Council Resolution of 29 June 1978 on an action programme of the European Communities on safety and health at work
Date: 1978-06-29
Institutions: Council of the European Union
Subjects: EU programme, health control, occupational disease, occupational health, occupational safety, social development













EUR-Lex - 31978Y0711(01) - EN






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31978Y0711(01)

Council Resolution of 29 June 1978 on an action programme of the European Communities on safety and health at work  


Official Journal C 165 , 11/07/1978 P. 0001 - 0013 Greek special edition: Chapter 05 Volume 2 P. 0228  Spanish special edition: Chapter 05 Volume 2 P. 0153  Portuguese special edition Chapter 05 Volume 2 P. 0153  





COUNCIL RESOLUTION of 29 June 1978 on an action programme of the European Communities on safety and health at work THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,  Having regard to the Treaties establishing the European Communities,  Having regard to the draft resolution submitted by the Commission,  Having regard to the opinion of the European Parliament (1),  Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee (2),  Whereas the Council resolution of 21 January 1974 concerning a social action programme (3) provides for the establishment of an action programme on safety and health at work;  Whereas, under Article 2 of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, the Community shall have among its tasks, by establishing a common market and progressively approximating the economic policies of Member States, that of promoting throughout the Community a harmonious development of economic activities, a continuous and balanced expansion and an accelerated raising of the standard of living;  Whereas at the Conference held in Paris in October 1972 the Heads of State or of Government affirmed that the first aim of economic expansion, which is not an end in itself, should be to enable disparities in living conditions to be reduced and that it should result in an improvement in the quality of life as well as in standards of living;  Whereas moreover, in Article 117 of the said Treaty, the Member States agree upon the need to promote improved working conditions and an improved standard of living for workers, so as to make possible their harmonization while the improvement is being maintained;  Whereas prevention of occupational accidents and diseases and also occupational hygiene fall within the fields and objectives referred to in Article 118 of the said Treaty ; whereas in this context collaboration should be strengthened between the Member States and the Commission and between the Member Stares themselves;  Whereas suitable health protection for the public and effective prevention of accidents at work and occupational diseases would meet these general objectives;  Whereas in spite of sustained efforts the continuing high level of accidents at work and of occupational diseases remains a serious problem;  Whereas efforts made in the field of accident prevention and health protection at the work place have beneficial effects which are reflected in the economic sphere and in industrial relations;  Whereas a considerable effort is needed at Community level to search for and implement  (1) Opinion delivered on 12 June 1978 (not yet published in the Official Journal).  (2) Opinion delivered on 21 June 1978 (not yet published in the Official Journal).  (3) OJ No C 13, 12.2.1974, p. 1.  suitable means for maintaining or creating a working environment tailored to the needs of man and his legitimate aspirations;  Whereas both the effectiveness of the measures and their cost should be taken into account in the choice of action at Community level to be undertaken and of the measures to be taken to implement it;  Whereas the improvement of working conditions and the working environment must be envisaged in overall terms and must concern all sectors of the economy;  Whereas the actions should be implemented in accordance with the provisions of the Treaties, including those of Article 235 of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community;  Whereas it is essential also to encourage the increasing participation of management and labour in the decisions and initiatives in the field of safety, hygiene and health protection at work at all levels, particularly at the level of the undertaking;  Whereas the Advisory Committee on Safety, Hygiene and Health Protection at Work, set up by Council Decision 74/325/EEC of 27 June 1974 (1), must be closely associated with this work;  Whereas the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions and the European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training may have a role to play in the implementation of certain aspects of the programme;  Whereas, in implementing the actions, account must be taken of work undertaken in other fields, notably in the context of the Council resolution of 17 December 1973 on industrial policy (2) and of the Declaration of the Council of the European Communities and of the representatives of the Governments of the Member States meeting in the Council of 22 November 1973 on the programme of action of the European Communities on the environment (3), in order to ensure the closest possible coordination of actions and proposals;  Whereas, in order to carry out the actions, it is important to ensure that concepts, terminology and also methods of identification, measurement and assessment relating to safety and health risks are harmonized ; whereas such a task is of major importance in the context of these actions;  Notes the action programme from the Commission annexed hereto and approves its general objective, which is to increase protection of workers against occupational risks of all kinds by improving the means and conditions of work, knowledge and human attitudes;  Expresses the political will to take, in keeping with the urgency of the matter and bearing in mind what is feasible at national and Community level, the measures required so that between now and the end of 1982 the following actions in particular can be undertaken:  Accident and disease aetiology connected with work - Research     1. Establish, in collaboration with the Statistical Office of the European Communities, a common statistical methodology in order to assess with sufficient accuracy the frequency, gravity and causes of accidents at work, and also the mortality, sickness and absenteeism rates in the case of diseases connected with work.       2. Promote the exchange of knowledge, establish the conditions for close cooperation between research institutes and identify the subjects for research to be worked on jointly.   Protection against dangerous substances     3. Standardize the terminology and concepts relating to exposure limits for toxic substances.  Harmonize the exposure limits for a certain number of substances, taking into account the exposure limits already in existence.     4. Develop a preventive and protective action for substances recognized as being carcinogenic, by fixing exposure limits, sampling requirements and measuring methods, and satisfactory conditions of hygiene at the work place, and by specifying prohibitions where necessary.     5. Establish, for certain specific toxic substances such as asbestos, arsenic, cadmium, lead and chlorinated solvents, exposure limits, limit values for human biological indicators, sampling requirements and measuring methods, and satisfactory conditions of hygiene at the work place.   (1) OJ No L 185, 9.7.1974, p. 15.  (2) OJ No C 117, 31.12.1973, p. 1.  (3) OJ No C 112, 20.12.1973, p. 1.     6. Establish a common methodology for the assessment of the health risks connected with the physical, chemical and biological agents present at the work place, in particular by research into criteria of harmfulness and by determining the reference values from which to obtain exposure limits.     7. Establish information notices on the risks relating to and handbooks on the handling of a certain number of dangerous substances such as pesticides, herbicides, carcinogenic substances, asbestos, arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium and chlorinated solvents.  Prevention of the dangers and harmful effects of machines     8. Establish the limit levels for noise and vibrations at the work place and determine practical ways and means of protecting workers and reducing sound levels at places of work.  Establish the permissible sound levels of building-site equipment and other machines.     9. Undertake a joint study of the application of the principles of accident prevention and of ergonomics in the design, construction and utilization of the plant and machinery, and promote this application in certain pilot sectors, including agriculture.     10. Analyse the provisions and measures governing the monitoring of the effectiveness of safety and protection arrangements and organize an exchange of experience in this field.  Monitoring and inspection - improvement of human attitudes     11. Develop a common methodology for monitoring both pollutant concentrations and the measurement of environmental conditions at places of work ; carry out intercomparison programmes and establish reference methods for the determination of the most important pollutants.  Promote new monitoring and measuring methods for the assessment of individual exposure, in particular through the application of sensitive biological indicators. Special attention will be given to the monitoring of exposure in the case of women, especially of expectant mothers, and adolescents.  Undertake a joint study of the principles and methods of application of industrial medicine with a view to promoting better protection of workers' health.     12. Establish the principles and criteria applicable to the special monitoring relating to assistance or rescue teams in the event of accident or disaster, maintenance and repair teams and the isolated worker.     13. Exchange experience concerning the principles and methods of organization of inspection by public authorities in the fields of safety, hygiene at work and occupational medicine.     14. Draw up outline schemes at a Community level for introducing and providing information on safety and hygiene matters at the work place to particular categories of workers such as migrant workers, newly recruited workers and workers who have changed jobs.  Notes that the Commission will take the necessary initiatives for the implementation of this resolution;  Invites the Commission to submit an annual report to it on the progress made in implementing this resolution.   ANNEX ACTION PROGRAMME OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES ON HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK  Introduction  A high percentage of the population of the nine Member States is exposed to varying degrees of many and widely divergent occupational risks which could threaten their health and personal safety. Occupational pathology is habitually concerned with accidents and diseases resulting from work, the prevention or diagnosis of which have been the subject of action within the Community for several years, and the harmful effects of which are partly or totally compensated through various schemes.  Despite the efforts made in the Member States of the Community, the number of accidents and diseases resulting from work remains high. Quite apart from their financial importance, the human and social consequences of occupational accidents and diseases are incalculable, since it is not easy to assess the psychological damage done or to take into account the long-term factors connected with accidents and disease. Thus there is good reason to believe that the total social and financial cost of occupational accidents and diseases is far greater than the quantitative estimates at our disposal suggest.  Modern technology uses increasingly advanced processes which present new dangers. They produce or use chemical substances which are inadequately tested for their harmful effects on man. All chemical, physical, mechanical and biological agents and the psychosocial factors connected with work must be readily recognizable and brought under control or eliminated by suitable means so as to avoid any damage to health or a significant reduction in safety.  The prevention, limitation and, where possible, elimination of occupational risks constitute major elements of a policy to protect the health and safety of the workers.  Of course, the Member States have a long tradition in the organization of industrial safety and health but they must also agree to shoulder a joint programme of positive and effective actions to improve the conditions under which man performs his job and do everything possible to ensure his well-being and guarantee the quality of his working environment. In order to implement such a programme, it is necessary not only to harmonize ideas and basic principles, but also to plan and guide technical progress and the organization of work in such a way as to take account of the requirement of health and safety.  In view of the persisting gravity of the problem, the Commission must initiate, promote and develop a common preventive policy with regard to all occupational risks, especially by obtaining fresh knowledge, by encouraging cooperation and coordination and by developing appropriate actions at different levels of responsibility or competence. In addition to promoting exchanges and the improvement of reciprocal information, such a programme should aim to persuade responsible authorities in the Member States and the social partners to join forces against risks of all kinds which the work environment brings to bear on the health and safety of workers and on society at large.  The present programme takes account of the guidelines proposed by the Commission and of several studies made and consultations held over the past two years. It also takes into consideration the experience gained by the Commission in the coal and steel industries and the nuclear field where, under the terms of the ECSC and Euratom Treaties, research programmes and work on harmonization and standardization in accident and disease prevention and protection with regard to specific risks in these three sectors have been carried out for many years.  This programme does not effect other programmes such as those for the elimination of technical barriers to trade and for the protection of the environment. In proposing specific actions within the framework of this programme, the work undertaken by other research programmes, notably in the environmental field will be taken into account, so that maximum coordination is ensured.  Some action could be taken in collaboration or conjunction with other organizations, such as the European Foundation for the improvement of Living and Working Conditions and the European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training.   I. General objectives of the action programme on safety and health  The main aim of the programme is to increase the level of protection against occupational risks of all types by increasing the efficiency of measures for preventing, monitoring and controlling these risks.  One of the primary conditions for the implementation of such a programme is the full participation of both sides of industry in preventive and protective measures.  Each of the actions proposed in the programme must be seen as an element contributing to the better organization of preventive and protective measures for workers and to closer collaboration between the social partners towards that end. Furthermore, in order to take account of the experience obtained by international organizations and to avoid duplication of effort in the surveys or actions undertaken, liaison between Member States must be improved with a view to organizing joint action in international agencies responsible for occupational health and safety.  Such a programme should make it possible to achieve the following general objectives:    (a) Improvement of the working situation with a view to increased safety and with due regard to health requirements in the organization of the work. Such an improvement should cover not only the existing situation but also new technical developments. Technical progress which contributes to the creation of a new working situation or to the improvement of an existing situation is not always conceived and directed in line with the dictates of safety and health ; where machinery, premises and plant are concerned, safety aspects should be considered at the design stage and integrated into the subsequent stages of their production and commissioning. Due attention must also be paid to health considerations at every stage in the production and use of chemical substances.  There is a close link between occupational accident and disease prevention on the one hand, and the organization of work and safety and health training and information at the place of work on the other. There is an urgent need to review and redefine a more effective accident and disease prevention strategy in order to up-date traditional methods.  Where is it not possible to eliminate it, exposure to occupational risks must be kept to permissible levels applicable to all workers within the Community and based on common concepts and references.  So as to monitor more effectively the application of preventive measures, surveillance of health and working conditions must be intensified, notably in line with the exigencies of occupational medicine, hygiene and safety appropriate to present-day conditions.       (b) Improvement of knowledge in order to identify and assess risks and perfect prevention and control methods.  In view of the complexity and diversity of the factors it embraces, aetiology is a priority subject for research and analysis. Valid and comparable statistics must be prepared and existing research coordinated. The promotion of new research is an essential corollary to any Community action in occupational medicine, hygiene and safety.       (c) Improvement of human attitudes in order to promote and develop safety and health consciousness.  Alongside the technical aspects of accident prevention and health protection, a real system of safety instruction and health education must be created. This has yet to be introduced and will be taught in different ways at the various educational levels and at the various levels of responsibility and action within undertakings.    II. Description of the initiatives to be taken at Community level  Attainment of the general objectives requires many initiatives involving various scientific disciplines. Such initiatives presuppose the effective participation of individuals in managing their own health and safety and should encourage the social partners and the various professional associations and bodies to take a more active part in the formulation and implementation of a policy for the prevention of dangers at the workplace.  The following six concrete initiatives are planned within various time limits for the attainments of these general objectives:    1. incorporation of safety aspects into the various stages of design, production and operation;        2. determination of exposure limits for workers with regard to pollution and harmful substances present or likely to be present at the workplace;       3. more extensive monitoring of workers' safety and health;       4. accident and disease aetiology and assessment of the risks connected with work;       5. coordination and promotion of research on occupational safety and health;       6. development of safety and health consciousness by education and training.    INITIATIVE 1 Incorporation of safety aspects into the various stages of design, production and operation  Aim  In order to promote this incorporation the Commission will consider actions aimed essentially at harmonizing, from the safety point of view, the principles and designs of workplaces, machinery, equipment and plant and at the formulation or coordination of rules for their use and guidance on the use of dangerous substances.  The principle of integrated safety is today generally regarded as essential for all preventive measures and it is receiving increasing attention at national and international level. In all decisions with regard to undertakings (planning and construction of the undertaking, purchase and operation of plant, organization of production, working methods, etc.) more attention must be paid to safety. Similarly operational safety should be studied in advance for the design and manufacture of machinery and tools so as to guarantee protection of the worker's health as far as possible. As concerns the production and distribution of dangerous substances, the same principles have to be taken into account.  The principles of ergonomics are not yet sufficiently well applied in the search for better safety. In particular design ergonomics which is already widespread in the Community has not been sufficiently adopted, as compared with the work carried out in the Scandinavian countries and in the United States.  The results of research carried out over several years in the coal and steel industries indicate the measures which should be planned at Community level in other sectors of industry.  In this field the Commission is planning to propose a certain number of measures which will encourage the application of the principles and which could progressively form a basis of legal, regulatory and administrative provisions or of up-to-date technical guides drawn up at Community level in order to improve the current situation in many industrial or agricultural spheres. These measures concern in particular:    (a) Setting up of undertakings and planning of layout and equipment  The Commission has selected the following points from amongst the numerous factors which must be taken into consideration : ventilation and lighting, temperature, protection against falling from heights and against falling heavy objects, protection against fire, noise and vibrations, gases, vapours and dusts, design of general and emergency thoroughfares and location of doors and windows.       (b) Organization of work within undertakings or between several undertakings  The following points are to receive special attention : equipment and layout of workplaces, outdoor workplaces, warning signs, dangerous jobs, no-access and limited access areas, transport within the undertaking, inspections, maintenance work, plant testing, coordination of work within the undertaking, coordination of the work of various departments belonging to the same undertaking or to different undertakings, etc.       (c) Manufacture and use of machinery, equipment and tools  This is the chief area for the application of technical accident and disease prevention which is of paramount social and economic importance. In this sector harmonization measures require lengthy preparation. With regard to the manufacture of machinery and equipment the concept of their safety was already considered in the general programme of 28 May 1969 on the elimination of technical barriers to trade (1). However, there exist inherent dangers in the use of machinery and equipment and a procedure should be introduced for the exchange of experience and information so that such dangers are recognized and identified. Furthermore, since 1969 the Council had already pointed out that it would be possible, if necessary, to lay down rules on use supplementing Community Directives on harmonization with regard to the manufacture of machinery and equipment. Guidelines and rules must be drawn up with a view to determining appropriate legislation at Community level.       (d) Handling of dangerous substances and preparations  In this field Community harmonization action must be taken with regard to the handling of dangerous substances and preparations, with a view to improving the practical organization of safety, that is, handling at the workplace, storage, marking of containers and pipes. Technical and health protection measures, working restrictions and prohibitions, the number of hours worked and medical protection measures should also be harmonized at Community level. The  (1) OJ No C 76, 17.6.1969.  distribution of dangerous substances (classification, identification and packaging) is taken into account in the programmes for the "elimination of the technical barriers to trade" and "environment".    Contents  Some of the objectives set out above can be achieved only in the medium and long-term. The problems will be selected for study on the basis of the wishes expressed or guidance given by relevant bodies who should above all bear in mind practical considerations and on the basis of urgent needs which may arise from unforeseen dangerous situations such as accidents or disasters, or which may be recognized as a result of the acquisition of fresh knowledge on the effects of chemical substances and the need to control their use with a view to protecting health.  The Commission plans to begin work in this field by studying the following matters:    (a) Setting up of undertakings and planning of layout and equipment      1. Organization and layout of agricultural holdings. There is reason to consider that modern agricultural holdings should meet requirements similar to those imposed upon industrial enterprises. So far these requirements have generally not been taken into account in national regulations and it would be appropriate to take the necessary steps at Community level.           2. Noise and vibration control. This requires special medium and long-term attention. The main task consists in setting an optimum machine-noise level on the basis of health data and an assessment of results obtained to date by research and the examination of practical experiments (for example the use of machinery with a low-noise level, which has already been perfected). Noise emission levels, designed to take account especially of the practical problems involved in occupational protection, will be established after national experts have been consulted and will be published in the form of Directives.         (b) Organization of work within undertakings      1. Transport within undertakings. Internal transport, particularly the safe organization of general thoroughfares, needs to be examined and suitable practical instructions should be drawn up. This sector has a particularly high accident rate.           2. Safety signs at workplaces. Council Directive 77/576/EEC of 25 July 1977 on safety signs at workplaces provides that these signs must be able to keep up with technical progress and meet recommendations for harmonization at international level.  In this connection provision is made for a committee to meet at regular intervals. This action was initiated in 1977 and will be continued in 1978 and 1979 by means of proposals for Directives.           3. Coordination of the work of principal and secondary undertakings. The internal and external collaboration of principal and secondary undertakings (subcontracts) requires special technical examination from the point of view of safety. In practice - especially for the coordination of collaboration between several independent undertakings - there are many problems still to be solved. A Community examination of these questions leading to such coordination by means of suitable legal instruments is required.         (c) Manufacture and use of machinery, equipment and tools  In addition to the work completed within the context of the elimination of technical barriers to trade which is concerned with the design and manufacture of machines, equipment and tools it seems essential to examine in the short and medium-term the need for joint rules on the use of the following : agricultural machinery, lifting gear, machinery used in construction, metal scaffolding and woodworking machines. Depending on the circumstances and on the results of the collaboration to be organized such rules would take the form of guidelines or Directives.       (d) Handling of dangerous substances and preparations  An urgent study must be made of the handling of dangerous or toxic substances and agreement reached on common standards which will then be proposed to the Member States. An essentially practical approach is required and attention will initially be directed towards the problems of health protection connected with the use of pesticides and herbicides in agriculture. Similar problems arise with other products, e.g., arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, chrome, nickel, vegetable dusts, biological pollution, etc.  As information is obtained on the toxicological effect of these substances, as outlined in paragraph 5 of Initiative 2, practical guidelines will be drawn up for all products which involve handling problems or health risks.    INITIATIVE 2 Determination of exposure limits for workers with regard to pollutants and harmful substances present or likely to be present at the workplace  Aim  With a view to the organization of disease prevention and to the monitoring of many occupational risks it is  essential to have data on exposure limits for workers with regard to pollutants and harmful substances. It is therefore important for the Commission to achieve, at Community level, harmonization of the concepts, methodologies and references on the basis of which the Member States determine their permissible exposure limits.  There are already standards for protection against radiation at Community level which have been in force since 1959 (Directive) and which were recently revised by a Directive issued in June 1976. They are an example of a joint health policy concerned with an industrial risk facing workers and the general public and based on uniform standards for the whole Community. This example should be extended to other pollutants present at the workplace.  Moreover the studies carried out by the Commission over the past four years in particular in relation to the environment programme and the experience acquired with regard to certain environmental pollutants now make it possible to present concrete proposals for action with regard to certain specific pollutants affecting workplaces in particular.  In addition to these short-term actions, however, the Commission plans to make an objective analysis at Community level of the harmful or undesirable effects of exposure to pollutants in given circumstances - taking account of the results already obtained at international level, in particular by the WHO and the ILO. From this analysis it is proposed to deduce criteria of noxiousness on which to base acceptable exposure limits for workers. Such a project would cover a large number of substances and would be extended as industrial toxicity studies currently in progress are completed.  The protection of human health against chemical substances requires a complex toxicological evaluation which at present is incomplete. The Commission must take priority action with regard to carcinogens, since it is generally accepted that a high proportion of human cancer is caused by external factors including chemicals present at the workplace.  Contents  The Commission is planning the following initiatives:    1. Non-ionizing radiation and other physical agents  With regard to non-ionizing radiation, proposals for Directives will be submitted to the Council on microwaves, laser radiation, ultra-violet radiation and ultrasound, on the basis of the procedure followed for standards in protection against radiation.       2. Harmonization of exposure limits  The Commission plans, at the earliest possible opportunity, to make a comparative study of existing regulations and recommendations in Member States with regard to permissible exposure levels of workers to toxic substances or physically harmful substances.  The values adopted in different countries vary, the terminology used is not the same and the concepts used to determine the limits are not based on the same principles. Harmonization is therefore essential and a general Directive coordinating and harmonizing exposure levels, possibly updated later on in accordance with the latest scientific data and international information available to the Commission, could be prepared between now and 1979.  This short-term initiative would have the advantage of achieving harmonization at Community level and avoiding the delay of waiting for the completion of on-going research projects in the field of occupational toxicology, whether within the Commission or in the Member States.       3. Directives on specific pollutants  The general harmonization discussed in paragraph 2 must be supplemented by the preparation of specific Directives such as those proposed by the Commission for vinyl chloride monomer and those shortly to be put forward on asbestos, lead, mercury, solvents, carbon monoxide, noise and vibrations. The studies in progress within the Commission and the state of knowledge have now reached the stage where they can be used to determine the permissible exposure levels for the abovementioned pollutants from the point of view of health protection.       4. Carcinogens  Specific Commission action with regard to carcinogens present at workplaces will consist in:      - collecting data on the distribution of carcinogens and their concentration at the workplace,           - collecting and analysing medical data,           - perfecting readily applicable detection,           - fixing the lowest possible levels or, if necessary, prohibit a certain number of carcinogens present at the workplace.         5. Toxicological evaluation  Toxicological evaluation is central to the assessment of the health risks due to the presence of many chemical and biological agents in the working environment. This can be carried out only if sufficient knowledge is available on the effects of the agents under  consideration on man. The methodology adopted by the Commission for assessing the dangers from environmental pollutants in general is based on research into criteria for noxiousness from which permissible human exposure levels may be deduced. The data already collected by the Commission on the effects on health of urban atmospheric pollutants and certain water pollutants provide a basis for the action planned in industry, but it needs to be considerably extended and developed. Priority will be given to the following substances : arsenic, cadmium, chromium, iron oxides, nickel, vegetable dusts, ozone, nitrogen oxides and biological pollutants.  The Commission, while taking account of studies already carried out and projects being planned at international level, is to give priority to the extension and development of information relating to the objective evaluation of risks associated with toxic substances present at the workplace. This action will lead to Directives on exposure levels for workers and also to the compilation of handbooks on the safe handling of such substances at the workplace. The Commission intends to carry out this action by means of a series of studies and scientific and technical consultations. It will be assisted in this action by a Scientific Committee on Toxicology planned for the end of 1977.    INITIATIVE 3 More extensive monitoring of workers' safety and health  Aim  Whereas exposure limits for workers and safety and health protection measures are essential factors in the organization of accident and disease prevention, various permanent and well-adapted methods are also required with which to monitor the measures adopted and the exposure levels prescribed for the workplace.  These monitoring methods must be harmonized and coordinated at Community level.  The monitoring of workers' health and safety depends upon several types of monitoring which complement each other:    (a) monitoring of the effectiveness of individual or group safety and protection measures with regard to machinery, equipment and plant;       (b) monitoring of hygiene and working conditions from which the types of exposure to different physical, chemical and biological agents present in the working environment are derived;       (c) monitoring of the state of health and behaviour of the worker as part of occupational medicine;       (d) special monitoring as a result of work entailing special risks;       (e) industrial toxico-vigilance;       (f) inspections.    The Commission feels that it is essential to harmonize at Community level principles and methods applicable to monitoring. Moreover, efforts should be made to interest workers in monitoring within the undertaking, either by direct means or by means of existing bodies or institutions.  Any proposed solutions must allow workers "and employers" representatives to play a fuller part in the practical organization of such monitoring at various levels of action and responsibility.  Contents    1. Monitoring of the effectiveness of safety and protection measures  Planning and execution of this form of monitoring varies at present from country to country and according to the regulations and activities concerned. Once the provisions currently governing such monitoring have been analysed, suitable proposals will be submitted to the Council for adoption in order to harmonize and strengthen the organization of this type of monitoring in which the workers "and employers" representatives should play a greater role.       2. Monitoring of hygiene and working conditions  Monitoring of pollutant concentrations at workplaces and the intensity of environmental factors is essential for the organization of disease prevention and monitoring.  Measuring programmes do exist in Member States but they are based on different methods and sometimes different principles. These measures must be harmonized at Community level with regard to sampling, techniques and measuring intervals.  When the Commission has analysed these different methods, it will draw up intercomparison programmes and prepare reference methods for the determination of the major pollutants present at workplaces.  Special attention will be paid to promoting the development of new monitoring and measuring methods for individual exposure.   The Commission will make a similar effort to apply the human biological indicators already in existence and will carry out research for new indicators which will make it possible to detect any changes in the state of health at an early stage. The European list of occupational diseases will be used as a reference document for drawing up the priorities for this action scheduled to take place as from 1978. Account will have to be taken not only of individual sensitivity, which may be very high for some pollutants, and of workplaces so that groups with a high occupational exposure risk may be identified, but also of some special groups of workers such as adolescents and women.       3. Monitoring of workers' health  In accordance with the terms of Article 118 of the Treaty establishing the EEC, occupational medicine must be considered as an area in which the Commission has the task of promoting close cooperation between Member States in the social field, particularly in matters relating to working conditions and to the prevention of occupational accidents and diseases. The term "occupational medicine", as stated in the 1962 recommendation on occupational medicine in the undertaking, refers to a service established in or near a place of employment for the purposes of:      (a) protecting the workers against any health hazard which may arise out of their work or conditions in which it is carried on;           (b) contributing towards the workers' physical and mental adjustment, in particular by the adaptation of the work to the workers and their assignment to jobs for which they are suited ; and           (c) contributing to the establishment and maintenance of the highest possible degree of physical and mental well-being of the workers.    In addition, Recommendation 112 of the ILO stated that the role of occupational health services should be essentially preventive and defined their functions so as to include the prevention of accidents and occupational diseases, the rehabilitation of workers, job analysis in the light of physiological and psychological considerations, surveillance of hygiene, advice on the placement of workers, medical supervision, emergency treatment and research in occupational health.  Consideration must be given to closer harmonization of the methods used by occupational health services in undertakings in order that the work of the industrial medical officer may be more fully integrated into the system for monitoring workers' safety and health, as recommended in this programme.  This revision will be carried out with effect from 1978 by consultation with the relevant bodies and should culminate in a directive on the organization of occupational medicine in the Member States of the Community, to be proposed in 1979.       4. Special monitoring  In many undertakings there are some jobs which present higher than average risks ; certain types of casual work may also involve exposure to risk which is higher than that present in normal working conditions or than the exposure levels laid down. Such jobs are done, for example, by members of rescue teams or of maintenance and repair teams and by workers in virology laboratories and in institutes producing sera or viruses, etc.  Exchanges of information and experience for cases involving these aspects should be organized at Community level and should lead to a definition of the principles and criteria for this particular type of monitoring.       5. Industrial toxico-vigilance  The Commission plans to set up an industrial toxico-vigilance system along the lines proposed by the ILO and which is aimed at establishing a central information system for all observations made in industrial activity concerning the harmful effects of toxic substances. This system should be based on a network of highly specialized centres which could analyse information received from occupational health services and transmit it when required to interested persons or institutions.  The Commission will make an appropriate proposal to the Council, after holding the necessary consultations.       6. Inspections  Inspections carried out for the purposes of occupational safety, medicine and hygiene should be organized so that they assume full responsibility and control by placing the emphasis on preventive measures. With this end in view the necessary provisions must be made in close collaboration with the competent authorities in Member States for the strengthening and development of the work of inspection at national level. The Commission intends to review the role of the inspectorate responsible for implementing in each Member State the regulations of occupational health, hygiene and safety. This review will cover diplomas, certificates and other qualifications, and the powers and scope of their responsibilities in this field.    INITIATIVE 4 Accident and disease aetiology and assessment of risks connected with work  Aim  The risk of accident or disease may be estimated objectively only if reliable methods are available which make it possible to determine the scope, seriousness and development in time and, in a general way, to acquire greater knowledge of the various factors involved in the cause of accidents at work and of diseases due to work.  Statistics are essential tools for the analysis and interpretation of facts and for assessment of the results obtained from an accident and disease prevention policy.  The improvement of statistics and their comparability, the harmonization of methodologies and the more precise interpretation of the data they provide are important steps in the development of an improved organization of work with regard to accident and disease prevention. Since so many different approaches are used a distinction must be drawn between action in respect of accidents at work and action in respect of disease due to work.  Such actions must provide a clearer picture of the different causative factors of accidents at work and of diseases due to work and must use them as a basis for practical preventive and protective measures against hazards connected with work. It will then be possible to provide preventive-type protection for men at work, on an objective and realistic basis.  In addition, special attention will be paid to calculating the economic and social cost of accidents at work and diseases due to work so as to establish the order of priority for preventive measures.  Account will be taken of the harmonization work already carried out by other international organizations and of work completed or in progress, particularly by the ILO.  Contents  These initiatives deal separately with accidents at work and diseases resulting from work.  As regards accidents at work the two sectors for which Community statistics are already available are the iron and steel industry and mining. Drawing on the experience gained in the sectors the Commission plans to draw up Community statistics concerning other sectors, to launch sectoral in-depth studies and to harmonize accident definitions and methods of reporting accidents in order to establish more precisely the aetiology of accidents. Preparatory surveys are in progress and the first results will be available in 1979.  With regard to diseases due to work, statistics collected at national level usually concern only occupational diseases and are drawn up on different bases so that it is not possible to compare them. There are no Community statistics in this field and it would be appropriate to devise a joint methodology as soon as possible so that existing national statistics may be processed. The Commission therefore plans to gather and analyse national statistical information and to draw up proposals for methodologies with a view to a common approach, so that calculations may be made of mortality, sickness and absenteeism rates and their evolution over a period of time.  Close collaboration must be instituted with the national statistical offices and the national social security offices with regard to these new problems.  This is a medium-term initiative and the first results will become available only after two or three years.  INITIATIVE 5 Coordination and promotion of research on occupational safety and health  Aim  The action planned in the programme must find its scientific support in a research programme which is coordinated and/or carried out jointly and which deals on the one hand with the measurement and effects on health of pollutants and harmful substances and, on the other hand, with the development within undertakings of safer, "cleaner" technologies which do not threaten the general environment.  Collaboration must be organized and strengthened between the institutes and laboratories of Member States in order to avoid duplication of work, to derive greater benefit from the financial resources available and where necessary to bring together highly specialized laboratories to work on problems which cannot be solved in a single Member State.  Moreover, research must be carried out in fields where little or no work has been done, such as agriculture and the tertiary industries.   Contents  Two permanent inventories of research in progress or planned (occupational safety and medicine) at national level are already being prepared at Community level. From 1978 the inventories will make it possible to set up a reciprocal information system on responsible bodies in order to promote the exchange of knowledge and create conditions for close collaboration between research institutes. These permanent inventories will also mention fields in which there are gaps. Three pilot studies are in progress on inflammable substances, occupational risks in the building industry and certain carcinogens. During 1978 these studies will also indicate which subjects should be covered by joint research.  On the basis of these inventories the data bank being compiled within the Commission should be progressively supplemented and should include details of new research ; account is taken of the fact that this data bank will subsequently be linked to the information system on medical research which is being set up at Commission level.  Research work aimed at closing the gaps in knowledge on toxic agents and their effects on health or at improving methods for measuring these agents is of major importance for the success of several parts of the programme - in particular the section on the determination of criteria for harmfulness. It will also help to determine as accurately as possible the potential and actual effect on health of pollutants and nuisances present or likely to be present at the workplace.  The results of the implementation of the various initiatives making up the programme will be analysed by the Commission with effect from 1979 and could form a basis for the preparation of a detailed and precise Community research and development programme which could be the subject of a future Commission proposal for adoption by the Council.  INITIATIVE 6 Development of safety and health consciousness by means of education and training  Aim  This initiative is aimed at developing safety and health consciousness by means of education and training. It is of paramount importance for the success of the promotion of safety and hygiene at workplaces. It is based on instruction and training and involves various levels of education and the undertaking itself. It also concerns in a general way occupational and social sectors involved in problems of accident prevention and health protection at work.  This is a medium and long-term initiative in view of the different sectors involved and of the absence to date of any real methodology and common principles. Various studies and consultations will be required before results and concrete proposals are obtained at Community level.  This action concerns educational bodies, undertakings and society in general.  As for education the basic principles of safety and of health education must be taught in schools. Knowledge of and the correct attitudes towards occupational safety and hygiene must be taught at various levels of education as an integral part of the curriculum and at the same time attention must be paid to the requirements of prevention in relation to real life situations. The question is one of establishing at Community level a safety training scheme which takes account of the differences between national characteristics and traditions but which is based on common principles and a common approach.  Within undertakings steps for the elimination of risks must be systematically organized and coordinated at all levels of responsibility and management. Principles of safety must be consolidated, developed and made public. Action designed to sharpen the awareness of industrialists and heads of undertakings must be taken together with the campaign aimed at workers.  For the training of society in general the action taken in education must be supplemented by action aimed at certain population groups. The use of audiovisual aids is one of the most modern and most effective means of informing the public of the importance and significance of accident and disease prevention.  Contents    1. Education  The Commission plans to carry out, together with the bodies responsible for national education, preparatory studies for the purpose of defining harmonized planning at Community level.  In general education - starting at the earliest age and continuing throughout school life - instruction must be on two levels:      - theoretical and practical instruction to give children and young people an awareness of the risk of accidents,           - instruction to develop a sense of moral and public responsibility with regard to safety and health protection.     In technical education relevant training in safety and health protection should accompany all levels of technical instruction and vocational training. Special attention should be paid to the training of persons particularly concerned with safety and health protection who have a specific task or responsibility in this field.  The Commission plans to propose Community training models for persons in certain occupations and concerned with specific tasks, such as industrial medical officer, occupational safety officer, engineer, architect, member of a company safety committee or union official.       2. Undertaking  Within an undertaking training in safety must be under the control of the undertaking itself since general and technical training cannot take the place of appropriate action at the workplace. This type of training must supplement the instruction received in schools and it must also be given to those who have not previously received any such instruction.  Such training, to be carried out within industry, will be more specialized and more detailed. In many cases it will be organized by specialist bodies whose work must be coordinated at Community level. It should be remembered that education covers a broad span of learning situations - for example instruction given by experienced workers and learning on-the-job.  Beginning in 1978, the Commission intends:      - to draw up Community models for safety training and refresher courses for certain categories of staff : administrative grades, executive grades, instructors for courses on safety and health education and safety delegates,           - to draw up Community models for presenting various aspects of safety to newly recruited workers, migrant workers and workers who have changed jobs,           - to draw up manuals and codes of practice with regard to sectoral activities or dangerous jobs,           - to organize safety campaigns of limited duration with a specific aim, in which workers will feel fully and actively involved,           - to extend the group training courses already in existence to other groups of persons concerned with accident prevention and safety measures.    This action will be furthered by making available to both management and labour knowledge or concepts acquired either by exchange of experience within specialist groups in the relevant sectors or by research projects jointly agreed and financed. Such knowledge could be included in instructions ; regulations or codes of practice, to be distributed with commentaries in the appropriate quarters and to be kept constantly up to date.  The Commission will support this type of cooperation and promotion of safety by providing information gathered from specific aspects of the action programme, such as information on accidents and on technical progress in the design, manufacture and use of machinery and plant, and by making available the industrial toxicovigilance results.       3. Population groups  In addition to the action taken in education, general information for certain population-groups (such as parents' associations, professional bodies, women's associations) must be organized with regard to the importance of accident and disease prevention. Some steps have already been taken in this field at national level. Audiovisual aids are already used to provide this information. The Commission plans to coordinate these initiatives and develop them jointly, to produce films and set up a permanent file on audiovisual aids available on an exchange basis.