PROPOSAL FOR A COUNCIL DIRECTIVE CONCERNING THE EFFICIENCY REQUIREMENTS FOR NEW, HOT WATER BOILERS FIRED WITH LIQUID OR GASEOUS FUELS
Date: 1990-10-29
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: EU programme, European standard, boiler, energy policy, gas, water

COMMISSION  OF  THE  EUROPEAN  COMMUNITIES 

C0MC90) 368 final - SYN 294 

Brussels, 29  October 1990 

Proposal for a 

COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 

concerning  the  efficiency  requirements  for  new,  hot  water 

boilers  f i r ed  with  liquid  or  gaseous  fuels 

(presented  by  the  Commission) 

-  2  -

C O N T E N TS 

Summary 

Exp Ianatory memorandum 

Introduction 
Field of appl I cat Ion 
Minimum  performance  levels to be met 
Quality  label 
Performance  control 
ResuIts expected 

Graphs 

'. 

Proposal  for a Council  Directive 

Page 

3 

4 

4 

7 

8 
10 
T1 
12 

14 

15 

- 3  -

S U M M A RY 

This  Directive  refers  only  to  new,  hot-water  boilers  fired  with  liquid 
or  gaseous  fuels  which  are  used  mainly  for  space  heating  and/or  the 
production  of  hot  water  and  have  a  rated  output  of  between  10 kW  and 
400  kW. 

The  efficiency  requirements  of  these  devices  differ  considerably  from 
one Member  State  to another. 

As  things  currently  stand,  with  the  establishment  of  the  internal 
market  boilers  (including  less  efficient  ones)  approved  In  one 
Member  State would  enjoy  free movement  throughout  the Community. 
This 
could  lead  to  a  drop  In  the  average  efficiency  of  hot-water  heating 
systems within  the  Community. 

To  take  advantage  of  the  internal  market  without  compromising  the 
objectives  of  rational  use  of  energy,  the  efficiency  requirements  of 
hot-water  boilers  must  be  harmonized  at  a  high  level  within  the 
possibilities of  technologies  currently  available. 

In  this  way  not  only  will  a  drop  in  the  performance  of  this  equipment 
be avoided,  there will  also  be  an  increase  in the  performance  levels  in 
some Member  States, with  the double-edged  benefit  of  a marked  reduction 
in energy  consumption  and  less air  pollution. 

- 4 -

E X P L A N A T O RY 

M E M O R A N D UM 

Introduction 

Energy  Intensity  In  the  Community,  I.e.  the  ratio  of  final  energy 
consumption  to the gross domestic product,  improved  by 20% between  1973 
and 1982. 

This was made possible  by  the combination of  a series of  factors which 
include: 

the direct effect of prices; 
the psychological  impact of  the various oils crises; 
scientific and technical  progress  in general; 
the development  of  the general  economic  structure  In the Community, 
which  Is  marked  by  a  growing  trend  towards  services  and  the 
development  In the  secondary  sector  of  activities  with  low  energy 
consumption; 
the  adoption  of  numerous  legislative  or  regulatory  measures, 
binding  or  by  way  of  Incentive,  both  at  Community  level  and  at 
Member  State or  local  authority  level; 
the mobilization of substantial  funds to set up: 

*  structures promoting the rational use of energy, 
* 
* 
* 

Information and  incentive campaigns, 
training courses for energy managers, and 
encouragement  of  Investment  in the rational use of  energy. 

-  5 -

in  the  Council 

as  an  objective 

An  Improvement  of  at  least  20%  In the efficiency  of  final  energy  demand 
was  adopted 
Resolution  of 
16 September  1986  on  new  Community  energy  policy  objectives  for  1995 
and  the  convergence  of  the  policies  of  the  Member  States.1  However, 
the  drop  In the  price  of  petroleum  products  since  the  end  of  1985,  the 
abundance  of  all  forms of  energy  combined  with  three  particularly  mild 
winters  and  the  improvement  in the general  economic  situation  have  led 
to  a  considerable  slackening  of  efforts  to  Improve  energy  efficiency 
and  are  reflected  In  particular  by  a  substantial  reduction  In  funds 
allocated  to rational  use of  energy  projects. 

Recent  developments  confirm  this stagnation  In energy  efficiency  and  It 
now  seems  certain  that  unless  a  series- of  concrete  measures  are  taken 
Immediately,  the  objective  of  a  20%  reduction  In  energy  intensity  by 
1995 will  not  be  achieved. 

In  this  respect  the  building  sector  (residential  and  commercial) 
warrants  special  attention.  Not  only  Is  it  the  prime  consumer  of 
energy  sector,  absorbing  more  than  41%  of  the  final  consumption  of 
energy  In the Community,  i.e.  some  289 million  toe  In  1987,  It  is also 
an  expanding  sector  with  the  forecasts  for  1995  reaching  310  and 
perhaps even  340 million  toe. 

The  Improved  general  economic  situation  has  led  to  an  Increase  In  the 
number  of  new  buildings  both  In  the  residential  and  commercial  sectors 
and  to more widespread  comfort  and,  In particular, central  heating. 

In  this  sector  a  sizeable  proportion  of  the  Improvement  In  energy 
efficiency  has  come  from  the  behaviour  of  individuals  trying  to  save 
energy.  Démotivât Ion  In this  area  Is clearly  visible,  as  Is borne  out 
by  the  indexes  measuring  energy  consumption  as  a  function  of  the 
outside  temperature.  Experience  has  shown  that  these  behaviour 
patterns  are  readily  reversible,  and  it  is  thus  Important  to 
consolidate  the results obtained  by measures  that  have  lasting  effects. 

1 

0J  C 241, 25.9.1986, p. 1. 

- 6 -

One of  these measures has already been covered, on  two occasions, by a 
Community  regulation.  These  Involve  two  Directives  (78/170/EEC  and 
82/885/EEC)2 on  " the performance of heat  generators  for space heating 
and  the  production  of  hot  water  In  new  or  existing  non-Industrial 
buildings  and  on  the  insulation  of  heat  and  domestic  hot-water 
distribution  in  new  non-lndustrial  buildings".  In  the  former, 
Member States  had  to  ensure  that  equipment  that  could  be  subject  to 
Inspection at the manufacturing stage compiled with minimum  performance 
levels.  The  latter  laid  down  that  these  requirements  had  to  be 
"economically  Justifiable" and extended  the scope  to the  Inspection of 
performance  levels at the time of  installation of the equipment. 

The  term  "economically  Justifiable"  has  been  subject  to  extremely 
varied  interpretation  by  the Member  States  and  transposition of  these 
Directives  into national  regulations has resulted  in equally  differing 
requirements,  as  is  shown  by  the  attached  graphs.  These  figures 
compare  the  performance  requirements  adopted 
In  the  various 
Member  States.3 
They  highlight  both  qualitative  and  quantitative 
differences: 

qualitative:  some  Member States 
of 
performance  on  the  useful  heat  supplied  to  the  heat  distribution 
network,  which  can  only  be  measured  In  the  laboratory;  other 
Member  States only  take  account  of  heat  losses  resulting  from  the 
discharge  of  hot  gases  at  the  stack.  A  measurement  of  this kind 
can be taken at the time of  Installation and during operation; 

the  measurement 

base 

quantitative:  performance  requirements  vary between 74 and 90% at 
rated output. 

The  fairly  low  minimum  performance  levels  adopted  by  certain 
Member  states  lag behind  the current  state of the art  In this field and 
lead  to  Inefficient  use of  energy.  In these Member  states,  "economic 
Justification" has probably  been assessed only over  the short  term and 
only  from  the  mlcroeconomic  viewpoint,  I.e.  taking  account  only  of 
Impact  on  the  sales  price  of  the  apparatus  and  not  the  heating 
operation cost and social  costs (pollution). 

2  Council Directive 78/170/EEC of 13 Feburary 1978 (OJ L 52, 23.2.1978, 

p. 32). 
Councl I Direct ive 82/885/EEC of 10 December 1982 (OJ L 378,31.12.1982, 
p. 19). 

3  BAT  Report  01/88:  "Performance  of  heat  generators  In  buildings. 

Comparison of requirements  In Community Member States". 

-  7  -

With  the  completion  of  the  Internal  market,  less  efficient  equipment 
could  gain  access  to  markets  which  are  presently  closed  by  national 
measures  laying  down  higher  minimum  performance  levels.  The  result 
would  be a drop  in energy  efficiency  in the  Community. 

There  is,  therefore,  a  need  to  introduce  a  regulation  at  Community 
level  laying  down  minimum  quantified  performance  levels  to  be  achieved 
by  new hot-water  boilers placed  on  the market  after  1 January  1993. 

Field of application 

The  products  referred  to  by  the  two  Directives  78/170/EEC  and 
82/885/EEC were  heat  generators  for  space  heating  and  the  production  of 
hot  water  in new or  existing  non-industrla I buildings. 

The present  Directive  concerns only  hot-water  boilers  fired with  liquid 
or  gaseous  fuels with  a  rated output  equal  to or  greater  than  10 KW  and 
less  than  400 KW,  which  covers  the  vast  majority  of  boilers  used  to 
heat  bulIdlngs. 

The  term  "boilers"  covers  burner/heat Ing  body  units.  Burners  and 
heating  bodies  of  different  origins  may  be  combined  to  form  a  boiler. 
The  performance  of  the  latter  will  depend  on  the  suitability  of  one 
element  for  the other. 

Hot-water  boilers  fired  with  solid  fuels  are  excluded  from  this 
DirectIve  because: 

the  variability  of  the  fuels  used  (ash  and  volatile  matter  content 
of  coal,  moisture  content  and  calorific  value  of  the  wood,  etc.) 
makes  It  extremely  difficult  to  optimize  the  boiler  for  all  types 
of  use.  Laying  down  a minimum  performance  level  to  guarantee  high 
levels of  performance  for  this  type of  boiler  Is a complex  affair; 

the  demand  for  centra I-heatIng  boilers  fired  with  solid  fuels  Is 
low  (1  to  5%  In  most  Member  States,  less  than  10%  in  the 
United  Kingdom) and  Is  In constant  decline  by  1 to 2% per  year. 

- 8 -

The  following  apparatus  and equipment  are also  excluded  from  the field 
of  application of this  directive: 

steam  boilers 
electric  bollers 
condensation  boilers,  I.e.  boilers  with  condensation  of  water 
vapour  contained  In the fumes 
heat  pumps 
hot-air  generators 
equipment  for  instantaneous  preparation of sanitary hot water 
boilers  designed  to be  fired  using  fuels  whose  properties  differ 
appreciably  from  those of widely  marketed  liquid  and gaseous  fuels 
(Industrial  waste gas, blogas, etc.) 
furnaces  for  localized  heating. 

The  reasons  for  these  exclusions  are varied  and  technical.  Thus, the 
levels of performance  that  can be obtained  are either  largely  superior 
or  largely  Inferior and they are assessed  according  to various methods. 

Taken  overall,  final  energy  consumption  In  liquid  or  gaseous  form  In 
the  building  sector  was 204 mtoe  in 1987 and should  reach  219 mtoe  In 
1995.  The proportionate  share  of  this  final  energy  which  is used  in 
hot  water  central  heating  boilers  Is put at 65%. 

Minimum  performance  levels to be met 

Useful  efficiency  means  the quantity  of  heat  transferred  to the water 
circulating  In the boiler  In respect  of the quantity of energy  Injected 
into the burner,  expressed  as the net calorific  value of the fuel. 

This  efficiency  takes  account  of  pilot  light  consumption  for  gas 
boilers  fitted  with  them,  but  not  the  consumption  of  electricity  of 
burners, circulation  pumps,  ventilators,  control, etc. 

The  higher  the output  levels of boilers  the easier  it  Is to obtain  high 
useful  efficiency  levels. 

- 9 -

Thus,  at  their  nominal  output  Pn  (expressed  in kW) and  In continuous 
operation  at  an  average  temperature  of  the water  In the boiler,  (I.e. 
the average water  temperature between the entry and exit of the boiler) 
of  70*C, efficiency  levels should  reach  at  least  a value expressed  by 
the following empirical  formula: 

(84 + 2  log Pn) % 

or, by  way  of  example,  the  following minimum  values  as  a  function of 
the rated output: 

86% for boilers of 10  kW 
87% for boilers of 31.6 kW 
88% for boilers of 100  kW 
89% for boilers of 316  kW 

For  reasons  of  operational  safety,  small  gas  boilers  (10  to  31.6 kW) 
fitted with natural  draught  burners may show slightly  lower performance 
levels.  Useful  efficiency  should  nonetheless reach  values equal  to or 
greater  than 

(81 + 4  log Pn) % 

or, by  way  of  example,  the  following minimum  values  as  a  function of 
the rated output: 

85% for bol 1ers of 10  kW 
86% for boilers of 17,8 kW 
87% for boilers of 31.6 kW 

Any  heating system  is sized  to cover  at  least  the requirements of  the 
coldest  days.  They  thus  operate  for  most  of  the  time  at  a  reduced 
load.  Consequently,  It  Is Important  also to maintain  good  performance 
levels at part  load. 

This condition  Is met  If at 30% load and average water  temperatures  in 
the boilers of 50'C or more, (according  to the regulation  devices with 
which  the boiler  Is originally  fitted),  the minimum  useful  efficiency 
levéIs are equal  to or greater than 

(80 + 3  log Pn) % 

I.e.,  In practice,  for  boilers  with  the  following  rated  outputs  part 
load efficiency  levels of: 

for a rated  output of 10  kW 
83% 
84.5%  for a rated  output of 31.6 kW 
86% 
for a rated  output of 100  kW 
87.5%  for a rated  output of 316  kW 

-  10 -

The  relatively  low  temperature  (50'C)  of  the  water  in  the  boiler  Is 
justified  by  the  fact  that  some  types  of  boiler  are  designed  to  supply 
in  the  between  season  period  -  when  the  boiler  only  operates  at  part 
load -  the  heating  distribution  network  with  less  hot  water  than  in 
m Id-winter. 

For  the  same  reasons  of  security  set  out  above,  small  gas  boilers  (10 
to 31.6 kW) fitted  with  natural  draught  burners  may  show  slightly  lower 
performance  levels.  Nonetheless,  the  efficiency  levels  at  30%  part 
load  should  remain equal  to or  greater  than 

(77 + 5  log Pn) % 

or,  by  way  of  example,  for  boilers  with  the  following  rated  outputs 
part  load efficiency  levels of  at  least 

82% 
for  a  rated  output  of  10 
kW 
83% 
for  a rated  output  of  15,9 kW 
for  a rated  output  of  25,1  kW 
84% 
84.5%  for  a  rated  output  of  31.6  kW 

These  figures  are  high  but  realistic.  Requirements  higher  than  these 
values,  for  example,  are  already  the  subject  of  voluntary  labels 
attributed  to  more  than  100 boiler  units  not  only  from  various 
Member  States  but  also  from  a number  of  EFTA  countries  (graph 4 A ). 

Quality  label 

the  dual 

aim  of  maintaining 

With 
between 
manufacturers  In  future  and  arousing  the  consumer's  interest  In  high 
performance  equipment,  boilers  may,  if  they  largely  exceed  the 
requirements  set  out  above, have  quality  labels  attributed  by way  of  an 
"*"  per  efficiency  point  above  the  two  nominal  and  part-load 
requirements. 

emulation 

healthy 

Accordingly,  a  star  can  be  attributed  to  boilers  as  long  as  they  meet 
the  following  two  requirements: 

nominal  load  efficiency 
30% part-load  efficiency 

>  (85 + 2  log Pn)X 
>  (81  + 3  log  Pn) %. 

-  11  -

By  way  of  example,  for  a  label  "*"  the  following  minimum  efficiency 
levels must  be obtained  for  nominal  load  and  part-load  respectively: 

87%  and  84% for  an output  of  10 kW 
88% and  85.5% for  an output  of  31.6 kW 
89% and  87% for  an output  of  100 kW 
90% and  88.5% for  an output  of  316  kW. 

For  small  gas  boilers  with  natural  draught  burners  a  label  "*"  can  be 
given  as  long  as  the  minimum  efficiency  levels  meet  the  following 
requirements: 

nominal  load  efficiency 
30% part-load  efficiency 

>  (82 + 4  log  Pn)* 
>  (78 + 5  log  Pn)% 

or, by way  of  example, minimum  efficiency  levels of 
86% at  nominal  load  and  83% at  part-load,  for  a  10 kW  boiler 

Labels  with  several  "***"  can  be  given  to  boilers where  the  efficiency 
at  nominal  load  and. part-load  exceeds  by  several  points  the  minimum 
efficiency  levels  laid  down  above. 

Performance  contro 

Since  the  equipment  in  question  is  generally  produced  In  batches  and 
the  important  thing  Is to check  the useful  efficiency,  controls  must  be 
carried  out  on  measuring  benches  before  the  equipment  is placed  on  the 
market. 

Although  important,  control  of  chimney  losses only  Is not  sufficient  to 
take  account  of  performance  levels at  rated  output  and  at  reduced  load. 

It  is  important  to check  the efficiency  levels of  burner-heat  exchanger 
units  since  performance  levels  are  directly  connected  with  a  suitable 
combination  of  these  two  Items.  It  Is therefore  necessary  to state  for 
each  type of  boiler  the burners with  which  it can  be  fitted  to meet  the 
required  performance  levels.  Similarly,  for  each  type  of  burner  It 
will  be  necessary  to  indicate  which  boilers  are  suited  to  meet 
performance  requirements. 

- 12 -

Results expected from the application of this Directive 

The  life of central  heating boilers  Is of  the order of  15 to 20 years. 
Only after the renewal of existing boilers will  the application of this 
Directive have  Its full effect. 

These  effects  will  be  felt  above  all  in  the  areas  of  the  internal 
market,  the  rational  use  of  energy,  the  environment  and  micro  and 
macroeconomIcs. 

nternal market 

Harmonization  of  boiler  efficiency  at  a  high  level  will  standardize 
production  and  permit  economies  of  scale  In  mass  production.  The 
alternative  would  risk  a  drop  of  efficiency  to  a  lower  level  with  a 
consequent marked  Increase  in energy consumption. 

Rational use of energy 

A  study4  carried  out  for  the Commission  puts  the  potential  reduction 
In the consumption of  liquid and gaseous fuels  In hot water  boilers at 
between 5.3 and 7.2%, depending on whether account  Is taken only of the 
direct  saving  from  Increasing  boiler  efficiency  at  nominal  load  or 
whether  account  Is  also  taken  of  the  better  seasonal  efficiency 
resulting  from  Improved  boiler  insulation.  Taking  the 1985  figures as 
a basis, the  reduction  In energy  consumption would  be between  6.4  and 
8.7  mtoe/year,  I.e.  about  1%  of  final  energy  consumption  for  the 
Community  as  a  whole  and  2.5%  of  final  energy  consumption  In  the 
building  sector.  Towards  the  year  2010,5  when  this  Directive  will 
have  Its full  effect, energy  saving will  reach 7.6  to  10.3 mtoe/year. 
Taking  account  of  developments  In this sector  (Increase  In the  number 
of  buildings, more widespread  central  heating,  greater  comfort),  real 
savings could be even higher. 

4  BAT Report 01/89 "Effects of  Improved heat generator  performance on 

the consumption of  liquid and gaseous fuels". 

5  Commission study:  Major themes  In energy, Scenario 1. 

- 13 -

Environment 

Lower  consumption  of  energy  will  automatically  mean  less  C02 
emissions.  Thus,  in  a  situation  as  set  out  In  Scenario  I  of  the 
Commission  2010  study,5  emission  reduction  would  be  between  19  and 
26 million  tonnes  of  C02  a  year.  Similarly,  a  reduction  In  S02 
emission from the use of  liquid fuels of some 16 to 21 kt a year can be 
anticipated  If the current  properties of  liquid  fuels  are  maintained. 
NOv emission will be reduced by some 15 to 21 kt a year. 

Microeconomics 

Mass  production  of  high  performance  boilers  does not  cost  appreciably 
more  than  the manufacture  of  conventional  boilers.  Modern  technology 
allows  better  performance  exchangers  to  be  produced  with  less  in the 
way of  raw materials.  Manufacture of  larger batches  reduces  the cost. 
For the consumer a slight additional  Investment  - should there be one -
would soon be offset by the fuel savings made. 

This  payback  time  will  be  further  shortened  by  the  fact  that  better 
Insulation  and  the  requirement  of  high  performance  at  part  load will 
improve  seasonal  efficiency  and  reduce  the  negative  effect  of 
overdlmensloning  of  boilers.  This  overdlmensloning  comes  from  the 
desire  for a high  level of comfort.  Most  central  heating systems keep 
the  boiler  on  for  the  entire  heating  season  and  cause  energy  losses 
even  when  there  is no  demand  for  heat  from  the  heating  system.  The 
larger  the boiler  the more significant  these  losses are;  the more the 
boiler  Is overdlmensloned the  longer the down times. 

Although  Justified  at  the outset,  this overdlmensloning  is very  often 
out of all proportion.  In this respect proper  Information would enable 
the  consumer  to  reduce  at  once  both  investment  costs  by  purchasing  a 
smaller system and operating costs by way of better seasonal  efficiency 
levels.  Some  Member  States  have  in  fact  taken  measures  to  restrict 
this overdlmensloning. 

Macroeconomics 

The  saving  In  fossil  fuels  from  this  Directive  will  not  only  be 
reflected  in reduced energy dependence on the part of the Community, It 
will  also  have  a beneficial  effect  on  the  balance  of  payments.  This 
effect, which will  be a function of  the price of a barrel  of oil, can 
be estimated  at  around Mlo ECU 1 200 to 1 500 per  year  at  the current 
rate of exchange. 

- 14 -

ANNEX 

Graphs 
comparing minimum efficiency requirements and 
standards  In the Member States for 
hot-water boilers fired with  liquid or gaseous fuels 

1.  Gaseous fuels with natural draught burners 

1 A: 

Efficiency  In water, measured  in the  laboratory 

1 B: 

Efficiency based on chimney  losses and measured on-site 

2.  Gaseous fuels with fan burners 

2 A: 

Efficiency  In water, measured  in the  laboratory 

2 B: 

Efficiency based on chimney  losses and measured on-site 

3.  Liquid fuels 

Efficiency  In water, measured  In the  laboratory 
Efficiency based on chimney  losses and measured on-site 

3 A: 
3 B: 
4.  Labels 
4 A: 
4 B: 

Existing labels 
Proposal  for EC quality  labels 

Abbreviations 

Regulations  Standards established by the 
standardization institutions 

Present Directive 

EEC 

European Committee for 
Standardization (CEN) 

EN 

Belgium 
Denmark 
Germany 
Greece 
Spain 
France 
Ireland 
Italy 
Luxembourg 
Nether lands 
Portugal 
United Kingdom 

& 
UK 
P. 
GK 
£ 
£ 
lflL 
1 
L 
UL 
E 
UK 
The  Initials underlined  Indicate obligatory  national 
not underlined, reference standards. 

NBN 
DS 
DIN 
ELOT 
UNE 
NF 
IS 
UNI 

NEN-gaz 
NP 
BS 

GIVEG 

standards;  those 

-  14a  -

HOT  WATER  BOILERS  FOR  CENTRAL  HEATING 

GAS  BOILERS  WITH  NATURAL  DRAUGHT  BURNERS 

DIN 

Hf/EG 

1000 

GRAPH  1A 

»  USEFUL  EFFICIENCY  IN  WATER  OUTPUT  OF  THE  BOILER 

TAKING  ACCOUNT  OF  ALL  LOSSES 

% 

93 
92 
91 
90 
09 
00 
07 
06 
05 
04 
03 
02 
01 
00 
79 
70 
77 
76 
75 
74 
73 

10 

HOT  WATER  BOILERS  FOR  CENTRAL  HEATING 

GAS  BOILERS  WITH  NATURAL  DRAUGHT  BURNERS 

- ITU N I -T 

F 

! 

100 
kW 

ON  «m  muwmiiMKKr  or  RmciKNuv 
TMINO  ACCOUNT  Of  CHIUNCV  UMMM OH1.Y 

•  UMtrVl  nVHHHCY  IN  «ATM  OUTPUT  Of  TM  « O HM 

TAWNO  «MOUNT  Of  All.  I M KI 

1000 

UMI'll I» 

-  14b  -

HOT WATER  BOILERS  FOR  CENTRAL HEATING 

GAS  BOILERS  WITH  FAN  BURNERS 

> u c t r ui  c r n a c M cr  w  WATER  O U T P UT  or  THE  B O U XR 

TAKING  ACCOUNT Of AIL LOSSES 

1000 

GRAPH 2A 

HOT  WATER  BOILERS  FOR  CENTRAL HEATING 

GAS  BOILERS  WITH  FAN  BURNERS 

100 
kW 

1000 

93 
92  -
91  -
90  -
09  -
00 --
07  -
06 
05 
04 
03  h 
02 
01 
00 
79 
70 
77 
76 
75 
74 
73 

10 

•  ON  S ni  NKA*UKEMENr  Or  BrrKIENCY 

TAKINO  ACCOUNT  Of CHIMNEY  IAMM  ONI.Y 

«  v s tm  B r n a c H cv  m  V A TW  OUTPUT  or  n ac  M M UO 

TAHNO  ACCOUNT  Or  A ll LOMM 

£M11LÎ11 

-  14c  -

HOT  WATER  BOILERS  FOR  CENTRAL  HEATING 

LIQUID  FUEL  BOILERS 

kW 

•  USEFUL ETIICIENCY  IN  WATER OUTPUT or  THE BOILER 

TAUNO  ACCOUNT  or  ALL LOSSES 

GRAPH  3A 

1000 

HOT  WATER  BOILERS  FOR  CENTRAL  HEATING 

LIQUID  FUEL  BOILERS 

ad 
05 
04 
03 
02 
01 
00 
79 
70 
77 
76 
75 
74 
73 

10 

I:UNI 

100 
kW 

'  ON smt  MEASUREMENT 
TAUNS  ACCOUNT  Or OOMNCY  LOSSES  ONLY 

>  USETUL tmCIENCr  M  WATER 

OUTPUT  OT THE  BOILER 

TAHN6  ACCOUNT  OT ALL LOSSES 

1000 

CRAPH  3B 

- 14d -

HOT  WATER  BOILERS  FOR  CENTRAL  HEATING 

EXISTING  LABELS 

BLAJ 
a 

[EB_E* 
«UB  run) 

.GEL 

(5) 

__ 

_ 
— 

-

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1ER  E* GEL 

(D) (OA«  tonus  nr 
WNHIM 

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— 

...._.. 

... 

.... 

-

-• 

'I'Z 

— 

•— 

._.. 

— 

.... 

-• 

% 

93 
92 
91 h 
90 
09 
00 
07 
06 
05 
84 
83 
02 
01 
00 
79 
70 
77 
76 
75 
74 
- 
73 

1— 

---

10 

-  USETUL  UtKMXCt 
TAKING  ACCOUNT  OP  AU  LOSSES 

M  WATS»  OUTPUT  Or  THE BOUXR 

100 
kW 

1000 

GRAPH  < A 

HOT  WATER  BOILERS  FOR  CENTRAL  HEATING 

PROPOSAL  FOR  QUALITY  LABELS 

MNCRAL  REQUIREMENT 

WENT  PO*  SMALL OAS 

WITH  NATURAL  DRAUOHT 

1000 

-  15  -

Proposal  for  a 
COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 
concerning the efficiency requirements for new, hot water 
boilers fired with  liquid or gaseous fuels 

THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, 

Having  regard  to  the  Treaty  establishing  the  European  Economic 
Community, and  in particular Article 100a thereof, 

Having regard to the proposal  from the Commission,<1> 

In cooperation with the European Pari lament,<2) 

Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee,(3> 

Whereas  it  Is  important  to promote  measures  aimed  at  the  progressive 
establishment  of  the  internal  market  in  the  period  up  to 
31 December  1992;  whereas  the  internal  market  encompasses  a  space 
without  frontiers,  in which  the  free  circulation  of  goods, persons, 
services and capital  Is assured; 

Whereas the Council Resolution of 15 January 1985 on the  improvement of 
energy-saving  programmes  in  the  Member  States(4),  Invites  Member 
States to pursue and where necessary  Increase their efforts to promote 
the  more  rational  use  of  energy  by  the  further  development  of 
integrated energy-saving policies; 

Whereas  the  Council  Resolution  of  16 September  1986( 5)  concerns  new 
Community  energy  policy  objectives  for  1995  and  convergence  of  the 
policies  of  the  Member States,  and  in  particular  the  objective  to 
Improve the efficiency of final energy demand by at  least 20%; 

Whereas  Article 130r  of  the  Treaty  on  the  environment  calls  for 
prudent and rational utilization of natural resources; 

Whereas  it  is appropriate to take as a base a high  level of protection 
in  proposals for the approximation of the provisions  laid down by  law, 
regulation  or  administrative  action  in  Member  States  and  concerning 
health, safety, environmental protection and consumer protection; 

(1)  OJ No C 
(2)  OJ No C 
(3)  OJ No C 
(4)  OJ No C 20, 22.1.1985, p. 1. 
(5)  OJ No C 241, 25.9.1986, p. 1. 

- 16 -

Whereas  the  Council  Resolution  of  21 June 1989<6)  declares  "that  the 
Community  should  take  proper  account  of  potential  climatic  change 
linked to the greenhouse effect"; 

Whereas  Council  Directive 
approximation of national  legislation on gas appliances; 

/  /EEC(7)  of  29  June  1990  concerns  the 

Whereas  the  importance  of  the  domestic  and  tertiary  sector,  which 
absorbs  a major  proportion  of  the  final  consumption  of  energy  In the 
Community,  is considerable; 

Whereas  this  sector  will  become  even  more  Important  through  trends 
towards more central  heating and a general  Increase  in comfort; 

Whereas  better  boiler  efficiency  is  in  the  consumer's  Interest; 
whereas  energy  saving  will  be  reflected  by  fewer  imports  of 
hydrocarbons;  whereas a drop  In the Community's energy dependence will 
have a positive  Impact on  Its trade balance; 

Whereas  Council  Directive  78/170/EEC  of  13  February  1978  on  the 
performance of heat generators for space heating  and  the production of 
hot  water  in  new  or  existing  non-industrial  buildings  and  on  the 
insulation  of  heat  and  domestic  hot-water  distribution  in  new 
non-Industrial  buildings^8*,  as  amended  by  Directive  82/885/EEC^9^, 
has  given  rise  to  the  establishment  of  substantially  different 
efficiency  levels between one Member  State and another; 

Whereas  the  Member  States  which  have  only  stipulated  low  efficiency 
requirements  have  not  "elaborated  efficient  standards  of  performance 
and  operation  for  heating  systems  and  boilers",  contrary  to  the 
provision  In  the  Council  Resolution  of  15 January  1985  on  the 
improvements of energy-saving programmes  in the Member States-, 

Whereas  the  requirement  of  high efficiency  for  hot-water  boilers will 
reduce  the  range  of  technical  properties  of  equipment  placed  on  the 
market,  thus  facilitating  mass production  and making  for  economies of 
scale;  whereas  the  absence  of  a  measure  laying  down  minimum  energy 
requirements  at  a  sufficiently  high  level  may  result,  with  the 
completion  of  the  Internal  market,  in  a  significant  drop  In  the 
efficiency  levels of  heating  installations  through  the  spread  on  the 
market of  low-efficiency boilers, 

(6)  OJ No C 183, 20.7.1989, p. 4. 
(7)  OJ No 
(8)  OJ No L 52, 23.2.1978, p. 32. 
(9)  OJ No L 378, 31.12.1982, p. 19. 

HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE: 

- 17 -

Article 1 

This  Directive  applies  to  new,  hot-water  boilers  fired  by  liquid  or 
gaseous  fuels with  a nominal  output  equal  to or  greater  than  10 kW  but 
less than 400 kW,  hereinafter  called  "appliances". 

Article.  Z 

For  the  purposes  of  this  Directive  the  following  definitions  shall 
apply: 

boiler:  the boiler  heating  body-burner  unit; 

rated  output,  expressed  In KW:  the  calorific output  laid  down  and 
guaranteed  by  the  manufacturer  as  being  maintainable  during 
continuous  operation  while  complying  with  the  performance  levels 
indicated  by  the manufacturer; 

useful  efficiency,  expressed  In  %:  the  ratio  between  the  useful 
heat  output  transmitted  to  the boiler  water  and  the product  of  the 
net  calorific  value  at  constant  fuel  pressure  and  the  consumption 
expressed  as a quantity of  fuel  per  unit  time; 

part  load, expressed  In %:  the  ratio  between  the  heat  output  of  a 
boiler  operating  Intermittently  or  at  an  output  lower  than  the 
rated output  and  the heat output  at  that  same  rated  output; 

average  temperature  of  the water  in the boiler:  the average of  the 
water  temperatures  at  the entry  and exit  of  the  boiler. 

- 18 -

Article  a 

The  following  shall  be excluded  from  this  Directive: 

hot-water  boilers  fired  with  solid  fuels, 
steam  boilers, 
electric  boilers, 
condensation  boilers  I.e. boilers  with  condensation  of  the  water 
vapour  contained  In the fumes, 
heat  pumps, 
hot-air  generators, 
equipment  for the  Instantaneous  preparation of sanitary  hot water, 
boilers  designed  to  be  fired  with  fuels  whose  properties  differ 
appreciably  from  the  properties  of  liquid  and  gaseous  fuels 
commonly  marketed  (industrial  waste  gas,  blogas,  e t c . ). 

^r 11cie  4 

1.  Member  States  will  take  all useful  steps  to ensure  that  appliances 
cannot  be  put  on  the  market  and  into  service  until  they  have 
satisfied  the minimum  performance  standards  set down  In Article 5. 

2.  Member  States  shall  not prohibit,  restrict  or  impede  access  to the 
market  or  the placing  In  service  of  appliances  which  satisfy  this 
Directive. 

%mmmJmJLmmmmmAmmmA 

The  appliances  must  comply  with  the following  minimum  useful  efficiency 
I eve I s : 

1(a) 

Operating  at  rated  output  Pn  expressed  In  kW,  at  an  average 
temperature  of the water  in the boiler of 70'C: 

useful  efficiency  >  (84 + 2  long  Pn) %, 

i.e.,  for  the  outputs  listed  below,  by  way  of  example,  the 
following  minimum  values: 

86%  for boilers of  10 kW 
8 7%  for boilers of  31.6 kW 
8 8%  for boilers of 100 kW 
89%  for boilers of 316 kW. 

-  19  -

(b)  In  the outpoint  range  between  10 kW  and  31.6 kW  Inclusive,  for  gas 
boilers  fitted  with  natural  draught  burners, the  requirement  Is: 

useful  efficiency  >  (81  + 4  log Pn) % 

2(a) 

Operating  at  30%  part  load,  at  an  average  temperature  of  the 
water  in the boiler  of  not  less  than  50*C: 

useful  efficiency  >  (80 + 3  log Pn) % 

I.e.,  for  the  nominal  outputs  listed  below,  the  following 
minimum  values: 

83%  for  boilers of  10 kW 
84.5% for  boilers of  31.6 kW 
86%  for  boilers of  100 kW 
87.5%  for  boilers of  316  kW. 

(b)  In  the  output  range  between  10  kW  and  31.6 kW  Inclusive,  for  gas 
boilers  fitted  with  natural  draught  burners,  the  requirement  is: 

useful  efficiency  >  (77 + 5  log Pn) % 

Article  6 

1.  Quality  labels  can  be  attributed  to  appliances  showing  higher 
performance  levels  than  the  requirements  set  out  in Article  5.  For 
each  extra  point  in  both  nominal  load  efficiency  and  part-load 
efficiency  a "*" shall  be attributed,  i.e. 

* 

If the efficiency  at  nominal  load  >  (85 + 2  log Pn) % 
and  If efficiency  at  30% part-load  >  (81  + 3  log Pn) % 

**  if the efficiency  at  nominal  load  >  (86 + 2  log Pn) % 

and  If the efficiency  at  30% part-load  >  (82 + 3  log Pn) % 

***  If the efficiency  at  nominal  load >  (87 + 2  log Pn) % 

and  If the efficiency  at  30% part-load  >  (83 + 3  log Pn) %. 

- 20 -

2.  For  small  gas  boilers  fitted  with  natural  draught  burners  In the 
output  range  of  1070-31.6 kW  the  required  useful  efficiency  at 
nominal  load to obtain: 

* 
is > (82 + 4  log Pn) % 
**  Is > (83 + 4  log Pn) % 
***  is > (84 + 4  log Pn) % 

provided  that  the  30% part  load  efficiency  requirement  is met  at 
the same time: 

*  > (78 + 5  log Pn) % 
**  > (79 + 5  log Pn) % 
*** > (80 + 5  log Pn) % 

•jB*MBBBBVjRsLtlBMBtaNBBMB*B«W 

1.  Before  launching  on  the  market  boiler  bodies  and  burners 
commercialized  separately,  the manufacturers,  agents  or  importers 
must obtain certificates specifying  the parameters that will allow, 
after assembling, to reach the minimum useful  efficiency set out  in 
Article 5. 

If  applicable-,  these  certificates  will  also  attribute  quality 
labels provided for  in Article 6. 

2.  Before 

launching  on  the  market  complete  appliances  the 
manufacturers,  agents  or  Importers  must  obtain  certificates 
guaranteeing  their  ability  to  reach  the minimum  useful  efficiency 
set up  In ArtIcle 5. 

If  applicable,  these  certificates  will  also  attribute  quality 
labels provided  for  in Article 6. 

Boiler bodies and burners thus being successfully certified, can be 
marketed  separately  through  a  relevant  Indication  of  burners  and 
boiler  bodies,  that  will  allow  to  reach  the  minimum  useful 
efficiency  set out  In Article 5 and  the quality  label  provided  for 
in Article 6. 

Article 8 

Member  States shall  Inform  the Commission  and  the other  Member  States 
of  the  bodies  empowered  to  carry  out  the  inspection  and  issue  the 
approval  certificate referred  to  in Article 7. 

- 21  -

Article fl 

1.  Member  States  shall  adopt  and  publish  before  1 January  1992  the 
provisions  necessary  to  comply  with  this  Directive.  They  shall 
Immediately  so  Inform  the  Commission.  The  Member  States  shall 
apply  these provisions  from  1 January  1993. 

When  Member  States  adopt  these  provisions,  they  shall  contain  a 
reference  to  this  Directive  or  shall  be  accompanied  by  such 
reference at  the time of  their official  publication.  The  procedure 
for such  reference shall  be adopted  by Member  States. 

2.  Member  States  shall,  for  the period  up  to 31  December  1995, permit 
the  placing  on  the  market  and  putting  Into  service  of  appliances 
complying  with national  rules  In force  in their  territory  on 
31 December  1992. 

Article 10 

This Directive  is addressed  to the Member  States 

Done at Brussels, 

For  the Council 

The  President 

- 22 -

Directive chaudières 

PIehe d*impact PME/EMPLOI 

Obligations administrâtIvos 

La  plupart  des  Etats membres ont  des  contraintes  de  rendement  et 
des systèmes de contrôle de ces rendements.  M  n'y  a donc que peu 
de changement à prévoir à ce niveau. 

2.  Avantages pour  l'entreprise 

Les entreprises qui  ont  fourni  un effort  de progrès  technologique 
verront  celui-ci  valorisé.  Les autres  entreprises devront  fournir 
cet effort. 

3.  Inconvénients pour  l'entreprise 

Même si une  large majorité d'entreprises sont prêtes à répondre aux 
exigences  de  cette  directive,  certaines  devront  envisager  un 
nouveau  design  de  leurs  équipements,  ce  qui  nécessitera  des 
Investissements  principalement  dans  le  secteur  des  chaudières  en 
fonte. 

«•BBBjLBBB%BaWBARaBHBB>BjBnB^ 

L'application de  la directive  devrait, pour  les constructeurs qui 
ne  sont  pas  encore  à  même  de  répondre  aux  nouvelles  exigences, 
accélérer 
avec 
d'évolution 
vraisemblablement quelques pertes d'emploi. 

technologique 

processus 

le 

5.  Concertation socials préalable. 

Non 

6.  La  directive  82/885/CEE  avait  proposé  une  approche  moins 
"économiquement 

rendement 

demandant 

des 

contraignante  en 
Justifiés". 

Une telle approche a donné  Ileu à des applications très divergentes 
nullement  compatibles  avec un marché  Intérieur  et  une utilisation 
rationnelle de  l'énergie. 

ISSN 0254-1475 

COM (90) 368 final 

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EN 

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ISBN 92-77-65476-7 

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