes from  budgetary item B7-5071 
in  1994  were  European  NGOs  with  88.1% of  the funds  allocated,  i.e.  ECU  13 218 268  for 
a  total  of  26  projects. 

Breakdown  by  agency: 

Agency 

European  NGos 
Local  NGOs 
Instituts/universities 

Total 

No.  of  projects 

ECU 

26 

!(*) 
8 

35 

13 218  268 
1  000  000 
781  732 

% 

88.1 
6.7 
5.2 

15 000  000 

100 

(*)  A programme  (QDF-Quick  Disbursement  Fund) managed  directly  by the EC  Delegation 
in  Mozambique  to  finance  the  small-scale  rehabilitation  schemes  run  by  local  NGOs. 

Breakdown  of  agencies  by  country  of  origin: 

country 

United  Kingdom 
Spain 
Portugal 
Netherlands 
Italy 
Ireland 
Germany 
France 
Belgium 
Africa 
Mozambique  Del. 

Total 

No.  of  projects 

ECU 

% 

5 
2 
2 
1 
15 
1 
1 
1 
4 
2 
1 

35 

199.732 
1.471.100 
834.000 
452.000 
7.844.909 
263.766 
743.000 
432.773 
1.628.720 
130.000 
1.000.000 

13, 
9,8 
5,6 
3,0 
52,3 
1,8 
5,0 
2,9 
10,8 
0,9 
6,6 

15.000.000 

100 

Southern  African  NGOs  received  only  around  7.5%  of  the  1994 budget  funds  while  Italian 
NGOs  had  15  projects  approved  by  the  Commission  for  a  total  of  ECU  7.8  million,  i.e. 
52.3%  of  the  funds  available. 

- 3 0-

2.10 

Community  operations  linked  to the Middle  East peace  process 
(Item B7-4083) 

In the  wake  of  the  Council's  conclusions  at  its meeting  of  27 October  1986,  a  new  Article 
(966)  was  created  in  the  1987  budget  to  finance  development  projects  in  the  occupied 
territories  of  the West  Bank  and Gaza.  Up to then,  the Community  had  implemented  an ad 
hoc  aid  programme  for  the  territories  comprising  rural  development,  grants  and  other 
projects  cofinanced  with  European  NGOs.  Total financing  from  1981 to  1986 amounted  to 
some  ECU  9  million  (including  NGO  schemes cofinanced  under  Article  941  for  a  total  of 
ECU  4  million). 

From  Item B7-4083  (ex  966,  B7-406)  the Commission  was able to  finance  a broader  array 
of development operations:  139 between  1987 and 1994 with a total EC contribution of some 
139 million  ECU  (1987:  ECU  2.97  million,  1988:  ECU  3 million,  1989:  ECU  5  million, 
1990: ECU 6 million,  1991: ECU  10 million,  1992: ECU  17 million,  1993: ECU 35 million, 
1994:  ECU  60 million).  In  1994,  50% of the  funds  available  were  allocated  to  support  the 
current  expenditure of  the Palestinian  administration (in particular for  the Palestinian  police 
force),  16%  for  education  schemes,  16%  for  a  subsidized  house  building  programme,  8% 
for  other  projects  and  8%  for  techmcal  assistance. 

For  1995, ECU 52 million has been allocated from heading B7-4083. The priority fields are, 
in the short term, to develop the projects currently under way in the fields  of housing,  credit 
and  assistance  to  firms,  construction  and  refurbishment  of  schools,  all  of  which  generate 
jobs.  In the medium term,  the purpose of this heading is to improve the economic  and social 
infrastructure  of  the West  Bank  and  Gaza:  telecommunications,  road  networks,  electricity, 
industrial  estates  and  the  like.  This  entails  providing  the  technical  assistance  necessary  for 
developing  the  technical  and  financial  mechamsms  needed  for  the  smooth  operation  of 
Palestinian  government  institutions.  All these operations were  identified  and prepared  after 
consultations with the Palestinian institutions to ensure that they respond closely to needs and 
initiatives  on the  ground. 

2.11  Programme  for  NGOs  operating  in Vietnam  (B7-5014) 

This  Item  was  introduced  in  1991  with  the  aim  of  helping  the  Vietnamese  population  via 
NGO  operations.  In  1994  it had an appropriation  of  ECU  2 million,  which  financed  seven 
schemes.  The  sectors  concerned  are  representative  of  the  approach  adopted  under  this 
heading:  development  of  rural  credit,  urban  and  rural  social  projects.  Work  will  continue 
along  those  lines  in  1995. 

2.12  Programmes  for  NGOs  operating  in Cambodia  (B7-5015) 

This  heading  was  created  in  1991  to  help  the  Cambodian  population  through  the  work  of 
NGOs. The  1994 appropriation of ECU  1 million financed two health projects, both of which 
are  running  according  to  plan. 

31 -

2.13 

Decentralized  cooperation  in developing  countries 
(item  B7-5077) 

General  thrust 

the  Community 
The  prime  objective 
decentralization cooperation approach initiated under Lomé IV and built into cooperation with 
Asian  and  Latin  American  developing  countries  (PVD-ALA)  and  the  Mediterranean. 

is  the  promotion  and  gradual  extension  of 

Typical  objectives  include: 

information,  awareness-raising  and  mobilization  of  the  key  agents  concerned  (NGO 
networks, local authorities, professional associations and cooperatives, etc.). This chiefly 
entails: 

-^seminars,  conferences  and  specialized  one-day  events:  Harare,  UTO/IULA  congress, 
ESC  meetings,  NGO  Liaison  Committee  working  parties, 

-» publication  of  the  practical  guide  to decentralized  cooperation  for  NGOs 

an awareness-raising  and  methodology  advisory  service  for  area desks  and  delegations. 
This  comes  into  play  at  the programme  appraisal  stage  (EDF,  PVD-ALA  or  B7-5077) 
with  the  aim  of  systematic  cooperation.  It  can  also be  the  subject  of  ad  hoc  schemes: 

subject  or  methodology  information  memos,  survey  and  publication  of  an inventory  of 
the  state  of  decentralized  cooperation under  Lomé  IV,  participation  in evaluation  work 
(women,  institutional  development,  culture, urban  development,  etc.),  preparation  of a 
methodological  guide  to decentralized  cooperation  under  way, 

the operational task of preparing and appraising decentralized programmes financed  from 
official  funds  (chiefly  EDF)  complementing  Item B7-5077:  in the case of the EDF,  ten 
countries  are  concerned.  Countries  of  Central  America  and  Mediterranean  (MED 
programmes)  are  mainly  affected  by  non-EDF  funds. 

monitoring  and  follow-up  of the policies  and methods used by multilateral  and  bilateral 
cooperation  agencies  involved  in  decentralized  cooperation  and  the  various  EDF 
instruments  (such  as micro-project  programmes  ). 

The  priorities  for  using  Item  B7-5077  arise  out  of  this  strategy.  As  the  funds  are  limited, 
priority  is  accorded  to  pilot  or  trial  schemes  achieving  maximum  leverage  in  terms  of  the 
mobilization  and  impact  of  decentralized  cooperation  as part  of  official  cooperation. 

-32 

Assessment  of  Item  B7-5077  in  1994 

23  projects:  overall  amount  of  ECU  4  863  948  for  a  total  cost  of  ECU  9  302  766 

(cofinancing  rate:  52%). 

Breakdown  by  type  of  scheme: 

upstream  projects  (studies  and  promotion):  10% 
projects  chiefly  aimed  at boosting  the  technical  and  institutional  capacity  of  the  agents 
of  decentralized  cooperation  in the  developing  countries:  31.5% 
pilot  programmes  and  projects:  59%. 

These programmes generally consist of an institutional  support component and an operational 
component.  According  them  pilot  scheme  status  hinges  on the  innovatory  nature  of the  type 
of  partnership 
the  methods  employed 
(participatory  support  from  European  partners,  research  scheme,  etc.)  and  the  topic 
(marginalized  young  people,  municipal  development,  etc.). 

local  authorities  and  NGOs), 

involved  (e.g. 

Special  mention  should  be  made  of  three  regional  programmes  (Central  America  and  West 
Africa)  which  have  the  following  features  in common: 

involvement  of  North-South  and  South-South  NGO  and  local  authority  exchange  and 
support  networks, 
action  to  strengthen  and  lend  structure  to  the  decentralized  bodies  (national  urban 
associations,  NGO  networks,  etc.) 
earmarking  of  funds  to back  local  initiatives  enabling  such  partnerships  to be  tested  in 
real-life  situations. 

Targets:  44%  of  the  schemes  concern  mainly  local  authorities  and  cooperation  in  the 
municipal  field;  the  rest  concern  NGOs  and  a  variety  of  sectors  (rural  development,  the 
economy,  etc.). 

For  the  most  part  these  projects  are  based  on  partnerships  with  European  decentralized 
cooperation  agents. 

Breakdown  by  region: 

-  ACP  States: 53% 

Latin  America:  35% 
Asia  and  Mediterranean:  3% 

-  Other:  9% 

The  way  ahead 

Over  the  period  1992-94,  following  a major  awareness-raising  and  mobilization  campaign, 
increased  efforts  were  made  to  promote  projects  and  pilot  programmes  liable  to  produce 
tangible  results and exemplify  the contribution  of  decentralized  cooperation  (for example by 
setting  up  channels  of  support  for  local  initiatives). 

33 

These  efforts  should  be  stepped  up  in  the  field  of  local  development  in  general,  and  in the 
field  of  municipal  and  urban  development  in  particular.  Those  are  the  sectors  currently 
gaining prominence  in official  programmes. Priority  should be given to network schemes  (in 
Europe  and  in  the  South),  involving 
local  authorities  and  NGOs,  making  for  a  knock-on 
effect  in  terms  of  sources  of  financing,  and  operating  on  a  national  or  regional  scale  (e.g. 
Central  America).  Bilateral projects  (city to city) of more traditional technical assistance can 
be examined only on a case-by-case basis depending on how innovative they are and on their 
potential  impact  at  the  level  of  official  programmes  (the  budgetary  Item  cannot  stretch  to 
systematic  cofinancing). 

In  particular,  support  should  go  to  framework  programmes  negotiated  with  adequately 
qualified  and  representative  associations  (national  city  associations,  etc.)  on  the  basis  of 
multiannual  objectives  (e.g.  Central  America  with  CUD,  West  and  Central  Africa  and  the 
Municipal  Development  Programme). 

Coordination  with  Member  States  which  have policies  to  support  decentralized  cooperation 
is envisaged  with  a view  to underlining  the budgetary  Item's  role  to provide  incentives. 

- 3 4-

TABLE I 
BREAKDOWN  BY  RECIPIENT  COUNTRY  OF 
DEVELOPMENT  PROJECTS  COFINANCED  BY  THE  EC 
FROM  1976 TO  1994  INCLUSIVE 

Number  of  projects  EC  contribution 

in  ECU 

AFGHANISTAN 
SUB-SAHARAN  AFRICA 
ALGERIA 
ANGOLA 
ANTIGUA  AND  BARBUDA 
NETHERLANDS  ANTILLES 
ARGENTINA 
BANGLADESH 
BARBADOS 
BELIZE 
BENIN 
BHUTAN 
BOLIVIA 
BOTSWANA 
BRAZIL 
BURKINA  FASO 
BURUNDI 
CAMEROON 
CAPE  VERDE 
CARIBBEAN 
CENTRAL  AFRICAN  REPUBLIC 
CHILE 
CHINA 
CYPRUS 
COLOMBIA 
COMOROS 
CONGO 
COSTA  RICA 
CÔTE  D'IVOIRE 
CUBA 
DJIBOUTI 
DOMINICA 
EGYPT 
EL  SALVADOR 
ECUADOR 
ERITREA 
ETHIOPIA 
•FIJI 
GABON 
GAMBIA 
GHANA 

31 
10 
63 
82 
8 
1 
290 
292 
17 
38 
104 
16 
602 
34 
1216 
757 
73 
266 
102 
15 
101 
627 
41 
2 
265 
14 
41 
49 
95 
56 
10 
41 
67 
302 
331 
24 
397 
16 
11 
85 
130 

1 611 530 
1 787 333 
2 320 003 
3 112 422 
285 189 
59 226 
14 856 797 
17 464 579 
681 358 
1 414 795 
3 601 230 
291 890 
31 143 451 
2 916 275 
62 866 506 
25 217 918 
5 476 133 
11 259 168 
5 201 992 
1 128 095 
6 376 430 
31 053 118 
3 131 599 
57 584 
11 939 151 
644 494 
1 574 628 
1 484 426 
4 561 214 
3 368 442 
628 658 
1 113 386 
4 312 605 
11 702 935 
15 501 898 
3 248 478 
30 210 145 
890 570 
512 930 
2 069 585 
5 458 468 

GRENADA 
GUATEMALA 
GUINEA 
GUINEA  BISSAU 
EQUATORIAL GUINEA 
GUYANA 
HAITI 
HONDURAS 
HONG  KONG 
COOK  ISLANDS 
INDIA 
INDONESIA 
IRAQ 
ISRAEL 
JAMAICA 
JORDAN 
CAMBODIA 
KENYA 
KIRIBATI 
LAOS 
LESOTHO 
LEBANON 
LIBERIA 
MADAGASCAR 
MALAYSIA 
MALAWI 
MALDIVES 
MALI 
MOROCCO 
MAURITIUS 
MAURITANIA 
MEXICO 
MONGOLIA 
MONTSERRAT 
MOZAMBIQUE 
MYANMAR  (BURMA) 
NAMIBIA 
NEPAL 
NICARAGUA 
NIGER 
NIGERIA 
UGANDA 
PAKISTAN 
PANAMA 
PAPUA  NEW  GUINEA 
PARAGUAY 
PERU 
PHILIPPINES 

35 

Number  of  projects 

EC  contribution 
in  ECU 

22 
214 
44 
130 
15 
17 
269 
97 
9 
1 
1728 
136 
13 
11 
56 
23 
174 
456 
2 
87 
72 
214 
21 
157 
15 
110 
2 
389 
29 
33 
64 
177 
1 
2 
327 
7 
117 
71 
749 
85 
77 
235 
139 
26 
40 
97 
718 
462 

810 567 
9 915 062 
4 767 314 
8 406 891 
1 066 782 
856 447 
14 821 938 
2 691 527 
94 783 
8 124 
59 437 606 
5 538 849 
565 565 
1 488 782 
2 605 470 
2 835 071 
14 220 275 
22 277 098 
13 279 
3 785 561 
2 231 666 
14 985 737 
843 029 
8 857 278 
361 015 
5 503 522 
760 277 
18 258 818 
1 780 918 
1 042 389 
4 105 507 
11 401 630 
4 847 
21 438 
14 619 566 
249 054 
7 780 769 
3 205 808 
39 410 989 
4 899 754 
2 648 606 
14 168 367 
4 124 591 
1 305 246 
864 837 
4 390 818 
37 594 069 
24 602 030 

REGION:  SOUTHERN  AFRICA 
REGION:  EAST  AFRICA 
REGION:  WEST  AFRICA 
REGION:  SAHEL 
REGION:  CENTRAL  AMERICA 
REGION:  SOUTH  AMERICA 
REGION:  ASIA 
REGION:  HORN  OF  AFRICA 
REGION:  AFRICA 
REGION:  MEDITERRANEAN 
REGION:  PACIFIC 
DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC 
RWANDA 
SAINT  VINCENT  &  THE  GRENADINES 
SAINT  LUCIA 
SOLOMON  ISLANDS 
WESTERN  SAMOA 
SÂO TOME  &  PRINCIPE 
SENEGAL 
SEYCHELLES 
SIERRA  LEONE 
SOMALIA 
SUDAN 
SOUTH  KOREA 
SRI  LANKA 
SURINAME 
SWAZILAND 
SYRIA 
TAJIKISTAN 
TANZANIA 
CHAD 
THAILAND 
TOGO 
TONGA 
ALL  COUNTRIES 
TRINIDAD  &  TOBAGO 
TUNISIA 
TUVALU 
URUGUAY 
VANUATU 
VENEZUELA 
VIETNAM 
WEST  BANK  &  GAZA 
YEMEN  (NORTH  AND  SOUTH) 
ZAIRE 
ZAMBIA 
ZIMBABWE 

3 6-

Number of  projects 

EC  contribution 
in  ECU 

75 
6 
15 
9 
4 
9 
9 
Ï 
2 
1 
10 
134 
384 
6 
7 
17 
4 
10 
404 
4 
118 
58 
137 
20 
206 
6 
24 
4 
2 
481 
171 
154 
94 
3 
33 
12 
43 
1 
200 
6 
58 
186 
224 
32 
703 
138 
304 

1  379  948 
908  216 
1  314  376 
1  241  934 
1  014  175 
1  837  147 
512  934 
15 000 
21  031 
396  284 
1  401  411 
5  911  998 
13 750  048 
56  272 
225  548 
926  498 
285  289 
1  816  434 
15 561  683 
113  827 
3  602  368 
5  484  220 
9  545  261 
984  521 
6  618  552 
146 095 
1  545  326 
241  195 
10 701 
19 896  237 
8  439  034 
8  700  244 
3 405  952 
128  990 
2  552  777 
867  094 
1  777  869 
6  127 
9  741  695 
390  075 
4  476  484 
10 041  514 
16 435  699 
2 398 519 
26 687 213 
7 017 569 
15 580 650 

Total 

19 191 

934 079 216 

BREAKDOWN  BY  MEMBER  STATE  OF  COMMUNITY  FUNDS  ALLOCATED  FROM  1976  TO  1994  INCLUSIVE 

TABLE  II 

NATIONALITY 
OF 
CONTRACTOR 

Belgium 
Consortium 
Denmark 
France 
Germany 
Greece 
Ireland 
Italy 
Luxembourg 
Netherlands 
Portugal 
Spain 
U.K. 

Development  projects  in 
developing  countries 

Information  campaigns  for 
European  public  opinion 

No.  of 
schemes 

EC  contribution 

in  ECU 

in % 

No.  of 
schemes 

EC  contribution 

in  ECU 

in % 

TOTAL 

No.  of 
schemes 

EC  contribution 

in  ECU 

in % 

934 
76 
107 
1013 
913 
23 
274 
834 
198 
381 
30 
251 
1136 

129  129  375 
49  790  292 
15  958  211 
140  904  947 
155  554  086 
3  866  877 
22  195  066 
140  303  117 
11  723  525 
52  232  876 

4  579  329, 

52  220  551 
155  570  799 

13.8 
5.3 
1.7 
15 
16.7 
0.4 
2.4 
15 
1.3 
5.6 
0.5 
5.6 
16.7 

169 
14 
43 
207 
172 
13 
48 
160 
8 
155 
25 
77 
256 

10  370  458 
4  458  606 
3  254  788 
11  170  192 
13  517  037 
1  346  657 
2  600  353 
12  643  483 
225  211 
11  321  603 
2  020  546 
5  078  641 
18  255  920 

10.8 
4.6 
3.4 
11.6 
14.1 
1.4 
2.7 
13.2 
0.2 
11.8 
2 
5.2 
19 

1103 
90 
150 
1220 
1085 
36 
322 
994 
206 
536 
55 
328 
1392 

139  499  833 
54  248  898 
19  212  999 
152  075  139 
169  071  123 
5  213  534 
24  795  419 
152  946  600 
11  948  736 
63  554  479 
6  599  875 
57  299  192 
173  826  719 

13.5 
5.3 
1.9 
14.8 
16.4 
0.5 
2.4 
14.8 
1.2 
6.2 
0.6 
5.5 
16.9 

TOTAL 

6170 

934  029  051 

100% 

1347 

96  263  495 

100% 

7517 

1030  292  546 

100% 

BREAKDOWN  BY MEMBER  STATE  OF  COMMUNITY  FUNDS ALLOCATED  IN 1994 

TABLE  III 

Member 
States 

Denmark 
France 
Greece 
Ireland 
Italy 
Luxembourg 
Netherlands 
Portugal 
Spain 
U.K. 
Belgium 
Germany 
Consortium 

Development  projects  in  the 
developing  countries 

Information  campaigns  for 
European  public  opinion 

No.  of 
schemes 

EC  contribution 

in  ECU 

in % 

No.  of 
schemes 

EC  contribution 

in  ECU 

in % 

TOTAL 

No.  Of 
schemes 

EC  contribution 

in  ECU 

in % 

5 
99 
3 
8 
102 
26 
34 
3 
38 
100 
69 
93 
19 

1  317  799 
19  469  301 
812  404 
1  538  313 
20  558  852 
1  685  812 
6  743  907 
756  756 
10  867  652 
20  898  456 
13  701  651 
20  350  018 
10  956  437 

1.0 
15.0 
0.6 
1.2 
15.9 
1.3 
5.2 
0.6 
8.4 
16.1 
10.6 
15.7 
8.5 

6 
22 
4 
6 
29 
2 
16 
4 
14 
23 
20 
21 
3 

792  582 
1  671  114 
166  649 
429  826 
2  089  027 
33  045 
1  262  765 
272  375 
1  305  719 
1  921  772 
1  519  979 
2  264  865 
804  419 

5.5 
11.5 
1.1 
3.0 
14.4 
0.2 
8.7 
1.9 
9.0 
13.2 
10.5 
15.6 
5.5 

11 
121 
7 
14 
131 
28 
50 
7 
52 
123 
89 
114 
22 

2  110  381 
21  140  415 
979  053 
1  968  139 
22  647  879 
1  718  857 
8  006  672 
1  029  131 
12  173  371 
22  820  228 
15  221  630 
22  614  883 
11  760  856 

1.5 
14.7 
0. 9 
1.4 
15.7 
1.2 
5.5 
0.7 
8.4 
15.50 
10.5 
15.7 
8.2 

TOTAL 

599 

129  657  358 

100% 

170 

14  534  137 

100% 

769 

144  191  495 
(*) 

100% 

(*)  Plus ECU 756 000 for miscellaneous 

ISSN 0254-1475 

COM(96) 32 final 

DOCUMENTS 

EN 

11 

Catalogue number  : CB-CO96-035-EN-C 

ISBN 92-77-99903-9 

Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 

L-2985 Luxembourg