Agreement between the Government of Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community concerning transfers of nuclear material from Australia to the European Atomic Energy Community - Letters sent to Australia from Euratom Member States which do not have bilateral agreements with Australia - Side Letters
Date: 1981-09-21
Institutions: Australia, European Atomic Energy Community
Subjects: Australia, EAEC, international agreement, nuclear fuel













EUR-Lex - 21981A0921(01) - EN






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21981A0921(01)

Agreement between the Government of Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community concerning transfers of nuclear material from Australia to the European Atomic Energy Community - Letters sent to Australia from Euratom Member States which do not have bilateral agreements with Australia - Side Letters  


Official Journal L 281 , 04/10/1982 P. 0008 - 0020 Finnish special edition: Chapter 11 Volume 10 P. 0129  Swedish special edition: Chapter 11 Volume 10 P. 0129  Spanish special edition: Chapter 12 Volume 4 P. 0071  Portuguese special edition Chapter 12 Volume 4 P. 0071  





AGREEMENT between the Government of Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community concerning transfers of nuclear material from Australia to the European Atomic Energy Community (82/672/Euratom)  THE GOVERNMENT OF AUSTRALIA  AND THE EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY,  DETERMINED to ensure that the international development and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes are carried out under arrangements which will further the objective of the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons;  MINDFUL that Australia and the following Member States of the Community, Belgium, Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland are Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, done at London, Moscow and Washington on 1 July 1968 (hereinafter referred to as "the Treaty");  MINDFUL also that Member States of the Community have concluded with Australia bilateral nuclear cooperation agreements and that the provisions of this Agreement shall, when in force, be regarded as complementary to the provisions of any such bilateral agreements in force and shall, where appropriate, supersede the provisions of those agreements;  RECOGNIZING that Australia, as a non-nuclear weapon State, has, under the Treaty, undertaken not to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices and that it has concluded an agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency (hereinafter referred to as "the Agency") for the application of safeguards in connection with the Treaty;  RECOGNIZING that the Community, pursuant to Article 2 (e) of the Euratom Treaty, must ensure by appropriate supervision that nuclear materials are not diverted to purposes other than those for which they are intended and that, to this end, safeguards will be applied in accordance with Chapter VII of the Euratom Treaty;  RECOGNIZING further that the Community and the Member States of the Community have entered into agreements with the Agency for the application of safeguards within the Community;   DESIRING to establish conditions consistent with their determination to ensure the furtherance of the objective of non-proliferation under which nuclear material can be transferred from Australia to the Community for peaceful purposes,  HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS:     Article I For the purpose of this Agreement:    (a) "appropriate authority" means, in the case of Australia, the Australian Safeguards Office, and, in the case of the Community, the Commission of the European Communities, or such other authority as the Party concerned may from time to time notify the other Party;       (b) "military purpose" means direct military applications of nuclear energy such as nuclear weapons, military nuclear propulsion, military nuclear rocket engines or military nuclear reactors but does not include indirect uses such as power for a military base drawn from a civil power network, or production of radioisotopes to be used for diagnosis in a military hospital;       (c) "nuclear material" means any "source material" or "special fissionable material" as those terms are defined in Article XX of the Statute of the Agency. Any determination by the Board of Governors of the Agency under Article XX of the Agency's Statute which amends the list of materials considered to be "source material" or "special fissionable material" shall only have effect under this Agreement when both Parties to this Agreement have informed each other in writing that they accept such amendment;       (d) "Parties" means Australia and the Community;       (e) "Community" means both:      (i) the legal person created by the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), Party to this Agreement;           (ii) the territories to which the Euratom Treaty applies;         (f) "within the Community" means within the territories to which the Euratom Treaty applies;       (g) "beyond the Community" has the corresponding meaning;       (h) "peaceful purposes" means all uses other than use for a military purpose.     Article II 1. This Agreement shall apply to:    (a) nuclear material transferred from Australia to the Community for peaceful purposes whether directly or through a third country, provided that Australia has so informed the Community in writing prior to, or at the time of, the transfer of such nuclear material. Notwithstanding the abovementioned requirement for notification, all the provisions of this Article shall apply to nuclear material which has been transferred between Australia and Member States of the Community pursuant to bilateral agreements and which is notified to the Community at the time this Agreement comes into force;       (b) all forms of nuclear material prepared by chemical or physical processes or isotopic separation provided that the quantity of nuclear material so prepared shall only be regarded as falling within the scope of this Agreement in the same proportion as the quantity of nuclear material used in its preparation, and which is subject to this Agreement, bears to the total quantity of nuclear material so used;       (c) all generations of nuclear material produced by neutron irradiation provided that the quantity of nuclear material so produced shall only be regarded as falling within the scope of the Agreement in the same proportion as the quantity of nuclear material which is subject to this Agreement and which, used in its production, contributes to this production;       (d) if so provided for in a bilateral agreement between Australia and a Member State, nuclear material produced, processed or used in equipment which that Member State or Australia in consultation with that Member State has designated to the Community as equipment of Australian origin or as equipment derived from equipment or technology of Australian origin, and which is within the jurisdication of that Member State at the time of designation and use.    2. The items referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article shall be transferred pursuant to this Agreement only to  a natural or legal person duly authorized to receive those items.   Article III 1. Nuclear material referred to in Article II of this Agreement shall remain subject to the provisions of this Agreement until it is determined that it is no longer usable, or that it is practicably irrecoverable for processing into a form in which it is usable for any nuclear activity relevant from the point of view of safeguards or until it has been transferred beyond the Community in accordance with the provisions of Article IX of this Agreement.  2. For the purpose of determining when nuclear material subject to this Agreement is no longer usable or is no longer practicably recoverable for processing into a form in which it is usable for any nuclear activity relevant from the point of view of safeguards, both Parties shall accept a determination made by the Agency in accordance with the provisions for the termination of safeguards of the relevant safeguards agreement to which the Agency is a party and which is referred to in Articles V and VI of this Agreement.   Article IV Nuclear material subject to this Agreement shall not be used for, or diverted to, the manufacture of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, research on or development of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, or be used for any military purpose.   Article V 1. Compliance with Article IV of this Agreement shall be ensured by a system of safeguards applied by the Community and the Agency pursuant to the Euratom Treaty and to the following safeguards agreements:    (a) the agreement concluded in accordance with Article III of the Treaty on 5 April 1973 between Belgium, Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, the Community and the Agency;       (b) the agreement concluded in connection with the Treaty on 6 September 1976 between the United Kingdom, the Community and the Agency;       (c) the agreement concluded on 27 July 1978 between France, the Community and the Agency.    2. Without prejudice to Articles VI and VII of this Agreement, nuclear material subject to this Agreement shall be subject at all times to an agreement referred to in subparagraphs (a), (b) or (c) of paragraph 1 of this Article or to another agreement concluded in accordance with Article III of the Treaty.   Article VI If, notwithstanding the provisions of Article V of this Agreement, nuclear material subject to this Agreement is present within the Community or any part thereof and the Agency has ceased to administer safeguards within the Community or such part thereof under the relevant safeguards agreement referred to in Article V of this Agreement, safeguards shall be applied under an agreement to which the Community and the Agency are parties and which provides safeguards equivalent in scope and effect to those provided by the relevant safeguards agreement referred to in Article V of this Agreement.   Article VII If, notwithstanding the provisions of Articles V and VI of this Agreement, nuclear material subject to this Agreement is present within the Community or any part thereof and the Agency has ceased to administer safeguards within the Community or such part thereof pursuant to a safeguards agreement or agreements referred to in Articles V and VI of this Agreement, Australia and the Community shall forthwith enter into an agreement for the application of a safeguards system in the Community or the relevant part thereof which conforms with the safeguards principles and procedures of the Agency and which provides for safeguards equivalent in scope and effect to the Agency safeguards it replaces. The Parties shall consult and assist each other in the application of such a safeguards system.   Article VIII 1. Nuclear material subject to this Agreement shall be subject at all times to adequate levels of physical protection which shall satisfy as a minimum the criteria set out in Annex B to Agency document INFCIRC/254.  2. Measures of physical protection shall be applied by the Member States. The Member States, in applying physical protection measures, will be guided by recommendations of international expert groups and especially by Agency document INFCIRC/225 Rev. 1.   3. To take into account generally accepted developments in the field of physical protection, the provisions of Article XVIII shall apply.   Article IX Nuclear material subject to this Agreement transferred to the Community shall not be transferred beyond the Community to any other country without the prior written consent of Australia.   Article X Nuclear material subject to this Agreement shall only be enriched beyond 20 % in the isotope uranium 235 according to conditions agreed upon in writing between the Parties, as set out in Annex B.   Article XI Nuclear material subject to this Agreement shall only be reprocessed according to conditions agreed upon in writing between the Parties, as set out in Annex C.   Article XII 1. In applying Articles IX, X and XI of this Agreement, Australia will take into account non-proliferation considerations and nuclear energy requirements of the Community. Australia shall not withhold its consent or agreement for the purpose of securing commercial advantage. Australia shall not unduly delay the making of any decision and shall also without undue delay inform the Community of any such decision.  2. If Australia considers that it is unable to grant consent to a matter referred to in Article IX of this Agreement, it shall provide the Community with an immediate opportunity for full consultation on that issue.   Article XIII 1. The appropriate authorities of both Parties shall consult at any time at the request of either Party to ensure the effective implementation of this Agreement. The Parties may jointly invite the Agency to participate in such consultations.  2. If nuclear material subject to this Agreement is present within the Community or any part thereof, the Community shall, upon the request of Australia, provide Australia in writing with the overall conclusions which the Agency has drawn from its verification activities, under the relevant safeguards agreement, in so far as they relate to nuclear material subject to this Agreement.  3. The appropriate authorities of both Parties shall establish an administrative arrangement to ensure the effective fulfilment of the obligations of this Agreement. An administrative arrangement established pursuant to this paragraph may be changed with the agreement of the appropriate authorities of both Parties.   Article XIV The Parties shall take all appropriate precautions to preserve the confidentiality of commercial and industrial secrets and other confidential information received as a result of the operation of this Agreement.   Article XV In the event of non-compliance by the Community or by any of its Member States with any of the provisions of Articles IV to XI inclusive, or of Articles XIII or XVI of this Agreement, or of non-compliance with, or repudiation of, Agency safeguards agreements by the Community or by any of its Member States, Australia shall have the right, subject to prior notification, to suspend or cancel further transfers of nuclear material and to require the Community and the relevant Member State or States to take corrective steps. If, following consultation between the Parties, such corrective steps are not taken within a reasonable time, Australia shall thereupon have the right to require the return of nuclear material subject to this Agreement. In the event of detonation of a nuclear explosive device by a non-nuclear-weapon State member of the Community, the aforementioned provisions would apply.   Article XVI Any dispute arising out of the interpretation or application of this Agreement which is not settled by negotiation shall, at the request of either Party, be submitted to an arbitral tribunal which shall be composed of three arbitrators appointed in accordance with the provisions of this Article. Each Party shall designate one arbitrator who may be in the case of  Australia its national and in the case of the Community a national of one of its Member States, and the two arbitrators so designated shall elect a third, who shall not be a national of Australia or of a Member State of the Community and who shall be the chairman. If, within 30 days of the request for arbitration, either Party has not designated an arbitrator, either Party to the dispute may request the President of the International Court of Justice or the Secretary-General of the United Nations to appoint an arbitrator. In case of conflicting requests by the Parties to the dispute, the request to the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall have priority. The same procedure shall apply if, within 30 days of the designation or appointment of the second arbitrator, the third arbitrator has not been elected. A majority of the members of the tribunal shall constitute a quorum. All decisions shall be made by majority vote of all the members of the arbitral tribunal. The arbitral procedure shall be fixed by the tribunal. The decisions of the tribunal, including all rulings concerning its constitution, procedure, jurisdiction and the division of the expenses of arbitration between the Parties, shall be binding on both Parties and shall be implemented by them.   Article XVII The provisions of this Agreement shall be regarded as complementary to the provisions of any bilateral nuclear cooperation agreements in force between Australia and Member States of the Community and shall, where appropriate, supersede the provisions of those agreements.   Article XVIII 1. The Parties may consult, at the request of either Party, on possible amendments to this Agreement, particularly to take account of international developments in the field of nuclear safeguards.  2. This Agreement may be amended or revised if the Parties so agree.  3. Any amendment shall enter into force on the date the Parties, by exchange of diplomatic notes, specify for its entry into force.   Article XIX The Annexes form an integral part of this Agreement, and unless expressly provided otherwise, a reference to this Agreement includes its Annexes.   Article XX 1. This Agreement shall enter into force on the date the Parties, by an exchange of diplomatic notes, specify for its entry into force and shall remain in force for an initial period of 30 years. This term may be extended for such additional periods as may be agreed between the Parties.  2. Notwithstanding the suspension, termination or expiration of this Agreement or any cooperation hereunder for any reason, the obligations in Articles III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII and XIV shall continue in effect so long as any nuclear material subject to these Articles remains in the Community or under its jurisdiction or control anywhere or until it is determined in accordance with the provisions of Article III that such nuclear material is no longer usable, or is practicably irrecoverable for processing into a form in which it is usable, for any nuclear activity relevant from the point of view of safeguards.   In witness whereof the undersigned, being duly authorized thereto by the Government of Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community respectively, have signed this Agreement.  Done in duplicate at Brussels this twenty-first day of September in the year one thousand nine hundred and eighty-one, in the Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek and Italian languages, each text being equally authentic.  For the European Atomic Energy Community  W. HAFERKAMP  For the Government of Australia  R. FERNANDEZ      ANNEX A Assurances from the Community     1. During the course of the negotiations between Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community, the Community side advised that it would be able to enter into an agreement with Australia concerning transfers of nuclear material from Australia to the Community. The Australian side acknowledged that an agreement of this scope between Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community would cover a significant area of the nuclear transfers likely to take place between Australia and the Community over the period of the duration of the Agreement.       2. Both sides recognized that there remained other areas of likely nuclear transfers between Australia and Member States and that in such circumstances supplementary arrangements would be required between Australia and the relevant Member State or States. In this connection both sides noted that two bilateral agreements between Australia and the United Kingdom and Australia and France have been concluded.       3. Both sides noted that the Member States, being prepared to confirm their willingness to enter into discussions if and when appropriate, about such arrangements, have submitted declarations to this effect.       4. The Community confirms there is no obstacle to the conclusion of such arrangements between Australia and any Member State of the Community wishing to conclude them, provided that any agreements or contracts are consistent with the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community.    ANNEX B Procedure for consultations on conditions for high enrichment  Whereas Article X of the Agreement provides that nuclear material subject to the Agreement shall only be enriched beyond 20 % in the isotope uranium 235 according to conditions agreed upon in writing between the Parties.  The Parties to the Agreement,  declare that they shall not at present enrich nuclear material subject to the Agreement beyond 20 % in the isotope uranium 235 ; and  agree to consult within 40 days of the receipt of a request from either Party to consider proposals for conditions to be agreed upon in writing according to which nuclear material subject to the Agreement may be enriched beyond 20 % in the isotope uranium 235.   ANNEX C Reprocessing  Whereas Article XI of the Agreement provides that nuclear material subject to the Agreement (hereinafter referred to as NMSA) shall be reprocessed only according to conditions agreed upon in writing between the Parties.   The Parties to the Agreement,  acknowledging that the separation, storage, transportation and use of plutonium require particular measures to reduce the risk of nuclear proliferation;  recognizing the role of reprocessing in connection with efficient energy use, management of materials contained in spent fuel or other peaceful non-explosive uses including research;  desiring predictable and practical implementation of the agreed conditions set out in this Annex, taking into account both their determination to ensure the furtherance of the objective of non-proliferation and the long-term needs of the nuclear fuel cycle programmes of the recipient Party;  determined to continue to support the development of international safeguards and other measures relevant to reprocessing and plutonium, including an effective and generally accepted international plutonium storage scheme,  Have agreed as follows:  Article 1 NMSA may be reprocessed subject to the following conditions:    (a) reprocessing shall take place under Agency safeguards for the purpose of energy use or management of materials contained in spent fuel, in accordance with the nuclear fuel cycle programme as delineated and recorded in the Implementing Arrangement;       (b) the separated plutonium shall be stored and used under Agency safeguards in accordance with the nuclear fuel cycle programme as delineated and recorded in the Implementing Arrangement;       (c) reprocessing and use of the separated plutonium for other peaceful non-explosive purposes including research shall take place only under conditions agreed upon in writing between the Parties following consultations under Article 2 of this Annex.     Article 2 Consultations shall be held within 40 days of the receipt of a request from either Party:    (a) to review the operation of the provisions of this Annex;       (b) to consider amendments to the Implementing Arrangement as provided therein;       (c) to consider improvements in international safeguards and other control techniques including the establishment of new and generally accepted international mechanisms relevant to reprocessing and plutonium;       (d) to consider amendments to this Annex proposed by either Party in particular to take account of the improvements referred to in paragraph (c) of this Article;       (e) to consider proposals for reprocessing and use of the separated plutonium for other peaceful non-explosive purposes including research.     Article 3 The provisions of Article XIV of the Agreement shall apply to the information included in the Implementing Arrangement referred to in Article 1 above.   Article 4 This Annex may be amended in accordance with Article XVIII of the Agreement.     Letters sent to Australia from Euratom Member States which do not have bilateral agreements with Australia (1)  I have the honour to refer to the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community concerning transfers of nuclear material from Australia to the European Atomic Energy Community.  In the light of this Agreement and in particular Annex A thereto, my Government confirms that it would be prepared, if and when appropriate, to enter into discussions about arrangements concerning the transfer of non-nuclear material, equipment and technology between Australia and ... (2), and of nuclear material from ... (2) to Australia, consistent with non-proliferation and nuclear energy requirements of Australia and my Government.  Letters on physical protection sent to Australia from Euratom States which do not have bilateral agreements with Australia (1)  I have the honour to refer to the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community concerning transfers of nuclear material from Australia to the European Atomic Energy Community.  In addition to the obligations to Australia entered into under the Agreement, I have the honour to inform you that my Government confirms that nuclear material subject to the Agreement which is within the territory, jurisdiction or control of my Government shall be subject to the levels of physical protection referred to in Article VIII of the Agreement and to the measures applied by my Government to meet these levels.  My Government also confirms its willingness to consult as necessary on matters concerning levels of physical protection and general matters relating to physical protection.  (1) This letter was forwarded on 21 September 1981 by the Permanent Representatives to the European Communities of all the Member States, except for France and the United Kingdom, to the Australian Ambassador to the European Communities. (2) Name of the country.   Side letter No 1 A. Letter from Australia to the Community  Brussels, 21 September 1981  Sir,  I have the honour to refer to the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community concerning transfers of nuclear material from Australia to the European Atomic Energy Community signed today at Brussels.    1. The Australian Government considers this Agreement to be an important element in the establishment of a network of bilateral agreements between Australia and potential customer countries for Australian uranium, in accordance with the Australian Government's nuclear safeguards policy as announced by the Prime Minister on 24 May 1977. One of the requirements of that policy is that Australian origin nuclear material cannot be transferred to a non-nuclear weapon State that is not a party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. Australia is seeking to conclude further agreements with other countries on the basis of the Government's nuclear safeguards policy.       2. In the application of Article XV of the Agreement, Australia will have due regard to the nature of the non-compliance or repudiation involved so as to avoid any disproportionate interference with supply.       3. In relation to Article XVIII of the Agreement, no amendment or revision of the Agreement shall be applicable to nuclear material subject to the Agreement supplied or to be supplied pursuant to contracts entered into before such amendment or revision, unless the Parties so agree.    I should be obliged if you would acknowledge receipt of this letter.  Please accept, Sir, the assurance of my highest consideration.  For the Government of Australia  R. FERNANDEZ  B. Letter in reply from the Community to Australia  Brussels, 21 September 1981  Your Excellency,  I have the honour to acknowledge receipt of your letter of today's date which reads as follows:  "I have the honour to refer to the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community concerning transfers of nuclear material from Australia to the European Atomic Energy Community signed today at Brussels.     1. The Australian Government considers this Agreement to be an important element in the establishment of a network of bilateral agreements between Australia and potential customer countries for Australian uranium, in accordance with the Australian Government's nuclear safeguards policy as announced by the Prime Minister on 24 May 1977. One of the requirements of that policy is that Australian origin nuclear material cannot be transferred to a non-nuclear weapon State that is not a party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. Australia is seeking to conclude further agreements with other countries on the basis of the Government's nuclear safeguards policy.       2. In the application of Article XV of the Agreement, Australia will have due regard to the nature of the non-compliance or repudiation involved so as to avoid any disproportionate interference with supply.       3. In relation to Article XVIII of the Agreement, no amendment or revision of the Agreement shall be applicable to nuclear material subject to the Agreement supplied or to be supplied pursuant to contracts entered into before such amendment or revision, unless the Parties so agree.    I should be obliged if you would acknowledge receipt of this letter."  I have the honour to inform you that the European Atomic Energy Community has taken note of the contents of your letter.  Please accept, Your Excellency, the assurance of my highest consideration.  For the European Atomic Energy Community  W. HAFERKAMP  Side Letter No 2 A. Letter from Australia to the Community  Brussels, 21 September 1981  Sir,  I have the honour to refer to the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community concerning transfers of nuclear material from Australia to the European Atomic Energy Community signed today at Brussels.    1. In the negotiations between Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community on an agreement concerning transfers of nuclear material from Australia to the Community for peaceful purposes, both Parties discussed the arrangements that would apply, in accordance with the Agreement, to transfers to third countries for conversion, enrichment up to 20 %, fuel fabrication, reprocessing and storage of nuclear material subject to the Agreement (hereinafter referred to as "NMSA").        2. The Community delegation described the different stages of the nuclear fuel cycles of Member States. In addition to using conversion, enrichment, fuel fabrication, reprocessing and storage facilities inside the Community, Member States also make use of such facilities outside the Community.       3. In the light of these discussions, the following conclusions were reached:   A.     (i) Transfers of NMSA between the Community and third countries, which have an agreement in force with Australia concerning nuclear transfers in relation to which agreement the Australian Government has not advised the Community that it has found it necessary to suspend, cancel or refrain from making nuclear transfers, can take place within the nuclear fuel cycle programme referred to in Annex C to the Agreement for conversion, enrichment up to 20 % in the isotope uranium 235, fuel fabrication, reprocessing or storage.   (ii) The Community shall promptly notify Australia, in accordance with the procedures set out in the Administrative Arrangement, of such transfers.   B.     (i) Transfers of NMSA between the Community and third countries which do not have an agreement in force with Australia concerning nuclear transfers can take place within the nuclear fuel cycle programme referred to in Annex C to the Agreement for conversion, enrichment up to 20 % in the isotope uranium 235, and fuel fabrication.   (ii) In such cases it will be necessary to ensure the return to the Community, or to another country which has an agreement in force with Australia concerning nuclear transfers in relation to which agreement the Australian Government has not advised the Community that it has found it necessary to suspend, cancel or refrain from making nuclear transfers, of quantities of nuclear material equivalent to the supplied nuclear material.   (iii) The Community shall promptly notify Australia, in accordance with the procedures set out in the Administrative Arrangement, of such transfers.   C.     (i) Transfers of NMSA, other than those referred to in subparagraphs 3. A and B above, from the Community to third countries which have an agreement in force with Australia concerning nuclear transfers in relation to which agreement the Australian Government has not advised the Community that it has found it necessary to suspend, cancel or refrain from making nuclear transfers, can take place for conversion, enrichment up to 20 % in the isotope uranium 235, fuel fabrication, and reprocessing or for use, storage or final disposal.   (ii) The Community shall promptly notify Australia, in accordance with the procedures set out in the Administrative Arrangement, of such transfers.   (iii) Australia shall provide the Community with, and keep up to date, the list of countries to which transfers may be made in accordance with subparagraph 3. C (i) above.   D. Transfers of NMSA enriched beyond 20 % in the isotopes uranium 233 and uranium 235 and plutonium from the Community to third countries can take place only in accordance with conditions agreed upon in writing between the Parties.    I propose that, if the foregoing is acceptable to the European Atomic Energy Community, this letter with your reply shall constitute an Agreement between the Government of Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community which shall enter into force on the date that the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community concerning transfers of nuclear material from Australia to the European  Atomic Energy Community enters into force and shall remain in force for as long as that Agreement remains in force.  Please accept, Sir, the assurance of my highest consideration.  For the Government of Australia  R. FERNANDEZ  B. Letter in reply from the Community to Australia  Brussels, 21 September 1981  Your Excellency,  I have the honour to acknowledge receipt of your letter of today's date which reads as follows:  "I have the honour to refer to the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community concerning transfers of nuclear material from Australia to the European Atomic Energy Community signed today at Brussels.    1. In the negotiations between Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community on an agreement concerning transfers of nuclear material from Australia to the Community for peaceful purposes, both Parties discussed the arrangements that would apply, in accordance with the Agreement, to transfers to third countries for conversion, enrichment up to 20 %, fuel fabrication, reprocessing and storage of nuclear material subject to the Agreement (hereinafter referred to as "NMSA").       2. The Community delegation described the different stages of the nuclear fuel cycles of Member States. In addition to using conversion, enrichment, fuel fabrication, reprocessing and storage facilities inside the Community, Member States also make use of such facilities outside the Community.       3. In the light of these discussions, the following conclusions were reached:   A.     (i) Transfers of NMSA between the Community and third countries, which have an agreement in force with Australia concerning nuclear transfers in relation to which agreement the Australian Government has not advised the Community that it has found it necessary to suspend, cancel or refrain from making nuclear transfers, can take place within the nuclear fuel cycle programme referred to in Annex C to the Agreement for conversion, enrichment up to 20 % in the isotope uranium 235, fuel fabrication, reprocessing or storage.   (ii) The Community shall promptly notify Australia, in accordance with the procedures set out in the Administrative Arrangement, of such transfers.   B.     (i) Transfers of NMSA between the Community and third countries which do not have an agreement in force with Australia concerning nuclear transfers can take place within the nuclear fuel cycle programme referred to in Annex C to the Agreement for conversion, enrichment up to 20 % in the isotope uranium 235, and fuel fabrication.     (ii) In such cases it will be necessary to ensure the return to the Community, or to another country which has an agreement in force with Australia concerning nuclear transfers in relation to which agreement the Australian Government has not advised the Community that it has found it necessary to suspend, cancel or refrain from making nuclear transfers, of quantities of nuclear material equivalent to the supplied nuclear material.    (iii) The Community shall promptly notify Australia, in accordance with the procedures set out in the Administrative Arrangement, of such transfers.    C.    (i) Transfers of NMSA, other than those referred to in subparagraphs 3.A and B above, from the Community to third countries which have an agreement in force with Australia concerning nuclear transfers in relation to which agreement the Australian Government has not advised the Community that it has found it necessary to suspend, cancel or refrain from making nuclear transfers, can take place for conversion, enrichment up to 20 % in the isotope uranium 235, fuel fabrication, and reprocessing or for use, storage or final disposal.    (ii) The Community shall promptly notify Australia, in accordance with the procedures set out in the Administrative Arrangement, of such transfers.    (iii) Australia shall provide the Community with, and keep up to date, the list of countries to which transfers may be made in accordance with subparagraph 3.C (i) above.    D. Transfers of NMSA enriched beyond 20 % in the isotopes uranium 233 and uranium 235 and plutonium from the Community to third countries can take place only in accordance with conditions agreed upon in writing between the Parties.  I propose that, if the foregoing is acceptable to the European Atomic Energy Community, this letter with your reply shall constitute an Agreement between the Government of Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community which shall enter into force on the date that the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community concerning transfers of nuclear material from Australia to the European Atomic Energy Community enters into force and shall remain in force for as long as that Agreement remains in force."    I have the honour to confirm the conclusions recorded in your letter about the interpretation and application of the Agreement and to advise that the European Atomic Energy Community therefore agrees that your letter with the present reply shall constitute an Agreement between the Australian Government and the European Atomic Energy Community which shall enter into force on the date that the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community concerning transfers of nuclear material from Australia to the European Atomic Energy Community enters into force and shall remain in force for as long as that Agreement remains in force.  Please accept, Your Excellency, the assurance of my highest consideration.  For the European Atomic Energy Community  W. HAFERKAMP   ANNEX A Assurances from the Community     1. During the course of the negotiations between Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community, the Community side advised that it would be able to enter into an agreement with Australia concerning transfers of nuclear material from Australia to the Community. The Australian side acknowledged that an agreement of this scope between Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community would cover a significant area of the nuclear transfers likely to take place between Australia and the Community over the period of the duration of the Agreement.       2. Both sides recognized that there remained other areas of likely nuclear transfers between Australia and Member States and that in such circumstances supplementary arrangements would be required between Australia and the relevant Member State or States. In this connection both sides noted that two bilateral agreements between Australia and the United Kingdom and Australia and France have been concluded.       3. Both sides noted that the Member States, being prepared to confirm their willingness to enter into discussions if and when appropriate, about such arrangements, have submitted declarations to this effect. 4. The Community confirms there is no obstacle to the conclusion of such arrangements between Australia and any Member State of the Community wishing to conclude them, provided that any agreements or contracts are consistent with the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community.    ANNEX B Procedure for consultations on conditions for high enrichment  Whereas Article X of the Agreement provides that nuclear material subject to the Agreement shall only be enriched beyond 20 % in the isotope uranium 235 according to conditions agreed upon in writing between the Parties.  The Parties to the Agreement,  declare that they shall not at present enrich nuclear material subject to the Agreement beyond 20 % in the isotope uranium 235 ; and  agree to consult within 40 days of the receipt of a request from either Party to consider proposals for conditions to be agreed upon in writing according to which nuclear material subject to the Agreement may be enriched beyond 20 % in the isotope uranium 235.   ANNEX C Reprocessing  Whereas Article XI of the Agreement provides that nuclear material subject to the Agreement (hereinafter referred to as NMSA) shall be reprocessed only according to conditions agreed upon in writing between the Parties.   The Parties to the Agreement,  acknowledging that the separation, storage, transportation and use of plutonium require particular measures to reduce the risk of nuclear proliferation;  recognizing the role of reprocessing in connection with efficient energy use, management of materials contained in spent fuel or other peaceful non-explosive uses including research;  desiring predictable and practical implementation of the agreed conditions set out in this Annex, taking into account both their determination to ensure the furtherance of the objective of non-proliferation and the long-term needs of the nuclear fuel cycle programmes of the recipient Party;  determined to continue to support the development of international safeguards and other measures relevant to reprocessing and plutonium, including an effective and generally accepted international plutonium storage scheme,  Have agreed as follows:  Article 1 NMSA may be reprocessed subject to the following conditions:    (a) reprocessing shall take place under Agency safeguards for the purpose of energy use or management of materials contained in spent fuel, in accordance with the nuclear fuel cycle programme as delineated and recorded in the Implementing Arrangement;       (b) the separated plutonium shall be stored and used under Agency safeguards in accordance with the nuclear fuel cycle programme as delineated and recorded in the Implementing Arrangement;       (c) reprocessing and use of the separated plutonium for other peaceful non-explosive purposes including research shall take place only under conditions agreed upon in writing between the Parties following consultations under Article 2 of this Annex.     Article 2 Consultations shall be held within 40 days of the receipt of a request from either Party:    (a) to review the operation of the provisions of this Annex;       (b) to consider amendments to the Implementing Arrangement as provided therein;       (c) to consider improvements in international safeguards and other control techniques including the establishment of new and generally accepted international mechanisms relevant to reprocessing and plutonium;       (d) to consider amendments to this Annex proposed by either Party in particular to take account of the improvements referred to in paragraph (c) of this Article;       (e) to consider proposals for reprocessing and use of the separated plutonium for other peaceful non-explosive purposes including research.     Article 3 The provisions of Article XIV of the Agreement shall apply to the information included in the Implementing Arrangement referred to in Article 1 above.   Article 4 This Annex may be amended in accordance with Article XVIII of the Agreement.     Letters sent to Australia from Euratom Member States which do not have bilateral agreements with Australia (1)  I have the honour to refer to the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community concerning transfers of nuclear material from Australia to the European Atomic Energy Community.  In the light of this Agreement and in particular Annex A thereto, my Government confirms that it would be prepared, if and when appropriate, to enter into discussions about arrangements concerning the transfer of non-nuclear material, equipment and technology between Australia and ... (2), and of nuclear material from ... (2) to Australia, consistent with non-proliferation and nuclear energy requirements of Australia and my Government.  Letters on physical protection sent to Australia from Euratom States which do not have bilateral agreements with Australia (1)  I have the honour to refer to the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community concerning transfers of nuclear material from Australia to the European Atomic Energy Community.  In addition to the obligations to Australia entered into under the Agreement, I have the honour to inform you that my Government confirms that nuclear material subject to the Agreement which is within the territory, jurisdiction or control of my Government shall be subject to the levels of physical protection referred to in Article VIII of the Agreement and to the measures applied by my Government to meet these levels.  My Government also confirms its willingness to consult as necessary on matters concerning levels of physical protection and general matters relating to physical protection.  (1) This letter was forwarded on 21 September 1981 by the Permanent Representatives to the European Communities of all the Member States, except for France and the United Kingdom, to the Australian Ambassador to the European Communities. (2) Name of the country.   Side letter No 1 A. Letter from Australia to the Community  Brussels, 21 September 1981  Sir,  I have the honour to refer to the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community concerning transfers of nuclear material from Australia to the European Atomic Energy Community signed today at Brussels.    1. The Australian Government considers this Agreement to be an important element in the establishment of a network of bilateral agreements between Australia and potential customer countries for Australian uranium, in accordance with the Australian Government's nuclear safeguards policy as announced by the Prime Minister on 24 May 1977. One of the requirements of that policy is that Australian origin nuclear material cannot be transferred to a non-nuclear weapon State that is not a party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. Australia is seeking to conclude further agreements with other countries on the basis of the Government's nuclear safeguards policy.       2. In the application of Article XV of the Agreement, Australia will have due regard to the nature of the non-compliance or repudiation involved so as to avoid any disproportionate interference with supply.       3. In relation to Article XVIII of the Agreement, no amendment or revision of the Agreement shall be applicable to nuclear material subject to the Agreement supplied or to be supplied pursuant to contracts entered into before such amendment or revision, unless the Parties so agree.    I should be obliged if you would acknowledge receipt of this letter.  Please accept, Sir, the assurance of my highest consideration.  For the Government of Australia  R. FERNANDEZ  B. Letter in reply from the Community to Australia  Brussels, 21 September 1981  Your Excellency,  I have the honour to acknowledge receipt of your letter of today's date which reads as follows:  "I have the honour to refer to the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community concerning transfers of nuclear material from Australia to the European Atomic Energy Community signed today at Brussels.     1. The Australian Government considers this Agreement to be an important element in the establishment of a network of bilateral agreements between Australia and potential customer countries for Australian uranium, in accordance with the Australian Government's nuclear safeguards policy as announced by the Prime Minister on 24 May 1977. One of the requirements of that policy is that Australian origin nuclear material cannot be transferred to a non-nuclear weapon State that is not a party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. Australia is seeking to conclude further agreements with other countries on the basis of the Government's nuclear safeguards policy.       2. In the application of Article XV of the Agreement, Australia will have due regard to the nature of the non-compliance or repudiation involved so as to avoid any disproportionate interference with supply.       3. In relation to Article XVIII of the Agreement, no amendment or revision of the Agreement shall be applicable to nuclear material subject to the Agreement supplied or to be supplied pursuant to contracts entered into before such amendment or revision, unless the Parties so agree.    I should be obliged if you would acknowledge receipt of this letter."  I have the honour to inform you that the European Atomic Energy Community has taken note of the contents of your letter.  Please accept, Your Excellency, the assurance of my highest consideration.  For the European Atomic Energy Community  W. HAFERKAMP  Side Letter No 2 A. Letter from Australia to the Community  Brussels, 21 September 1981  Sir,  I have the honour to refer to the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community concerning transfers of nuclear material from Australia to the European Atomic Energy Community signed today at Brussels.    1. In the negotiations between Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community on an agreement concerning transfers of nuclear material from Australia to the Community for peaceful purposes, both Parties discussed the arrangements that would apply, in accordance with the Agreement, to transfers to third countries for conversion, enrichment up to 20 %, fuel fabrication, reprocessing and storage of nuclear material subject to the Agreement (hereinafter referred to as "NMSA").        2. The Community delegation described the different stages of the nuclear fuel cycles of Member States. In addition to using conversion, enrichment, fuel fabrication, reprocessing and storage facilities inside the Community, Member States also make use of such facilities outside the Community.       3. In the light of these discussions, the following conclusions were reached:   A.     (i) Transfers of NMSA between the Community and third countries, which have an agreement in force with Australia concerning nuclear transfers in relation to which agreement the Australian Government has not advised the Community that it has found it necessary to suspend, cancel or refrain from making nuclear transfers, can take place within the nuclear fuel cycle programme referred to in Annex C to the Agreement for conversion, enrichment up to 20 % in the isotope uranium 235, fuel fabrication, reprocessing or storage.   (ii) The Community shall promptly notify Australia, in accordance with the procedures set out in the Administrative Arrangement, of such transfers.   B.     (i) Transfers of NMSA between the Community and third countries which do not have an agreement in force with Australia concerning nuclear transfers can take place within the nuclear fuel cycle programme referred to in Annex C to the Agreement for conversion, enrichment up to 20 % in the isotope uranium 235, and fuel fabrication.   (ii) In such cases it will be necessary to ensure the return to the Community, or to another country which has an agreement in force with Australia concerning nuclear transfers in relation to which agreement the Australian Government has not advised the Community that it has found it necessary to suspend, cancel or refrain from making nuclear transfers, of quantities of nuclear material equivalent to the supplied nuclear material.   (iii) The Community shall promptly notify Australia, in accordance with the procedures set out in the Administrative Arrangement, of such transfers.   C.     (i) Transfers of NMSA, other than those referred to in subparagraphs 3. A and B above, from the Community to third countries which have an agreement in force with Australia concerning nuclear transfers in relation to which agreement the Australian Government has not advised the Community that it has found it necessary to suspend, cancel or refrain from making nuclear transfers, can take place for conversion, enrichment up to 20 % in the isotope uranium 235, fuel fabrication, and reprocessing or for use, storage or final disposal.   (ii) The Community shall promptly notify Australia, in accordance with the procedures set out in the Administrative Arrangement, of such transfers.   (iii) Australia shall provide the Community with, and keep up to date, the list of countries to which transfers may be made in accordance with subparagraph 3. C (i) above.   D. Transfers of NMSA enriched beyond 20 % in the isotopes uranium 233 and uranium 235 and plutonium from the Community to third countries can take place only in accordance with conditions agreed upon in writing between the Parties.    I propose that, if the foregoing is acceptable to the European Atomic Energy Community, this letter with your reply shall constitute an Agreement between the Government of Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community which shall enter into force on the date that the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community concerning transfers of nuclear material from Australia to the European  Atomic Energy Community enters into force and shall remain in force for as long as that Agreement remains in force.  Please accept, Sir, the assurance of my highest consideration.  For the Government of Australia  R. FERNANDEZ  B. Letter in reply from the Community to Australia  Brussels, 21 September 1981  Your Excellency,  I have the honour to acknowledge receipt of your letter of today's date which reads as follows:  "I have the honour to refer to the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community concerning transfers of nuclear material from Australia to the European Atomic Energy Community signed today at Brussels.    1. In the negotiations between Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community on an agreement concerning transfers of nuclear material from Australia to the Community for peaceful purposes, both Parties discussed the arrangements that would apply, in accordance with the Agreement, to transfers to third countries for conversion, enrichment up to 20 %, fuel fabrication, reprocessing and storage of nuclear material subject to the Agreement (hereinafter referred to as "NMSA").       2. The Community delegation described the different stages of the nuclear fuel cycles of Member States. In addition to using conversion, enrichment, fuel fabrication, reprocessing and storage facilities inside the Community, Member States also make use of such facilities outside the Community.       3. In the light of these discussions, the following conclusions were reached:   A.     (i) Transfers of NMSA between the Community and third countries, which have an agreement in force with Australia concerning nuclear transfers in relation to which agreement the Australian Government has not advised the Community that it has found it necessary to suspend, cancel or refrain from making nuclear transfers, can take place within the nuclear fuel cycle programme referred to in Annex C to the Agreement for conversion, enrichment up to 20 % in the isotope uranium 235, fuel fabrication, reprocessing or storage.   (ii) The Community shall promptly notify Australia, in accordance with the procedures set out in the Administrative Arrangement, of such transfers.   B.     (i) Transfers of NMSA between the Community and third countries which do not have an agreement in force with Australia concerning nuclear transfers can take place within the nuclear fuel cycle programme referred to in Annex C to the Agreement for conversion, enrichment up to 20 % in the isotope uranium 235, and fuel fabrication.     (ii) In such cases it will be necessary to ensure the return to the Community, or to another country which has an agreement in force with Australia concerning nuclear transfers in relation to which agreement the Australian Government has not advised the Community that it has found it necessary to suspend, cancel or refrain from making nuclear transfers, of quantities of nuclear material equivalent to the supplied nuclear material.    (iii) The Community shall promptly notify Australia, in accordance with the procedures set out in the Administrative Arrangement, of such transfers.    C.    (i) Transfers of NMSA, other than those referred to in subparagraphs 3.A and B above, from the Community to third countries which have an agreement in force with Australia concerning nuclear transfers in relation to which agreement the Australian Government has not advised the Community that it has found it necessary to suspend, cancel or refrain from making nuclear transfers, can take place for conversion, enrichment up to 20 % in the isotope uranium 235, fuel fabrication, and reprocessing or for use, storage or final disposal.    (ii) The Community shall promptly notify Australia, in accordance with the procedures set out in the Administrative Arrangement, of such transfers.    (iii) Australia shall provide the Community with, and keep up to date, the list of countries to which transfers may be made in accordance with subparagraph 3.C (i) above.    D. Transfers of NMSA enriched beyond 20 % in the isotopes uranium 233 and uranium 235 and plutonium from the Community to third countries can take place only in accordance with conditions agreed upon in writing between the Parties.  I propose that, if the foregoing is acceptable to the European Atomic Energy Community, this letter with your reply shall constitute an Agreement between the Government of Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community which shall enter into force on the date that the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community concerning transfers of nuclear material from Australia to the European Atomic Energy Community enters into force and shall remain in force for as long as that Agreement remains in force."    I have the honour to confirm the conclusions recorded in your letter about the interpretation and application of the Agreement and to advise that the European Atomic Energy Community therefore agrees that your letter with the present reply shall constitute an Agreement between the Australian Government and the European Atomic Energy Community which shall enter into force on the date that the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the European Atomic Energy Community concerning transfers of nuclear material from Australia to the European Atomic Energy Community enters into force and shall remain in force for as long as that Agreement remains in force.  Please accept, Your Excellency, the assurance of my highest consideration.  For the European Atomic Energy Community  W. HAFERKAMP