Council Directive 78/318/EEC of 21 December 1977 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the wiper and washer systems of motor vehicles
Date: 1977-12-21
Institutions: Council of the European Union
Subjects: European standard, approval, approximation of laws, driving mechanism, marketing standard, motor vehicle, technical standard













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31978L0318

Council Directive 78/318/EEC of 21 December 1977 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the wiper and washer systems of motor vehicles  


Official Journal L 081 , 28/03/1978 P. 0049 - 0071 Finnish special edition: Chapter 13 Volume 8 P. 0104  Greek special edition: Chapter 13 Volume 7 P. 0089  Swedish special edition: Chapter 13 Volume 8 P. 0104  Spanish special edition: Chapter 13 Volume 8 P. 0151  Portuguese special edition Chapter 13 Volume 8 P. 0151  





COUNCIL DIRECTIVE  of 21 December 1977  on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the wiper and washer systems of motor vehicles  (78/318/EEC)  THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,  Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, and in particular Article 100 thereof,  Having regard to the proposal from the Commission,  Having regard to the opinion of the European Parliament (1),  Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee (2),  Whereas the technical requirements which motor vehicles must satisfy pursuant to national laws relate inter alia to their wipers and washers;  Whereas those requirements differ from one Member State to another ; whereas it is therefore necessary that all Member States adopt the same requirements either in addition to or in place of their existing rules, in order, in particular, to allow the EEC type-approval procedure which was the subject of Council Directive 70/156/EEC of 6 February 1970 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of motor vehicles and their trailers (3), as amended by Directive 78/315/EEC (4), to be introduced in respect of each type of vehicle;  Whereas it is desirable to draft the technical requirements so that they have the same aim as the work being carried out on the subject in the UN Economic Commission for Europe;  Whereas these requirements apply to motor vehicles in category M1 (the international classification of motor vehicles is given in Annex I to Directive 70/156/EEC);  Whereas the approximation of the national laws relating to motor vehicles entails reciprocal recognition by Member States of the checks carried out by each of them on the basis of the common requirements;  Whereas windscreen-washer systems are already marketed both separately and after being fitted to a vehicle ; whereas if it is possible to check them before they are fitted to a vehicle, their free movement may be facilitated by the introduction of EEC type-approval for such systems, which are regarded as separate technical units within the meaning of Article 9a of Directive 70/156/EEC,  HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:    Article 1 For the purposes of this Directive, "vehicle" means any motor vehicle in category M1 (as defined in Annex I to Directive 70/156/EEC) intended for use on the road, having at least four wheels and a maximum design speed exceeding 25 km/h.   Article 2 No Member State may refuse to grant EEC type-approval or national type-approval of a vehicle with regard to the windscreen-washer and windscreen-wiper systems, or of a windscreen-washer system, if:    - such a vehicle satisfies the requirements of Annexes I to V relating to the windscreen-washer and windscreen-wiper systems,       - such a windscreen-washer system regarded as a separate technical unit within the meaning of Article 9a of Directive 70/156/EEC satisfies the relevant requirements laid down in Annex I,       - such a vehicle is fitted with a windscreen-washer system which has been granted type-approval as a separate technical unit within the meaning of Article 9a of Directive 70/156/EEC and has been installed in accordance with the requirements laid down in 6.2.5 of Annex I.     Article 3 1. No Member State may refuse or prohibit the sale, registration, entry into service or use of any vehicle on grounds relating to:  (1)OJ No C 118, 16.5.1977, p. 33. (2)OJ No C 114, 11.5.1977, p. 8. (3)OJ No L 42, 23.2.1970, p. 1. (4)See page 1 of this Official Journal.      - its windscreen-wiper and windscreen-washer systems, if these satisfy the requirements laid down in Annexes I to V,       - its windscreen-washer system if this has been granted type-approval as a separate technical unit within the meaning of Article 9a of Directive 70/156/EEC and has been installed in accordance with the requirements laid down in 6.2.5 of Annex I.    2. No Member State may prohibit the placing on the market of any windscreen-washer system regarded as a separate technical unit within the meaning of Article 9a of Directive 70/156/EEC if it conforms to a type which has been granted type-approval within the meaning of the second indent of Article 2.   Article 4 The Member State which has granted type-approval shall take the measures required to ensure that it is informed of any modification of a part or characteristic referred to in 2.2 of Annex I. The competent authorities of that Member State shall determine whether it is necessary to carry out further tests on the modified vehicle type and to prepare a new report. If these tests show that the requirements of this Directive have not been complied with, the modification shall not be authorized.   Article 5 Any amendments necessary to adapt the requirements of Annexes I to VII to technical progress shall be adopted in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 13 of Directive 70/156/EEC.  However, this procedure shall not apply to amendments introducing requirements for wiper and washer systems other than for the windscreen.   Article 6 1. Member States shall bring into force the provisions necessary in order to comply with this Directive within 18 months of its notification and shall forthwith inform the Commission thereof.  2. Member States shall ensure that the texts of the main provisions of national law which they adopt in the field covered by this Directive are communicated to the Commission.   Article 7 This Directive is addressed to the Member States.     Done at Brussels, 21 December 1977.  For the Council  The President  J. CHABERT       LIST OF ANNEXES  >PIC FILE= "T9001038"> ANNEX I SCOPE, DEFINITIONS, APPLICATION FOR EEC TYPE-APPROVAL, EEC TYPE-APPROVAL, SPECIFICATIONS, TEST PROCEDURE    1. SCOPE      1.1. This Directive applies to the 180º forward field of vision of the drivers of vehicles in category M1.        1.1.1. Its purpose is to ensure good visibility under adverse weather conditions by specifying the requirements for the windscreen-wiper and windscreen-washer systems of category M1 vehicles.               1.1.2. The requirements of this Directive are so worded as to apply to category M1 vehicles in which the driver is on the left. In category M1 vehicles in which the driver is on the right, these requirements shall be applied by reversing the criteria where appropriate.           2. DEFINITIONS  (2.1.)      2.2.  Vehicle type with regard to its windscreen-wiper and windscreen-washer systems  "Vehicle type with regard to its windscreen-wiper and windscreen-washer systems" means vehicles which do not differ in such essential respects as:      2.2.1. the external and internal forms and arrangements within the area specified in Section 1 which may affect visibility;           2.2.2. the shape, dimensions and characteristics of the windscreen and its mounting;           2.2.3. the characteristics of the windscreen-wiper and windscreen-washer systems.     2.3.  Three-dimensional reference grid  "Three-dimensional reference grid" means a reference system which consists of a vertical longitudinal plane X-Z, a horizontal plane X-Y and a vertical transverse plane Y-Z (see figure 2 of Annex III). The grid is used to determine the dimensional relationships between the positions of design points on drawings and their position on the actual vehicle. The procedure for situating the vehicle relative to the grid is specified in Annex III ; all coordinates referred to ground zero shall be based on a vehicle in running order (as defined in 2.6 of Annex I to Directive 70/156/EEC) plus one front-seat passenger, the mass of the passenger being 75 kg ± 1 %.        2.3.1. Vehicles fitted with suspension enabling their ground clearance to be adjusted shall be tested under the normal conditions of use specified by the manufacturer.     2.4.  Primary reference marks  "Primary reference marks" means holes, surfaces, marks and identification signs on the vehicle body. The type of reference mark used and the position of each mark relative to X, Y and Z coordinates of the three-dimensional reference grid and to a design ground plane shall be specified by the vehicle manufacturer. These marks may be the control points used for body assembly purposes.     2.5.  Seat-back angle  (See Annex II).      2.6.   Actual seat-back angle  (See Annex II).     2.7.   Design seat-back angle  (See Annex II).     2.8.   V points  "V points" means points whose position in the passenger compartment is determined by vertical longitudinal planes passing through the centres of the outermost designated seating positions on the front seat and in relation to the R point and the design angle of the seat back, which points are used for verifying compliance with the field of vision requirements (see Annex IV).     2.9.   R point or seating reference point  (See Annex II).     2.10.   H point  (See Annex II).     2.11.   Windscreen datum points  "Windscreen datum points" means points situated at the intersection with the windscreen of lines radiating forward from the V points to the outer surface of the windscreen.     2.12.   Transparent area of a windscreen  "Transparent area of a windscreen" means that area of a vehicle windscreen or other glazed surface whose light transmittance, measured at right angles to the surface, is not less than 70 %.     2.13.   Horizontal seat-adjustment range  "Horizontal seat-adjustment range" means the range of normal driving positions designated by the vehicle manufacturer for the adjustment of the driver's seat in the direction of the X axis (see 2.3).     2.14.   Extended seat-adjustment range  "Extended seat-adjustment range" means the range designated by the vehicle manufacturer for the adjustment of the seat in the direction of the X axis (see 2.3) beyond the range of normal driving positions specified in 2.13 and used for converting seats into beds or facilitating entry into the vehicle.     2.15.   Windscreen-wiper system  "Windscreen-wiper system" means the system consisting of a device for wiping the outer face of the windscreen, together with the accessories and controls necessary for starting and stopping the device.     2.16.  Windscreen-wiper field  "Windscreen-wiper field" means the area of the outer face of a wet windscreen that is swept by the windscreen wiper.     2.17.  Windscreen-washer system  "Windscreen-washer system" means the system consisting of a device for storing a fluid and applying it to the outer face of the windscreen, together with the controls necessary for starting and stopping the device.     2.18.  Windscreen-washer control  "Windscreen-washer control" means a device or accessory for starting and stopping the windscreen-washer system. Starting and stopping may be coordinated with the operation of the windscreen wiper or be totally independent of it.     2.19.  Windscreen-washer pump  "Windscreen-washer pump" means a device for transferring the windscreen-washer fluid from the reservoir to the outer face of the windscreen.      2.20.  Nozzle  "Nozzle" means a device the orientation of which is adjustable and which serves to direct the windscreen-washer fluid on to the windscreen.     2.21.  Performance of a windscreen-washer system  "Performance of a windscreen-washer system" means the ability of a windscreen-washer system to apply fluid to the target area of the windscreen without leakage or disconnection of a tube of the washer system occurring when the system is used normally.         3. APPLICATIONS FOR EEC TYPE-APPROVAL      3.1. Application for EEC type-approval for a vehicle type in respect of its windscreen-wiper and windscreen-washer systems        3.1.1. The application for EEC type-approval of a vehicle type with regard to its windscreen-wiper and windscreen-washer systems must be submitted by the vehicle manufacturer or by his authorized representative.               3.1.2. It must be accompanied by the following documents in triplicate containing the information specified below:          3.1.2.1. a description of the vehicle referring to the criteria mentioned in 2.2, together with dimensional drawings and either a photograph or an exploded view of the passenger compartment. The numbers and/or symbols identifying the vehicle type must be specified;                   3.1.2.2. particulars of the primary reference marks in sufficient detail to enable them to be readily identified and the position of each in relation to the others and to the R point to be verified;                   3.1.2.3. a technical description of the windscreen-wiper and windscreen-washer systems together with relevant data in sufficient detail.                   3.1.2.4. A vehicle representative of the vehicle type to be approved must be submitted to the technical service conducting the type-approval tests.               3.2. Application for EEC type-approval for a type of windscreen-washer system as a separate technical unit        3.2.1. The application for EEC type-approval for a type of windscreen-washer system as a separate technical unit within the meaning of Article 9a of Directive 70/156/EEC must be submitted by the vehicle manufacturer or by the manufacturer of the windscreen-washer system, or by the authorized representative of either manufacturer.               3.2.2. For each type of windscreen-washer system the application shall be accompanied by:          3.2.2.1. three copies of documents giving a description of the system and of its technical characteristics;                   3.2.2.2. one specimen of the type of the system. The competent authorities may, if they deem it necessary, request a further specimen. The specimens must bear in a clearly legible and indelible manner the applicant's trade name or mark and an identification of the type.             4. EEC TYPE-APPROVAL  (4.1.)      (4.2.)       4.3.  A certificate conforming to the model specified in 4.3.1 and 4.3.2 shall be attached to the EEC type-approval certificate:      4.3.1. Annex VI for applications referred to in 3.1;           4.3.2. Annex VII for applications referred to in 3.2.     (4.4.)       (4.5.)        (4.6.)       (4.7.)       (4.8.)           5. SPECIFICATIONS      5.1. Windscreen-wiper system        5.1.1. Every vehicle must be equipped with at least one automatic windscreen-wiper system, i.e. a system which when the vehicle's engine is running is able to function without any action by the driver other than that needed for starting and stopping the windscreen wiper.               5.1.2. The windscreen wiper field must cover not less than 80 % of vision area B as defined in 2.3 of Annex IV.          5.1.2.1. In addition the windscreen wiper field must cover not less than 98 % of vision area A as defined in 2.2 of Annex IV.                 5.1.3. The windscreen wiper must have at least two sweep frequencies:          5.1.3.1. one of not less than 45 cycles/minute (a cycle being the forward and return movement of the windscreen wiper);                   5.1.3.2. one of not less than 10 and not more than 55 cycles/minute.                   5.1.3.3. The difference between the highest and at least one of the lower sweep frequencies must be at least 15 cycles/minute.                 5.1.4. The sweep frequences prescribed in 5.1.3 must be achieved as indicated in 6.1.1 to 6.1.6, 6.1.8 and 6.1.9.               5.1.5. Intermittent operation windscreen-wiper systems may be used for the purposes of complying with the requirements of 5.1.3, provided that one of the frequencies complies with the requirements of 5.1.3.1 and that one of the other frequencies obtained when the main frequency is interrupted is not less than 10 cycles/minute.               5.1.6. When the windscreen-wiper system is stopped by the use of the windscreen-wiper control, the blades must return automatically to their position of rest.               5.1.7. The system must be capable of withstanding stalling for 15 seconds. The test procedure and conditions are set out in 6.1.7.               5.1.8. The windscreen wiper field must meet the minimum requirements of 5.1.2 when the wipers are tested at a sweep frequency conforming to the provisions of 5.1.3.2 under the conditions set out in 6.1.10.               5.1.9. The aerodynamic effects associated with the windscreen's size and shape, and the efficiency of the windscreen-wiper system, must be determined under the following conditions:          5.1.9.1. when subjected to a relative air speed equal to 80 % of the vehicle's maximum speed but not exceeding 160 km/h, the windscreen-wiper systems, operating at maximum frequency, must continue to sweep a field as specified in 5.1.2.1, with the same efficiency.                 5.1.10. The wiper-arm mounting must enable the wiper arm to be displaced from its position on the windscreen so as to allow the windscreen to be manually cleaned.               5.1.11. The windscreen-wiper system must be capable of operating for two minutes on a dry windscreen with the outside temperature at - 18 ± 3 ºC under the conditions specified in 6.1.11.              5.2. Windscreen-washer system        5.2.1. Every vehicle must be fitted with a windscreen-washer system which is capable of withstanding the loads produced when the nozzles are plugged and the system is actuated in accordance with the procedure set out in 6.2.1 and 6.2.2.               5.2.2. The performance of the windscreen-washer and windscreen-wiper systems must not be adversely affected by exposure to the temperature cycles prescribed in 6.2.3 and 6.2.4.               5.2.3. The windscreen-washer system must be capable of delivering sufficient liquid to clear 60 % of the area defined in 2.2 of Annex IV under the conditions described in 6.2.5 of this Annex.               5.2.4. The capacity of the reservoir containing the liquid must not be less than one litre.           6. TEST PROCEDURE      6.1. Windscreen-wiper system        6.1.1. The tests described below must be carried out under the following conditions, unless otherwise specified:               6.1.2. the ambient temperature must not be less than 10 ºC or more than 40 ºC;               6.1.3. the windscreen must be kept constantly wet;               6.1.4. in the case of an electric windscreen-wiper system the following additional conditions must be met:          6.1.4.1. the battery must be fully charged;                   6.1.4.2. the engine must be running at 30 % of the speed at which it develops maximum power;                   6.1.4.3. the dipped-beam headlamps must be switched on;                   6.1.4.4. the heating and/or ventilation systems, if fitted, must be operating at maximum electrical consumption;                   6.1.4.5. the defrosting and demisting systems, if fitted, must be operating at maximum electrical consumption.                 6.1.5. Compressed air operated or vacuum operated windscreen-wiper systems must be able to function continuously at the prescribed sweep frequencies whatever the engine speed or engine load.               6.1.6. The sweep frequencies of windscreen-wiper systems must comply with the requirements of 5.1.3 after a preliminary operating time of 20 minutes on a wet surface.               6.1.7. The requirements of 5.1.7 shall be satisfied when the wiper arms are restrained in their vertical position for a period of 15 seconds with the windscreen-wiper control set at the maximum sweep frequency.               6.1.8. The outer face of the windscreen shall be thoroughly degreased by means of methylated spirit or an equivalent degreasing agent. After drying, a solution of ammonia of not less than 3 % and not more than 10 % shall be applied. The surface shall be allowed to dry again and shall then be wiped with a dry cotton cloth.               6.1.9. A coating of the test mixture (see Annex V) shall be applied uniformly to the outer surface of the windscreen and allowed to dry.               6.1.10. For the purpose of measuring the field of the windscreen-wiper system, prescribed in 5.1.2 and 5.1.2.1, the outer face of the windscreen shall be treated as indicated in 6.1.8 and 6.1.9 or by some other equivalent method.          6.1.10.1. A trace of the windscreen-wiper field shall be made and compared with a trace of the vision areas specified in 5.1.2 and 5.1.2.1 in order to verify that the requirements are met.                 6.1.11. The requirements of 5.1.11 shall be met after the vehicle has been in an ambient temperature of - 18 ± 3 ºC for a minimum of four hours. The windscreen-wiper system is to be set to operate under the conditions set out in 6.1.4 with the control at the position of maximum frequency. There are no requirements regarding the field swept.              6.2. Windscreen-washer system  Test conditions        6.2.1. Test No 1          6.2.1.1. The windscreen-washer system shall be filled with water, fully primed, and placed in an ambient temperature of 20 ± 2 ºC for a minimum of four hours. All the nozzles shall be plugged and the windscreen-washer control actuated six times in one minute, each time for at least three seconds. If the system is powered by the muscular energy of the driver, the force applied shall be that shown in the following table: >PIC FILE= "T0013026">                    6.2.1.2. For electric pumps, the test voltage must be no less than the rated voltage without exceeding it by more than two volts.                   6.2.1.3. The performance of the windscreen-washer system at the end of the test must be as defined in 2.21.                 6.2.2. Test No 2  The windscreen-washer system shall be filled with water, fully primed, and placed in an ambient temperature of - 18 ± 3 ºC for a minimum of four hours. The windscreen-washer control shall be actuated six times in one minute, each time for at least three seconds, using the force prescribed in 6.2.1. The system shall than be placed in an ambient temperature of 20 ± 2 ºC until the ice has completely thawed. The performance of the windscreen-washer system shall then be verified by actuating it as prescribed in 6.2.1.               6.2.3. Test No 3 (Low-temperature exposure test)          6.2.3.1. The windscreen-washer system shall be filled with water, fully primed, and placed in an ambient temperature of - 18 ± 3 ºC for a minimum of four hours so that the total mass of the water in the washer system is frozen. The system shall then be placed in an ambient temperature of 20 ± 2 ºC until the ice has completely thawed. This freeze/thaw cycle shall be repeated six times. The performance of the windscreen-washer system shall then be verified by actuating it as prescribed in 6.2.1.                   6.2.3.2. The windscreen-washer system shall be filled and fully primed with a low-temperature windscreen-washer fluid consisting of a 50 % solution of methanol, or alternatively isopropyl alcohol, in water of a hardness not greater than 205 g/tonne.            6.2.3.2.1. The system shall be placed in an ambient temperature of - 18 ± 3 ºC for a minimum of four hours. The performance of the windscreen-washer system shall be verified by actuating it as prescribed in 6.2.1.                   6.2.4. Test No 4 (High-temperature exposure test)          6.2.4.1. The windscreen-washer system shall be filled with water, fully primed, and placed in an ambient temperature of 80 ± 3 ºC for a minimum of eight hours and then in an ambient temperature of 20 ± 2 ºC. When the temperature has stabilized, the performance of the windscreen-washer system shall be verified by actuating it as prescribed in 6.2.1.                   6.2.4.2. If part of the windscreen-washer system is situated in the engine compartment, the system shall be filled with water, fully primed, and placed in an ambient temperature of 80 ± 3 ºC for a minimum of eight hours. The performance of the windscreen-washer system shall be verified by actuating it as prescribed in 6.2.1.                   6.2.4.3. If no part of the windscreen-washer system is situated in the engine compartment, the system shall be filled with water, fully primed, and placed in an ambient temperature of 60 ± 3 ºC for a minimum of eight hours. The performance of the windscreen-washer system shall be verified by actuating it as prescribed in 6.2.1.                  6.2.5. Test No 5 (Windscreen-washer system capability test prescribed in 5.2.3)          6.2.5.1. The windscreen-washer system shall be filled with water and fully primed. With the vehicle stationary and no significant wind effect, the washer nozzle or nozzles shall be adjusted towards the target area of the outer face of the windscreen. If the system is powered by the muscular energy of the driver the force required to do this shall not exceed that specified in 6.2.1.1. If the system is powered by an electric pump the requirements of 6.1.4 shall apply.                   6.2.5.2. The outer face of the windscreen shall be treated as prescribed in 6.1.8 and 6.1.9.                   6.2.5.3. The windscreen-washer system shall then be actuated in the manner indicated by the manufacturer for 10 cycles of automatic operation of the windscreen-wiper system at maximum frequency and the proportion of the vision area defined in 2.2 of Annex IV that is cleaned shall then be measured.               6.3. All the windscreen-washer tests described in 6.2.1 to 6.2.4 shall be carried out on one and the same windscreen-washer system, either attached to a vehicle of a type for which EEC type-approval has been sought, or not attached to a vehicle, in the case of a system for which EEC type-approval as a separate technical unit has been requested.         (7.)         (8.)         (9.)         (10.)         (11.)         (12.)       ANNEX II PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING THE H POINT AND THE ACTUAL SEAT-BACK ANGLE AND FOR VERIFYING THE RELATIVE POSITIONS OF THE R AND H POINTS AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DESIGN SEAT-BACK ANGLE AND THE ACTUAL SEAT-BACK ANGLE  Annex III to Council Directive 77/649/EEC of 27 September 1977 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the field of vision of motor vehicle drivers (1) shall be applicable.   ANNEX III METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE DIMENSIONAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE VEHICLE'S PRIMARY REFERENCE MARKS AND THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL REFERENCE GRID    1. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REFERENCE GRID AND VEHICLE'S PRIMARY REFERENCE MARKS  To verify specific dimensions on or within a vehicle submitted for type-approval in accordance with this Directive, the relationship between the coordinates of the three-dimensional reference grid defined in 2.3 of Annex I, which have been laid out at the initial vehicle-design stage, and the positions of the primary reference marks defined in 2.4 of Annex I, must be established accurately so that specific points on the vehicle manufacturer's drawings can be located on an actual vehicle produced from those drawings.       2. METHOD FOR ESTABLISHING RELATIONSHIP OF REFERENCE GRID TO REFERENCE MARKS  For this purpose, a ground reference plane shall be constructed, which is marked with the X-X measurement and the Y-Y measurement. The method of achieving this is set out in figure 3 of this Annex, the reference plane being a hard, flat, level surface on which the vehicle stands, and which has two measuring scales firmly fixed to its surface ; these shall be graduated in millimetres, the X-X scale being not less than 8 m long, and the Y-Y scale not less than 4 m long. The two scales must be set at right angles to each other as shown in figure 3 of this Annex. The intersection of the scales is ground zero.       3. EXAMINATION OF THE REFERENCE PLANE  In order to provide for minor variations in the level of the reference plane or test area, it is necessary to measure the deviations from ground zero along both the X and Y scales at intervals of 250 mm and to record the readings obtained so that corrections can be made when checking the vehicle.       4. ACTUAL TEST ATTITUDE  In order to provide for minor changes in suspension height, etc., it is necessary to have available a means of bringing the primary reference marks to the correct coordinate positions relative to the  (1)OJ No L 267, 19.10.1977, p. 1.   design attitude before further measurements are taken. In addition, it must be possible to make minor lateral and/or longitudinal adjustments to the vehicle's position so as to place it correctly in relation to the reference grid.       5. RESULTS  The vehicle having been correctly placed relative to the reference grid and in its design attitude, the site of the necessary points for studying the forward visibility requirements can be readily determined. Test methods to determine these requirements may include the use of theodolites, light sources or shadow devices, or any other method which can be shown to give equivalent results.      >PIC FILE= "T0013027">     >PIC FILE= "T0013028">     >PIC FILE= "T0013029">     ANNEX IV PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING VISION AREAS ON WINDSCREENS OF CATEGORY M1 VEHICLES IN RELATION TO THE V POINTS    1. POSITIONS OF THE V POINTS      1.1. The positions of the V points in relation to the R point, as indicated by XYZ coordinates from the three-dimensional reference grid, are as shown in Tables I and II.           1.2. Table I indicates the basic coordinates for a design seat-back angle of 25º. The positive direction for the coordinates is indicated in figure 1 of Annex III.  TABLE I >PIC FILE= "T0013030">            1.3. Correction for design seat-back angles other than 25º        1.3.1. Table II shows the further corrections to be made to the X and Z coordinates of each V point when the design seat-back angle is not 25º. The positive direction for the coordinates is shown in figure 1 of Annex III.  TABLE II >PIC FILE= "T0013054">           2. VISION AREAS      2.1. Two vision areas shall be determined from the V points.           2.2. Vision area A is the area on the outer surface of the windscreen bounded by the following four planes extending forward from the V point (see figure 1):         - a vertical plane passing through V1 and V2 and at an angle of 13º to the left of the X axis;               - a plane parallel to the Y axis, passing through V1 and at an upward angle of 3º from the X axis;               - a plane parallel to the Y axis, passing through V2 and at a downward angle of 1º from the X axis;               - a vertical plane passing through V1 and V2 and at an angle of 20º to the right of the X axis.             2.3. Vision area B is the area of the outer surface of the windscreen which is more than 25 mm from the outer edge of the transparent area and is bounded by the intersection of the following four planes with the outer surface of the windscreen (see figure 2):        - a plane parallel to the Y axis, passing through V1 and at an upward angle of 7º from the X axis;               - a plane parallel to the Y axis, passing through V2 and at a downward angle of 5º from the X axis;               - a vertical plane passing through V1 and V2 and at an angle of 17º to the left of the X axis;               - a plane symmetrical to the former plane in relation to the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle.         >PIC FILE= "T0013031">    >PIC FILE= "T0013032">     ANNEX V TEST-MIXTURE SPECIFICATION FOR WINDSCREEN-WIPER SYSTEM AND WINDSCREEN-WASHER SYSTEM TESTS  The test mixture referred to in 6.1.9. of Annex I shall consist of the following (by volume) : 92 75 % water (with a hardness of less than 205 g/tonne after evaporation), 5 % aqueous saturated salt (sodium chloride) solution and 2 75 % dust constituted in accordance with Tables I and II.  TABLE I Analysis of test dust >PIC FILE= "T0013033">   TABLE II Particle-size distribution of coarse-grade dust >PIC FILE= "T0013034">     ANNEX VI MODEL (Maximum format : A4 (210 × 297 mm)) >PIC FILE= "T0013035">   >PIC FILE= "T0013036">     ANNEX VII MODEL (Maximum format : A4 (210 × 297 mm)) >PIC FILE= "T0013037">