 Among the oldest attestations of the countries of the Vlachs (early Romanians) on the left side of the Danube, there is a quotation of a passage from an Armenian book of geography. The passage represents an interpolation, probably from the first centuries of the second millennium, which refers to an "unknown country called Balak", situated in the neighborhood of the "Sarmatians ’ country" and of "Zagura" (Bulgaria). Another 11th-century reference to the Vlachs ’ country appears to be the section of the ancient Turkic chronicle Oghuzname ('Oghuz Khan's Tale '), preserved in a 17th-century text, which narrates the battles of the Cumans against several peoples, including the Vlachs (Ulak).
