 Like other projects since Rockstar Games Presents Table Tennis (2006), the game uses the proprietary Rockstar Advanced Game Engine (RAGE) to perform animation and rendering tasks, and the Euphoria and Bullet engines for further animation and environment rendering tasks. By 25 August 2013, development of Grand Theft Auto V stopped as the game was submitted for manufacturing. Media analyst Arvind Bhatia estimated the development budget for the game exceeded US $ 137 million, and The Scotsman reporter Marty McLaughlin estimated that the combined budget of the development and marketing efforts exceeded GB £ 170 million (US $ 265 million), making Grand Theft Auto V the most expensive video game ever made.
