 The pedosphere is the outermost layer of Earth's continental surface and is composed of soil and subject to soil formation processes. The total arable land is 10.9 % of the land surface, with 1.3 % being permanent cropland. Close to 40 % of Earth's land surface is used for cropland and pasture, or an estimated 1.3 × 107 km2 of cropland and 3.4 × 107 km2 of pastureland.
