Special report No 3/95 on the implementation of the intervention measures provided for by the organization of the market in the sheepmeat and goatmeat sector
Date: 1995-09-14
Institutions: European Court of Auditors
Subjects: EU production, budgetary expenditure, common organisation of markets, goatmeat, livestock, sheepmeat













EUR-Lex - 31995Y1028(01) - EN






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31995Y1028(01)

Special report No 3/95 on the implementation of the intervention measures provided for by the organization of the market in the sheepmeat and goatmeat sector  


Official Journal C 285 , 28/10/1995 P. 0001 - 0038 





SPECIAL REPORT No  3/95on the implementation of the intervention measures provided for by the organization of the  market in the sheepmeat and goatmeat sector(95/C 285/01)(Observations pursuant to Article 188  C(4), second indent, of the EC Treaty)TABLE OF CONTENTSParagraph  referenceINTRODUCTION1.1 - 1.4THE SHEEPMEAT AND GOATMEAT MARKET2.1 - 2.10 The world market2.1 -  2.2 The internal market2.3 - 2.7 Particular features of livestock-farming2.8 - 2.10COMMUNITY  LEGISLATION3.1 - 3.16 Introduction3.1 - 3.2 Measures in the internal market3.3 - 3.11 Premiums3.3 -  3.8 Private storage3.9 - 3.11 Measures concerning trade with non-member States3.12 -  3.16OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF THE COMMUNITY MECHANISM4.1 - 4.28 The premium system4.1 - 4.25  The effects of the premiums4.2 - 4.7 Attempts to control production and budgetary expenditure4.8 -  4.20 Need for greater selectivity of premiums4.21 - 4.25 Private storage4.26 - 4.28OBSERVATIONS ON  ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT5.1 - 5.70 Role of the Commission5.2 - 5.7 Application in the Member  States of the premiums system5.8 - 5.68 Recording of market prices5.9 - 5.16 Administrative  examination of applications for premiums5.17 - 5.23 On-the-spot checks of producers5.24 - 5.49  Penalties5.50 - 5.55 Payment of premiums5.56 - 5.58 Special case of fattening as heavy  carcasses5.59 - 5.65 Establishment of individual limits on premiums5.66 - 5.68 Application of the  private storage scheme5.69 - 5.70CONCLUSION6.1 - 6.13 More selective and efficient aid6.2 - 6.6 The  need for reliable statistics6.7 - 6.8 A more reliable system of collecting market prices6.9 Greater  supervision of the premiums6.10 - 6.12 Possibility of abolishing the premium supplement for  fattening as heavy carcasses6.13 Greater supervision of private storage by the Member  States6.14PagesANNEX 1: Development of the COM in sheepmeat and goatmeat30ANNEX 2: Assessment of  budget savings resulting from the introduction of the stabiliser with partial compensation thanks  to the introduction of the 'rural' supplement32Reply from the Commission34INTRODUCTION  1.1. The Common Organization of the Markets (COM) in the sheepmeat and goatmeat sectors was  introduced in June 1980 (1). Although budgetary expenditure on this COM steadily increased during  the first few years, it remained below 600 Mio ECU (Table 1). In 1988 it doubled, partly because of  the accession of Spain and Portugal, and in 1991 it soared once again to 2 000 Mio ECU, which works  out at approximately 1,7 ECU per kilo of meat produced in the European Union. This expenditure  concerns almost exclusively (99,8 %) the premiums paid for the 80 million ewes and goats (Tables 2  and 3) owned by some 600 000 producers, only 17 % of whom may be regarded as specialists (2). 1.2. In 1984, the Court published a special report on the functioning of the common organization of  the markets in this sector (3) and again examined the ewe premium in its Annual Report concerning  the financial year 1988 (4). Furthermore, the 'compensatory allowance' granted by the EAGGF  Guidance Section for ewes and goats raised in less-favoured areas was the subject of observations  in the Court's Annual Report concerning the financial year 1990 (5). 1.3. The aim of the enquiry was to examine the functioning of the COM since 1989 from the point of  view of sound financial management along with the application of Community legislation in the  various Member States, as well as also to follow up previous observations. The enquiry was  therefore carried out at the Commission and the central and regional departments responsible for  managing the instruments of the COM and also covered the beneficiaries of the measures in seven  Member States accounting for more than 95 % of the expenditure, namely Greece, Spain, France,  Ireland, Italy, Portugal and the United Kingdom. 1.4. As is shown by an examination of the administrative management of the measures taken within  the framework of the COM, there is an inherent risk of irregularities in the system of premiums  (paragraphs 5.8- 5.68). Although this situation may have been improved by the introduction, after  the enquiry had been carried out, of a means of identifying animals and a register for each  producer, certain recommendations must be made straightaway (see paragraphs 5.42 - 5.49). THE MARKET FOR SHEEPMEAT AND GOATMEAT The world market2.1. The most salient  feature of the world market for sheepmeat and goatmeat, up to 1990, was the continuous growth in  livestock numbers and in the production of the principal poles involved in this livestock-farming,  namely China, the European Union, the former USSR, Australia, Pakistan, India and New Zealand. From  the end of 1991, world production decreased very slightly, owing to a fall in the former USSR and  to a slight drop in production in all of the countries of the Union (Table 4). 2.2. The main producing countries are also the principal consumers. New Zealand and Australia,  which are largely in surplus, have a dominant share of international trade, the former exporting  mainly to the European Union and the latter to the Middle East and North Africa (6). The Union  exports practically no sheepmeat. The internal market2.3. In 1992 (7), there were 98,6 Mio sheep and 12,0 Mio goats in the Union,  compared with 95,5 Mio (an annual increase of 0,6 %) and 11,9 Mio (an annual increase of 0,3 %) in  1987 (see Tables 2 and 3). 2.4. Production in the Union reached 1,18 Mio tonnes in 1992, as described above (see Tables 5 and  6). The four main producing countries, namely, in order of volume, the United Kingdom, Spain,  France and Greece, account for 80 % of production, a third of which is produced by the United  Kingdom alone. 2.5. Since the early 1990s, per capita annual consumption has exceeded 4 kilos but varies quite  widely, depending on the Member State, from 14 kilos in Greece to less than one kilo in Denmark,  Germany and the Netherlands. Similarly, the product offered differs, theaverage slaughter weight  ranging from 10 kilos or less in Greece, Spain, Italy and Portugal to around 20 kilos or more in  Belgium, Luxembourg, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. France  occupies an intermediate position with 17 kilos. The Community average is 14 kilos. 2.6. The rate of self-sufficiency increased from 71 % when the COM was introduced in 1980 to 83 %  in 1992, the difference consisting primarily of imports from New Zealand of approximately 200 000  tonnes of meat by carcass weight, i.e. 80 % of the annually imported total. 95 % of this meat is  imported in frozen form and is aimed at a sector of the market which is different from the market  for Community meat, which is sold fresh or refrigerated at prices which are between 50 % and 60 %  higher. 2.7. As regards intra - Community trade, the main exporter is the United Kingdom, where the price  level is usually among the lowest in the Union, and the main importer is France (Table 7). Particular features of livestock-farming2.8. Sheep farming is often the only significant  commercial activity in many areas where it is difficult to set up other sorts of economic activity.  As a result, it contributes to sustaining rural population levels. 2.9. Depending on the region, flocks of sheep are kept to produce milk, as is almost always the  case in Greece and Italy, or are used exclusively for meat production, as in Ireland and the United  Kingdom. Spain, France and Portugal produce both. Until recently, the market for wool, a product  not covered by the COM, was also significant. However, the use of new textiles has recently led to  a build-up of sizeable world wool stocks and to a collapse in prices. In 1993, many European  producers did not even manage to dispose of all their fleeces. 2.10. In general, goat farming can be found in even poorer areas, mainly in Greece, Spain, France,  Italy and Portugal. The emphasis is placed on producing milk for the manufacture of cheese. COMMUNITY LEGISLATION Introduction3.1. The COM in the sheepmeat and goatmeat  sector is currently governed by Council Regulation (EEC) No 3013/89 of 25 September 1989 (8). The  intervention mechanism is based on the fixing by the Council, for each marketing year (9), of a  basic price for one hundred kilogrammes of sheep carcasses and is adjusted for each week of the  year so as to take account of the seasonal variations which characterize the market. 3.2. The objectives of the COM are to stabilize the markets and to guarantee a fair standard of  living for the agricultural population concerned (10). The measures taken in the internal market  with the aim of making it easier to gear supply to market requirements are the granting of premiums  to producers and intervention in the form of aid for the private storage of meat. Furthermore, a  single system governing trade at the external borders of the Community contributes to stabilizing  the Community market by ensuring that fluctuations in prices on the world market do not destablize  the prices charged within the Union (11). Measures taken in the internal marketPremiums3.3. Over a period of almost fifteen years, a system  of premiums, the amounts of which varied depending on the Member State or group of Member States,  has evolved into a system where the amount of each premium is identical throughout the Union (see  Annex 1). Apart from the premiums provided for under the COM examined below, there are other forms  of aid such as compensatory allowances, which are financed under the EAGGF Guidance and for which  annual expenditure on sheep and goats corresponded to 5 to 10 % of COM expenditure (100 to 180 Mio  ECU). 3.4. According to the definition adopted by the Council in 1993 (12), females of the ovine and  caprine species which have produced at least one litter or are at least one year old are eligible  for the premiums provided that the producer concerned owns at least ten animals (13) and within the  limits of the quota of entitlements to the premium which has been attributed to him or which he has  acquired (see paragraphs 4.14 - 4.16). Previously, females which had been covered for the first  time were also eligible but those to be culled were not (14). However, it was impossible to  distinguish between these two categories when the audit was carried out on the spot. Although the  new definition adopted may thus improve the inspection procedure, it is nevertheless likely to  encourage the producer to keep old unproductive animals for longer, so as to receive the premiums,  which cannot but be detrimental to the overall health of the flocks in question. 3.5. The amount of the premium paid to 'producers of heavy lambs', i.e. those who do not market  milk or ewe&prime;s milk products, is first fixed by the Commission after the end of each marketing  year so as to offset the loss of income corresponding to the difference between the basic price and  the weighted average price recorded in the markets representative of the Union. The amount of this  premium varies each year; it was 17 790 ECU per ewe for the marketing year 1994 (1992: 18 616 ECU;  1993: 20 898 ECU) (15). 3.6. This premium is paid at the rate of 80 % for the other categories of producer (16), namely: a) 'producers of light lambs', i.e. those who market milk or products based on ewe&prime;s milk.  However, if they can prove that they fatten as heavy carcasses at least 40 % of the lambs born on  their holdings, they are entitled, under certain conditions, to receive the full premium based on  the number of fattened lambs (see paragraphs 5.59 - 5.65); b) producers of goatmeat, if they are located in certain regions (17). 3.7. As part of the 'rural' measures introduced by Council Regulation EEC No 1323/90 of 14 May 1990  (18), producers located in certain less-favoured areas receive an additional amount of 5,5 ECU per  eligible animal in the case of producers of heavy lambs and 3,8 ECU in the case of producers of  light lambs and producers of goatmeat (see paragraphs 4.9. - 4.11.). 3.8. Premiums are therefore paid for about 70 % of all sheep and goats in the Union (99 % of  in-lamb hoggets and ewes) (Tables 2 and 3). On the basis of the information sent by the Member  States to the Commission for the 1992 marketing year, it appears that 22 % of the 80 million  animals for which premiums were requested and which belong to some 600 000 producers are part of  flocks of fewer than 100 animals which are eligible for the premiums (4 % for fewer than 20 head),  54 % belong to flocks of 101 to 500 eligible animals and 24 % to flocks of more than 500 animals.  The management and checking of the premiums is therefore likely to entail considerable  administrative costs. Neither the competent authorities of the Member States visited nor the  Commission possess information in this connection. Private storage3.9. Aid for private storage consists in paying the producer, who is usually a meat  dealer, a certain sum which is intended to enable him to postpone, for a period of between 3 and 7  months, the introduction of lamb onto the market. 3.10. When the weekly weighted average price of sheep carcasses and the market price of a quotation  area, i.e. of a Member State or of Northern Ireland, are between 90 % and 70 % of the seasonally  adjusted basic price, aid for private storage may be granted by the Commission in the area in  question on the basis of the opinion of the 'Management Committee for Sheepmeat and Goatmeat' (19).  However, where the figure is below 85 % of the basic price, this aid must be granted in accordance  with a tendering procedure. (20)3.11. Where the market price of a quotation area is less than 70 %  of the seasonally adjusted basic price for two consecutive weeks, the Commission is required to  decide whether or not to open the tendering procedure. Here again, the decision on the amount of  aid and the accepted quantities is taken on the basis of the opinion of the 'Management Committee  for Sheepmeat and Goatmeat'. Measures relating to trade with non-member States3.12. Subsequently to the Court&prime;s audits in  the Member States, the Council decided to declare the tendering procedure necessary only at below  70 % of the seasonally adjusted price and to eliminate the obligation to open this procedure,  leaving it to the Commission to assess the need for it in future in the light of the market  situation (21). 3.13. Community legislation lays down that imports of meat into the territory of the Union shall be  subject to a levy which is nevertheless limited to the amounts fixed in voluntary restraint  agreements in respect of exports to the Union or in agreements negotiated under the GATT with  non-member States. (22)3.14. Voluntary restraint agreements have been signed with twelve countries  and have been re-negotiated several times. In 1989 and 1990, the quantities which could be exported  by some of these countries were reduced and, for exports of frozen meat from Argentina, Australia,  New Zealand and Uruguay a price-monitoring procedure as compared with the price on the importing  Member State market (guide prices expressed in percentage of this price) was introduced. Import  levies, which had previously been 10 %, were abolished for the twelve non-member States. The  quantities which may be exported to the Union under these agreements total 275 000 tonnes of frozen  meat, i.e. approximately 20 % of the annual consumption of the Union. Some of them include a  sub-limit for refrigerated meat. 3.15. Following the revision of the GATT agreement which came into force on 1 July 1995, the  quantities that could be exported to the Union at rates of zero duty were generally maintained.  However, the previous sub-limit for refrigerated meat was abolished. Outside the parameters of  these agreements, imports into the Union are free but a system of charges based on the levies in  force during the period 1986-88 is applied. 3.16. The basic Regulation also lays down that, insofar as it is necessary to allow the export of  products governed by the COM, the difference between the prices of these products on the world  market and the prices in the Union may be covered by an export refund which may be adjusted  depending on the destinations concerned (23). In practice, no export refunds are granted for the  products covered by the COM. OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF THE COMMUNITY MECHANISM The premium system4.1.  Since the mid 1980s, production prices have fallen whilst budgetary expenditure on the COM in  sheepmeat and goatmeat has risen. Various measures, including the establishment of a panoply of  regulations which aimed to limit expenditure and production, have been applied in an attempt to  restrict this trend. The effects of the premiumsPremiums and the development of prices and meat production4.2. Over  the last twenty years, the production and consumption of sheepmeat and goatmeat has increased (see  Table 5) while market prices have fallen. Table 8 shows that the basic price fixed by the Council  has remained fairly stable, at between 428,0 ECU in 1984 and 418,5 ECU in 1993 and has not followed  the variations in the Community weighted average market price, which has tended to fall, especially  since 1987 and increasingly quickly since 1989. Since the COM was created in 1980, prices have  fallen by 27 %, a figure which rises to more than 37 % in Greece and Ireland. The growing  difference between the two prices (a basic price 15 % higher than the average market price in 1984  and 62 % higher in 1993), combined with the increase in the number of animals receiving premiums,  has resulted in Community expenditure soaring. 4.3. As the COM does not include any mechanism for supporting the market by making purchases on the  open market and as private storage has been implemented only to a very limited degree (see  paragraphs 4.26. - 4.28.), the meat produced has to find a buyer on the market, if necessary by  reducing its price. However, as premiums compensate for a loss of income (see paragraph 3.5), they  have largely eliminated the effect of these reductions on production (Graph 1), which has thus  continued to increase regularly. The increased production could only be disposed of by cutting  prices, for which compensation was once again automatically provided by the increase in the amount  of the premium. Given that the basic price remained stable, the mechanism for fixing the amount of  the premiums therefore creates a vicious circle in which premium and prices influence each other, a  phenomenon which prevents the market from playing its proper role of establishing a balance between  supply and demand. 4.4. Table 9 illustrates this mechanism and shows that consumption of this type of meat has  increased whilst beef and veal consumption has decreased (24). Although the Community measures  concern the primary market, i.e. the market which determines the price paid by slaughterers and  traders to producers, the falls in price mentioned above have merely served to stimulate  consumption. The fact is that the number of distributors of these types of meat is high in the  Member States which are major producers, which allows competition full play in the market where  final consumption occurs. As was observed in France (25), significant falls in production prices  have merely served to improve the competitiveness of sheepmeat and goatmeat in relation to other  meats, even though these falls have not led to equivalent price cuts for the consumer. 4.5. Furthermore, variations in market prices between the various Member States have remained  considerable (see Table 8), a fact which is indicative of the wide differences of production and  consumption in the Union. Although the standard deviation of market prices fell from 73,5 in 1980  to 53,5 in 1992 (- 27,2 %), and to 35,0 in 1993 (a difference of a further 25,2 %), this  development is due to the monetary readjustments which were made during the year rather than to a  convergence of market prices. The fact remains, however, that the convergence of market prices  within the framework of the COM is one of the keys to implementing the single market (26). Support for the production of sheepmeat and goatmeat and producers' incomes4.6. As was indicated  in paragraph 1.1, budgetary expenditure more than tripled between the first years of the COM, when  it remained below 600 Mio ECU, and 1993, when it reached 2 209,8 Mio ECU (Table 1). This  expenditure per kilo of meat produced is currently 1,7 ECU, i.e. more than three times the  expenditure incurred in respect of beef and veal (0,55 ECU) and much more than the expenditure  incurred in respect of pigmeat (0,01 ECU) (Table 10). 4.7. As regards changes in the incomes of producers of sheepmeat and goatmeat in the financial  years 1986/1987 to 1991/1992, Table 11 shows that, for the whole of the European Union, operating  income after subsidies increased by 59 % in current ECUs and 18 % in real terms. The attempts to control production and budgetary expenditure4.8. From the late 1980s, several  mechanisms were successively introduced with a view to controlling production and budgetary  expenditure. The limited success of these mechanisms resulted in the introduction of a system of  quotas for entitlements to the premium, which has applied since the 1993 marketing year. The stabilizer and premium supplements relating to the 'rural' measures4.9. In 1988, the Council  decided (27) that, in view of the possibilities of disposing of stocks on the markets of the Union  and given the Union&prime;s international commitments, it was important not to encourage production  of sheepmeat and goatmeat as soon as the herd exceeded a given level. The chosen level was the  number of ewes in the Union on 31 December 1987, i.e. 63,4 Mio head, the figure published by  Eurostat in March 1988. Should the level be exceeded, the premiums had to be decreased  proportionally (28). This mechanism, known as the stabilizer, led to a reduction in the basic  price, which is compared to the weighted average price recorded on the markets which are  representative of the Union so as to calculate the loss of income for which the premiums  compensate. However, as the stabilizer has remained at 7 % of the basic price since the marketing  year 1993 (29), it has lost some of its effectiveness. 4.10. As from the marketing year 1991, in order to ensure that this reduction did not have any  unfavourable consequences in the areas defined in Article 3 paragraphs (3), (4) and (5) of Council  Directive 75/268/EEC of 28 April 1975 (30) on farming on mountains and certain less-favoured areas,  the premium supplements referred to in paragraph 3.7 were granted to producers located in these  regions as part of the 'rural' measures, which only served to stimulate production and drive down  market prices. 4.11. If a comparison is made between the savings made as a result of the stabilizer and the  expenditure incurred due to the premium supplement under the 'rural' measures, it emerges that  minor budgetary savings were made. For each of the 1992 and 1993 marketing years, for example,  these savings can be put at approximately 50 Mio ECU (see Annex 2). However, in 1992, the number of  animals for which the premium was paid, the total number of ewes and the production of meat had  settled at a higher level than in 1987, by 21 %, 12 % and 17 % respectively. The limits on premiums per producer4.12. In 1989, new measures were adopted so as to limit the  progression of budgetary expenditure. Payment of the full premium was limited to 1 000 animals per  producer in less-favoured areas and 500 in the other regions (31). Above this figure, the producer  received only 50 % of the value of the premiums. However, it should be pointed out that the number  of animals concerned by this capping was only 2 % of the total in respect of which premiums were  paid. The scope of the measure was therefore inevitably somewhat limited, even if, as the Court  pointed out in its Annual Report concerning the financial year 1991 (32), 'most large-scale  producers have so organised themselves as to avoid being paid anything less than the full rate for  their entire flock'. 4.13. These limits were abolished starting from the marketing year 1995 (33), as a decision had  been taken to cull more animals in view of the persistent increase in production. Individual limits or 'quotas' of entitlements to the premium4.14. As part of the 1992 reform of  the CAP, an individual limit on entitlements to the premium was allotted to the producers to whom  the premium was granted in the 1991 marketing year and who also submitted an application for the  1992 marketing year (34). Since the 1993 marketing year, the premium has been paid up to the number  of animals for which it was paid for the 1991 marketing year. However, by using a conversion  coefficient, the Member State can increase this number of entitlements by referring to the 1989 or  1990 marketing year if the number of premiums paid during one of these marketing years is larger  than in 1991. 4.15. According to the Regulations (35), each Member State must establish an initial national  reserve by charging a levy of at least 1 % and no more than 3 % of the sum of the individual limits  of the producers whose holdings are located on its territory. This reserve is used to grant  entitlements to certain producers and, in particular, to those who did not submit an application in  1991 and those who submitted an application for the first time in 1993. An additional reserve of 1  % of the sum of the individual limits for producers in less-favoured areas was added in order for  each Member State to use this reserve to grant entitlements to producers in the areas in question. 4.16. A system for transferring entitlements to the premiums was also created (36). At the time of  the Court&prime;s enquiry, this system was only in its early stages and could therefore not be  examined in this report. 4.17. At this stage, it must be stressed that the number of entitlements to the premium established  in the Union is 77 million, corresponding to 69 million ewes, i.e. 29 % above the 63,4 Mio fixed in  1988 as a threshold beyond which production should not be encouraged (see paragraph 4.9) and, on  the other hand, 8 million goats. This increase constitutes a very significant retreat from the aim  of rebalancing the market. 4.18. The quota system makes the administrative management of the premiums much more cumbersome.  However, it should stabilise budgetary expenditure unless market prices were to fall. Although the  initial information available is still provisional, it reveals a slight reduction in the number of  sheep and goats in the Community between 1992 and 1994 (Tables 2 and 3). However, it will be  necessary to observe at a later date and on the basis of longer-term trends to what extent  budgetary expenditure has been influenced by the introduction of the quotas. 4.19. Although the mechanism aims to limit meat production, it does not necessarily guarantee  control of it. It implies a limitation of production only if the producer considers that the  premium is needed to rear ewes or goats. However, although the premium accounts for income  totalling 50 % of the value of the meat produced annually by a ewe on the basis of the weighted  average price recorded on the markets which are representative of the Union, producers are faced  with market prices and production costs which are very different. Moreover, in certain regions they  earn income from aspects of livestock farming other than meat production, which has a strong  influence on the profitability of their activities. Consequently, even if the premium remains an  appreciable source of income, the producer's decisions may be dictated by factors other than an  individual limit on entitlements to the premium. 4.20. Thus, on holdings which produce milk, the income per ewe before subsidies is equivalent, on  average, to 3,2 times that of holdings which do not produce milk (Table 12). An identical  conclusion may be drawn in respect of holdings where goats are reared (Table 13). However, of the  80 million animals in respect of which the ewe and goat premiums are applied for each year, 30 %  concern sheep-breeders who declare that they market milk and 10 % concern goat-breeders (see also  paragraph 5.3). Need for greater selectivity of the premiums4.21. Although the system of quotas for entitlements  to the premium may lead to better control over budgetary expenditure, the fact remains that the  level of budgetary expenditure is very high, in particular when it is compared, per kilo of meat  produced in the Union, with the level in other COMs in the meat sectors. 4.22. For many producers, sheep and goat farming is marginal since it is merely a complement to  cattle farming, dairy, cereal or fruit production and market-gardening, a fact which, in this case,  casts doubts on the need for aid in the form of premiums as income support. For example, in a third  of the nearly 600 000 holdings covered by the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) which produced  sheep or goats in 1991/1992, sheep and goat production accounts for less than 10 % of the value of  total agricultural production; for almost 60 % of these producers, the figure is less than one  third. 4.23. Furthermore, if the increase over the period 1986-1992 in the number of ewes for which the  ewe premium was paid (Table 2) is examined for all of the Member States in which less than 50 % of  the ewes are located in less-favoured areas, it is observed that the annual rate of growth of this  figure is 12,1 %. For all of the Member States in which more than 50 % of the ewes are located in  less-favoured areas, this rate is, by contrast, only 5,7 %. This increase shows that sheep  production is developing in Member States which submit proportionally more applications in regions  which are not considered less-favoured. 4.24. Premiums encourage a fall in market prices, and increase competition between these meats,  and, in particular, the surpluses of beef and veal which the Union has managed to dispose of only  at a cost which was a considerable burden on the Community budget (37). The ewe premium should  therefore be more of an incentive and aim essentially to support the incomes of producers who breed  sheep and goats in regions where it is not profitable to practice other agricultural activities, in  particular, livestock-farming. 4.25. Furthermore, greater selectivity in respect of the ewe and goat premiums comes up against the  criticisms already made by the Court, in particular in its Annual Report concerning the financial  year 1990 (38), namely the extension in the Member States of areas declared to be less-favoured in  accordance with Council Directive 75/268/EEC and the fact that very broad less-favoured areas  contain very varied situations, some of which no longer necessarily justify less-favoured area  status. The Court noted that, in view of the financial advantages of classification as a  less-favoured area, 'it is therefore understandable that there should be growing pressure from both  farming and political circles in the Member States for a continuous extension of the less-favoured  areas, aimed more at increasing the number of farmers able to benefit from certain financial  advantages than at compensating for specific handicaps'. Private storage4.26. Aid for private storage plays a marginal role in the management of the COM,  as shown by an average level of annual expenditure of 3,0 Mio ECU from 1991 to 1993 for quantities  of meat ranging from 2 000 to 3 000 tonnes, i.e. from 0,2 to 0,3 % of the Community&prime;s annual  production. 4.27. Sheepmeat and goatmeat producers show very limited interest in private storage aid, as  freezing the meat lowers the price by 40 %. Furthermore, the Management Committee, which is yet to  take a decision on these operations (see paragraph 3.10), has reservations about the usefulness of  this measure. 4.28. In practice, even if the tendering procedure had to be initiated when the market price of a  quotation area was less than 70 % of the basic seasonally adjusted price for two consecutive weeks  (see paragraph 3.11), the Management Committee was free as regards the final outcome of the  procedure, i.e. the actual conclusion of private storage operations. Consequently, the tendering  procedure regularly started with the publication of the Regulations and the submission of offers by  companies in the cattle and meat sectors even when the Management Committee had no intention of  declaring itself to be in favour of initiating a private storage operation. In the meantime, the  relevant regulations have been amended (see paragraph 3.12). OBSERVATIONS ON ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT 5.1. The implementation of the  Regulations by the Commission and the Member States calls for a number of observations, which are  set out below. Role of the Commission5.2. Although the Commission possesses information in the 'Farm Accountancy  Data Network' (FADN) data base which would make it possible to monitor the development of  producers' incomes, it does not use these data, for example, when the basic price for each  marketing year is being fixed by the Council, even though the main objective of the COM is to  guarantee a fair standard of living for the agricultural workers concerned. 5.3. The fixing of the value of the premium granted to 'producers of light lambs' and producers of  goats at 80 % of the premium granted to 'producers of heavy lambs' is not based on any appraisal of  the cost prices or selling prices of the marketed products of these specializations, whereas the  profit margins of producers who market only meat are very different from the margins of those who  also market milk products (see paragraph 4.20). Similarly, the 'rural' supplement paid to producers  in certain less-favoured areas (see paragraph 3.7) is not based on an appraisal of these  producers&prime; incomes. 5.4. There are also shortcomings as regards the statistical data on applications for premiums which  the Member States are required to submit to the Commission by 31 July each marketing year (39). In  practice, the Commission has all of the requisite data at its disposal only a year or so later. 5.5. Under the terms of the entry into force of the Regulations on individual limits on  entitlements to the premium, the Commission was supposed to receive various sorts of information on  the limits allocated in each Member State by 30 April 1993. It was only at the start of 1994 that  an overall picture of the limits applied in each Member State, including the national reserve,  started to take shape. 5.6. The Commission subsequently had to compare these data with the number of premiums granted  following applications deemed admissible in the marketing year in question (40). 5.7. It is essential for the Commission to verify the exact number of premiums paid for this  marketing year by referring to the information given in the EAGGF-Guarantee annual statements on  the numbers of animals in respect of which the premium has been paid. It was in fact noted that,  although the information on the number of premiums granted in a given marketing year is considered  definitive, it is often amended several years after the close of the marketing year. As is shown by  the report drawn up by the Commission in November 1993 on the state of the sheepmeat market (41),  i.e. after the entry into force of the quotas for entitlements to the premium, data on payments  made in the 1990 and 1991 marketing years were considered provisional at the time or were still  based on applications instead of on actual payments. Furthermore, in the case of certain Member  States (Denmark, Ireland and Italy), for the year chosen as the reference point for the allocation  of quotas, the figures contained in the statistical surveys on sheep and goats are significantly  lower than the Commission&prime;s figures regarding the number of animals in respect of which the  premiums were paid (42). This anomaly, which recurs in subsequent years, had already been observed  during the investigation into the maintenance of suckler cows, the results of which are given in  the Court&prime;s Annual Report concerning the financial year 1989 (43). Application in the Member States of the premiums system5.8. Examination of the application of the  premiums system in the Member States will start with an examination of the collection of market  prices and will be followed by observations on the various stages of processing the applications,  i.e. administrative checks, on-the-spot checks of producers, penalties and payments. Lastly, two  particular points will be examined, namely fattening to produce heavy carcasses and the  establishment of individual limits on entitlements to the premium. Collection of market prices5.9. As the premiums paid are intended to compensate for a loss of  income measured by the difference between the basic price fixed by the Council and the weighted  average price observed on the markets which are representative of the Union, the collection of  market prices is a basic feature of the system. 5.10. In each market representative of each quotation area, market prices must be collected (44)  for Community standard fresh or frozen sheep carcasses, i.e. the carcasses of lambs which were no  more than one year old at the time of slaughter, with an acceptable fat content and an actual or  estimated carcass weight of at least 12 kilos (45). Sub-categories are sometimes determined by the  Member State on the basis of carcass weight, as in Greece, Spain, France, Italy and Portugal. In  France, categories are still based on the degree of fat cover and the conformation of the carcass.  When the collection of prices is based on the live weight of the animals, the live weight must be  converted into carcass weight by means of a coefficient. 5.11. The average price for the quotation area is then established on the basis of the weightings  adopted beforehand for categories of carcass and representative markets. 5.12. On Thursday at the latest, for the previous week, notification of these prices is sent to the  Commission, which then establishes the average weighted price on the markets which are  representative of the Union. 5.13. In practice, these prices are collected in many different ways, which may vary within a given  Member State: they may be gathered in slaughterhouses by a representative, who may or may not be a  permanent official of a public authority, as the Court observed in Greece, Spain and Ireland; they  may be compared in each representative market by a committee including participants in the various  stages of production, as is the case in France; they may be collected from breeders and  intermediaries over the telephone, as in Italy; they may be collected by a representative of a  public authority in a market for live animals, as was observed in Portugal; or, lastly, they may be  sent to the authority responsible for collecting them by the person who holds the auction in the  market, as is the case in the United Kingdom. 5.14. The Court examined the collection of market prices for a few weeks chosen at random in a  number of representative markets and noted an absence of documents (in Greece and Italy) or the  presence of documents which did not make it possible to establish the price of a representative  market from the prices collected on that market (Spain and Portugal). In such circumstances, it is  not possible to check retrospectively whether the prices and data provided have actually been  collected. 5.15. Furthermore, anomalies were noted in the prices actually sent to the Commission: confusion  between two weeks in Greece; an error in the prices calculated at a slaughterhouse in Ireland;  prices received from a slaughterhouse which had been reduced by the Department of Agriculture in  Ireland before being sent to the Commission; and prices sent by a chamber of commerce which had  been reduced by the 'Ministero per il Coordinamento delle Politiche Agricole, Alimentare e  Forestali' in Italy. These reductions in prices collected on the representative markets have the  effect of increasing in value of the premiums and, consequently, in the expenditure charged to the  Community budget. 5.16. Lastly, it appeared that the system for collecting market prices and sending them to the  Commission is checked neither by the Community nor by the national authorities. Administrative examination of applications for premiums5.17. Applications for premiums must be  submitted to the authority responsible for the territory where the holding is located, during one,  or possibly two, periods fixed between the first of November prior to the marketing year in  question and the thirtieth of April following this marketing year. With regard to Italy, the  Regulations state that applications may be centralized, in which case the authority responsible for  the territory where the holding is located must receive a copy of each application (46). 5.18. The administrative examination of the applications is carried out in a regional or local  office of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Member State, except in Italy, where it is carried out  by computer by a consortium of several specialist data-processing companies acting on behalf of the  body responsible for making payment. In Portugal, applications are sometimes submitted to agencies  of financial bodies or to two professional organizations and are forwarded directly to the central  body responsible for making payment without being sent to the local authorities. This procedure is  contrary to the Regulations (see paragraph 5.17.) and implies that the authorities in question play  no part in the administrative examination of the applications. Checks in respect of the ownership and eligibility of the animals5.19. Administrative checks are  generally confined to comparing the application form with the form from the previous year and to  ensuring it is complete. The ownership and eligibility of the animals in respect of which the  premiums are applied for are not checked (see also paragraphs 5.32 - 5.36). 5.20. Furthermore, it was not possible in any of the regions visited to verify whether there were  checks in respect of the non-marketing of milk or milk products made from ewes&prime; milk by  making a comparison with the data provided by processors or distributors on the marketing of these  products, as required by Community legislation (47). However, as indicated in paragraphs 3.5 and  3.6, the amount of the premium varies by 20 % depending on whether or not the producer markets  these products. Checking locations in less-favoured areas5.21. If a holding is situated in a less-favoured area,  that enables the producer to obtain a premium supplement under the 'rural' measures, as indicated  in paragraph 3.7. A producer is regarded as being in a less-favoured area if at least 50 % of the  agricultural area used to produce sheep and/or goats (48) is in areas defined as such by the Member  States, in accordance with Council Directive 75/268/EEC of 28 April 1975 (49). Where not all of the  holding is located in a less-favoured area, checks must also be carried out not only as to the  observance of the 50 % threshold but also as to the actual ownership of the parcels of land or the  right to use them. The effectiveness of the checks will depend, in particular, on the information  to be provided in the application form and the supporting documents to be attached thereto. 5.22. However, the information that producers must provide in their applications varies from one  Member State to another. In Greece, France and Italy, a producer must indicate the total area of  his holding and must merely declare whether at least 50 % of the area of land used for sheep and  goat breeding is in a less-favoured area. In the United Kingdom, producers are only required to  indicate the total area of the holding located in a less-favoured area. In these various cases,  except where information is provided in addition to the application, as discussed below, it is  therefore not possible to verify, when the administrative checks are carried out, the fulfilment of  the requirement that a holding should be located in a less-favoured area in order to benefit from  the resulting advantages when the holding in question is located on the edge of an area which is  not less-favoured. By contrast, in Spain, Ireland and Portugal producers must indicate the various  production units which make up their holdings and the respective areas thereof. However, where  additional documents are not attached to the applications, the checks do not make it possible to  verify the information provided and, in particular, the actual ownership of these parcels or of the  right to use them. 5.23. However, in Scotland and Ireland, more thorough checks are carried out to ensure that at  least 50 % of the area of holdings used for breeding sheep is located in a less-favoured area.  Producers are in fact required to attach to their applications copies of the land-registry plans of  their holdings. In Scotland, they are required to indicate areas which are less-favoured and those  which are not, on the basis of which information the area used for breeding sheep is calculated,  excluding, for example, buildings, roads, woods and other areas not used for breeding livestock. On-the-spot checks of producers5.24. A producer must keep the animals in respect of which he  submitted his application on his holding for 100 days starting from the last day of the period for  submitting applications (50). During this period, the Member States carry out on-the-spot  inspections to check the accuracy of the information given by the producer in his application.  These inspections must concern a minimum number of applications, which the Commission fixed at 10 %  of the number of producers (51). 5.25. In all the Member States visited except Italy, the central authorities responsible for  managing the premiums system possess statistics on the number of inspections carried out, broken  down by region. 5.26. On-the-spot checks of producers are carried out by representatives of the regional or local  offices of the Ministry of Agriculture of each Member State. They give rise to the following  observations. Organization of on-the-spot checks5.27. The Regulations introduced in 1992 on the integrated  administration and inspection system for certain systems of Community aid (52) stipulate that  on-the-spot checks must cover at least a significant sample of the applications, the sample to be  determined, in particular, on the basis of a risk analysis. As this system came into force in 1994  for the ewe and goat premiums, a trend emerged in the means of selecting producers who are required  to be checked on the spot in the Member States where the Court&prime;s audits were carried out in  1994. 5.28. The basic practice is that producers are selected on the basis of anomalies discovered when  the administrative check of the applications takes place or those discovered in previous marketing  years. Other criteria may be taken into account. 5.29. In Greece, the inspectors from the Directorates of Agriculture of the nomoi also check a  sample of producers selected at random on the basis of their identification numbers. An identical  system has been introduced in Ireland. 5.30. In Italy, with effect from the 1993 marketing year, rules were established for selecting  producers to be checked on the spot including, in particular, a selection on the basis of the  number of animals in respect of which the application was made. However, the producers to be  checked on the spot are definitively determined by the central authorities: the local offices  receive the respective data but do not possess data on the other producers. The system should  provide for a mechanism which would make it possible to increase the number of checks when a  significant rate of anomalies is observed. Furthermore, although the producers to be checked on the  spot were mainly selected on the basis of the anomalies which appeared in their applications, these  anomalies were ignored when checks were carried out at the time of the Court&prime;s audit visit.  The inspectors responsible for the on-the-spot check did not take any action to provide a solution  to the problem. 5.31. In Portugal, various selection criteria were introduced, including the size of the flock/herd  and the existence within a given holding of production units located in different inspection areas.  However, as in Italy, an increase is not envisaged in the number of checks to be carried out  locally when a significant anomaly rate is observed. Checking of information provided by producers5.32. Ownership of the animals, in the absence of any  system of identification and fold register, must be assumed: the fact is that it is necessary to  assume that the person presenting the ewes or goats for inspection is the owner. However,  scepticism is sometimes permissible, in particular when animals are far from the holding site, on  parcels not specified in the application, contrary to the requirements of the Regulations (53), or  when the inspector from the Member State has to postpone the check because the animals cannot be  presented immediately. 5.33. However, in certain Member States, there are practices which reduce this risk. In Ireland, a  large number of flocks are identified by a mark or coloured letters in one or more specific places  on the animal. The producer is asked to describe the mark of his flock in the application for the  premium. In Portugal, a system of sheep marking also exists. The producer is required to indicate  in his application the mark of his flock. In such cases, it is therefore important that correct use  should be made of this information when the inspection is carried out and that the presence of  animals not bearing this mark should be explained by the producer. However, when on-the-spot checks  were carried out, it emerged that some unmarked animals had been accepted by national inspectors,  in particular after the number of marked animals counted was found to be smaller than the number of  original applications. 5.34. The eligibility of the animals (see paragraphs 3.4 and 3.8) cannot be checked satisfactorily  when they are being counted, as the person who carries out the on-the-spot checks must often rely,  for the same reasons as those given in paragraph 5.32, on the producer's declarations. In cases of  uncertainty, the inspector from the Member State should always ask the producer whether he has a  lambing notebook or any other relevant document, on the basis of which he should determine the age  of the animals on the last day of the retention period. This practice was not encountered.  Nevertheless, in Italy and Spain, ewe-lambs which were too young were discounted by the inspectors  only after the Court&prime;s auditors had reminded them of their obligations in this respect. 5.35. Counting ewes is sometimes difficult given the difficulty of channelling the animals.  However, this operation is made easier by facilities which make it possible to immobilize the  animals or by the presence of staggered passages which facilite counting, as was the case on  several farms in Ireland and the United Kingdom visited during the audit. Otherwise, the check  often has to be carried out by two people and it is estimated that a margin of error of 1-2 % may  exist when counting takes place. In one region of Italy, there was even a case where the inspector,  who was unable, after several attempts, to count part of a flock, made a rough estimate of the  number of animals present. 5.36. Furthermore, in Ireland, a hole is punched by the inspector in one of the animal&prime;s ears  in a place which is specified in the instructions for on-the-spot audits and which changes each  year. In Portugal, when the animals are counted, they must be sprayed with a specific colour. As a  result of these procedures, each animal is considered individually and the auditor genuinely has,  on this occasion, the possibility of assessing the eligibility of the animal. 5.37. As regards checking to ensure that at least 50 % of the area of the holding used for the  breeding of sheep or goats is located in a less-favoured area, it was noted that although  administrative checks are generally very weak (see paragraphs 5.21 - 5.23), in cases examined in  Spain, Portugal and part of the United Kingdom, they were not subject to inspection when the  on-the-spot audit was carried out. 5.38. Furthermore, it was noted in Spain, in the case of an application made by six producers who  had declared themselves a grouping and some of whose land was located in a less-favoured area, that  satisfactory checks as to the actual existence of this grouping were not carried out. This case  shows that it is therefore not impossible to bring together producers whose land is not located in  a less-favoured area and producers whose land is located in a less-favoured area, with the result  that all of the producers benefit from the premium supplement paid as part of the 'rural' measures,  provided that the producers in question merely state in their applications that they constitute a  group. Unannounced on-the-spot checks5.39. The Regulations lay down that inspections shall be carried out  unannounced. Advance warning limited to the strict minimum necessary may be given but may not  exceed forty-eight hours (54). 5.40. In practice, genuine unannounced checks can be carried out only early in the morning or late  in the evening when the animals have returned to the fold. During the day, it is highly likely that  they will not be found in nearby grazing fields. Rounding them up and herding them to the  producer's facilities, which is necessary for the reasons set out in paragraph 5.35, may then take  an hour or more. This difficulty explains why in many cases, and especially in regions in  less-favoured areas where livestock-farming is extensive, producers are usually informed the day  before the check and a specific time is arranged in accordance with the Regulations . 5.41. As at the end of 1994 there were still no regulatory constraints as regards proof of actual  ownership of the animals, announcing an on-the-spot check considerably reduces its effectiveness. Register of movements5.42. Only as from the marketing year 1995 will each holding be required to  keep a register of sheep and goats (55). This register must include at least: (a) the total number of sheep and goats on the holding each year on a date to be fixed by the  competent authority; (b) an up-to-date statement of the number of females on the holding which are more than twelve  months old or which have produced offspring before this age; (c) the movements of sheep and goats (origin, destination, mark and date). 5.43. Previously, a Member State which had set up a register system could carry out no more than  half of the requisite minimum number of on-the-spot checks outside the retention period but during  the year concerned (53). Of the Member States visited as part of the enquiry, only the United  Kingdom had set up such a system. 5.44. As well as providing a system of identification and a means of verifying the ownership and  eligibility of the animals in respect of which the premium has been applied for, the register must  also make it possible, when checks are carried out outside the retention period, to ascertain  whether the animals were actually on the holding during this period. 5.45. The examination carried out in the United Kingdom of the system for continuously recording  the movements of sheep revealed shortcomings in the register and difficulties with carrying out the  on-the-spot check. 5.46. The fact is that, contrary to the provisions of the Regulations, it emerged that the register  used did not contain information on the number of animals which had died from natural causes or  force majeure. Where this information was available, it was entered in the register separately by  the producer. Although these losses were neither formally disclosed nor accounted for in the  register, when checks were carried out after the retention period, a producers&prime;s declaration  was considered sufficient for animals to be recorded not as missing but as having died from natural  causes. 5.47. As regards the audit method, it emerged that the officials responsible for the on-the-spot  checks did not have any standard method for checking whether the number of ewes in respect of which  the premium had been applied for tallied with the number of animals present throughout the  retention period. Cases arose where the check was incomplete and where the conclusions were  mistaken. The fact is that the records of the number of animals counted on the holding and the  movements recorded (births, purchases, deaths and sales) need to be consulted, so as to determine  whether the number of animals in respect of which the application was made actually tallied  throughout the retention period with the number of animals on the holding. In order to carry out  this accounting task, the use of a standard reconciliation sheet to be drawn up at the beginning  and end of the retention period would be certain greatly to improve the quality of the checks and  would subsequently make it possible to retrace the steps taken. 5.48. Furthermore, certain inspectors check only the register of movements whereas others extend  the scope of their checks to the documents upon which the figures included in the register are  based. However, if checks are to be satisfactory, the underlying documents (invoices, receipts  etc.) need to be examined. 5.49. Lastly, although in the United Kingdom the keeping of a register in accordance with the  provisions of the Regulations was a prerequisite for granting the premium, it emerged that where  the producer's register did not provide for recording deaths from natural causes and where these  deaths were not recorded in another document, the register was nevertheless declared satisfactory  by the auditor of the Member State in his audit report. It also emerged that where an on-the-spot  check discovered that a producer does not keep a register of movements, he was granted a period of  grace so as to enable him to draw up such a register, whereas the auditor himself ought usually to  draw up a reconciliation sheet himself on the basis of the underlying documents which must be in  the producer's possession when the inspection is carried out. Penalties5.50. Community legislation lays down that, where the number of animals which are  recognised as eligible is lower than the number of animals in respect of which the application was  made, various penalties contingent upon the size of this discrepancy must be applied (56). 5.51. However, where animals have died from natural causes, the premium is not subject to any  penalty and is paid on the basis of the number of animals which were actually eligible, provided  that the producer informed the competent authority in writing no later than 10 days after he  recorded the loss. In practice, this time-limit is difficult to check, as it is often difficult to  establish when the producer recorded the loss.5.52. In France, a document issued by a third party (the certificate of removal by the  knacker&prime;s yard) makes it possible to determine the date on which the dead animal was removed.  However, where no notification of loss is provided, as required by the Regulations, the provision  of a knacker&prime;s certificate when the on-the-spot check is performed is considered valid  notification, even if the certificate indicates that the removal took place more than 10 days prior  to the date of the check which, in this case, was the date when notification was provided. This  means that although this practice should have been penalised, no penalty was applied. 5.53. However, the authorities responsible for setting up the premiums system in France sought to  make it easier to provide notification of losses from natural causes by providing the producer not  only with application forms but also with pre-printed notification forms for indicating the number  of ewes lost. 5.54. A similar practice was observed in Greece. However, in the regions visited, notification of  losses from natural causes is very rare. 5.55. In the United Kingdom, as was explained in paragraph 5.46, in the course of checks performed  outside the retention period, the Member State auditor occasionally registers missing animals as  having died from natural causes solely on the basis of the producer's statement, so as to establish  the number of animals on the holding during the retention period. Payment of the premiums5.56. Before the end of each half-year, the Commission estimates the  foreseeable amount of the premium and, on this basis, the Member States are authorised to pay a  half-yearly advance payment of 30 % of the premium (57). The definitive amount of the premiums is  fixed the following year, after the end of the marketing year, and the balances of the premiums  must then be paid by 15 October (58). 5.57. The fact that certain Member States make advance payments and others do not (Belgium,  Denmark, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands) clearly has a bearing on the effectiveness of the  premium in terms of support for incomes, with the result that producers throughout the Union do not  receive equal treatment. 5.58. An examination of the 1991 and 1992 marketing years reveals considerable differences in the  time taken to pay producers. If the Member States&prime; monthly payments are considered and if the  average time taken to make payment is calculated and weighted by the amounts paid, the result is  that there is a difference on average of at least eight months between those Member States which  pay their producers most quickly, i.e. France and Ireland, and those which pay the latest, i.e.  Denmark and Italy. Compared with the fastest Member States, Spain, Portugal and the United Kingdom  pay on average slightly less than one month to two months later, Germany from three to four months  later and the other Member States, namely Belgium, Greece, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, from  four to seven months later. Producers in the various Member States are therefore not being treated  equally. Special case of fattening to produce heavy carcasses5.59. As indicated in paragraph 3.6, producers  of light lambs receive a premium which is 20 % lower than the one received by producers of heavy  lambs, as the latter producers do not market milk or products based on ewe&prime;s milk. However,  the system of fattening lambs to produce heavy carcasses still enables producers of light lambs to  receive the full premium on the basis of the number of lambs fattened for heavy carcasses. 5.60. In order to check the Council&prime;s main requirement for lambs to be recognized as having  been fattened as heavy carcasses, namely that they should be fattened for at least 45 days and  attain a minimum average live weight in the case of lambs weighing 25 kilogrammes (59), producers  must fulfil a certain number of obligations with a view to ensuring that abuses do not occur (60): (a) each producer must submit a declaration that fattening has begun for each batch of lambs; (b) the holder of the lambs that are fattened, regardless of whether he is the producer or a  specialized fattener, must keep an up-to-date fattening register including the following  information: (i) for each batch brought in for fattening: the number of the batch, the number of lambs, the date  fattening began, the indelible identification mark and the holding of origin; (ii) for each batch leaving after fattening: the date, the average weight and the composition of  the batch (the number of lambs from each batch brought in which subsequently leave). 5.61. About 800 000 premiums are paid each marketing year as part of this special system, mainly in  France and Spain but also to a small extent in Portugal and Greece. 5.62. In France, when a fattening house was visited, it was not possible to check compliance with  the regulatory requirements governing the duration of fattening and the average weight of the lambs  as there was no exit register. It was also noted that when one producer sold his lambs for  fattening to a company with workshops in various départements, the address given in the declaration  of fattening was that of the head office of the company in question. As a result, it was not  possible subsequently to check the fattened lambs concerned as their actual destination is now  unknown. 5.63. In Greece, the producers who were visited kept the register specifically for the current  marketing year. Of these producers, the only one already to have fattened lambs as heavy carcasses  during a previous marketing year had obtained the premium supplement without keeping this  register. 5.64. In Portugal, in the only case examined, that of a holding which belongs to the Ministry of  Agriculture and which has practised this type of fattening for several years, no register was  kept. 5.65. Lastly, although the local authorities which check the system are required to inspect the  fattening houses of at least 10 % of declarants in each marketing year, in none of the Member  States whose systems the Court examined, namely those referred to above, did the national  authorities possess statistics in this connection. In France, it even emerged that in the two  départements visited, no on-the-spot check in respect of fatteners had yet been carried out. Establishment of individual limits on premiums5.66. In each of the Member States visited, the  introduction of the quota system, which was under way at the time, proved to be laborious in view  of the mass of information to be processed and the number of notifications issued, sometimes  without any computer system. Consequently, even in the simplest cases (producers who had not  applied to benefit from the national reserve or the additional reserve), it was rarely possible to  notify producers of quotas 15 days or more before the deadline for submitting the applications of  the Member State, as laid down by the Regulations (61). 5.67. In Greece, where the period for submitting applications ended early (15 February), in the  simplest cases, notification was given of individual limits on entitlements to the premium by  posting them on the notice-boards of producers' cooperatives within the prescribed time. In Spain,  in the regions visited, limits were first attributed only in June and July 1993, i.e. well after  the deadline for submitting applications. In France, the deadline for submitting applications was  15 February and notification was given of these limits only during March and April. In Ireland,  notification of the quotas did not begin until the end of April 1993 even though the deadline for  submitting applications was 12 March. In Italy, although provisional notification was given of  quotas within the prescribed time to producers who had submitted an application in 1991, it was  still necessary subsequently to check whether they had submitted an application in 1992. In  Portugal, some 20 % of producers had not received their quota by the deadline for submitting  applications. Similarly, in the United Kingdom, notification was not given by the deadline for  submitting applications. 5.68. Once limits had been allocated in the simplest cases, a decision still had to be taken on  applications for funds from the national reserve. As a result, the Member States found themselves  for a very long time in provisional and sometimes confused situations which led to delays in the  management of the applications concerning the 1993 marketing year and the payment of the premiums. Application of the private storage system5.69. Despite its limited financial significance (see  paragraph 4.26), private storage was examined in two Member States (Spain and Ireland). Various  problems were observed. 5.70. In Spain, a check at a company was carried out by the Court outside the holding period for  the meat. Despite the requirements of the Regulations (62) and the fact that the operation had been  inspected three times by the staff of the body responsible for making payment, it emerged that the  trader did not keep stock records. As these records are required, inter alia, to indicate, for each  contract, which products have been placed in private storage, it was therefore impossible to be  certain that the products submitted by the trader when checks were carried out during the holding  period for the carcasses were the same products as those that had been traded. It was also  impossible to check the dates on which the meat was placed in or taken out of stock, and thus the  observance of the length of the holding period for the carcasses. 5.71. In Ireland, it was also noted that the trader who was audited did not keep stock records.  When the documentation on previous contracts with the same trader was examined, it was noted that  the dates on the documents had been crossed out and changed and were sometimes contradictory,  making it impossible to check compliance with the requirements of the Regulations. It was also  noted in the case of one of the operations examined that although the numbers of the seals on the  lorries leaving the boning plant did not tally with the numbers on the same lorries upon arrival at  the storage site, no explanation was provided. The competent authorities in the Member States  subsequently provided only partial information on the dates in the documents in question and they  justified the discrepancies between the seal numbers by explaining that the meat had had to be  frozen outside the company's storage plants, with the result that two journeys were needed between  the boning plant and the storage site. CONCLUSION 6.1. The observations which were formulated in the Court&prime;s  report concerning the financial year 1988 mainly showed that a number of provisions in the  Regulations were geared neither to the actual circumstances of sheep breeding nor to inspection  practicalities. These provisions included the definition of an 'eligible ewe', which has since been  amended. Other amendments were made, as the Court had proposed: the requirement that deaths from  natural causes should be declared, the grading of penalties, the minimum frequency of on-the-spot  checks and specifications as regards the register of movements of the animals. More selective and effective aid6.2. The fact that budgetary expenditure on ewe and goat premiums  soared from less than 600 Mio ECU during the first years of the COM to 1 932 Mio ECU in 1994 led,  several years ago, to the introduction of a panoply of measures intended to control this  expenditure but which have had limited success (paragraphs 1.1 and 4.8 - 4.20). The quotas of  entitlements to the premium which may stabilize budgetary expenditure and which came into force as  from the 1993 marketing year constitute the final stage of these measures (paragraphs 4.14. -  4.20). This development was inevitable, as the basic price remained stable and differed  considerably from the average market price: in 1993 the basic price and the basic price as adjusted  by the stabliser corresponded, respectively to 162 % and 150 % of the average market price. It may  be explained by reference to the mechanism for establishing the amount of the premiums, which, by  automatically compensating for price falls, deprives the market of its proper role of adjusting  supply to demand. A vicious circle is created, as falls in production prices are charged to the  Community budget (4.2 - 4.4). The Court therefore recommends that the Commission should re-examine  this mechanism, since it has proved to be particularly unsuitable when the basic price does not  closely follow the average market price. 6.3. Furthermore, this mechanism, by encouraging falls in market prices, contributes to increasing  competition with beef and veal, the surpluses of which have been a considerable burden on the  Community budget (paragraph 4.24). Moreover, budgetary expenditure per kilo of sheepmeat and  goatmeat produced in the Union is currently more than triple the corresponding figure for beef and  veal (paragraph 4.6). Lastly, sheep production in Member States which submit proportionally more  applications for premiums in regions deemed to be less-favoured (paragraph 4.23) is increasing in  relative terms. 6.4. In view of this situation, it therefore appears necessary for the Commission to carry out a  study of the alternatives to the present system. More specific objectives must be pursued, clearly  defined and periodically appraised (paragraph 5.2) by progressively limiting the aid granted in  this sector to support for the incomes of producers who breed stock in less-favoured regions where  it is not profitable to carry on other breeding activities and where this aid may therefore  contribute to sustaining the rural population. In this context, the Commission should also  introduce criteria for safeguarding the environment and for town and country planning. 6.5. In this connection, it is essential that the Commission should propose a redefinition of the  notion of a 'less-favoured area' and that the attribution of this status and checks in respect  thereof should be carried out with great rigour. The criteria for defining these areas must be  reviewed as quickly as possible so as to take account of the actual conditions in which livestock  is bred (paragraph 4.25). 6.6. The role of the premiums as support for producers' incomes must also be improved by ensuring  that the premiums are paid more quickly. There are major differences in this respect between Member  States (paragraphs 5.56 - 5.8, 5.58). The need for reliable statistics6.7. The Member States must pay closer attention to the  statistical information they send to the Commission and must ensure that the deadlines for  submitting this information are observed. For its part, the Commission should improve checks to  ensure that the Member States fulfil the Regulatory requirements in this connection (paragraph  5.4). 6.8. In the context of the establishment of individual limits on entitlements to the premium, it is  vital that the discrepancies between the figures drawn from the statistical enquiries and those on  the number of animals in respect of which the premium is awarded should be clarified. It is also  necessary for the Commission departments responsible for managing the premiums system and for  clearing the corresponding accounts to base their checks in respect of the quotas distributed by  each Member State for the 1993 marketing year on the numbers of animals which have benefited from  the premium as indicated in the EAGGF-Guarantee annual statements by the Member States for the  reference year they have chosen (paragraphs 5.5 - 5.7). A more reliable system for collecting market prices6.9. The introduction of the system for  collecting market prices, which is the basis for determining the amount of the premium, has proved  defective. Given the errors which were noted, the authorities of the Member States and the  Commission should, in future, carry out checks in respect of this price collection, which is not  the case at present. There should also be a minimum of formality when collecting prices in the  representative markets, so as to make it possible to trace the source of the information and to  ensure that the prices which are collected are actually charged on the market (paragraphs 5.9 -  5.16). Greater supervision of the premiums6.10. The premiums system as observed by the Court evinces  disparate management procedures and weak internal checks, in that administrative checks are very  limited (5.17 - 5.23) and, when on-the-spot checks are carried out, documentary proof of ownership  of the animals and of the eligibility thereof is very scarce (5.32 - 5.36). These weaknesses are  exacerbated by the fact that, in the majority of cases, these on-the-spot checks are not  unannounced (5.39 - 5.41). Furthermore, losses of animals from natural causes are not always  declared or are sometimes accepted in an irregular manner (5.50 - 5.55). Although the generalised  introduction currently under way of a register for each producer and of formal identification of  the animals may improve this situation, certain recommendations may be made straightaway as a  result of this survey and of the examination of the system set up by the United Kingdom (paragraphs  5.42 - 5.49): (a) the Commission should ensure that the register prescribed by each Member State complies with  Community legislation and that there is only one such register within a given Member State; (b) when the on-the-spot checks are carried out, the register must be inspected on the basis of the  supporting documents so as to ascertain not only the ownership and eligibility of the presented  animals, which must be identified, but also the number of losses from natural causes; (c) a standard report on the on-the-spot checks must be used which clearly specifies the steps to  be taken if the on-the-spot check has been carried out outside the retention period. 6.11. The checks to ensure that holdings at the edge of an area which is not less-favoured are  located in a less-favoured area should be improved by requiring the producer, on the one hand, to  indicate in his application the various production units which make up his holding and the area of  each unit and, on the other hand, to attach to his application such supporting documents as make it  possible to check the information contained therein (paragraphs 5.21 - 5.23). 6.12. Lastly, the Commission should take initiatives which aim to increase the rigour with which  the Regulations are applied so as to ensure that all of the Union's breeders are treated in a  similar way. Possibility of abolishing the premium supplement for fattening for heavy carcasses6.13. The system  of fattening to produce heavy carcasses is too complex and is not properly adhered to either by the  producers or by the local authorities responsible for checking it. Furthermore, it enables some  producers to benefit, subject to certain limits, from a 100 % premium instead of 80 % thereof, even  though income from marketing meat is only incidental for them when compared with income from  marketing milk (paragraph 4.20). Consequently, the Commission should examine the possibility of  abolishing the supplement (paragraphs 5.59 - 5.65). Greater supervision of private storage by the Member States6.14. Furthermore, even if the  operations in question are infrequent, the Member States should physically check whether stock  records are kept, as required by the Regulations, so as to make it possible to check that the  requisite procedures were actually observed (paragraphs 5.69 - 5.70). This report was adopted by the Court of Auditors in Luxembourg at the Court  meeting of 14 September 1995. For the Court of Auditorsp.p. André J. MIDDELHOEKPresidentConstantinous ANDROUTSOPOULOSMember  of the CourtENOfficial Journal of the European Communities>TABLE>ENOfficial Journal of  the European Communities>TABLE>>TABLE>>TABLE>Official Journal of  the European Communities>TABLE>>TABLE>>TABLE>>TABLE>> TABLE POSITION>>TABLE>>TABLE>>TABLE>>REFERENCE TO A FILM> (1) Council Regulation (EEC) No 1837/80 of 27 June 1980 (OJ L 183, 16. 7. 1980, p. 1).(2) No definition exists of the term 'specialised producer'. However, by way of information, it may  be specified that for 17 % of all sheep and goat breeders in the Union this activity contributes at  least 75 % of the value of total production. This figure is at least 85 % in the case of only 11 %  of producers [source: Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN)]. (3) OJ C 234, 4. 9. 1984, p. 1. (4) OJ C 312, 12. 12. 1989, paragraphs 6.74 - 6.107. (5) OJ C 324, 13. 12. 1991, paragraphs 9.1 - 9.43. (6) 'Le marché des viandes et des produits avicoles. Les marchés des ovins', Office national  interprofessionnel des viandes, de l'élevage et de l'aviculture (OFIVAL), 1993, pages 31-35. (7) The information contained in paragraphs 2.3 to 2.7 is based on EUROSTAT statistics (CRONOS  database). (8) OJ L 289, 7. 10. 1989, p. 1. (9) The period in question runs from the first Monday in January to the day before the first Monday  in January the following year. (10) Third recital of Council Regulation (EEC) No 3013/89 of 25 September 1989 (OJ L 289, 7. 10.  1989, p. 1). (11) Eighth recital of Council Regulation (EEC) No 3013/89 of 25 September 1989 (OJ L 289, 7. 10.  1989, p. 1). (12) Council Regulation (EEC) No 2070/92 of 30 June 1992 - (OJ L 215, 30. 7. 1992, p. 63) amending  Council Regulation (EEC) No 3493/90 of 27 November 1990 (OJ L 337, 4. 12. 1990, p. 7). (13) Article 1 of Council Regulation (EEC) No 3493/90 of 27 November 1990 (OJ L 337, 4. 12 1990, p.  7. (14) Article 1 of Council Regulation (EEC) No 872/84 of 31 March 1984 (OJ L 90, 1. 4. 1984, p. 40).  Females to be culled are those which are not used for breeding and which are to be sold for  slaughter. (15) The amounts concerned are paid in the majority of the Member States. However, as paragraph 3.3  indicates, the amount of the premiums was not identical for all of the Member States. Consequently,  in 1992 producers of heavy lambs in certain Member States or parts thereof received a premium of  23, 130 ECU. (16) Article 5 of Council Regulation (EEC) No 3013/89 of 25 September 1989 (OJ L 289, 7. 10. 1989,  p. 1), as amended by Council Regulation (EEC) No 2069/92 of 30 June 1992 (OJ L 215, 30. 7. 1992, p.  59). (17) According to Article 5 (5) of Council Regulation (EEC) No 3013/89 of 25 September 1989 (OJ L  289, 7. 10. 1989, p. 1), these regions are: - the whole of Greece and Portugal (except for the Azores and Madeira) and certain regions of  France (Corsica), Spain (Andalusia, Aragon, the Balearic Islands, Castile-La Mancha, Castile-Leon,  Catalonia, Extremadura, Galicia (with the exception of Corunna and Lugo), Madrid, Murcia, La Rioja,  Valencia and the Canaries) and Italy (Lazio, Abruzzo, Molise, Campania, Apulia, Basilicata,  Calabria, Sicily and Sardinia); - the mountain and hill areas, notification of which was sent to the Commission by each Member  State pursuant to Article 3 (3) of Council Directive 75/268/EEC of 28 April 1975 on mountain and  hill farming and farming in certain less-favoured areas (OJ L 128, 19. 5. 1975, p. 1). (18) OJ L 132, 23. 5. 1990, p. 17. The current amounts are stipulated by Council Regulation (EEC)  No 1743/91 of 13 June 1991 (OJ L 163, 26. 6. 1991, p. 44). (19) This Committee is composed of representatives of the Member States and is headed by a  representative of the Commission. It is established and governed by Articles 29 to 31 of Council  Regulation (EEC) No 3013/89 of 25 September 1989 (OJ L 289, 7. 10. 1989, p. 1). (20) The general provisions for granting private storage are established in Article 7 of Council  Regulation (EEC) No 3013/89 of 25 September 1989 (OJ L 289, 7. 10. 1989, p. 1). (21) Council (EC) Regulation No 1886/94 of 27 July 1994 (OJ L 197, 30. 7. 1994, p. 30) amending  Council Regulation (EEC) No 3013/89 of 25 September 1989 (OJ L 289, 7. 10. 1989, p. 1). (22) Articles 9 and 14 of Council Regulation (EEC) No 3013/89 of 25 September 1989 (OJ L 289, 7.  10. 1989, p. 1). (23) Article 16 of Council Regulation (EEC) No 3013/89 of 25 September 1989 (OJ L 289, 7. 10. 1989,  p. 1). (24) See the Court's special report No 3/94 on the implementation of intervention measures provided  for by the organisation of the market in the beef and veal sector (OJ C 356, 14. 12. 1994, pararaph  2.2 and graph 2.4). (25) See the report by the Committee of Enquiry into the functioning of the sheepmeat and beef and  veal markets, Assemblée Nationale Française, Paris, p. 248. (26) Initial provision was made annually to fix not only a basic price for fresh or frozen lamb and  sheep carcasses but also a reference price. This reference price was taken into consideration when  the amount of the premium was fixed. It had been fixed at a different level from the basic price so  as to establish a single Community reference price by bringing national reference prices closer  together in equal stages during a period of four years (Article 3 (4) (b) of the first basic  Regulation of the CMO, Council Regulation (EEC) No 1837/80 of 27 June 1980 (OJ L 183, 16. 7. 1980,  p. 1)). The basic price was taken into consideration when the intervention measures were applied and the  amount of the import levies was fixed. At the end of a convergence period of four years which aimed progressively to adjust production and  marketing structures in the various Member States, the concepts of a single reference price and a  regional reference price were abolished (Article 1 of Council Regulation (EEC) No 871/84 of 31  March 1984 (OJ L 90, 1. 4. 1984), p. 35)), after which the amount of the premium was calculated...  only by reference to the basic price which, moreover, was single. (27) Council Regulation (EEC) No 1115/88 of 25 April 1988 (OJ L 110, 29. 4. 1988, 36) amending  Council Regulation (EEC) No 1837/80 of 27 June 1980 (OJ L 183, 16. 7. 1980, p. 1), the first basic  Regulation of the COM. This point is currently included in Article 8 of Council Regulation (EEC) No  3013/89 of 25 September 1989 (OJ L 289, 7. 10. 1989, p. 1). (28) This reduction was calculated by reducing the loss of income by 1 % of the basic price for  every 1 % by which the guaranteed maximum level was exceeded. (29) Article 8 of Council Regulation (EEC) No 3013/89 of 25 September 1989 (OJ L 289, 7. 10. 1989,  p. 1), as amended by Council Regulation (EEC) No 2069/92 of 30 June 1992 (OJ L 215, 30. 7. 1992, p.  59). (30) OJ L 128, 19. 5. 1975, p. 1. (31) Article 5 (7) of Council Regulation (EEC) No 3013/89 of 25 September 1989 (OJ L 289, 7. 10.  1989, p. 1). (32) OJ C 330, 15. 12. 1992, paragraphs 2.103 - 2.105. (33) Council Regulation (EEC) No 233/94 of 24 January 1994 (OJ L 30, 3. 2. 1994, p. 9) amending  Council Regulation (EEC) No 3013/89 of 25 September 1989 (OJ L 289, 7. 10. 1989, p. 1). (34) Article 5a of Council Regulation (EEC) No 3013/89 of 25 September 1989 (OJ L 289, 7. 10. 1989,  p. 1), as amended by Council Regulation (EEC) No 2069/92 of 30 June 1992 (OJ L 215, 30. 7. 1992, p.  59). (35) Article 5b of Council Regulation (EEC) No 3013/89 of 25 September 1989 (OJ L 289, 7. 10. 1989,  p. 1), as amended by Council Regulation (EEC) No 2069/92 of 30 June 1992 (OJ L 215, 30. 7. 1992, p.  59). (36) Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3567/92 of 10 December 1992 (OJ L 362, 11. 12 1992, p. 41)  fixes the procedures for applying individual limits, national reserves and transfers of  entitlements. (37) From 1992 to 1993, budgetary expenditure on the COM in the beef and veal sector reached 4 304,  4 416 and 3 894 Mio ECU compared with an average of 2 500 Mio ECU for the previous decade. This  development is due to the sizeable increase in expenditure on export refunds and public storage. (38) OJ C 324, 13. 12. 1991, paragraphs 9.21 - 9.22. (39) Article 3 (4) of Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3007/84 of 27. 10. 1984 (OJ L 283, 27. 10.  1984, p. 28), as amended by Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3984/89 of 20 December 1989 (OJ L 380,  29. 12. 1989, p. 28). This Regulation was recently replaced and the provision can now be found in  Article 2 of Commission Regulation (EEC) No 2700/93 of 20 November 1993 (OJ L 245, 1. 10. 1993, p.  99). (40) Pursuant to Article 4 of Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3567/92 of 10 December 1992 (OJ L 362,  11. 12. 1992, p. 41). (41) COM(93) 601 final of 24 November 1993, Annex 1. (42) These two types of information are sent by the various departments of the Member States first  to EUROSTAT and then to the Commission departments responsible for managing the COM. (43) Oj C 313, 12. 12. 1990, paragraphs 4.2.1 - 4.2.32. (44) Pursuant to Article 4 of Council Regulation (EEC) No 3013/89 of 25 September 1989 (OJ L 289,  7. 10. 1989, p. 1), as the application procedures are defined in Commission Regulation (EEC) No  1481/86 of 15 May 1986 (OJ L 130, 16. 5. 1986, p. 12). (45) Council Regulation (EEC) No 338/91 of 5 February 1991 (OJ L 41, 14. 2. 1991, p. 2). (46) Article 1 (2) of Commission Regulation (EC) No 2700/93 of 30 September 1993 (OJ L 245, 1. 10.  1993, p. 99) as amended by Commission Regulation (EEC) No 80/94 of 18 January 1994 (OJ L 16, 19. 1.  1994, p. 1). (47) Article 4 (2) of Commission Regulation (EEC) No 2700/93 (OJ L 245, 1. 10. 1993, p. 1). (48) Article 2 of Council Regulation (EEC) No 3493/90 of 27 November 1990 (OJ L 337, 4. 12. 1990,  p. 7). (49) OJ L 128, 19. 5. 1975, p. 1. (50) Article 1 (3) of Commission Regulation No 2700/93. (OJ L 245, 1. 10. 1993, p. 9). (51) Previously, this measure had been enshrined in an unpublished Commission decision; it is now  included in Article 6 (3) of Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3887/92 of 23 December 1992 (OJ L 391,  31. 12. 1992, p. 36) laying down implementing provisions for the integrated system of management  and control concerning certain systems of Community aid. (52) Article 6 (4) of Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3887/92 (OJ L 391, 31. 12. 1992, p. 36). (53) Article 5 (1) of Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3887/92 (OJ L 391, 31. 12. 1992, p. 36). (54) Article 6 (5) of Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3887/92 (OJ L 391, 31. 12. 1992, p. 36). (55) Article 4 (1) b of Council Directive No 92/102/EEC of 22 November 1992 (OJ L 355, 5. 12. 1992,  p. 32). (56) Article 11 of Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3887/92 (OJ L 391, 31. 12. 1992, p. 36). (57) Article 5 (6) of Council Regulation (EEC) No 3013/89 of 25 September 1989 (OJ L 289, 7. 10.  1989, p. 1). (58) Article 5 (2) of Commission Regulation (EEC) No 2700/93 of 30 September 1993 (OJ L 245, 1. 10.  1993, p. 99). (59) Council Regulation (EEC) No 3901/89 of 12 November 1989 (OJ L 375, 23. 12. 1989, p. 4). (60) Commission Regulation (EEC) No 2814/90 of 28 September 1990 (OJ L 268, 29. 9. 1990, p. 35). (61) Article 2 (3) of Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3567/92 of 10 December 1992 (OJ L 362, 11. 12.  1992, p. 41). (62) Article 13 (3) of Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3446/90 of 27 November 1990 (OJ L 333, 30.  11. 1990, p. 39). ANNEX 1 DEVELOPMENT OF THE COM IN SHEEPMEAT AND GOATMEAT 1. Progress towards a  single system of premiums The premiums system has developed considerably since it was created in  1980, evolving gradually from a piecemeal system to a uniform system. Initially, six regions were distinguished for the calculation of the ewe premium: 1. Italy2. France3. Denmark, Benelux and the F.R. of Germany4. Ireland5. the United Kingdom. Following its accession to the Union, Greece was included from 1 January 1981 (1). In 1982, so as not to have to apply the variable slaughter premium in Northern Ireland in the same  way as in the other regions of the United Kingdom, Northern Ireland (2) was added as a seventh  region. The unity of the third region was only apparent, because the premium payable per ewe was calculated  separately for each individual Member State (3). At the request of those concerned, the size of the  premium in Greece and Italy could equal the amount determined in region two if the lambs were not  slaughtered before they were two months old (4). A ceiling was placed on the premium during the periods when public storage measures were applied  (5) and where the variable slaughter premium was applied (6) the overall amount of this premium was  subtracted from the amount to be distributed in each region. This slaughter premium was applied  only by the United Kingdom although not in Northern Ireland, as indicated above. In 1984, the number of regions was reduced to six by extending region one to cover Greece (7) but,  with the accession of Spain and Portugal, an extra region was added from 1 January 1986 comprising  these two new Member States. In 1988, a very important amendment (8) was decided by the Council in preparation for the  establishment of a single market. It consisted essentially in determining a single premium to be  granted to producers on the basis of a single loss of Community income. This standardisation was  introduced on a transitional basis, the aim being to establish a single system of premiums for the  1993 marketing year at the latest. As part of the transitional measures, the number of regions was reduced to four for the 1990  marketing year and to two for the 1991 and 1992 marketing years: the United Kingdom and the rest of  the Union. Provision was also made for a progressive reduction in the variable premium applied by  the United Kingdom within Great Britain. As from the beginning of the 1992 marketing year, the United Kingdom, at its request, was allowed  to stop paying the variable premium for the slaughter of sheep and to apply exclusively the other  premiums (9). 2. Other important developments In addition to the developments mentioned  above, the system of premiums experienced a number of other significant developments: - the introduction, in certain regions starting from the 1986 marketing year, of the premium for  producers of goatmeat (10); - the amendment in 1992 of the definitions of 'eligible ewe' and 'eligible goat' so as to make it  easier to carry out checks (11); - the introduction of the collection of market prices for 'Community standard quality' (12) and the  introduction of a table of classification for sheep carcasses (13); - the introduction of a distinction between producers of light lambs, producers of heavy lambs and  the fattening of lambs to produce heavy carcasses (14). (1) Council Regulation (EEC) No 3446/80 of 22 December 1980 (OJ L 359, 31. 12.  1980, p. 16). (2) Council Regulation (EEC) No 1195/82 of 18 May 1982 (OJ L 140, 20. 5. 1982, p. 22). (3) Council Regulation (EEC) No 899/81 of 1 April 1981 (OJ L 90, 4. 4. 1981, p. 26). (4) Council Regulation (EEC) No 1195/82 of 18 May 1982 (OJ L 140, 20. 5. 1982, p. 22). (5) The original legislation made provision, in addition to private storage, for purchases by  intervention bodies, but only in Member States where a system for classifying carcasses had been  introduced (Article 9 of Council Regulation (EEC) No 2644/80 of 14 October 1980 (OJ L 275, 18. 10.  1980, p. 8). In this case, the purchased products could not originate from rams, ewes or in-lamb  hoggets. The intervention price was fixed at 85 % of the seasonally adjusted basic price. In  practice, public storage was used only in France when the COM in sheepmeat and goatmeat was first  introduced. It was not used when the new Council Regulation (EEC) No 3013/89 of 25 September 1989  (OJ L 289, 7. 10. 1989, p. 1) was introduced. (6) In regions where purchases by the intervention bodies were not applied, the Member State  concerned could grant a variable premium for the slaughter of sheep when the prices recorded on its  representative markets were below a guiding level of 85 % of the basic price. This premium  corresponded to the difference in question. The size of the premium was fixed each week by the  Commission for the week commencing twenty-one days after the week in which the price was fixed. An  equivalent amount was received when live animals, or meat which was fresh, refrigerated, frozen,  salted, dried, smoked or in brine, left the territory of the Member State. This amount was  equivalent to the premium fixed for the week during which the products concerned left the  territory. However, Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3191/80 of 9 December 1980 (OJ L 332, 10. 12.  1980, p. 14) and subsequent Regulations established that this amount should not be received upon  export from the Community. (7) Council Regulation (EEC) No 871/84 of 31 March 1984 (OJ L 90, 1. 4. 1984, p. 35) amending the  basic regulation. (8) Council Regulation (EEC) No 3013/89 of 25 September 1989 (OJ L 289, 7. 10. 1989, p. 1)  replacing the preceding basic regulation. (9) Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3246/91 of 7 November 1991 (OJ L 307, 8. 11. 1991, p. 16). (10) Council Regulation (EEC) No 3523/85 of 10 December 1985 (OJ L 336, 14. 12. 1985, p. 2)  amending Council Regulation (EEC) No 1837/80 of 27 June 1980 (OJ L 183, 16. 7. 1980, p. 1). (11) Council Regulation (EEC) No 2070/92 of 30 June 1992 (OJ L 215, 30. 7. 1992, p. 63). The  preceding definition established by Council Regulation (EEC) No 3524/85 of 10 December 1985 (OJ L  336, 14. 12. 1985, p. 5) was formulated as follows: any female sheep/goat which has been put to the  ram/buck for the first time or which has lambed/kidded at least once, excluding cull ewes/goats,  and is kept on the holding at the date on which the application for the premium is made. (12) Article 4 (1) of Council Regulation (EEC) No 3013/89 of 25 September 1989 (OJ L 289, 7. 10.  1989, p. 1). The concept was defined by Council Regulation (EEC) No 338/91 of 5 February 1991 (OJ L  41, 14. 2. 1991, p. 2). (13) Council Regulation (EEC) No 2137/89 of 23 July 1992 (OJ L 214, 30. 7. 1992, p. 1). (14) Artilce 4 (2) and (3) of Council Regulation (EEC) No 3013/89 of 25 September 1989 (OJ L 289,  7. 10. 1989, p. 1).  ANNEX 2 EVALUATION OF BUDGETARY SAVINGS RESULTING FROM THE INTRODUCTION OF THE  STABILISER WITH PARTIAL COMPENSATION FROM THE INTRODUCTION OF THE 'RURAL' SUPPLEMENT There follows  a comparison for the 1992 and 1993 marketing years of the situation without the stabiliser and the  premium supplements under the 'rural' measures and the situation where the stabiliser and the  supplement are applied, the aim being to evaluate the budgetary savings resulting from the  introduction of these factors. To this end, the various premiums are calculated with and without the stabiliser and then the  balance is calculated between the savings resulting from the introduction of the stabiliser and the  amount entered in the accounts under the 'rural' measures. 1. 1992 marketing year 1.1. Impact of the stabiliser>TABLE>1.2. Calculation of  net budget balance1.2.1. Saving made as a result of the fall in the value of the premiums  (5)Heavy lambs: 50,5 Mio ewes * (23,29-18,55) ECU = 239,4 Mio ECULight lambs: 20,4 Mio ewes * (18,63-14,84) ECU = 77,3 Mio ECUGoats: 8,1 Mio goats * (18,63-14,84) ECU = 30,7 Mio ECUTotal saving: 347,4 Mio ECU1.2.2. Additional cost  resulting from the introduction of the 'rural' supplement (5)Heavy lambs: 36,8 Mio ewes * 5,5 ECU = 202,4 Mio ECULight lambs: 16,9 Mio ewes * 3,8 ECU = 64,2 Mio ECUGoats: 7,2 Mio goats * 3,8 ECU = 27,4 Mio ECUTotal additional cost: 294,0 Mio ECU1.2.3. Net budget  balance347,4 Mio ECU - 294,0 Mio ECU = 53,4 Mio ECU2. 1993 marketing year > TABLE POSITION>2.2. Calculation of net budget balance2.2.1. Saving made as a result of the fall  in the value of the premiums (9)Heavy lambs: 50,5 Mio ewes * (25,59-20,90) ECU = 236,8 Mio ECULight lambs: 20,4 Mio ewes * (20,47-16,72) ECU = 76,5 Mio ECUGoats: 8,1 Mio goats * (20,47-16,72) ECU = 30,4 Mio ECUTotal saving: 343,4 Mio ECU2.2.2. Additional cost  resulting from the introduction of the 'rural' supplement (9)The calculation is the same as in  paragraph 1.2.2. Total additional cost: 294,0 Mio ECU2.2.3. Net budget balance343,7 Mio ECU - 294 Mio ECU = 49,7  Mio ECU(1) OJ L 163, 26. 6. 1991, p. 42. (2) OJ L 185, 3. 7. 1992, p. 21. (3) OJ L 54, 5. 3. 1993, p. 8. (4) See paragraph 3.6. (5) The numbers of animals are those in respect of which a premium was applied for and not those in  respect of which a payment was made. However, the difference may be considered minimal. These  figures correspond to those contained in Tables 2 and 3. Nevertheless, more detailed information  has been obtained from the Commission (DG VI-D-2). (6) OJ L 33, 9. 2. 1993, p. 10. (7) OJ L 215, 30. 7. 1992, p. 59. (8) OJ L 64, 8. 3. 1994, p. 4. (9) In the absence of statistics for 1993, the 1992 figures are given for the numbers of animals in  respect of which premiums were applied for.  REPLY FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE SPECIAL REPORT BY THE COURT OF AUDITORS ON THE  IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERVENTION MEASURES PROVIDED FOR BY THE ORGANIZATION OF THE MARKET IN THE  SHEEPMEAT AND GOATMEAT SECTOR OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF THE COMMUNITY MECHANISM The  premium systemThe effects of the premiumsPremiums and the development of prices and meat  production4.1 to 4.3 The Court's remarks are correct: the premium is the difference between the  institutional price (basic price) and Community market prices. However, as the Court mentions in points 4.8 to 4.20, the Commission dealt with this situation by  proposing to the Council the introduction of a stabilizer that would set a limit on the guarantee  granted to producers, in line with the level of output. The Council adopted this measure, which  came into force for the 1990 marketing year. The stabilizer now stands at 7%, which represents a  decline of about 30% in the level of the premium granted to producers. The Council also agreed, on  a Commission proposal, to tighten up these arrangements by setting individual quantitative ceilings  on the granting of aid. As a result of these two factors, the overall expenditure of the sector has been kept to some ECU 2  billion; since the two measures were introduced, the danger of ballooning expenditure has become  remote. Support for the production of sheepmeat and goatmeat and producers' incomes4.6 and 4.21 In view of  the differences between the dates when intervention agencies actually pay premiums to producers, it  is helpful to consider comparative expenditure by marketing year, alongside that by budget year  (see the Table in Annex I). The differences between expenditure in support of sheepmeat and that for other types of meat arise  in particular from the fact that sheepmeat is a product that is bound under the GATT; (1)  consequently, quantitative restrictions and import levies could not be introduced. The common  organization of the market was therefore established on the basis of a system of deficiency  payments intended to subsidize production as a whole. The attempts to control production and budgetary expenditureThe stabilizer and premium supplements  relating to the 'rural' measures4.9 The stabilizer continues to work effectively, even though it  is limited to 7%. Considerable savings have been made possible, as the tables provided by the Court  highlight: ECU 347,4 in 1992, and ECU 343,7 in 1993. Net savings were much less (ECU 53,4 million  in 1992 and ECU 49,7 million in 1993), since the 'rural' premium was granted at the same time to  producers in less-favoured areas. Individual limits or 'quotas' of entitlements to the premium4.14 to 4.22 The 1992 reform led to  the introduction of a system of individual quotas. This system was needed to close the sector to  access by beef producers who have exhausted the possibilities of expansion in their own sector  (e.g. into milk production), since the reform in the beef sector introduced the notion of density  beyond which premiums were no longer granted. For each sheep producer, the number of eligible ewes  is included in the density calculations; this has a major impact on intensive producers of other  animal products (milk and beef fattening) who embarked upon sheep production in the 1980s. At present, according to the Commission's information (which is not yet verifiable statistically),  it would appear that many of these intensive producers have ceased sheep production because, their  density is such (they often have a good milk quota) that ewe production would increase it beyond  the threshold. This would have been especially the case in the Netherlands, where the number of  ewes expanded sharply in the 1980s. It now seems to be declining, and it is believed that some of  the ewe quota has not been taken up. Sheep production seems to be shifting into holdings in  extensive regions, which would be likely to reduce output; so the selectivity which the Court would  like to see resulting from the premium seems to be operating (control of desertification). 4.20 The Commission would point out that the main regions for milk production and goat production  are the most difficult in the Community. Need for greater selectivity of the premiums4.23 The Commission would point out that the tendency  observed from 1986 to 1992 seems to have changed in more recent years. In 1994, 75% of sheep and  88% of goats were located in less-favoured areas. 4.24 The Commission does not think that the approach suggested by the Court is politically  desirable, especially if it meant that the premium would be discontinued for other regions; the  inevitable result would be abandoning of an activity that does, after all, account for about a  quarter of Community output. In the Commission's view, this suggestion undermines the basic  thinking behind the support scheme chosen for this sector. For the above reasons, the Commission does not think it a good idea to follow the Court's  suggestion. OBSERVATIONS ON ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT 5.1 Despite being very short-staffed  at this level, the Commission has made a great effort in its audit missions to control expenditure  on sheep and goat premiums, especially for 1993 and 1994, for which accounts are in the process of  clearing. During the 1994 retention period, there were missions to Ireland, the United Kingdom  (Northern Ireland), Portugal and Spain. Further missions are planned to Germany, France, Italy and  the United Kingdom (Wales and Scotland) for the 1995 retention period. There were also missions outside the retention period to France and Greece in 1994, and missions  are to take place under the audit programme for 1995 during the retention period in Spain, Greece  and Italy. The Commission has also paid special attention to the introduction of quotas, since 1993. However,  there will be no financial implication before the accounts for that year are cleared in 1996.  Financial implications will probably be apparent when the 1994 accounts are cleared. Apart from the Court's observations, the EAGGF fraud prevention unit organized missions to the  United Kingdom, Greece, and Spain, which led to major financial adjustment when accounts were  cleared for 1989 (see pages 253-259 of the summary report). Role of the Commission5.2 As this sector represents such a small proportion of Community output  (less than 5%), the statistics available from the FADN are not sufficiently accurate. 5.3 In view of the major regional disparities in output, it is extremely difficult to define  'standard' costs for the production of sheepmeat and ewes' milk. The information available to the  Commission diverges widely, as does that put forward by the Member States when the point was  discussed by the Council. The Council opted for a compromise decision (80% of the premium granted  to light lambs). 5.4 The Commission recognizes that this is so. It is doing all it can to remedy the situation by  continually drawing the Management Committee's attention to the importance of submitting data in  good time. If the delay were to have budgetary consequences, the Commission would apply the new arrangements  for reduction or suspension of advances introduced by the decision on budgetary discipline. 5.7 The Commission will investigate the anomalies observed by the Court. Application in the Member States of the premium systemCollection of market prices5.15 The Court's  observations concerning the apparent reductions in prices collected on representative markets in  Ireland and Italy, which could lead to an increase in the amount of the premium, will be  specifically investigated as part of the clearance of 1994 accounts. Administrative examination of applications for premiums5.18 Portugal: the facts observed by the  Court had already been noted during a mission by the EAGGF in July 1990. The Member State was  informed in writing following this mission, and the Commission has repeatedly drawn the attention  of the Portuguese authorities to this problem, in order that the necessary changes should be made  to the control system. Checks in respect of the ownership and eligibility of the animals5.19 This problem should be  solved by the application of Directive 92/102, which requires animals to be identified. 5.20 The remarks concerning failure to check on non-marketing of milk or milk products made from  ewes' milk, by making a comparison with the data provided by processors or distributors, are dealt  with for France and Spain in the context of clearance of accounts for 1993. Checking locations in less-favoured areas5.21, 5.22, 5.37 and 5.38 The Commission shares the  Court's views on the shortcomings of the methods used by national departments in most of the Member  States to establish the justification for claims by producers on the edge of a less-favoured area  to supplementary premium and the right to hold a herd of 1 000 head payable at 100%. Where the EAGGF is not aware of the precise inspection methods introduced by the Member States,  they will be asked to describe the methods, and any review procedures. All weak points will be  dealt with when accounts are cleared. Organization of on-the-spot checks5.27 to 5.31 The Commission's experience is similar to the  Court's. Remarks have been made to the Member States concerned on failure to use risk analysis when  selecting recipients to check up on. Measures will be taken when accounts are cleared. In connection with point 5.30, we would point out that the Commission made the same remark to Italy  and Portugal in the course of missions carried out under the integrated system. Checking of information provided by producers5.32 to 5.36 The solution to the problem of  individual identification of sheep is not yet operational, as no reliable and economical technique  is at present available. The Commission and especially the EAGGF have been and still are working on  an effective system based on electronic identification (the systems adopted by the Member States  are provided for in Directive 92/102). The Court's remarks in point 5.33 on Portugal are similar to the remarks the EAGGF made to Ireland,  Spain and the United Kingdom. On the problem of counting (5.35), the EAGGF asked the United Kingdom to take corrective measures,  since it was using methods of approximate counting that did not comply with Community rules. Unannounced on-the-spot checks5.39 to 5.41 The Commission agrees with the Court's remarks.  Experience has shown that, for inspections in this sector to be effective, they should not be  announced beforehand, although some warning is required to give time to group the animals. As  provided for in Community rules, advance warning should be limited to the strict minimum  necessary. Register of movements5.42 to 5.44 The measures provided for in the identification system and by  Directive 92/102, as well as other control arrangements such as the register, are based on EAGGF  experience on the ground. From 1995, the register will be compulsory on all holdings. 5.45 to 5.46 United Kingdom: the shortcomings observed by the Court had already been revealed by  the examination carried out by the EAGGF in May 1990; they led the Commission to apply a financial  correction of 4% of expenditure when accounts for 1989 were cleared, and to reinforce Community  legislation on the register of movements. 5.47 As regards the United Kingdom, information at the EAGGF's disposal implies that the regulation  requirement for 10% of inspections to be carried out during the retention period was complied  with. The Commission does not feel that all controls by the Member States were of totally satisfactory  quality. 5.49 United Kingdom: this type of observation was also made in the course of the EAGGF enquiry. It  should be borne in mind that, since then, Commission departments have considered this problem in  depth, and that there is at present a requirement under Directive 92/102 to record death from  natural causes. Penalties5.50 to 5.55 The Commission has made financial corrections for the Member States that did  not impose sanctions and penalties to combat fraud and irregularities. Significant corrections are  under consideration for Ireland for 1992 and 1993. Special case of fattening to produce heavy carcasses5.59 to 5.65 Investigations are being made in  France and Spain, in the framework of the procedure for clearance of accounts for 1993 and 1994,  into the requirement to inspect fattening premises of at least 10% of producers submitting a  declaration in each marketing year. Establishment of individual limits on premiums5.66 to 5.68 In the course of inspection missions,  the EAGGF also discovered the facts referred to by the Court. Some of the difficulties were largely  due to teething problems, and the situation is improving. Application of the private storage system5.69 to 5.71 In view of the use of the risk analysis  method, and of the limited importance of the measure in terms of expenditure, the EAGGF has not  examined the application of this system. However, the Member States referred to in the Court's  report will be asked about the facts alleged, and requested to take steps to ensure that their  traders comply with requirements for full stock records. Future control missions for the purpose of  clearance of accounts will incorporate monitoring of the measures taken. CONCLUSION More selective and effective aidAs mentioned under points 4.1 to  4.3, the Commission reacted to the situation described by the Court, where the burden of falling  producer prices is transferred to the Community budget, by introducing a stabilizer limiting the  guarantee granted to producers. Moreover, individual quantitative limits have been introduced on  aid granted. This has enabled expenditure in this sector to be brought under control. 6.4 The Commission would point out that there are areas outside the less-favoured regions where  sheep farming is feasible, because of their limited natural potential. As mentioned under point 4.24, the Commission takes the view that the Court's suggestion would lead  to a radical change in the philosophy of the support arrangements in the common organization of the  market. 6.5 The Commission notes the Court's request for greater rigour in the classification of  'less-favoured areas'. 6.6 The Commission has asked the Member States to pay the premiums promptly, and at all events by  15 October. From 1994, following the adoption of the budgetary discipline measures, the Commission  has been able to impose arrangements whereby expenditure paid after the deadline laid down in the  rules is not recognized.The need for reliable statistics6.7 In the framework of the management committees, the Commission  has repeatedly drawn the attention of the Member States to the need to comply with deadlines for  submitting statistical information; it will continue to do so. 6.8 Although the Commission has made progress on this matter in all the Member States, it has not  yet achieved its aim of comparison, with results accepted by the Member State, between the number  of animals in receipt of premium for the reference year (according to declarations of annual  expenditure) and the number declared by the national authorities. The problem is due to: - the failure of certain Member States (in particular, Germany, Spain, Greece and Portugal) to  comply with the requirements of the memorandum as regards declaration of expenditure; - unclear or late replies from certain Member States; - different reference years chosen by different Member States. The 'clearance of accounts' missions programme has included, since the middle of 1994, an  examination of the system of ewe quotas, both in terms of the number of animals to be accepted and  in terms of the extent to which present management complies with the rules, and a series of  on-the-spot checks relating to the sheep/goats premium, which will be completed at the end of June  1995. The statistical conclusions of the EAGGF have been sent to all the Member States except Greece and  Italy, where investigations are to begin in October/November to finalize the allocation of  supplementary quota. The figures for Denmark, Belgium and Luxembourg were verified without  comment. Greater supervision of the premiums6.10 (a) The Commission is making sure that the national legal  provisions are being adopted by each Member State on the basis of Article 4 of Directive 92/102  relating to the identification and registration of animals. However, it would point out that the  legal basis is a Directive, which lays down only the results to be achieved by the Member States  (Article 189 of the EC Treaty), but does not enable detailed rules to be laid down with a view to  establishing a single register in the Member States. (b) The Commission takes the view that at each on-the-spot check (even outside the retention  period), the inspector or veterinarian must be able to compare the data in the register with the  animals present on the holding. The register should reflect at all times the situation of the  holding, i.e. it must show variations and correspond to reality; the register cannot be inspected  on the basis of supporting documents unless such documents exist; checking the register should  always take second place to physical controls. (c) The Commission is considering whether to introduce rules for a standard report on checks. 6.12 The Commission has always paid special attention to the need for the rules to be applied in  the same way throughout the Community, so as to ensure that all of the Union's farmers are treated  in the same way. To this end, the Commission is carrying out a comparative analysis of the national  provisions applied in the various Member States to identify possible disparities. Possibility of abolishing the premium supplement for fattening for heavy carcasses6.13 The system  of fattening to produce heavy carcasses, which the Court criticizes, results from a policy decision  taken by the Council at the time of the 1989 reform. However, the Commission notes the Court's  remarks concerning the inadequacy of controls at the level of the Member States. >TABLE>(1) i. e. it can no longer be protected by quantitative  restrictions or variable levies above the level at which they are bound.