 In contrast to the above studies, William G. Gale of the Brookings Institution published a study in Tax Notes that estimated a rate of 28.2 % (39.3 % tax-exclusive) for 2007 assuming full taxpayer compliance and an average rate of 31 % (44 % tax-exclusive) from 2006 to 2015 (assumes that the Bush tax cuts expire on schedule and accounts for the replacement of an additional $ 3 trillion collected through the Alternative Minimum Tax). The study also concluded that if the tax base were eroded by 10 % due to tax evasion, tax avoidance, and / or legislative adjustments, the average rate would be 34 % (53 % tax-exclusive) for the 10-year period. A dynamic analysis in 2008 by the Baker Institute For Public Policy concluded that a 28 % (38.9 % tax-exclusive) rate would be revenue neutral for 2006. The President's Advisory Panel for Federal Tax Reform performed a 2006 analysis to replace the individual and corporate income tax with a retail sales tax and estimated the rate to be 25 % (34 % tax-exclusive) assuming 15 % tax evasion, and 33 % (49 % tax-exclusive) with 30 % tax evasion. The rate would need to be substantially higher to replace the additional taxes replaced by the FairTax (payroll, estate, and gift taxes). Several economists criticized the President's Advisory Panel's study as having allegedly altered the terms of the FairTax, using unsound methodology, and / or failing to fully explain their calculations.
