Eighth Commission Directive 78/633/EEC of 15 June 1978 establishing Community methods of analysis for the official control of feedingstuffs
Date: 1978-06-15
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: animal nutrition, food chemistry, food inspection













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31978L0633

Eighth Commission Directive 78/633/EEC of 15 June 1978 establishing Community methods of analysis for the official control of feedingstuffs  


Official Journal L 206 , 29/07/1978 P. 0043 - 0055 Finnish special edition: Chapter 3 Volume 10 P. 0071  Greek special edition: Chapter 03 Volume 22 P. 0067  Swedish special edition: Chapter 3 Volume 10 P. 0071  Spanish special edition: Chapter 03 Volume 14 P. 0230  Portuguese special edition Chapter 03 Volume 14 P. 0230  





EIGHT COMMISSION DIRECTIVE  of 15 June 1978  establishing Community methods of analysis for the official control of feedingstuffs  (78/633/EEC)  THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,  Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community,  Having regard to Council Directive 70/373/EEC of 20 July 1970 on the introduction of Community methods of sampling and analysis for the official control of feedingstuffs (1), as last amended by the Act of Accession, and in particular Article 2 thereof,  Whereas that Directive requires that official control of feedingstuffs be carried out using Community methods of sampling and analysis for the purpose of checking compliance with requirements arising under the provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action concerning the quality and composition of feedingstuffs;  Whereas Commission Directives 71/250/EEC of 15 June 1971 (2), 71/393/EEC of 18 November 1971 (3), 72/199/EEC of 27 April 1972 (4), 73/46/EEC of 5 December 1972 (5), 74/203/EEC of 25 March 1974 (6), 75/84/EEC of 20 December 1974 (7) and 76/372/EEC of 1 March 1976 (8) have already established a number of Community methods of analysis ; whereas the progress of work since then makes it advisable to adopt an eighth set of methods;  Whereas the measures provided for in this Directive are in accordance with the opinion of the Standing Committee for Feedingstuffs,  HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:    Article 1 1. Member States shall require that analyses for official controls of feedingstuffs, as regards their content of zinc bacitracin, flavophospholipol, iron, copper, manganese and zinc, be carried out in accordance with the methods described in the Annex to this Directive.  2. The general provisions set out in Part 1 "Introduction" of the Annex to First Directive 71/250/EEC, with the exception of the part dealing with preparation of the sample to be analyzed, shall apply to the methods described in the Annex to this Directive.   Article 2 Member States shall, on 1 January 1979, bring into force the laws, regulations or administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive. They shall forthwith notify the Commission thereof.   Article 3 This Directive is addressed to the Member States.     Done at Brussels, 15 June 1978.  For the Commission  Finn GUNDELACH  Vice-President  (1)OJ No L 170, 3.8.1970, p. 2. (2)OJ No L 155, 12.7.1971, p. 13. (3)OJ No L 279, 20.12.1971, p. 7. (4)OJ No L 123, 29.5.1972, p. 6. (5)OJ No L 83, 30.3.1973, p. 21. (6)OJ No L 108, 22.4.1974, p. 7. (7)OJ No L 32, 5.2.1975, p. 26. (8)OJ No L 102, 15.4.1976, p. 8.    ANNEX  1. DETERMINATION OF ZINC BACITRACIN BY DIFFUSION IN AN AGAR MEDIUM     1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE  The method is for the determination of zinc bacitracin in feedingstuffs, concentrates and premixes. The lower limit of determination is 5 mg/kg (5 ppm) (*). The method is not valid in the presence of interfering substances, particularly large amounts of copper and ascorbic acid.      2. PRINCIPLE  The sample is extracted at pH 2 with a mixture of methanol/water/hydrochloric acid. The extract is brought to pH 6 75, concentrated (where necessary) and diluted. Its antibiotic activity is determined by measuring the diffusion of zinc bacitracin in an agar medium inoculated with Micrococcus luteus (Syn. M. flavus). Diffusion is shown by the formation of zones of inhibition of the micro-organism. The diameter of these zones is taken to be in direct proportion to the logarithm of the antibiotic concentration over the range of antibiotic concentrations employed.      3. MICRO-ORGANISM : MICROCOCCUS LUTEUS ATCC 10240    3.1. Maintenance of stock culture  Inoculate Micrococcus luteus on to agar slopes of culture medium (4.1). Incubate for 24 hours at 30 to 37 ºC, store in a refrigerator at about 4 ºC and reinoculate every two weeks onto agar slopes.         3.2. preparation of the bacterial suspension (a)    >PIC FILE= "T0013288">      4. CULTURE MEDIA AND REAGENTS        4.1 Culture medium (b)    >PIC FILE= "T9001028">       4.2 Assay medium (b)    >PIC FILE= "T9001029">        4.3 Sodium chloride solution 0 78 % (w/v): dissolve 8 g of sodium chloride a.p. in water and dilute to 1 000 ml; sterilize.     4.4 Mixture of methanol, pure/water/hydrochloric acid a.p. (d: 1 718 to 1 719) : 80/17 75/2 75 (v/v/v).   (*)1 mg feedingstuff grade zinc bacitracin is equivalent to 42 international units (i.u.).  (a)Other methods may be used provided that it has been established that they give similar bacterial suspensions.  (b)Any commercial culture medium of similar composition and giving the same results may be used.       4.5. Phosphate buffer, pH 6 75  Potassium hydrogen phosphate K2HPO4 a.p. (22 715 g).  Potassium dihydrogen phosphate KH2PO4 a.p. (27 785 g).  Water to 1 000 ml.      4.6. Hydrochloric acid a.p. (d : 1 718 to 1 719).      4.7. Hydrochloric acid a.p. (0 71 N).      4.8. Sodium hydroxide 1 N solution a.p.      4.9. Bromocresol purple solution 0 704 % (w/v) : dissolve 0 71 g of bromocresol purple in 18 75 ml of 0 701 N sodium hydroxide solution. Make up the volume to 250 ml with water and mix.      4.10. Standard substance : zinc bacitracin of known activity (in i.u.).         5. STANDARD SOLUTIONS  Weigh out a quantity of standard zinc bacitracin (4.10) corresponding to 1 050 i.u. (according to the activity indicated). Add 5 ml of 0 71 N hydrochloric acid (4.7) and leave to stand for 15 minutes. Add 30 ml of water, adjust the pH to 4 75 with phosphate buffer pH 6 75 (4.5) (about 4 ml), make up to a volume of 50 ml with water and mix well (1 ml = 21 i.u.).  From this solution prepare by successive dilution with phosphate buffer pH 6 75 (4.5) the following solutions: >PIC FILE= "T0013289">     6. PREPARATION OF THE EXTRACT      6.1. Extraction        6.1.1. Concentrates, premixes and mineral feeds  Weigh out a quantity of sample of 2 70 to 5 70 g, add 30 ml of the mixture (4.4) and shake briefly. Check that the pH is about 2. Shake for 10 minutes, add 30 ml of phosphate buffer pH 6 75 (4.5) and shake for 15 minutes. Dilute with phosphate buffer (4.5) to obtain an expected zinc bacitracin content of 0 742 i.u./ml) (= U8).               6.1.2. Protein concentrates  Weigh out a quantity of sample of 10 70 g, add 50 ml of the mixture (4.4) and shake briefly. Check that the pH is about 2. Shake for 10 minutes, add 50 ml of phosphate buffer pH 6 75 (4.5) and shake for 15 minutes. Dilute with phosphate buffer (4.5) to obtain an expected zinc bacitracin content of 0 742 i.u./ml (= U8).               6.1.3. Other feeds  Weigh out a quantity of sample of 10 70 g (20 70 g for an expected zinc bacitracin content of 5 mg/kg), add 25 ml of the mixture (4.4) and homogenize for about 10 minutes. Add 25 ml of phosphate buffer pH 6 75 (4.5), shake for 15 minutes and centrifuge. Take 20 ml of the supernatant solution and adjust the pH to 6 75 by means of 1 N sodium hydroxide solution (4.8) with the bromocresol purple solution (4.9) as indicator. Evaporate to about 4 ml in a rotary evaporator at a temperature not exceeding 35 ºC. Dilute the residue with water to obtain an expected zinc bacitracin content of 0 742 i.u./ml (= U8).             6.2. Assay solutions  From solution U8 prepare solutions U4 (expected content : 0 721 i.u./ml), U2 (expected content : 0 7105 i.u./ml) and U1 (expected content : 0 70525 i.u./ml) by means of successive dilution (1 + 1) with phosphate buffer (4.5).       7. ASSAY PROCEDURE        7.1. Inoculation of the assay medium  Inoculate the assay medium (4.2) with the bacterial suspension (3.2) at about 50 ºC. By preliminary trials on plates with assay medium (4.2) determine the quantity of bacterial suspension required to give the largest and clearest zones of inhibition with the various concentrations of zinc bacitracin.                7.2. Preparation of the plates  Diffusion through agar is carried out in plates with the four concentrations of the standard solution (S8, S4, S2,S1) and the four concentrations of the assay solution (U8, U4,U2, U1). These four concentrations of extract and standard must necessarily be placed in each plate. To this effect, select plates big enough to allow at least eight holes with a diameter of 10 to 13 mm and not less than 30 mm between centres to be made in the agar medium. The test may be carried out on plates consisting of a sheet of glass with a faced aluminium or plastic ring placed on top, 200 mm in diameter and 20 mm high.  Pour into the plates a quantity of the medium (4.2), inoculated as in point 7.1, to give a layer about 2 mm thick (50 ml for a plate of 200 mm diameter). Allow to set in a level position, bore the holes and place in them exactly measured volumes of assay and standard solutions (between 0 710 and 0 715 ml per hole, according to the diameter).  Apply each concentration at least four times so that each determination is subject to an evaluation of 32 zones of inhibition.               7.3. Incubation  Incubate the plates for 16 to 18 hours at 28 to 30 ºC.    8. EVALUATION  Measure the diameter of the zones of inhibition to the nearest 0 71 mm. Record the mean measurements for each concentration on semi-logarithmic graph paper showing the logarithm of the concentrations in relation to the diameters of the zones of inhibition. Plot the best fit lines of both the standard solution and the extract, for example as below.  Determine the "best fit" point for the standard lowest level (SL) using the formula: >PIC FILE= "T0013290">   Determine the "best fit" point for the standard highest level (SH) using the formula: >PIC FILE= "T0013291">   Similarly calculate the "best fit" points for the extract lowest level (UL) and the extract highest level (UH) by substituting U1, U2, U4 and U8 for S1, S4 and S8 in the above formulae.  Record the calculated SL and SH values on the same graph paper and join them to give the "best fit" line for the standard solution. Similarly record UL and UH and join them to give the "best fit" line for the extract.  In the absence of any interference the lines should be parallel. For practical purposes the lines can be considered parallel if the values (SH-SL) and (UH-UL) do not differ by more than 10 % from their mean value.  If the lines are found to be non-parallel, either U1 and S1 or U8 and S8 may be discarded and SL, SH, UL and UH calculated, using the alternative formulae, to give alternative "best fit" lines: >PIC FILE= "T0013292">   and similarly for UL and UH. The alternative best fit lines should be checked for parallelism as before. The fact that the result has been calculated from three levels should be noted on the final report.  When the lines are considered as being parallel, calculate the logarithm of the relative activity (log. A) by means of one of the following formulae.  For four levels >PIC FILE= "T0013293">    For three levels >PIC FILE= "T0013294">   Real activity = supposed activity × relative activity.  When the lines are considered as not being parallel, repeat the determination. If parallelism is still not achieved, calculate the logarithm of the relative activity (log. A) by means of formula (c). The result obtained must however be considered as approximate and this should be noted in the final report.   9. REPEATABILITY  The difference between the results of two determinations carried out on the same sample by the same analyst should not exceed:  20 % related to the highest value for contents of zinc bacitracin from 5 and up to 25 mg/kg;  5 mg/kg, in absolute value, for contents greater than 25 and up to 50 mg/kg;  10 % related to the highest value for contents above 50 mg/kg.   2. DETERMINATION OF FLAVOPHOSPHOLIPOL BY DIFFUSION IN AN AGAR MEDIUM          1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE  The method is for the determination of flavophospholipol in feedingstuffs, concentrates and premixes. The lower limit of determination is 1 mg/kg (1 ppm).                   2. PRINCIPLE  The sample is extracted with diluted methanol by heating under reflux. After centrifuging, the extract is purified (where necessary) by treatment with ion exchange resins and diluted. Its antibiotic activity is determined by measuring the diffusion of flavophospholipol in an agar medium inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus. Diffusion is shown by the formation of zones of inhibition of the micro-organism. The diameter of these zones is taken to be in direct proportion to the logarithm of the antibiotic concentration over the range of antibiotic concentrations employed.                   3. MICRO-ORGANISM : STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ATCC 6538 P            3.1. Maintenance of stock culture  Inoculate Staphylococcus aureus onto agar slopes of culture medium (4.1). Incubate for 24 hours at 37 ºC, store in a refrigerator at about 4 ºC arid reinoculate every month onto agar slopes.                       3.2. Preparation of the bacterial suspension (a)  Set aside two tubes containing the stock culture (3.1) and reinoculate them weekly. Incubate for 24 hours at 37 ºC and store in a refrigerator at about 4 ºC.  24 hours before the assay, inoculate with this growth two to four tubes containing slopes of culture medium (4.1). Incubate for 16 to 18 hours at 37 ºC. Make a suspension of the growth in the sodium chloride solution (4.3). The light transmission of the suspension must be about 40 %, measured at 578 nm in a 1 cm cell against sodium chloride solution (4.3).  (a)Other methods may be used provided that it has been established that they give similar bacterial suspensions.      >PIC FILE= "T0013295">      >PIC FILE= "T0013296">     7. PREPARATION OF THE EXTRACT              7.1. Extraction                7.1.1. Concentrates, premixes and mineral feeds  Weigh out a quantity of sample of 2 70 to 5 70 g and add about 150 mg of ascorbic acid (4.13). Homogenize with 150 ml of 50 % methanol (4.5) in a conical flask (5.3) and adjust the pH to 8 71 to 8 72 with about 400 mg of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (4.7). Check the pH with indicator paper (4.12). Allow to stand for 15 minutes, then readjust the pH to 8 71 to 8 72 with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (4.7) and boil for 10 minutes under reflux (5.4) with constant stirring. Allow to cool, centrifuge the mixture and decant the extract.                               7.1.2. Other feeds  Weigh out a quantity of samle of 5 70 to 30 70 g containing at least 30 ¶g of flavophospholipol. Homegenize with 150 ml of 50 % methanol (4.5) in a conical flask (5.3) and adjust the pH to 8 71 to 8 72 with about 400 mg of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (4.7). Check the pH with indicator paper (4.12). Allow to stand for 15 minutes, then readjust the pH to 8 71 to 8 72 with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (4.7) and boil for 10 minutes under reflux (5.4) with constant stirring. Allow to cool, centrifuge the mixture and decant the extract.                             7.2. Purification (this step may be omitted for concentrates, premixes and mineral feeds)  Mix 110 ml of the extract with 11 g of the cation exchanger (4.9), boil for one minute under reflux (5.4) with constant stirring. Separate the cation exchanger by centrifugation or filtration. Mix 100 ml of the extract with 150 ml of methanol (4.4) and store the solution for 12 to 15 hours at 4 ºC. Filter off the flocculent mass while cold.  Insert a glass wool plug (4.11) at the bottom end of a glass tube (5.1), pour into the tube 5 ml of the anion exchanger (4.10) and wash the column with 100 ml of 80 % methanol (4.6). Using the funnel (5.2), transfer to the column a volume of filtrate of at least 100 ml which is expected to contain 16 ¶g of flavophospholipol (200 ml for a 30 g sample of feedingstuff at 1 ppm). Where necessary, before application to the column, dilute the filtrate with 80 % methanol (4.6) to obtain an expected flavophospholipol content of 16 ¶g/100 ml. Adjust the flow rate to about 2 ml/minute. Discard the effluent. Then wash the column with 50 ml of 80 % methanol (4.6) and discard the effluent.  Elute the flavophospholipol with the methanolic solution of potassium chloride (4.8) keeping the flow rate to about 2 ml/minute. Collect 50 ml of the eluate in a graduated flask, add 30 ml of water and mix. This solution should have a flavophospholipol content of 0 72 ¶g/ml (= U8).                           7.3. Assay solutions  Where necessary (i.e. when the purification step has been omitted), dilute the extract obtained in point 7.1.1 with 50 % methanol (4.5) to obtain an expected flavophospholipol content of 0 72 ¶g/ml (= U8).  From solution U8 prepare solutions U4 (expected content : 0 71 ¶g/ml), U2 (expected content : 0 705 ¶g/ml) and U1 (expected content : 0 7025 ¶g/ml) by means of successive dilution (1 + 1) with 50 % methanol (4.5).    8. ASSAY PROCEDURE                8.1. Inoculation of the assay medium  Inoculate the assay medium (4.2.2) with the bacterial suspension (3.2) at about 50 ºC. By preliminary trials on plates with assay medium (4.2.2) determine the quantity of bacterial suspension required to give the largest and clearest zones of inhibition with the various concentrations of flavophospholipol (about 30 ml/litre).                               8.2. Preparation of the plates  Diffusion through agar is carried out in plates with the four concentrations of the standard solution (S8, S4, S2, S1) and the four concentrations of the assay solution (U8, U4, U2, U1). These four concentrations of extract and standard must necessarily be placed in each plate. To this  effect, select plates big enough to allow at least eight holes with a diameter of 10 to 13 mm and not less than 30 mm between centres to be made in the agar medium. The test may be carried out on plates consisting of a sheet of glass with a faced aluminium or plastic ring placed on top, 200 mm in diameter and 20 mm high.  Pour into the plates a quantity of the medium (4.2.1) to give a layer about 1 75 mm thick (45 ml for a plate of 200 mm diameter). Allow to set in a level position and then over-layer with a quantity of the medium (4.2.2) inoculated as in point 8.1 to give a layer 1 mm thick (30 ml for a plate of 200 mm diameter). Allow to set again in a level position, bore the holes and place in them exactly measured volumes of assay and standard solutions (between 0 710 and 0 715 ml per hole, according to the diameter).  Apply each concentration at least four times so that each determination is subject to an evaluation of 32 zones of inhibition.                               8.3. Incubation  Icubate the plates for 16 to 18 hours at 28 to 30 ºC.    9. EVALUATION  Measure the diameter of the zones of inhibition to the nearest 0 71 mm. Record the mean measurements for each concentration on semi-logarithmic graph paper showing the logarithm of the concentrations in relation to the diameters of the zones of inhibition. Plot the best fit lines of both the standard solution and the extract, for example as below.  Determine the "best fit" point for the standard lowest level (SL) using the formula: >PIC FILE= "T0013297">   Similarly calculate the "best fit" points for the extract lowest level (UL) and the extract highest level (UH) by substituting U1, U2, U4 and U8 for S1, S2, S4 and S8 in the above formulae.  Record the calculated SL and SH values on the same graph paper and join them to give the "best fit" line for the standard solution. Similarly record UL and UH and join them to give the "best fit" line for the extract.  In the absence of any interference the lines should be parallel. For practical purposes the lines can be considered parallel if the values (SH-SL) and (UH-UL) do not differ by more than 10 % from their mean value.  If the lines are found to be non-parallel, either U1 and S1 or U8 and S8 may be discarded and SL, SH, UL and UH calculated, using the alternative formulae, to give alternative "best fit" lines: >PIC FILE= "T0013298">   and similarly for UL and UH. The alternative best fit lines should be checked for parallelism as before. The fact that the result has been calculated from three levels should be noted on the final report.  When the lines are considered as being parallel, calculate the logarithm of the relative activity (log. A) by means of one of the following formulae.  For four levels >PIC FILE= "T0013299">    For three levels >PIC FILE= "T0013300">   Real activity = supposed activity × relative activity.  When the lines are considered as not being parallel, repeat the determination. If parallelism is still not achieved, calculate the logarithm of the relative activity (log. A) by means of formula (c). The result obtained must however be considered as approximate and this should be noted in the final report.    10. REPEATABILITY  The difference between the results of two determinations carried out on the same sample by the same analyst should not exceed:  0 75 mg/kg, in absolute value, for contents of flavophospholipol from 1 and up to 2 mg/kg;  25 % related to the highest value for contents greater than 2 and up to 10 mg/kg;  20 % related to the highest value for contents greater than 10 and up to 25 mg/kg;  5 mg/kg, in absolute value, for contents greater than 25 and up to 50 mg/kg;  10 % related to the highest value for contents above 50 mg/kg.   3. DETERMINATION OF THE TRACE ELEMENTS IRON, COOPER, MANGANESE AND ZINC                  1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE  The method makes it possible to determine the trace elements iron, copper, manganese and zinc in feedingstuffs. The lower limits of determination are:  iron (Fe) : 20 mg/kg  copper (Cu) : 10 mg/kg  manganese (Mn) : 20 mg/kg  zinc (Zn) : 20 mg/kg                                   2. PRINCIPLE  The sample is brought into solution in hydrochloric acid after destruction of organic matter, if any. The elements iron, copper, manganese and zinc are determined, after appropriate dilution, by atomic absorption spectrometry.                                   3. REAGENTS  Introductory comments  For preparation of the reagents and analytical solutions use water free from the cations to be determined, obtained either by double distilling water in a borosilicate glass or quartz still or by double treatment on ion exchange resin.  The reagents must be of at least analytical grade (a.p.). Freedom from the element to be determined must be checked in a blank experiment. If necessary, the reagents must be further purified.  In place of the standard solutions decribed below, commercial standard solutions may be used provided that they are guaranteed and have been checked before use.                    3.1. Hydrochloric acid a.p. (d : 1 719).                                       3.2. Hydrochloric acid a.p. (6 N).                                       3.3. Hydrochloric acid a.p. (0 75 N).                                        3.4. Hydrofluoric acid 38 to 40 % (v/v) having an iron content of less than 1 mg Fe/litre and a residue after evaporation of less than 10 mg (as sulphate)/litre.                                       3.5. Sulphuric acid a.p. (d : 1 784).                                       3.6. Hydrogen peroxide a.p. (approximately 100 volumes of oxygen (30 % by weight)).                                       3.7. Standard iron solution (1 000 ¶g Fe/ml) prepared as follows : dissolve 1 g of iron wire a.p. in 200 ml of 6 N hydrochloric acid (3.2), add 16 ml of hydrogen peroxide (3.6) and make up to one litre with water.                      3.7.1. Working standard iron solution (100 ¶g Fe/ml) prepared by diluting the standard solution (3.7) 1 + 9 with water.                                         3.8. Standard copper solution (1 000 ¶g Cu/ml) prepared as follows : dissolve 1 g of copper in powder form (a.p.) in 25 ml of 6 N hydrochloric acid (3.2), add 5 ml of hydrogen peroxide (3.6) and make up to one litre with water.                      3.8.1. Working standard copper solution (10 ¶g Cu/ml) prepared by diluting the standard solution (3.8) 1 + 9 with water and then diluting the resulting solution 1 + 9 with water.                                         3.9. Standard manganese solution (1 000 ¶g Mn/ml) prepared as follows : dissolve 1 g of manganese in powder form (a.p.) in 25 ml of 6 N hydrochloric acid (3.2) and make up to one litre with water.                      3.9.1. Working standard manganese solution (10 ¶g Mn/ml) prepared by diluting the standard solution (3.9) 1+ 9 with water and then diluting the resulting solution 1 + 9 with water.                                         3.10. Standard zinc solution (1 000 ¶g Zn/ml) prepared as follows : dissolve 1 g of zinc in strip or leaf form (a.p.) in 25 ml of 6 N hydrochloric acid (3.2) and make up to one litre with water.                      3.10.1. Working standard zinc solution (10 ¶g Zn/ml) prepared by diluting the standard solution (3.10) 1 + 9 with water and then diluting the resulting solution 1 + 9 with water.                                         3.11. Lanthanum choride solution prepared as follows : dissolve 12 g of lanthanum oxide in 150 ml of water, add 100 ml of 6 N hydrochloric acid (3.2) and make up to one litre with water.                                     4. APPARATUS                    4.1. Muffle furnace with temperature regulation and recorder.                                       4.2. Glassware must be of resistant borosilicate type and it is recommended to use apparatus which is reserved exclusively for trace element determinations.                                       4.3. Platinum crucible and (optional) quartz crucible.                                       4.4. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer meeting the requirements of the method with regard to sensitivity and precision in the required range.                                     5. PROCEDURE                    5.1. Samples containing organic matter                      5.1.1. Ashing and preparation of the solution for analysis (*)                        (i) Place 5 to 10 g of sample weighed to the nearest 0 72 mg in a quartz or platinium crucible (4.3) (see Note (b)), dry in an oven at 105 ºC and introduce the crucible into the cold muffle furnace (4.1). Close the furnace (see Note (c)) and gradually raise the temperature to 450 to 475 ºC over about 90 minutes. Maintain this temperature for 4 to 16 hours (e.g. overnight) to remove carbonaceous material and then open the furnace and allow to cool (see Note (d)).  Wash the crucible out with a total of about 5 ml of hydrochloric acid (3.1) and add the latter slowly and carefully to the beaker (there may be a vigorous reaction due to CO2  (*)Green fodder (fresh or dried) is liable to contain large amounts of vegetable silica, which may retain trace elements and must be removed. For samples of these feedingstuffs, therefore, the following modified procedure must be followed. Carry out operation 5.1.1 (i) as far as the filtration. Wash the filter paper containing the insoluble residue twice with boiling water and place it in a platinum crucible (4.3). Ignite in the muffle furnace (4.1) at a temperature below 550 ºC until all carbonaceous material has completely disappeared. Allow to cool, add a few drops of water followed by 10 to 15 ml of hydrofluoric add (3.4) and evaporate to dryness at about 150 ºC. If any silica remains in the residue, redissolve it in a few millilitres of hydrofluoric add (3.4) and evaporate to dryness. Add five drops of sulphuric acid (3.5) and heat until no more white fumes are given off. After the addition of 5 ml of 6 N hydrochloric acid (3.2) and about 30 ml of water, heat, filter the solution into the 250 ml volumetric flask and make up to the mark with water (HCl concentration about 0 75 N). Proceed then with the determination from point 5.1.3.   formation). Add hydrochloric acid (3.1) dropwise with agitation until all effervescence has  stopped. Evaporate to dryness, occasionally stirring with a glass rod.  Next add 15 ml of 6 N hydrochloric acid (3.2) to the residue followed by about 120 ml of water. Stir with the glass rod, which should be left in the beaker, and cover the beaker with a watchglass. Bring gently to the boil and maintain at boiling point until no more ash can be seen to dissolve. Filter on ash-free filter paper and collect the filtrate in a 250 ml volumetric flask. Wash the beaker and filter with 5 ml of hot 6 N hydrochloric acid (3.2) and twice with boiling water. Fill the volumetric flask up to the mark with water (HCl concentration about 0 75 N).           (ii) If the residue in the filter appears black (carbon), put it back in the furnace and ash again at 450 to 475 ºC. This ashing, which only requires a few hours (about three to five hours), is complete when the ash appears white or nearly white. Dissolve the residue with about 2 ml of hydrochloric acid (3.1), evaporate to dryness and add 5 ml of 6 N hydrochloric acid (3.2). Heat, filter the solution into the volumetric flask and make up to the mark with water (HCl concentration about 0 75 N).  Notes:      (a) In determining trace elements it is important to be alert to the risks of contamination, particularly by zinc, copper and iron. For this reason, the equipment used in preparing the samples must be free of these metals.  To reduce the general risk of contamination, work in a dust-free atmosphere with scrupulously clean equipment and carefully washed glassware. The determination of zinc is particularly sensitive to many types of contamination, e.g. from glassware, reagents, dust, etc.             (b) The weight of sample to be ashed is calculated from the approximate trace element content of the feedingstuff in relation to the sensitivity of the spectrophotometer used. For certain feedingstuffs low in trace elements it may be necessary to start with a 10 to 20 g sample and make up the final solution to only 100 ml.                                                   (c) Ashing must be carried out in a closed furnace without injection of air or oxygen.                                                   (d) The temperature indicated by the pyrometer must not exceed 475 ºC.                                               5.1.2. Spectrophotometric determination                        5.1.2.1. Preparation of calibration solutions  For each of the elements to be determined, prepare from the working standard solutions given in points 3.7.1, 3.8.1, 3.9.1 and 3.10.1 a range of calibration solutions, each calibration solution having an HCl concentration of about 0 75 N and (in the cases of iron, manganese and zinc) a lanthanum chloride concentration equivalent to 0 71 % La (w/v). The trace element concentrations selected must lie within the range of sensitivity of the spectrophotometer used. The tables below show, by way of example, the compositions of typical ranges of calibration solutions ; depending, however, on the type and sensitivity of spectrophotometer used it may be necessary to select other concentrations. >PIC FILE= "T0013301">    >PIC FILE= "T0013302">                                                5.1.2.2. Preparation of solution for analysis  For the determination of copper, the solution prepared from point 5.1.1 can normally be used directly. If necessary to bring its concentration within the range of the calibration solutions, an aliquot portion may be pipetted into a 100 ml volumetric flask and made up to the mark with 0 75 N hydrochloric acid (3.3).  For the determination of iron, manganese and zinc, pipette an aliquot portion of the solution prepared from point 5.1.1 into a 100 ml volumetric flask, add 10 ml of lanthanum chloride solution (3.11) and make up to the mark with 0 75 N hydrochloric acid (3.3) (see also point 8 "Observation").                                               5.1.2.3. Blank experiment  The blank experiment must include all the prescribed steps of the procedure except that the sample material is omitted.  The calibration solution "0" must not be used as the blank.                                               5.1.2.4. Measurement of the atomic absorption  Measure the atomic absorption of the calibration solutions and of the solution to be analyzed using an oxidizing air-acetylene flame at the following wavelengths: >PIC FILE= "T0013303">   Carry out each measurement four times.                                           5.2. Mineral feedingstuffs  If the sample contains no organic matter, prior ashing is unnecessary. Proceed as described in point 5.1.1 (i) starting from the second paragraph. Evaporation with hydrofluoric acid may be omitted.                                     6. CALCULATION OF RESULTS  Using a calibration curve, calculate the trace element concentration in the solution to be analyzed and express the result in milligrams of trace element per kilogram of sample (ppm).                                   7. REPEATABILITY  The difference between the results of zwo parallel determinations carried out on the same sample by the same analyst should not exceed:                    - 5 mg/kg, in absolute value, for contents of the trace element concerned up to 50 mg/kg;                                        - 10 % of the higher result for contents of the trace element concerned from 50 and up to 100 mg/kg;                                       - 10 mg/kg, in absolute value, for contents of the trace element concerned from 100 and up to 200 mg/kg;                                       - 5 % of the higher result for contents of the trace element concerned above 200 mg/kg.                                     8. OBSERVATION >PIC FILE= "T0013304">