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Jadransko more ogranak je Sredozemnoga mora koji odvaja Apeninski poluotok od Jugoistočne Europe te Apeninsko od Dinarskoga gorja. Jadran je najsjeverniji rukavac Sredozemlja koje se s njim spaja preko Otrantskih vrata (morski prolaz između Jadranskog i Jonskog mora). Države na obalama Jadranskog mora jesu: Albanija, Bosna i Hercegovina, Crna Gora, Hrvatska, Italija i Slovenija. U Jadranu se nalazi preko 1300 otoka, većinom smještenih na istočnoj strani, to jest na hrvatskoj obali. Dijeli se na dva bazena: sjeverni koji je plići i južni koji je dublji s najvećom dubinom od 1233 metra. Morske struje putuju u smjeru obrnutom od kazaljke na satu ulazeći kroz Otrantska vrata uz istočnu obalu mora i vraćajući se uz zapadnu (talijansku) obalu. Morske mijene nisu pretjerano izražene iako se povremeno mogu dogoditi veće razlike u njihovim amplitudama. Slanost Jadrana manja je od Sredozemnoga zato što tekućice u Jadranskom slivu čine trećinu pritoka Sredozemnog mora. Površinska temperatura mora varira od 24 °C ljeti do 7 °C zimi.
 More leži na Jadranskoj mikroploči koja se u Mezozoiku odvojila od Afričke ploče. Kretanje ploče i sudar s Euroazijskom pločom znatno su utjecali na uzdizanje okolnih planinskih lanaca. U Jadranu su nađene sve vrste sedimenata koje je najvećim dijelom donijela rijeka Po, najveća rijeka u Jadranskom porječju. Zapadna je obala aluvijalna ili terasasta, a istočna je vrlo razvedena i kraška. Na Jadranu je mnogo zaštićenih područja kako bi se zaštitila bioraznolikost u kršu. More obiluje florom i faunom, u njemu obitava više od 7000 vrsta od kojih su mnoge rijetke, endemske i ugrožene.
 Jadransku obalu nastanjuje preko 3,5 milijuna ljudi. Najveći su gradovi Bari, Venecija, Trst, Rijeka i Split. Najstariji stanovnici jadranske obale bili su Etruščani i razna italska plemena, Iliri te Grci. Do 2. stoljeća pr. Kr. obala je bila pod kontrolom Rimske Republike. U Srednjem vijeku Jadransku su obalu i more kontrolirale razne države od kojih su najznačajnije bile Bizantsko Carstvo, Mletačka Republika, Habsburška Monarhija i Osmansko Carstvo. Nakon ujedinjenja Italije Kraljevina Italija imala je velike pretenzije na kontrolu istočne obale, a time i cijeloga Jadrana koje su trajale cijelo 20. stoljeće. Nakon Prvoga svjetskog rata te raspada Austro-Ugarske i Osmanskog Carstva na istočnoj obali nastale su dvije nove države: Kraljevina Jugoslavija i Albanija. Nakon odvajanja jugoslavenskih saveznih republika pomorske i teritorijalne granice prenijele su se na novoosnovane države.
 Glavne djelatnosti uz obalu su ribarstvo i turizam. Hrvatski i crnogorski turizam gospodarski su najbrže rastući u regiji. Pomorski prijevoz također je vrlo važna djelatnost, a na obali Jadranskog mora postoji 19 većih pomorskih luka kroz koje godišnje prođe preko milijun tona robe. Najveća jadranske pomorske luke za prijevoz tereta jesu Venecija, Trst, Kopar i Rijeka, a venecijanska i splitska luka najveće su putničke luke.
 Hidrografija
 Jadransko je more poluzatvoreno more, omeđeno s jugozapada Apeninskim poluotokom, sa sjeverozapada talijanskim regijama Veneto i Furlanija-Julijska krajina, a na sjeveru i istoku sa Slovenijom, Hrvatskom, Bosnom i Hercegovinom, Crnom Gorom i Albanijom. Na jugu se spaja s Jonskim morem, a dijele ih 72 km široka Otrantska vrata. Međunarodna hidrografska organizacija (eng. International Hydrographic Organization, IHO) određuje granicu između Jadranskog i Jonskog mora kao crtu koja spaja ušće rijeke Butrint u Albaniji s rtom Karagol na otoku Krfu, preko rta Kephali do rta Santa Maria di Leuca na Apeninskom poluotoku. More se proteže u duljini od oko 800 km od sjevera prema jugu, te na oko 200 km širine od istoka do zapada. Pokriva površinu od oko 138 600 četvornih kilometara i obujma je 35 000 kubičnih kilometara. Jadran se proteže prema sjeveru od 40° do 45° 47' predstavljajući najsjeverniju točku Sredozemnog mora. Geografski je podijeljeno na Sjeverni, Srednji i Južni Jadran. Porječje Jadranskoga mora obuhvaća površinu od 235 000 četvornih kilometara, pri čemu je omjer kopna i mora 1:8. Prosječna nadmorska visina porječja je 782 metra, sa srednjim nagibom od 12,1o. Glavne rijeke koje se ulijevaju u Jadran su Po, Neretva, Soča, Krka, Drim, Bojana i Vjosa. Krajem 19. stoljeća, Austro-Ugarska Monarhija osnovala je geodetsku mrežu s mjerenjem nadmorske visine koristeći srednju razinu Jadranskog mora u luci Sartorio u Trstu. Mjerenja je zadržala Austrija, koje je kasnije prihvatila Jugoslavija i naposljetku su prenesena na države nastale njezinim raspadom.
 U Jadranskom moru leži više od 1300 otoka i otočića, od kojih se velika većina nalazi na istočnoj obali, osobito na hrvatskom dijelu obale s 1246 otoka, čime je ona jedna od najrazvedenijih obala na svijetu. Broj uključuje otoke, otočiće, stijene i hridi svih veličina, ubrajajući i one koji se vide samo u vrijeme trajanja oseke. Hrvatski otoci Krk i Cres najveći su u Jadranskom moru, oba pokrivaju područje od oko 405,78 četvornih kilometara. Najviši otok na Jadranu je Brač, čiji najviši vrh doseže 780 metara nadmorske visine. Otoci Cres i Lošinj odvojeni su samo uskim plovnim kanalom iskopanim u antičko doba. Originalni cijeli otok je kod Starih Grka bio znan kao "Apsyrtides". Od mnogo hrvatskih otoka, 48 je stalno naseljenih, a najviše stanovnika imaju Krk i Korčula. Za razliku od vrlo razvedene istočne, otoci uz zapadnu obalu su brojčano i veličinom manji. Najpoznatija je skupina od 117 otoka na kojima leži grad Venecija. Sjeverna obala grčkog otoka Krfa prema IHO-u također leži u Jadranskom moru. IHO-ove su granice u Jadran smjestile i par manjih grčkih otoka koji se nalaze sjevernije od Krfa.
 Batimetrija
 Prosječna dubina Jadrana je 252,5 metara, a njegova maksimalna dubina je 1233 metra. Međutim, Sjeverni Jadran rijetko je dublji od 100 metara. Sjeverni Jadran, koji se prostire između Venecije i Trsta do linije koja povezuje Anconu i Zadar, je na svojem najsjevernijem dijelu dubok samo 15 metara, dok se postupno ta dubina povećava prema jugu. Srednji Jadran se prostire južnije od linije Ancona-Zadar, s 270 metara dubokom Srednjejadranskom jamom. Na jugu Srednjeg Jadrana nalazi se 170 metara duboki Palagruški prag, koji odvaja Srednji od 1200 metara duboke depresije u Južnom Jadranu. Dalje prema jugu, morsko se dno uzdiže do 780 metara dubokog Otrantskog praga na granici Jadranskoga i Jonskoga mora. Južni Jadran je po mnogočemu sličan sjevernom dijelu Jonskog mora. Poprečno, Jadransko more je asimetrično kao i Jonsko. Obala Apeninskog poluotoka relativno j e slabo razvedena s vrlo malo otoka. Kao kontrast, obala Balkanskog poluotoka vrlo je razvedena s mnogo otoka, osobito u Hrvatskoj. Na razvedenost obale utjecali su Dinaridi koji su vrlo blizu obale, dok su Apenini mnogo dalje od obalne crte.
 Hidrologija
 Dinamiku priobalnih voda najviše određuje asimetrična obala i protok vode iz Mediterana kroz Otrantska vrata uz istočnu obalu. "Glatka" talijanska obala (s vrlo malo izbočenja i otoka) omogućava mirni protok Zapadnojadranske struje, koju čini površinska relativno svježa vodena masa i dublja hladna i gusta vodena masa. Obalne struje na suprotnoj obali mnogo su složenije zbog krševite obale, mnogo otoka i blizine Dinarida. Blizina Dinarida uzrok je značajnih temperaturnih promjena između mora i zaleđa, što dovodi do pojave bure. Razlike između morskih mijena su blage, najčešće manje od 30 centimetara.
 Normalne visine plime i oseke se mogu značajno povećati, što dovodi do plavljenja obale; ovaj je fenomen najpoznatiji u Italiji, osobito gradu Veneciji. Takve promjene mogu povećati normalne razine mora za više od 140 cm, a najviša visina plime od 194 cm je izmjerena 4. studenoga 1966. godine. Takvo drastično povećanje amplitude plime uzrokuje kombinacija nekoliko čimbenika, poputi položaaj Sunca i Mjeseca, meteoroloških faktora kao olujni udari juga i geometrijski oblik uvale (koji smanjuje ili povećava astronomski faktor). Nadalje, oblik Jadranskog mora koje je izduženo i usko uzrok je oscilacija u kretanju vode uz glavne osi bazena. Na posljetku, Venecija je najugroženija takvim poplavama zbog slijeganja obalnog tla čime ona "tone" sve niže. Neobično visoke plime zabilježene su i drugdje na Jadranu, primjerice u Kopru, Zadru i Šibeniku.
 Procjenjuje se da se cijeli volumen Jadrana izmjeni kroz Otrantska vrata za 3,4 ± 0,4 godine, što je vrlo kratko razdoblje (za usporedbu, oko 500 godina potrebno je da se izmjeni sva voda u Crnom moru). Ovako kratko razdoblje iznimno je važno zbog istjeka rijeka u Jadransko more koji iznosi do 5700 m3/s. Ova brzina istjeka iznosi 0,5% ukupnog volumena Jadrana, ili sloj od 1,3 metra slatke vode svake godine. Najveći doprinos pritoka ima rijeka Po (28%), s prosječnim istjekom od 1569 m3/s. Ako gledamo najveće pritoke u Mediteranu, rijeka Po je na drugom mjestu, a prate ju Neretva i Drin koje su na trećem i četvrtom. Značajne pritoke slatke vode čine i podzemne tekućice koje izviru pod vodom - vrulje. Procjenjuje se da se kroz podzemne vode slije više od 29% ukupnog pritoka slatke vode u Jadranu. U podzemne izvore ubrajaju i termalni izvori, koji su otkriveni u blizini grada Izola. Termalna voda bogata je sumporovodikom, temperature od 22 od 29,6 oC i omogućava razvoj specifičnog ekosustava. Jadransko porječje čini trećinu ukupnog volumena dotoka slatke vode u Sredozemnom moru.
 Temperatura i slanost
 Temperature na površini Jadrana ljeti su od 22 do 24oC ili 12 do 14oC zimi ako izuzmemo sjeverni dio Jadrana u kojem se temperatura zimi spušta do 9oC. Sezonske temperaturne razlike javljaju se kao longitudinalni gradijent u Sjevernom Jadranu i transverzalni gradijent u Srednjem i Južnom Jadranu zbog geografskih karakteristika mora; pliće je i bliže obali (izduženog oblika). Tijekom posebno hladnih zima, more se na nekim plićim mjestima može zalediti, osobito u Venecijanskoj laguni, ali bilo je takvih slučajeva i mnogo južnije kod grada Tisno. Južni Jadran zimi je topliji 8o do 10oC od sjevernijih područja. Razlike u slanosti mora također su prisutne i variraju između 38 i 39 promila. Južni Jadran nešto je slaniji zbog dotoka slanije vode iz istočnog Sredozemlja.
 Klima
 Kao i kod većine područja na Sredozemlju, Jadransko more i kopnene mase koje ga okružuju imaju sredozemnu klimu, vrstu suptropske klime. Pošto se more nalazi na srednjim geografskim dužinama ima promjenjivu sezonsku klimu. Ljeta su topla do vruća i suha, a zime su blage do hladne i kišovite. Godišnja prosječna temperatura zraka mijenja se u opsegu od oko 20o C. Prema Köppenovoj klasifikaciji klime Južni i Srednji Jadran klasificiran je da ima sredozemnu klimu s vrućim ljetima (Csa), a sjeverni dio Jadrana da ima vlažnu suptropsku klimu (Cfa). Dominantni vjetrovi zimi su jugo i bura. Bura puše kroz klance i prijevoje na Dinaridima i donosi hladan i suhi zrak s kontinenta. Najveće brzine dostiže u područjima Trsta, Senja i Splita, s naletima vjetra koji dostižu brzine do 180 km/h. Jugo donosi vlažan i topao zrak i često sa sobom nosi pijesak iz Sahare čime uzrokuje prljave kiše.
 Naseljenost
 Na obalama i otocima Jadranskog mora nalazi se mnogo manjih naselja i samo nekoliko većih gradova. Među najvećima su talijanski Bari, Venecija, Trst, Ravenna i Rimini, hrvatski Split, Rijeka i Zadar, albanski Drač i Valona i slovenski Kopar. Ukupno na Jadranskim obalama živi oko 3,5 milijuna ljudi.
 Upravljanje obalom
 Grad Venecija sagrađen je na skupini otoka koji se nalaze uz obalu i u opasnosti je zbog slijeganja sedimenta, a ista opasnost je prisutna u delti rijeke Po. Slijeganje uzrokuje voda koje odnosi sa sobom sedimentno tlo, a učinak se pojačava iskapanjem pijeska za industriju, korištenjem vode za poljoprivredu i crpljenjem podzemnih izvora vode.
 Slijeganje Venecije usporeno je nakon odluke donesene 1960-ih da se zabrane arteški bunari, ali je grad i dalje bio u opasnosti od potapanja za vrijeme većih plima. Nedavno provedene studije pokazuju da grad više ne tone, ali unatoč tome i dalje je spreman za hitne obrane od poplava. Bivši talijanski premijer Silvio Berlusconi je u svibnju 2003. predstavio projekt MOSE (tal. modulo sperimentale elettromeccanico, u prijevodu eksperimentalni elektromehanički modul) koji bi trebao u budućnosti čuvati grad od poplava. Prijedlog projekta je da se položi 79 pokretnih pontona duž morskog dna na trima ulazima u Venecijansku lagunu. Kada razina plime prijeđe 110 cm, pontoni se napune zrakom tvoreći branu i blokirali nadolazeći plimni val s Jadranskog mora.
 Geologija
 Geofizičke i geološke informacije pokazuju da su Jadransko more i dolina rijeke Po dio litosferne ploče nazvane Jadranska mikroploča. Pretpostavlja se da se ta ploča odvojila od Afičke ploče u Mezozoiku. Odvajanje je počelo tokom srednjeg i kasnijeg trijasa, kada je i počelo taloženje vapnenca. Između stadija norik i gornje krede stvorio se debeli niz karbonatnih sedimenata (dolomita i vapnenca) dubok gotovo 8 kilometara, koji tvori takozvanu jadransku karbonatnu platformu. Ostaci te platforme mogu se naći u Jadranskom moru i okolnom mladom nabranom gorju (Južne Alpe i Dinaridi). Tokom eocena i ranog oligocena, ploča se pomaknula na sjever i sjeveroistok i zajedno s Afričkom i Euroazijskom pločom imala je utjecaja na Alpsku orogenezu tokom koje su uzdignuti Dinaridi i Alpe. U kasnijem oligocenu, kretanje ploče okrenulo se i zajedno s Euroazijskom pločom sudjelovalo u Apeninskoj oregenezi tijekom koje je uzdignut Apeninski poluotok i gorski masiv Apenini. Neprekinuti obruč povećane seizmičke aktivnosti u Jadranu, zajedno s obručem navlaka (rasjed), orijentiranog linijom sjeveroistok-jugozapad i identičnom orijentacijom Apenina i Dinarida pokazuje da se ploča okreće suprotno od kazaljke na satu. Aktivni rasjed dužine 200 km nalazi se sjeverozapadno od Dubrovnika, uzdižući Dalmatinske otoke kako se Jadranska mikroploča podvlači pod Euroazijsku. Nadalje, rasjed izaziva primicanje južnog vrha Apeninskog poluotoka prema Balkanskom poluotoku za oko 0,4 cm godišnje. Ako se ovakvo kretanje nastavi, Jadransko more će se zatvoriti za otprilike 50 do 70 milijuna godina. U Sjevernom Jadranu obala zapadne Istre i Tršćanskog zaljeva konstantno tone. U zadnje dvije stotine godina potonula je oko 1,5 metara. U srednjem Jadranskom bazenu, postoje dokazi o vulkanskoj aktivnosti tijekom razdoblja Perma oko Komiže na otoku Visu i vulkanskih otoka Jabuke i Brusnika. Potresi se u ovoj regiji bilježe od davnina. Nedavni jači potres jačine 7 po Richterovoj ljestvici pogodio je Crnu Goru 1979. godine. Od ostalih većih potresa, u povijesti su zapamćeni potres iz 1627. na poluotoku Gargano i veliki potres u Dubrovniku iz 1667., oba popraćena jakim cunamijem. U posljednjih 600 godina, cunamiji su se u Jadranu pojavili petnaestak puta.
 Naslage na morskom dnu
 U Jadranu su pronađene razne vrste morskog taloga (sedimenta). Sjeverni Jadran je pretežito plitak i karakterističan je po pijesku iz vremena kada je razina vode bila niža i to je područje bilo obala. U predjelima dubljim od 100 metara, tipično je muljevito korito. Jadran je geomorfološki podijeljen na pet jedinica. "Sjeverni Jadran" (do dubine od 100 metara), "Sjeverni Jadran otočno područje" (veliki Kvarnerski otoci) je zaštićeno od taloženja sedimenata vanjskim otocima, "Srednji Jadran otočno područje" (veliki Dalmatinski otoci), "Srednji Jadran" (karakterizira ga srednjejadranska depresija) i "Južni Jadran" kojeg čini obalni sprud i južnojadranska depresija. Sedimenti nataloženi u Jadranu danas pretežito dolaze sa sjeverozapadne obale, a nanose ih rijeke Po, Reno, Adige, Brenta, Tagliamento, Piave i Soča. Količina sedimenata koje nose rijeke istočne obale, Rječina, Zrmanja, Krka, Cetina, Ombla, Dragonja, Mirna, Raša i Neretva je zanemariva, jer se ti sedimenti većinom talože na ušćima tih rijeka. Jadranska zapadna obala je aluvijalna i terasasta, dok je istočna obala većinom kamenita uz izuzetak najjužnijeg dijela u Albaniji koja ima pješčane uvale i stjenovite rtove.
 Obala
 Istočna obala, osobito hrvatski dio je pored grčke obale najrazvedenija obalna linija na Sredozemlju. Većina istočne obale karakterizira kraška topografija, razvijena vremenskim utjecajem na Jadransku karbonatnu platformu. Karstifikacija je započela nakon zadnjeg uzdizanja Dinarida u Oligocenu i u Miocenu tijekom kojeg su karbonatne stijene izložene atmosferskim prilikama. Utjecaju atmosfere bilo je izloženo i 120 metara obale koja se trenutno nalazi ispod površine mora, a činila je obalu tijekom zadnjeg ledenog doba. Procjenjuje se da su se neke krške formacije formirale u ranijim razdobljima niske razine mora, najviše tijekom Mesinske krize slaniteta. Krš se razvio i u Apuliji iz Apulijanske karbonatne platforme.
 Najveći dio istočne obale sastoji se od karbonatnih stijena, dok je fliš uvelike prisutan u Tršćanskom zaljevu, osobito uz slovensku Istru gdje je 80 metara visoki Strunjanski klif najviša stijena na cijelom Jadranu i jedina takvog tipa na istočnom Jadranu. Fliš je prisutan i na Biokovu, a može se vidjeti i u Albaniji te na zapadnoj Jadranskoj obali.
 Postoje izmjene pomorskog i aluvijalnog sedimenta u delti rijeke Po, na Jadranskoj sjeverozapadnoj obali i prema zapadu do Piacenze, koje datira iz razdoblja pleistocena kada je razina mora rasla i potopila dolinu. Rast razine mora nastupio je nakon zadnjeg ledenog doba, koje je uzdignulo Jadransko more prije otprilike 5500 godina. Od tada se delta rijeke Po širi. Od 1000. godine pr. Kr. do 1200. godine prosječno se širila oko 4 metra godišnje. U 12. stoljeću, delta se širila oko 25 metara godišnje. U 17. stoljeću, delta je postala okoliš kojim upravlja čovjek jer je počeo iskop umjetnih kanala. Od tada se kanalima i novim rukavcima delta rijeke širi po godišnjoj stopi od 50 metara. Osim već nabrojanih rijeka, u Jadran se samo iz Italije ulijeva više od 20 drugih rijeka, koje također tvore aluvijalnu obalu, uključujući lagune Venecije, Grada i Caorlea. Na istočnoj obali postoje manje aluvijalne ravnice u deltama rijeka Dragonje, Bojane i Neretve.
 Biogeografija i ekologija
 Jadransko more ima jedinstveno vodno tijelo u odnosu na cjelokupnu biokemijsku fizionomiju. Proizvodi anorganske hranjive tvari, a uvozi čestice organskog ugljika i dušika kroz Otrantska vrata koja djeluju kao mjesto mineralizacije. Izmjena tvari je mnogo složenija zbog batimetrije mora; 75% vode protječe kroz tjesnac i kruži oko Palagruškog praga i Sjeverni Jadran utječe tek na 3-4% vode u Južnom Jadranu. To se reflektira na biogeografiju i ekologiju mora, osobito na sastav i osobine njegovog ekosustava. Glavne biogeografske jedinice su Sjeverni Jadran, Središnji Jadran i Južni Jadran.
 Flora i fauna
 Jedinstvena priroda Jadrana bogata je endemima. U Jadranu je identificirano više od 7000 životinjskih i biljnih vrsta. Srednji Jadran najbogatiji je endemskim vrstama, s 535 identificiranih vrsta zelene, smeđe i crvene alge. Četiri od pet vrsta mediteranske morske trave pronađene su u Jadranu. Najčešće vrste su Cymodocea nodosa i Zostera noltii, dok su Zostera marina i Posidonia oceanica mnogo rjeđe.
 Uzduž istočne obale pronađene su mnoge rijetke i zaštićene vrste. Razlog tome je čista i manje zagađena voda od one na zapadnoj obali, za što su zaslužne morske struje koje cirkuliraju u smjeru obrnutom od kazaljke na satu. Takav protok vode značajno doprinosi bioraznolikosti država na istočnoj obali. Dobri dupin je često viđen na istočnom akvatoriju, a nekad je hrvatska obala pružala utočište kritično ugroženoj sredozemnoj medvjedici i morskim kornjačama.
 Sjeverni Jadran osobito je bogat ribljim endemskim vrstama. Oko trideset endemskih vrsta riba nađeno je u samo jednoj ili dvije države čije granice izlaze na Jadran. Razlog tome je krška morfologija obalne i podmorske topografije, uključujući nastanjena podvodna staništa, krških rijeka i područja oko vrulja. Poznato je 45 podvrsta, endema Jadranske obale i otoka. U Jadranu obitava oko 410 vrsta i podvrsta riba, predstavljajući približno 70% mediteranske riblje svojte, s barem 7 vrsta koje žive samo u Jadranu. Zbog pretjeranog izlova ribe, oko 64 poznatih vrsta je pred izumiranjem. Samo mali djelić ribe nađene u Jadranu je došao procesom lesepsijske migracije i bijegom iz marikultura.
 Zaštićena područja
 Bioraznolikost u Jadranu velika je i duž obale postoji nekoliko zaštićenih područja. U Italiji su to Miramare u Tršćanskom zaljevu (Sjeverni Jadran), Torre del Cerrano i otočje Tremiti u srednjejadranskom bazenu i Torre Guaceto u južnoj Apuliji. Zaštićeno područje Miramare uspostavljeno je 1986. godine i pokriva oko 30 hektara obale i 90 hektara mora. Područje obuhvaća 1,8 kilometara obalne linijeu blizini rta Miramare. Zaštićeno područje Torre del Cerrano osnovano je 2009., a prostire se 5,7 km (3 nautičke milje) od obale prema pučini uz 7 km dugu obalnu crtu. Različite zone zaštićenog područja pokrivaju područje od 37 km2 površine mora. Otočje Tremiti zaštićeno je od 1989., dok su sami otoci dio Nacionalnog parka Gargano. Zaštićeno područje Torre Guaceto, koje se nalazi blizu Brindisija i Carovinga, pokriva područje od 2227 hektara i u blizini Državni rezervat Torre Guaceto koji pokriva 1114 hektara obale i dijeli 8 kilometara obalne linije sa zaštićenim područjem mora. Nadalje na talijanskoj Jadranskoj obali nalazi se 10 međunarodno važnih močvarnih područja zaštićenih Ramsarskom konvencijom.
 Nacionalni park Brioni obuhvaća 743,3 hektara arhipelaga i 2651,7 hektara okolnog mora. Proglašen je nacionalnim parkom 1999. godine. Limski zaljev je 10 kilometarski rijas rijeke Pazinčice. U slovenskom dijelu Istre, morska i obalna zaštićena prirodna područja jesu Park prirode Sečovlje Salina, Park prirode Strunjan, Prirodni rezervat Škocjan Inlet i spomenici prirode Debeli Rtič, Cape Madona i Jezera Fiesa. Park prirode Sečovlje Salina osnovan je 1990. i pokriva 721 hektar, te obuhvaća četiri prirodna rezervata. Godine 1993., područje je zaštićeno Ramsarskom konvencijom i od međunarodnog je značaja za vrste ptica močvarica. Park prirode Strunjan osnovan je 2004., pokriva 429 hektara i sadrži dva prirodna rezervata. U sastavu parka nalazi se i 4 km dugi klif, najsjeverniju mediteransku solanu i jedini slovenski sustav laguna. Ujedno je i najsjevernija točka na kojoj se uzgajaju neke mediteranske biljke. Prirodni rezervat Škocjan Inlet osnovan je 1998. i pokriva 122 hektara. Spomenik prirode Debeli Rtič obuhvaća 24 hektara, Spomenik prirode Cape Madona 12 hektara, i Spomenik prirode Jezera Fiesa 2,1 hektar, kao jedino obalno boćato jezero u Sloveniji.
 U Hrvatskoj je sedam zaštićenih područja: pored navedenih Brijuna i Limskog zaljeva u hrvatskom dijelu Istre, u Dalmaciji su: Kornati i Telašćica u srednjejadranskom bazenu, blizu Šibenika, te Lastovsko otočje, Malostonski zaljev i otok Mljet u južnoj Dalmaciji.
 Nacionalni park Kornati utemeljen je 1980. i prostire se na 220 km2, uključujući 89 otoka i hridi. Morski okoliš
 obuhvaća tri četvrtine ukupne površine parka, dok ukupna duljina obale iznosi 238 km. Nacionalni park Telašćica nalazi se na Dugom otoku i osnovan je 1998. godine. Park pokriva 69 km obalne linije, 22,95 km2 kopna i 44,55 km2 mora. Malostonski zaljev je na granici između Hrvatske i Bosne i Hercegovine, sjevernije od poluotoka Pelješca i obuhvaća 48 km2 morskog područja. Park prirode Lastovsko otočje je utemeljen 2006. i sadrži 44 otoka i hridi, 55 km2 kopna i 143 km2 mora. Nacionalni park Mljet utemeljen je 1960. i pokriva površinu od 24 km2. Ramsarskom konvencijom zaštićena je delta Neretve kao značajno međunarodno močvarno područje.
 Albanija je 2010. osnovala svoje prvo zaštićeno morsko područje, Nacionalni park Karaburun-Sazan na poluotoku Karaburun, gdje se spajaju Jadransko i Jonsko more. Park pokriva ukupno 12570 hektara površine. Planirana su još dva zaštićena morska područja, Rt Rodon i Porto Palermo. U Albaniji su i dva močvarna rezervata zaštićena Ramsarskom konvencijom: laguna Karavasta i Butrint. Bosna i Hercegovina i Crna Gora nemaju planove za uspostavom ikakvih zaštićenih područja.
 Zagađenje
 Ekosustav Jadranskog mora je pod stalnom prijetnjom prekomjernog unosa hranjivih tvari putem drenaža s poljoprivrednih zemljišta i otpadnih voda gradova na obali, ali i iz rijeka, osobito rijeke Po. Venecija je najznačajniji primjer zagađenja obalnih voda Jadrana, gdje brodovi, polja, tvornice i otpadne vode pridonose zagađenju mora. Rizik predstavljaju i balastne vode koje ispuštaju brodovi, osobito tankeri. No, s obzirom da većina tereta i gotovo svi tankeri dolaze s teretom, a ne odlaze s teretom, rizik od balastnih voda ostaje minimalan. Međutim, predloženi terminali za izvoz nafte kritizirani su prvenstveno zbog toga. Glavnu prijetnju predstavlja izlijevanje nafte u more koje bi ozbiljno ugrozilo okoliš i nanijelo štetu turizmu i ribarstvu. Procijenjeno je da ako se dogodi veći izljev nafte, samo u Hrvatskoj bi gotovo milijun ljudi ostalo bez prihoda. Dodatni rizik predstavljaju rafinerije nafte na delti rijeke Po gdje su se izljevi nafte događali u prošlosti, srećom bez značajnijih posljedica po okoliš. Od 2006. Italija razmatra izgradnju terminala za ukapljeni zemni plin u Tršćanskom zaljevu, zajedno s plinovodom u neposrednoj blizini granice sa Slovenijom. Slovenska vlada, okolne općine i gradovi izrazili su zabrinutost zbog utjecaja tog terminala na okoliš, promet i turizam.
 Još jedan izvor zagađenja u Jadranu je kruti otpad. Jugo i morske struje znaju nositi sa sobom velike količine krutog otpada, najčešće plastike. Na onečišćenje zraka u Jadranu najviše utječu velika industrijska sjedišta u porječju rijeke Po i velikih industrijskih gradova uz obalu.
 Italija i SFRJ su 1977. uspostavile zajedničku komisiju za zaštitu od onečišćenja Jadrana. Organizacija je nakon raspada SFRJ prenesena na Sloveniju, Hrvatsku i Crnu Goru. Buduća onečišćenja predviđena su i učinjena je analiza najugroženijih dijelova koja će se sanirati uz pomoć regionalnih projekata i Svjetske banke. Prepoznato je 27 "vrućih točaka" do 2011. godine, od kojih šest zahtijevaju brzu reakciju.
 Etimologija
 Porijeklo imena Adriatic povezano je s etruščanskim naseljem Adria, koja najvjerojatnije potječe od ilirskog adur što znači voda ili more. U Antici je more bilo znano kao Mare Adriaticum (Mare Hadriaticum, katkada pojednostavljeno na Adria) ili rjeđe Mare Superum (gornje more). Ova dva pojma nisu sinonimi. Mare Adriaticum odnosi se općenito na područje Jadranskoga mora i proteže se od Venecijanskog zaljeva do Otrantskih vrata. Granice su malo striktnije definirali rimski autori. Rani grčki izvori postavili su granice između Jadranskog i Jonskog mora na više točaka, od Venecijanskog zaljeva do južnog vrha otoka Peleponeza, istočne obale Sicilije i Zapadne obale Krete. Mare Superum u definiciji je obuhvaćalo sadašnje granice Jadrana i more južno od Apeninskoga poluotoka, sve do Sicilijanskog kanala. Još jedno ime korišteno u to vrijeme je Mare Dalmaticum, koje se odnosilo na more uz obalu rimske provincije Dalmacije i Ilirik.
 Državne granice
 Italija i Jugoslavija su 1968. dogovorile granice na Jadranu, s dodatnim sporazumom potpisanim 1975. koji se odnosio na pitanje Tršćanskog zaljeva. Granica dogovorena 1968. proteže se na 654 kilometra i sastoji se od 43 točke. Te točke povezane su ravnim linijama ili kružnim segmentima. Granice dogovorene 1975. sadrže dodatnih 5 točaka, koje se nastavljaju na završnu točku određenu 1968. godine. Sve države nastale raspadom SFRJ prihvatile su te sporazume. Na najjužnijem dijelu Jadrana granice nisu određene zbog izbjegavanja određivanja točke dodira dviju granica s albanskom. SFRJ, Albanija i Italija su teritorijalnim vodama definirale pojas 15 km od kopna, ali je ta udaljenost 1970-ih smanjena na međunarodno standardnih 12 km. Italija i Albanija su dogovorile svoje morske granice 1992. po principu ekvidistance. Prema konvenciji UN-a o zakonima na moru Jadransko more je definirano kao zatvoreno ili poluzatvoreno more.
 Jadranska Euroregija
 Jadraska Euroregija utemeljena je u Puli 2006. kako bi se promicala regionalna suradnja na obalama Jadranskog mora i služila kao pomoć u rješavanju problema u regiji. Jadranska Euroregija sastoji se od 23 regije: Apulija, Molise, Abruzzo, Marche, Emilia-Romagna, Veneto i Friuli-Venezia Giulia u Italiji; slovenska Istra (obala); Istarska, Primorsko-goranska, Ličko-senjska, Zadarska, Splitsko-dalmatinska i Dubrovačko-neretvanska županija u Hrvatskoj; Hercegovačko-neretvanska županija u Bosni i Hercegovini; općine Kotor i Tivat u Crnoj Gori; okruge Fier, Valona, Tiran, Skadar, Drač i Lješ u Albaniji te grčke prefekture Tesprocija i Krf.
 Sporovi
 Granice republika unutar bivše SFRJ određene su odlukom AVNOJ-a 1943. i 1945. godine, ali stroge granice nisu bile dogovorene među novonastalim državama, dok morske granice u SFRJ uopće nisu bile definirane. Primjerice pomorska granica između Albanije i Crne Gore nije bila dogovorena prije 1990-ih.
 Hrvatska i Slovenija započele su pregovore oko dogovaranja pomorske granice u Savudrijskoj vali 1992., ali dogovor nije postignut. Obje su zemlje proglasile svoje ekonomske zone u tom području i one se djelomično poklapaju. Pristupni pregovori Hrvatske za ulazak u EU bili su usporeni zbog spora oko te granice.
 Pomorska granica između Bosne i Hercegovine i Hrvatske uređena je 1999., ali ostalo je još nekoliko pitanja oko poluotoka Klek i dva otočića. Granica Hrvatske i Crne Gore bila je sporna kod Kotorskog zaljeva i na poluotoku Prevlaka. Spor je nastao zbog jugoslavenske okupacije poluotoka tijekom Domovinskog rata. Poluotok je kasnije predan u nadzor UN-ovim promatračima koji su se tamo zadržali do 2002. godine. Hrvatska je zauzela to područje dogovorom s Crnom Gorom.
 Gospodarstvo
 Ribarstvo
 U Jadranskom moru je 2000. godine ulov ribe dosegao 110 000 tona žive vage. Jedan od najvećih problema je pretjeran izlov i čime su mnoge vrste ugrožene (primjerice zubatac, škarpina, grdobina mrkulja, šanpjer (riba Kovač)), skuša, kostelj, cipal, trilja, škamp, kao i oslić i sardina. Ribarske mreže ubijaju i zapletene kornjače i dobre dupine. Kako bi se očuvala brojnost ribe, 2003. je predstavljen ZERP, ali je njegova primjena za zemlje EU ukinuta 2004. čime je izgubio smisao.
 Talijanski ribari ulove najveći dio ribe, s ukupnim ulovom 465 637 tona 2007. godine. Od ukupnog ulova, tijekom 2003. 28,8% bilo je iz Sjevernog i Srednjeg Jadrana i 24,5% iz Južnog Jadrana i Jonskog mora. Talijansko ribarstvo zapošljava 60 700 ljudi u primarnom sektoru, uključujući i one ribare koji djeluju izvan Jadrana. Od ukupnog ulova, 40% dolazi iz akvakulture. Ukupna bruto vrijednost ulovljene ribe 2002. iznosi 2 milijarde američkih dolara.
 Hrvatski ulov i proizvodnja je 2007. dosegnula 53 083 tona. U 2006. ukupan hrvatski ulov je bio 37 800 tona uz 14 200 tona iz uzgoja. Hrvatsko ribarstvo zapošljava oko 20 000 ljudi. Tijekom 2006. morski ulov ribe u hrvatskim vodama činile su sardine (44,8%), inćuni (31,3%), tune (2,7%), ostala plava riba (4,8%), oslići (2,4%), cipli (2,1%), ostale ribe (8,3 %), rakovi (ponajviše jastozi i škampi) (0,8%), školjke (0,3%), sipe (0,6%), lignje (0,2%), hobotnice i ostali glavonošci (1,6%). Hrvatska morska akvakulturna proizvodnja čini pretežno tuna (47,2%), školjke (28,2%) i basa i deverika (zajedno 24,6%).
 Albanski ribari su 2007. godine ulovili 7505 tona ribe, uključujući i akvakulturnu proizvodnju, koja je dosegnula 1 970 tona 2006. godine. U istom razdoblju, Slovenski su ribari ulovili 2500 tona s 55% proizvodnje u akvakulturama, što predstavlja najviši omjer u Jadranu. Crnogorski ribari su iste godine ulovili 911 tona, sa samo 11 tona uzgojenim u akvakulturama. Tijekom 2007. godine, ribarska proizvodnja u Bosni i Hercegovini dosegnula je 9625 tona.
 Turizam
 Zemlje koje imaju izlaz na Jadransko more značajna su turistička odredišta. Najveći broj noćenja turista u regiji ima Italija, osobito regija Veneto (oko Venecije). Slijede ju regija Emilija-Romanja i hrvatske županije. Hrvatski turističke objekte čini 21 000 morskih luka i pristaništa, a nautičke turiste privlače različite vrste zaštićenih morskih i priobalnih područja.
 Sve zemlje uz obalu Jadrana, osim Albanije i Bosne i Hercegovine sudjeluju u programu Plava zastava koji certificira marine i plaže koje zadovoljavaju stroge standarde kvalitete uključujući zaštitu okoliša, kvalitetu vode, sigurnost i razinu turističke usluge. Do 30. siječnja 2013, Plavom zastavom su nagrađene 103 talijanske Jadranske plaže i 29 marina, 116 hrvatskih plaža i 19 marina, 7 slovenskih plaža i 2 marine i 16 crnogorskih plaža. Turizam na Jadranu značajan je izvor prihoda zemlje, osobito Hrvatske i Crne Gore. Izravni prihod od troškova putovanja i turizma 2011. u Hrvatskoj iznosi 5,1% BDP-a, s ukupnim industrijskim doprinosom od 12,8% BDP-a. Za Crnu Goru, izravan prihod od turizma iznosi 8,1% BDP-a, s ukupnim doprinosom gospodarstvu od 17,2% crnogorskog BDP-a.
 Turizam u Hrvatskoj u posljednje vrijeme bilježi veći rast od drugih zemalja na Jadranu.
 Prijevoz
 Na obalama Jadranskoga mora nalazi se ukupno 19 luka u četiri različite države, koje zajedno mogu primiti više od 1 000 000 tona tereta godišnje. Najveće teretne luke među njima su u talijanskom Trstu, Veneciji, Ravenni, slovenskom Kopru, te hrvatskoj Rijeci. Najveće putničke luke u Jadranskom moru nalaze se u hrvatskom Splitu i talijanskoj Anconi. U drugim državama, među bitnije luke spadaju Bar kao najveća crnogorska, odnosno Drač kao najveća albanska luka. Godine 2010. sjevernojadranske luke u Trstu, Veneciji, Ravenni, Kopru i Rijeci osnovale su Udruženje luka Sjevernog Jadrana s ciljem ostvarivanja boljeg položaja u transportnom sustavu EU.
 Ugljikovodici
 Energetske tvrtke temeljem podataka koje je prikupila norveška tvrtka Spectrum i INA, smatraju da se u jadranskom podmorju nalaze velika ležišta ugljikovodika pogodnih za eksploataciju. Dana 2. travnja 2014. Vlada RH otvorila je javno nadmetanje za istraživanje i eksploataciju nafte i plina u hrvatskom dijelu jadranskog podmorja. Natječaj je zatvoren 3. studenoga 2014. Na otvaranju javnog nadmetanja u travnju bilo je predstavnika 40-ak energetskih tvrtki: Exxon, Gazprom, Lukoil, Total, Ina, RWE, Edison, Turkish Petroleum, Hellenic Petroleum, Petroceltic, Hunt Oil, JP Nippon i dr. Natječaj je u djelokrugu ministarstva gospodarstva. Ponuđeno je 29 istražnih polja, površine od 1000 do 1600 četvornih kilometara. Osam istražnih polja je na Sjevernom Jadranu, a dvadeset i jedno na Srednjem i Južnom Jadranu. Ministarstvo procjenjuje da bi ovisno o polju istraživanja potencijalnih nalazišta nafte i plina u Jadranu trajala od dvije do pet godina.
 Ponude će biti procijenjene prema onome što su ponuđači ponudili o predloženom programu minimalnog ulaganja u seizmička istraživanja, broju predloženih rudarskih radova bušenja i istražnih bušotina te o drugim istraživanjima, kao i naknadi za potpis ugovora. 70-postotni udio u ocjeni ponude odnosi se na inicijalno trogodišnje istražno razdoblje, kad se najviše vrednuje broj bušotina. 20 posto ocjene ponude nose podaci iz ponude za drugo inicijalno istražno razdoblje od dvije godine. U tom razdoblju najvažniji je broj bušotina. S 10 posto u procjeni ponude sudjeluje naknada za potpis ugovora.
 Projektu eksploatacije su se suprotstavila eko udruženja, Oceanografski institut, Klub nezavisnih vijećnika s Jadrana i dr.
 Izvori
 Literatura
 Povezani članci
 Geografija Albanije
 Geografija Bosne i Hercegovine
 Geografija Hrvatske
 Geografija Italije
 Geografija Crne Gore
 Geografija Slovenije
 Geografija Europe
 Sredozemno more
 Jonsko more
 Vanjske poveznice
 Sestrinski projekti
 Mrežna sjedišta
 Satelitske slike i karta Jadranskog mora iz GeaBios GIS Public Service
 Vremenska prognoza istočne obale iz GeaBios GIS Public Service
 Mora Sredozemnog mora (Europa)
 Mora u Italiji
 Vodene mase u Sloveniji
 Vodene mase u Hrvatskoj
 Vodene mase u Bosni i Hercegovini
 Vodene mase u Crnoj Gori
 Vodene mase u Albaniji


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Filadelfijos eksperimentas, dar žinomas kaip Vaivorykštės projektas () – mitas apie Jungtinių Valstijų laivyno 1943 m. spalio 28 d. tariamai atliktą eksperimentą.
 Legenda
 Eksperimentui tariamai vadovavo Dr. Franklin Reno, vadovaudamasis A. Einšteino vieningojo lauko teorija. Vaivorykštės Projektas ją patvirtino, sėkmingai pademonstruodamas ryšį tarp gravitacijos ir elektromagnetizmo: elektromagnetinį erdvės – laiko kirtimą, iškreipimą.
 Viskas prasidėjo 1943 m. birželio mėnesį. Laivas pripildomas eksperimentinės technikos, įskaitant, pagal kai kuriuos šaltinius, du didelius 75 KVA generatorius, įtaisytus vietoj priekinio pabūklo bokštelio. Eksperimentas turėjo vykti Filadelfijos uoste ir jūroje šalia. Laivą galėjo stebėti kiti ten dislokuoti laivai, įskaitant SS Andrew Furuseth įgulą.
 1943 m. liepos 22 d. 09:00 ryto generatoriai buvo įjungti ir laivą apgaubė galingas elektromagnetinis laukas, o vėliau aplink jį atsirado ir keistas žalias nepermatomas rūkas. Po kelių sekundžių jis išnyko, kartu išnyko ir laivas – ten, kur jis ką tik buvo, liko tik plika jūra.
 Projekto vadovai ir mokslininkai suprato, kad laivas tapo nematomas ne tik radarams – jis tapo nematomas visiškai tiesiogine prasme. Viskas vyko pagal planą, už 15 minučių laivo įgula turėjo išjungti generatorius. Po tiek laiko iš tiesų vėl atsirado žaliasis rūkas ir pamažu išsisklaidė, atidengdamas laivą.
 Tačiau įgula buvo praradusi orientaciją ir apimta šleikštulio. Netrukus laivynas ją paleido ir pakeitė kita. Taip pat nusprendė, kad jiems reikia tik nematomumo nuo radarų, todėl laivo įranga taip pat buvo patobulinta.
 1943 m. spalio 28 d. 17 val. 15 minučių buvo pradėtas galutinis pilnas SS Eldridge testavimas. Vėl buvo įjungti elektromagnetiniai generatoriai, ir vėl laivas tapo beveik nematomas: virš vandens ore kabojo tik neaiški korpuso kontūro linija. Po kelių sekundžių kažkas akinančiai blykstelėjo, ir SS Eldridge visiškai pranyko. Dar po kelių sekundžių jis atsirado Norfolko uoste, Virdžinijoje, kur buvo matomas kelias minutes. Tada vėl mistiškai pranyko ir po poros sekundžių grįžo į Filadelfiją. Daugumą jūreivių smarkiai pykino, kai kurie apskritai kažkur dingo ir niekada nebeatsirado. Penki žmonės buvo rasti „inkrustuoti“ į metalines laivo struktūras, nors išorėje šios nebuvo pažeistos. Kai kurie jūreiviai išprotėjo, tačiau į psichiatrines valdžia uždarė visus, norėdama nuslėpti įvykį.
 Išsigandus rezultatų, eksperimentas buvo skubiai nutrauktas ir niekada daugiau nevyko (pagal kai kuriuos kitus šaltinius, jis buvo pakartotas apie 1950 m.).
 Ištakos
 Pradžią mitui davė 1955 m. išleista Morris K. Jessup knyga „The Case of UFO‘s“. Joje rašoma, kad autorius gavo laišką iš Carlos Miquel Allende (adresas: R.D. #1, Box 223, New Kensington, Pa), kuriame aprašytas visas eksperimentas. Eksperimentą Allende tariamai stebėjo iš šalia stovėjusio laivo SS Andrew Furuseth, taip pat jis buvo aprašytas vietiniame laikraštyje.
 1979 m. buvo išleista William L. Moore ir Charles Berlitz knyga „The Philadelphia Experiment: Project Invisibility“ (liet. Filadelfijos Eksperimentas: Nematomumo projektas). Šioje knygoje pateikiami duomenys niekuo nepagrįsti, tačiau pristatomi kaip faktai. Pagal ją, visas laivas su dalimi jūreivių galiausiai išnyko kitoje dimensijoje ir niekada negrįžo atgal.
 1984 m. buvo pastatytas filmas „The Philadelphy Experiment“ (liet. Filadelfijos Eksperimentas), režisierius Stewart Raffill.
 Vėliau pasirodė dar daugiau knygų, kur projektas jau siejamas ir su ateiviais iš kitų planetų, neatpažintais skraidančiais objektais ir panašiai. Bėgant laikui, atsirasdavo vis naujų ir naujų siužetų, pasakojančių, kas jame vyko. Internete galima rasti vieną versiją, pagal kurią pats A. Einšteinas ten asmeniškai dalyvavo, po eksperimento CŽV nužudė bent vieną tylėti atsisakiusį mokslininką ir pan.
 Faktai
 Aišku yra tai, kad Laivynas vykdo daugybę eksperimentų. Nemažai iš jų išties yra slapti. Panašu, kad 1943 m. iš tiesų galėjo vykti eksperimentas „nematomumui“ nuo radarų gauti. Šia kryptimi karo metais ir vėliau iš tiesų buvo daromi bandymai.
 Allende asmenybė iš „The Case of UFO‘s“ knygos nenustatyta. Duotas adresas yra niekaip nesusijęs. Laikraščio, kuriame tariamai buvo išspausdintas eksperimento stebėjimo aprašymas, pavadinimas knygoje nurodytas nebuvo. Iki dabar dar nei viename 1943 metų JAV laikraštyje nerastas straipsnis apie Filadelfijos eksperimentą. Kadangi vėliau išėjusios knygos iš esmės remiasi šia, ten taip pat nėra nieko, ką būtų galima patikrinti.
 JAV laivynas kategoriškai neigia, kad kada nors būtų buvęs koks nors Filadelfijos eksperimentas. Buvo peržiūrėti USS Eldridge laivo įrašai nuo 1943 m. rugpjūčio 27 d. (laivo tinkamumo plaukiojimui patvirtinimas) iki pat gruodžio. Čia pateikta laivo veiklos santrauka:
 Po patvirtinimo laivas stovėjo New York‘e ir Long Island Sound‘e iki rugsėjo 16 d.
 Rugsėjo 16 d. USS Eldridge išplaukė į Bermudus.
 Nuo rugsėjo 18 d. jis buvo Bermudų apylinkėse, dalyvavo treniruotėse ir bandomuosiuose plaukiojimuose.
 Spalio 15 d. su konvojumi išvyko į Niujorką, kur atvyko spalio 18 d.
 Liko Niujorko uoste iki lapkričio pirmosios, kai buvo paskirtas į konvojaus UGS-23 (New York Section) eskortą.
 Lapkričio 2 d. su konvojumi atplaukė į Jūrų Operacijų Bazę Norfolke. (Naval Operating Base, Norfolk).
 Lapkričio 3 d. Eldridge ir Konvojus UGS-23 išvyko į Kasablanką, kur atvyko lapkričio 22 d.
 Lapkričio 29 d., kaip dalis GUS-22 konvojaus eskorto, išvyko į New York uostą, kur atvyko gruodžio 17 d.
 Iki gruodžio 31 d. buvo Niujorke.
 Per visą šį laiką, laivas niekada nebuvo Filadelfijoje, kur tariamai vyko eksperimentas. Pilną USS Eldridge veiklos archyvų mikrofilmą galima parsisiųsti iš oficialaus JAV laivyno puslapio .
 Teleportaciją tariamai matė civilinio prekybos laivo SS Andrew Furuseth įgula. Šio laivo judėjimo raportų kortelės yra saugomos Modern Military Branch, National Archives and Records Administration, (8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD 20740-6001). Jos rodo, kad:
 SS Andrew Furuseth išvyko iš Norfolko su konvojumi UGS-15 1943 m. rugpjūčio 16 d. ir rugsėjo 2 d. atvyko į Kasablanką.
 Rugsėjo 19 d. išvyko iš Kasablankos ir spalio 4 d. atvyko į Cape Henry.
 Spalio 25 d. vėl išvyko iš Norfolko ir lapkričio 12 d. atplaukė į Oraną.
 Laivas liko Viduržemio jūroje iki 1944 m. sausio 17 d., kai su konvojum GUS-25 grįžo į Hampton Roads.
 Po daug metų trukusių paieškų, nei Operational Archives darbuotojai, nei nepriklausomi tyrinėtojai nerado nei vieno oficialaus dokumento, duodančio bent mažiausią pagrindą manyti, kad Filadelfijos Eksperimentas kada nors iš tiesų vyko.
 Taigi, jokių rimtų šaltinių nėra, vieninteliai tikri vardai yra dviejų laivų, kurie akivaizdžiai negalėjo ten dalyvaut, ir A. Einšteinas, kuris jau miręs bei taip pat nėra pagrindo manyt, kad ten dalyvavo. Visos likusios pavardės tikriausiai yra išgalvotos.
 Mokslininkų nuomonė
 ONR (The Office of Naval Research) teigia, kad jėgos laukų naudojimas, norint paversti laivą nematomu, prieštarauja žinomiems fizikos dėsniams ir yra absurdas. Taip pat primena, kad Einšteino vieningojo lauko teorija niekada nebuvo užbaigta. 1943–1944 m. Einšteinas buvo laikinas Navy’s Bureau of Ordnance konsultantas naujų sprogmenų teorinių kūrimų srityje. Nėra jokių žinių, kad jis kada nors būtų dalyvavęs su nematomumu ar teleportacija susijusiuose eksperimentuose. Ir, galiausiai, pats ONR buvo įkurtas tik 1946 m. – trejais metais vėliau, nei „vykdė“ tariamą eksperimentą.
 Nuorodos
 US Navy FAQ
 US Navy FAQ part 2
 Skeptic’s Dictionary
 The Philadelphia Experiment from A – Z
 Sąmokslo teorijos


type: caselaw

jurisdiction: EU

text:
N° C 133/ 18 [ FR Journal officiel des Communautés européennes 4 . 5 . 96
 Demande de décision préjudicielle présentée par ordon Recours introduit le 19 mars 1996 par royaume des Pays
 nance du Tribunale civile e penale di Trento — section civile Bas contre Commission des Communautés européennes
 — rendue le 15 février 1996 dans l'affaire Grundig Italiana ( Affaire C-84/96 )
 SpA contre ministère des finances
 ( 96/C 133/39 )
 ( Affaire C-68/96 )
 ( 96/C 133/37 )
 La Cour de justice des Communautés européennes a été
 La Cour de justice des Communautés européennes a été saisie le 19 mars 1996 d'un recours dirigé contre la
 saisie d'une demande de décision à titre préjudiciel par Commission des Communautés européennes et formé par le
 ordonnance du Tribunale civile e penale di Trento — section royaume des Pays-Bas, légalement représenté par Mes J. S.
 civile — rendue le 15 février 1 996 dans l'affaire Grundig van den Oosterkamp et M. A. Fierstra, en qualité d'agents,
 Italiana SpA contre ministère des finances et parvenue au et élisant domicile à Luxembourg à l'ambassade des
 greffe de la Cour le 14 mars 1996 . Pays-Bas, 5 , rue C. M. Spoo .
 Le Tribunale civile e penale di Trento demande à la Cour de La partie requérante conclut à ce qu'il plaise à la Cour:
 justice de statuer sur la question suivante .
 L'article 95 du traité CE doit-il être interprété en ce sens qu'il — annuler la debetnota du 15 janvier 1996 ainsi que les
 décisions de la Commission du 16 février 1996 concer
 interdit à un État membre d'instituer et de percevoir une
 taxe de consommation telle que celle prévue par l'article 4 nant l'apurement des comptes des projets EFRO
 du décret-loi du 30 décembre 1982 , ratifié par la loi n° 53 du n° 80.07.03.002 (Veendam-Musselkanaal ) et EFRO
 28 février 1983 , et dont les modalités d'application sont n° 84.07.03.004 (Weg Veendam), qui étaient cofinancés
 régies par le décret du ministre des finances du 23 mars avant 198 9 par le Fonds européen de développement
 1983 , lorsque la base imposable est différente pour les régional,
 produits nationaux et pour les produits importés d'autres
 Etats membres et que les modalités de perception de la taxe — condamner la partie défenderesse aux dépens .
 sont différentes pour les mêmes produits ?
 Moyens et principaux arguments
 Ils sont analogues à ceux invoqués dans l'affaire C
 Demande de décision préjudicielle présentée par décision du 308/95 C ).
 Nederlandse Raad van State rendue le 12 mars 1996 dans
 l'affaire Burgemeester en wethouders van Haarlemmerliede ( ] ) JO n° C 299 du 11 . 11 . 1995 , p . 13 .
 en Spaarnwoude et autres contre Gedeputeerde Staten van
 Noord-Holland
 (Affaire C-81 /96 )
 ( 96/C 133/38 )
 La Cour de justice des Communautés européennes a été
 Demandes de décisions préjudicielles présentées par ordon
 saisie d'une demande de décision à titre préjudiciel par
 décision du Nederlandse Raad van State, rendue le 12 mars
 nances du Tribunale di Genova (première chambre civile )
 rendues les 1 er février 1996 et 7 mars 1996 dans les affaires
 1996 dans l'affaire Burgemeester en wethouders van Haar
 1 ) Palmera SpA, 2 ) Cesare Rognoli & Figlio Sri et 3 ) Igino
 lemmerliede en Spaarnwoude et autres contre Gedeputeerde Mazzola/Ministero delle Finanze dello Stato
 Staten van Noord-Holland, qui est parvenue au greffe de la
 Cour le 18 mars 1996 . ( Affaires C-86/96 C-87/96 et C-88/96 )
 ( 96/C 133/40 )
 Le Raad van State demande à la Cour de justice de statuer
 sur la question suivante .
 La Cour de justice des Communautés européennes a été
 La directive 85/337/CEE du Conseil, du 27 juin 1985 , saisie de demandes de décisions à titre préjudiciel par
 concernant l'évaluation des incidences de certains projets ordonnances du Tribunale di Genova ( première chambre )
 publics et privés sur l'environnement (*) permet-elle l'auto rendues les 1 er février 1996 et 7 mars 1996 dans les affaires
 risation d'un projet cité à son annexe I sans que cette 1 ) Palmera SpA, 2 ) Cesare Rognoli & Figlio Srl et 3 ) Igino
 autorisation ait été précédée d' une étude environnementale, Mazzola/Ministero delle Finanze et parvenues au greffe de la
 au sens de ladite directive, lorsque l'autorisation en question Cour le 21 mars 1996 .
 concerne un projet qui avait déjà obtenu une autorisation
 avant le 3 juillet 1988 , mais qu'il n'a pas été fait usage de
 Les questions posées sont analogues à celles des affaires
 cette dernière autorisation et qu'elle n'a pas été précédée
 jointes C-47/95 et autres ( M.
 d'une étude environnementale qui respecte les exigences
 posées à cet égard par la directive ?
 ( 1 ) JO n° C 119 du 13 . 5 . 1995 , p. 5 .
 H JO n0 L 175 du 5 . 7 . 1985 , p . 40 .


type: legislation

jurisdiction: US

text:
 113 HR 2276 IH: Virgin Valley Tourism and Lake Mead Preservation Act
 U.S. House of Representatives
 2013-06-06
 text/xml
 EN
 Pursuant to Title 17 Section 105 of the United States Code, this file is not subject to copyright protection and is in the public domain.
 I
 113th CONGRESS
 1st Session
 H. R. 2276
 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
 June 6, 2013
 Mr. Horsford (for
 himself and Ms. Titus) introduced the
 following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Natural
 Resources
 A BILL
 To promote economic development and to preserve the Lake
 Mead Area in Clark County, Nevada, in order to conserve, protect, and enhance
 the cultural, archaeological, natural, wilderness, scientific, geological,
 historical, biological, wildlife, educational, and scenic resources of the
 area, to designate wilderness areas, and for other purposes.
 1.Short title; table of
 contents
 (a)Short
 titleThis Act may be cited
 as the Virgin Valley Tourism and Lake
 Mead Preservation Act.
 (b)Table of
 contentsThe table of contents for this Act is as follows:
 Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
 Sec. 2. Findings.
 Sec. 3. Definitions.
 Title I—Tourism Promotion and Economic Development
 Sec. 101. Findings.
 Sec. 102. Visitor center, research, and
 interpretation.
 Sec. 103. Local consultation on energy development.
 Sec. 104. Local airport development extension and multi-species
 habitat conservation plan.
 Sec. 105. Lake Mead tourism access.
 Sec. 106. Clark County off-road vehicle trail
 designation.
 Sec. 107. Virgin Valley Tourism and Economic Advisory
 Council.
 Title II—Gold Butte National Conservation Area
 Sec. 201. Establishment of Gold Butte National Conservation
 Area.
 Sec. 202. Management of Conservation Area.
 Sec. 203. General provisions.
 Sec. 204. Virgin Valley water district.
 Sec. 205. Gold Butte National Conservation Area Advisory
 Council.
 Title III—Designation of wilderness areas in Clark County,
 Nevada
 Sec. 301. Additions to National Wilderness Preservation
 System.
 Sec. 302. Administration.
 Sec. 303. Adjacent management.
 Sec. 304. Military, law enforcement, and emergency
 overflights.
 Sec. 305. Release of wilderness study areas.
 Sec. 306. Native American cultural and religious
 uses.
 Sec. 307. Wildlife, wildfire, insect, and disease management;
 data collection.
 Sec. 308. National Park System land.
 Title IV—General provisions
 Sec. 401. Termination of withdrawal of Bureau of Land
 Management land.
 Sec. 402. Relationship to Clark Count Multi-Species Habitat
 Conservation Plan.
 Sec. 403. Motorized vehicles.
 2.FindingsCongress finds that—
 (1)the public land north of Lake Mead, in
 southeastern Nevada generally known as Gold Butte is recognized
 for outstanding—
 (A)scenic
 values;
 (B)natural resources,
 including critical habitat, sensitive species, wildlife, desert tortoise
 habitat, and geology;
 (C)historic
 resources, including historic mining, ranching and other western cultures, and
 pioneer activities; and
 (D)cultural
 resources, including evidence of prehistoric habitation and rock art;
 (2)Lake Mead and Gold Butte have become a
 destination for diverse recreation opportunities, including camping, hiking,
 hunting, fishing, motorized recreation, and sightseeing;
 (3)Lake Mead and Gold Butte draw visitors from
 throughout the United States;
 (4)Lake Mead and Gold Butte provide important
 economic benefits to Mesquite and other nearby communities;
 (5)inclusion of the
 Gold Butte National Conservation Area in the National Landscape Conservation
 System would provide increased opportunities for—
 (A)interpretation of
 the diverse values of the area for the visiting public; and
 (B)education and
 community outreach in the region; and
 (6)designation of
 Gold Butte as a National Conservation Area will permanently protect the scenic,
 biological, natural, historical, scientific, paleontological, recreational,
 ecological, wilderness, and cultural resources within the area.
 3.DefinitionsIn this Act:
 (1)Advisory
 councilThe term Advisory Council means the Gold
 Butte National Conservation Area Advisory Council established under title
 II.
 (2)Conservation
 areaThe term Conservation Area means the Gold Butte
 National Conservation Area established by title II.
 (3)CountyThe
 term County means Clark County, Nevada.
 (4)Designated
 routeThe term designated route means a road that is
 designated as open by the Route Designations for Selected Areas of Critical
 Environmental Concern Located in the Northeast Portion of the Las Vegas BLM
 District Environmental Assessment, NV–052–2006–0433.
 (5)Virgin Valley
 Tourism and Economic Advisory CouncilThe term Virgin
 Valley Tourism and Economic Advisory Council has the meaning designated
 by section 107.
 (6)Management
 planThe term management plan means the management
 plan for the Conservation Area developed under title II.
 (7)MapThe
 term Map means the map entitled Gold Butte National
 Conservation Area and dated May 23, 2013.
 (8)Public
 landThe term public land has the meaning given the
 term public lands in section 103 of the Federal Land Policy and
 Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1702).
 (9)SecretaryThe
 term Secretary means the Secretary of the Interior.
 (10)StateThe
 term State means the State of Nevada.
 (11)Wilderness
 areaThe term wilderness area means a wilderness
 areas designated by title III.
 ITourism Promotion
 and Economic Development
 101.FindingsCongress finds that—
 (1)the management of
 Federal lands has been shown to be more effective when local stakeholders are
 regularly consulted to enhance the understanding of unique concerns and
 opportunities;
 (2)the Lake Mead and Gold Butte areas are rich
 in cultural, archaeological, natural, historical, and scenic resources;
 (3)the communities
 adjacent to the Gold Butte National Conservation Area should be able to enjoy
 recreational access to the region, while preserving the natural beauty and
 resources of the region;
 (4)the Lake Mead and Gold Butte regions
 possess significant economic potential;
 (5)the outdoor
 recreation industry directly impacts Nevada’s economy, bolstering it annually
 by $14.9 billion in consumer spending and 148,000 jobs; and
 (6)the economic
 benefits of protected lands include higher growth in investment income and
 entrepreneurial activity, and an increase in local tourism and new residents
 seeking the quality of life provided by Federal lands protections.
 102.Visitor center,
 research, and interpretation
 (a)In
 generalThe Secretary, acting through the Director of the Bureau
 of Land Management, may establish, in cooperation with any other public or
 private entities that the Secretary may determine to be appropriate, a visitor
 center and field office in Mesquite, Nevada—
 (1)to serve visitors;
 and
 (2)to assist in
 fulfilling the purposes of—
 (A)the Lake Mead
 National Recreation Area;
 (B)the Grand
 Canyon-Parashant National Monument; and
 (C)the Conservation
 Area.
 (b)RequirementsThe
 Secretary shall ensure that the visitor center authorized under subsection (a)
 is designed—
 (1)to interpret the
 scenic, biological, natural, historical, scientific, paleontological,
 recreational, ecological, wilderness, and cultural resource of each of the
 areas described in that subsection; and
 (2)to serve as an
 interagency field office for each of the areas described in that
 subsection.
 (c)Cooperative
 agreementsThe Secretary may, in a manner consistent with this
 Act, enter into cooperative agreements with the State, the State of Arizona,
 and any other appropriate institutions and organizations to carry out the
 purposes of this section.
 103.Local
 consultation on energy developmentAs soon as practicable, but not later than 2
 years, after the date of the enactment of this title, the Secretary, in
 cooperation with the Virgin Valley Tourism and Economic Advisory Council and
 any other public or private entities that the Secretary may determine to be
 appropriate, shall complete a study regarding local renewable energy
 development in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.), the Endangered Species Act of 1973, and the Clark
 County Multi-Species Habitat Conservation Plan.
 104.Local airport
 development extension and multi-species habitat conservation plan
 (a)Extension of
 purchase authority and withdrawalsSection 3 of Public Law 99–548
 (100 Stat. 3061, 113 Stat. 1501A–166) is amended—
 (1)in subsection
 (e)—
 (A)in paragraph
 (1)(A), by striking For a period of 12 years after the date of the
 enactment of this Act and inserting Until November 29,
 2021;
 (B)in paragraph (3),
 by striking Not later than 10 years after the date of the enactment of
 this subsection and inserting Not later than November 29,
 2021; and
 (C)in paragraph (5),
 by striking the date that is 12 years after the date of the enactment of
 this subsection and inserting November 29, 2021;
 and
 (2)in subsection
 (f)(3), by striking the date that is 12 years after the date of the
 enactment of this subsection and inserting November 29,
 2021.
 (b)Implementation
 of multi-Species habitat conservation plansSection 3(d)(3)(B) of Public Law 99–548
 (100 Stat. 3061, 116 Stat. 2018) is amended by inserting and
 implementation after development.
 105.Lake Mead
 tourism accessNot later than
 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary, in
 consultation with the Virgin Valley Tourism and Economic Advisory Council, as
 defined in section 107 of this Act, shall implement a plan to provide local
 boat access to Lake Mead, in accordance with the National Environmental Policy
 Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.), the Endangered Species Act of 1973, and
 the Clark County Multi-Species Habitat Conservation Plan.
 106.Clark County
 off-road vehicle trail designation
 (a)Study
 (1)In
 generalNot later than 2 years after the enactment of this Act,
 the Secretary shall complete a study with a focus on existing, designated
 routes outside the National Conservation Area established by this Act in
 accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321
 et seq.), the Endangered Species Act of 1973, and the Clark County
 Multi-Species Habitat Conservation Plan for an Off-Highway Vehicle Trail
 (referred to in this section as the Trail).
 (2)Preferred
 routeBased on the study
 conducted under paragraph (1), the Secretary, in consultation with the Virgin
 Valley Tourism and Economic Advisory Council, as defined in section 3 of this
 Act, and any interested persons, shall identify the preferred route for the
 Trail.
 (b)Designation of
 Trail
 (1)In
 generalSubject to paragraph (2), not later than 1 year after the
 date on which the study is completed under subsection (a), the Secretary may
 designate a Trail.
 (2)LimitationsThe
 Secretary may designate a Trail after determining a route for the Trail that
 would not have significant negative impacts on wildlife, natural or cultural
 resources, or traditional uses.
 107.Virgin Valley
 Tourism and Economic Advisory Council
 (a)EstablishmentNot
 later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary
 shall establish an advisory council, to be known as the Virgin Valley
 Tourism and Economic Advisory Council.
 (b)Applicable
 lawThe Virgin Valley Tourism and Economic Advisory Council shall
 be subject to the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.).
 (c)Members
 (1)In
 generalThe Virgin Valley Tourism and Economic Advisory Council
 shall include 13 members to be appointed by the Secretary, of whom, to the
 extent practicable—
 (A)4 members shall be
 appointed after considering the recommendations of the Mesquite, Nevada, City
 Council;
 (B)1 member shall be
 appointed after considering the recommendations of the Bunkerville, Nevada,
 Town Advisory Board;
 (C)1 member shall be
 appointed after considering the recommendations of the Moapa Valley, Nevada,
 Town Advisory Board;
 (D)1 member shall be
 appointed after considering the recommendations of the Moapa, Nevada, Town
 Advisory Board;
 (E)1 member shall be
 appointed after considering the recommendations of the Moapa Band of Paiutes
 Tribal Council; and
 (F)5 at-large members
 from the County shall be appointed after considering the recommendations of the
 County Commission.
 (2)RepresentationThe
 Secretary shall ensure that the membership of the Virgin Valley Tourism and
 Economic Advisory Council is fairly balanced in terms of the points of view
 represented and the functions to be performed by the Virgin Valley Tourism and
 Economic Advisory Council.
 (3)Initial
 appointmentNot later than 180 days after the date of the
 enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall appoint the initial members of the
 Virgin Valley Tourism and Economic Advisory Council in accordance with
 paragraph (1).
 (d)Duties of the
 virgin valley tourism and economic advisory councilThe Virgin
 Valley Tourism and Economic Advisory Council shall advise the Secretary with
 respect to the preparation and implementation of economic development
 initiatives.
 (e)CompensationMembers
 of the Virgin Valley Tourism and Economic Advisory Council shall receive no
 compensation for serving on the Council.
 (f)Chairperson
 (1)In
 generalThe Virgin Valley Tourism and Economic Advisory Council
 shall elect a Chairperson from among its members.
 (2)TermThe
 term of the Chairperson shall be 3 years.
 (g)Term of
 members
 (1)In
 generalThe term of a member of the Virgin Valley Tourism and
 Economic Advisory Council shall be 3 years.
 (2)SuccessorsNotwithstanding
 the expiration of a 3-year term of a member of the Virgin Valley Tourism and
 Economic Advisory Council, a member may continue to serve on the Virgin Valley
 Tourism and Economic Advisory Council until a successor is appointed.
 (h)Vacancies
 (1)In
 generalA vacancy on the Virgin Valley Tourism and Economic
 Advisory Council shall be filled in the same manner in which the original
 appointment was made.
 (2)Appointment for
 remainder of termA member appointed to fill a vacancy on the
 Virgin Valley Tourism and Economic Advisory Council shall serve for the
 remainder of the term for which the predecessor was appointed.
 IIGold
 Butte National Conservation Area
 201.Establishment
 of Gold Butte National Conservation Area
 (a)EstablishmentThere
 is established the Gold Butte National Conservation Area in the State.
 (b)Area
 includedThe Conservation Area shall consist of approximately
 348,515 acres of public land administered by the Bureau of Land Management in
 the County, as generally depicted on the Map.
 (c)Map and legal
 description
 (1)In
 generalAs soon as practicable after the date of the enactment of
 this Act, the Secretary shall file a map and legal description of the
 Conservation Area with the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of
 Representatives and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the
 Senate.
 (2)EffectThe
 map and legal description prepared under paragraph (1) shall have the same
 force and effect as if included in this title, except that the Secretary may
 correct minor errors in the map or legal description.
 (3)Public
 availabilityA copy of the map and legal description shall be on
 file and available for public inspection in the appropriate offices of the
 Bureau of Land Management and the National Park Service.
 202.Management of
 Conservation Area
 (a)PurposesIn
 accordance with this title, the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976
 (43 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), and other applicable laws, the Secretary shall manage
 the Conservation Area in a manner that conserves, protects, and enhances the
 scenic, biological, natural, historical, scientific, paleontological,
 recreational, ecological, wilderness, and cultural resources of the
 Conservation Area.
 (b)Management
 plan
 (1)Plan
 requiredNot later than 3 years after the date of the enactment
 of this Act, the Secretary shall develop a management plan for the long-term
 protection and management of the Conservation Area.
 (2)ConsultationThe
 Secretary shall prepare the management plan in consultation with the State,
 local and tribal government entities, the Advisory Council, and the
 public.
 (3)RequirementsThe
 management plan shall—
 (A)describe the
 appropriate uses and management of the Conservation Area; and
 (B)include a
 recommendation on interpretive and educational materials regarding the cultural
 and biological resources of the region within which the Conservation Area is
 located.
 (4)Incorporation of
 route designationsThe management plan shall incorporate the
 decisions in the Route Designations for Selected Areas of Critical
 Environmental Concern Located in the Northeast Portion of the Las Vegas BLM
 District Environmental Assessment, NV–052–2006–0433.
 (c)UsesThe
 Secretary shall allow only such uses of the Conservation Area that the
 Secretary determines would further the purpose of the Conservation Area
 described in subsection (a).
 (d)Incorporation of
 acquired land and interestsAny land or interests in land located
 within the boundary of the Conservation Area that is acquired by the United
 States after the date of the enactment of this Act shall become part of the
 Conservation Area and be managed as provided in subsection (a).
 (e)National
 landscape conservation systemThe Conservation Area shall be
 administered as a component of the National Landscape Conservation
 System.
 (f)Hunting,
 fishing, and trappingNothing in this title affects the
 jurisdiction of the State with respect to fish and wildlife, including hunting,
 fishing, and trapping in the Conservation Area.
 203.General
 provisions
 (a)No buffer
 zones
 (1)In
 generalThe establishment of the Conservation Area shall not
 create an express or implied protective perimeter or buffer zone around the
 Conservation Area.
 (2)Private
 landIf the use of, or conduct of an activity on, private land
 that shares a boundary with the Conservation Area is consistent with applicable
 law, nothing in this title concerning the establishment of the Conservation
 Area prohibits or limits the use or conduct of the activity.
 (b)WithdrawalsSubject
 to valid existing rights, all public land within the Conservation Area,
 including any land or interest in land that is acquired by the United States
 within the Conservation Area after the date of the enactment of this Act, is
 withdrawn from—
 (1)entry,
 appropriation or disposal under the public land laws;
 (2)location, entry,
 and patent under the mining laws; and
 (3)operation of the
 mineral leasing, mineral materials, and geothermal leasing laws.
 (c)Special
 management areas
 (1)In
 generalThe establishment of the Conservation Area shall not
 affect the management status of any area within the boundary of the
 Conservation Area that is protected under the Clark County Multi-Species
 Habitat Conservation Plan.
 (2)Conflict of
 lawsIf there is a conflict between the laws applicable to an
 area described in paragraph (1) and this title, the more restrictive provision
 shall control.
 204.Virgin Valley
 water districtNotwithstanding
 any other provisions of law, the Secretary shall manage the area to allow
 continued and reasonable use and access by the Virgin Valley Water District,
 including use of motorized vehicles and equipment, within its rights-of-way, to
 access, monitor, maintain, and operate water diversions, facilities, and
 improvements facilitating lawful beneficial use of its existing and future
 water rights appropriated under applicable State law.
 205.Gold Butte
 National Conservation Area Advisory Council
 (a)EstablishmentNot
 later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary
 shall establish an advisory council, to be known as the Gold Butte
 National Conservation Area Advisory Council.
 (b)DutiesThe
 Advisory Council shall advise the Secretary with respect to the preparation and
 implementation of the management plan.
 (c)Applicable
 lawThe Advisory Council shall be subject to—
 (1)the Federal
 Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.); and
 (2)the Federal Land
 Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.).
 (d)Members
 (1)In
 generalThe Advisory Council shall include 13 members to be
 appointed by the Secretary, of whom, to the extent practicable—
 (A)4 members shall be
 appointed after considering the recommendations of the Mesquite, Nevada, City
 Council;
 (B)1 member shall be
 appointed after considering the recommendations of the Bunkerville, Nevada,
 Town Advisory Board;
 (C)1 member shall be
 appointed after considering the recommendations of the Moapa Valley, Nevada,
 Town Advisory Board;
 (D)1 member shall be
 appointed after considering the recommendations of the Moapa, Nevada, Town
 Advisory Board;
 (E)1 member shall be
 appointed after considering the recommendations of the Moapa Band of Paiutes
 Tribal Council; and
 (F)5 at-large members
 from the County shall be appointed after considering the recommendations of the
 County Commission.
 (2)Special
 appointment considerationsThe at-large members appointed under
 paragraph (1)(F) shall have backgrounds that reflect—
 (A)the purposes for
 which the Conservation Area was established; and
 (B)the interests of
 persons affected by the planning and management of the Conservation
 Area.
 (3)RepresentationThe
 Secretary shall ensure that the membership of the Advisory Council is fairly
 balanced in terms of the points of view represented and the functions to be
 performed by the Advisory Council.
 (4)Initial
 appointmentNot later than 180 days after the date of the
 enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall appoint the initial members of the
 Advisory Council in accordance with paragraph (1).
 (e)Duties of the
 advisory councilThe Advisory Council shall advise the Secretary
 with respect to the preparation and implementation of the management plan,
 including budgetary matters relating to the Conservation Area.
 (f)CompensationMembers
 of the Advisory Council shall receive no compensation for serving on the
 Advisory Council.
 (g)Chairperson
 (1)In
 generalThe Advisory Council shall elect a Chairperson from among
 the members of the Advisory Council.
 (2)TermThe
 term of the Chairperson shall be 3 years.
 (h)Term of
 members
 (1)In
 generalThe term of a member of the Advisory Council shall be 3
 years.
 (2)SuccessorsNotwithstanding
 the expiration of a 3-year term of a member of the Advisory Council, a member
 may continue to serve on the Advisory Council until a successor is
 appointed.
 (i)Vacancies
 (1)In
 generalA vacancy on the Advisory Council shall be filled in the
 same manner in which the original appointment was made.
 (2)Appointment for
 remainder of termA member appointed to fill a vacancy on the
 Advisory Council shall serve for the remainder of the term for which the
 predecessor was appointed.
 (j)TerminationThe
 Advisory Council shall terminate not later than 3 years after the date on which
 the final version of the management plan is published.
 IIIDesignation of
 wilderness areas in Clark County, Nevada
 301.Additions to
 National Wilderness Preservation System
 (a)AdditionsIn
 furtherance of the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1131 et seq.), the following
 public land administered by the National Park Service or the Bureau of Land
 Management in the County is designated as wilderness and as components of the
 National Wilderness Preservation System:
 (1)Virgin peak
 wildernessCertain public land managed by the Bureau of Land
 Management, comprising approximately 18,296 acres, as generally depicted on the
 Map, which shall be known as the Virgin Peak Wilderness.
 (2)Black ridge
 wildernessCertain public land managed by the Bureau of Land
 Management, comprising approximately 18,192 acres, as generally depicted on the
 Map, which shall be known as the Black Ridge Wilderness.
 (3)Bitter ridge
 north wildernessCertain public land managed by the Bureau of
 Land Management comprising approximately 15,114 acres, as generally depicted on
 the Map, which shall be known as the Bitter Ridge North
 Wilderness.
 (4)Bitter ridge
 south wildernessCertain public land managed by the Bureau of
 Land Management, comprising approximately 12,646 acres, as generally depicted
 on the Map, which shall be known as the Bitter Ridge
 Wilderness.
 (5)Billy goat peak
 wildernessCertain public land managed by the Bureau of Land
 Management, comprising approximately 30,460 acres, as generally depicted on the
 Map, which shall be known as the Billy Goat Peak
 Wilderness.
 (6)Million hills
 wildernessCertain public land managed by the Bureau of Land
 Management, comprising approximately 24,818 acres, as generally depicted on the
 Map, which shall be known as the Million Hills Wilderness.
 (7)Lake mead
 wildernessCertain public land within the Lake Mead National
 Recreation Area, comprising approximately 102,032 acres, as generally depicted
 on the Map, which shall be known as the Lake Mead
 Wilderness.
 (b)National
 landscape conservation systemThe wilderness areas administered
 by the Bureau of Land Management shall be administered as components of the
 National Landscape Conservation System.
 (c)Road
 offsetThe boundary of any portion of a wilderness area that is
 bordered by a road shall be at least 100 feet away from the centerline of the
 road so as not to interfere with public access.
 (d)Lake
 offsetThe boundary of any portion of a wilderness area that is
 bordered by Lake Mead or the Colorado River shall be 300 feet inland from the
 high water line.
 (e)Map and legal
 description
 (1)In
 generalAs soon as practicable after the date of the enactment of
 this Act, the Secretary shall file a map and legal description of each
 wilderness area with the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of
 Representatives and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the
 Senate.
 (2)EffectEach
 map and legal description under paragraph (1) shall have the same force and
 effect as if included in this title, except that the Secretary may correct
 clerical and typographical errors in the map or legal description.
 (3)AvailabilityEach
 map and legal description under paragraph (1) shall be on file and available
 for public inspection in the appropriate offices of the Bureau of Land
 Management and the National Park Service.
 302.Administration
 (a)ManagementSubject
 to valid existing rights, the wilderness areas shall be administered by the
 Secretary in accordance with the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1131 et seq.),
 except that—
 (1)any reference in
 that Act to the effective date of that Act shall be considered to be a
 reference to the date of the enactment of this Act; and
 (2)any reference in
 that Act to the Secretary of Agriculture shall be considered to be a reference
 to the Secretary.
 (b)Incorporation of
 acquired land and interestsAny land or interest in land within
 the boundaries of a wilderness area that is acquired by the United States after
 the date of the enactment of this Act shall be added to, and administered as
 part of, the wilderness area within which the acquired land or interest is
 located.
 (c)Water
 rights
 (1)FindingsCongress
 finds that—
 (A)the land
 designated as a wilderness area—
 (i)is
 within the Mojave Desert;
 (ii)is
 arid in nature; and
 (iii)includes
 ephemeral streams;
 (B)the hydrology of
 the land designated as a wilderness area is locally characterized by complex
 flow patterns and alluvial fans with impermanent channels;
 (C)the subsurface
 hydrogeology of the region within which the land designated as a wilderness
 area is located is characterized by ground water subject to local and regional
 flow gradients and artesian aquifers;
 (D)the land
 designated as a wilderness area is generally not suitable for use or
 development of new water resource facilities;
 (E)there are no
 actual or proposed water resource facilities and no opportunities for
 diversion, storage, or other uses of water occurring outside the land
 designated as a wilderness area that would adversely affect the wilderness or
 other values of the land; and
 (F)because of the
 unique nature and hydrology of the desert land designated as a wilderness area
 and the existence of the Clark County Multi-Species Habitat Conservation Plan,
 it is possible to provide for proper management and protection of the
 wilderness, perennial springs, and other values of the land in ways different
 than the methods used in other laws.
 (2)Statutory
 construction
 (A)No
 reservationNothing in this title constitutes an express or
 implied reservation by the United States of any water or water rights with
 respect to the land designated as a wilderness area.
 (B)State
 rightsNothing in this title affects any water rights in the
 State existing on the date of the enactment of this Act, including any water
 rights held by the United States.
 (C)No
 precedentNothing in this subsection establishes a precedent with
 regard to any future wilderness designations.
 (D)No effect on
 compactsNothing in this title limits, alters, modifies, or
 amends any of the interstate compacts or equitable apportionment decrees that
 apportion water among and between the State and other States.
 (3)Nevada water
 lawThe Secretary shall follow the procedural and substantive
 requirements of State law in order to obtain and hold any water rights not in
 existence on the date of the enactment of this Act with respect to the land
 designated as a wilderness area.
 (4)New
 projects
 (A)Definition
 (i)In
 generalIn this paragraph, the term water resource
 facility means irrigation and pumping facilities, reservoirs, water
 conservation works, aqueducts, canals, ditches, pipelines, wells, hydropower
 projects, and transmission and other ancillary facilities, and other water
 diversion, storage, and carriage structures.
 (ii)ExclusionIn
 this paragraph, the term water resource facility does not include
 wildlife guzzlers.
 (B)No licenses or
 permitsExcept as otherwise provided in this title, on and after
 the date of the enactment of this Act, neither the President nor any other
 officer, employee, or agent of the United States shall fund, assist, authorize,
 or issue a license or permit for the development of any new water resource
 facility within the land designated as a wilderness area.
 (d)WithdrawalSubject
 to valid existing rights, any Federal land within the wilderness areas,
 including any land or interest in land that is acquired by the United States
 within the Conservation Area after the date of the enactment of this Act, is
 withdrawn from—
 (1)entry,
 appropriation, or disposal under the public land laws;
 (2)location, entry,
 and patent under the mining laws; and
 (3)operation of the
 mineral leasing, mineral materials, and geothermal leasing laws.
 303.Adjacent
 management
 (a)No buffer
 zonesCongress does not intend for the designation of land as
 wilderness areas to lead to the creation of protective perimeters or buffer
 zones around the wilderness areas.
 (b)Nonwilderness
 activitiesThe fact that nonwilderness activities or uses can be
 seen or heard from areas within a wilderness area shall not preclude the
 conduct of those activities or uses outside the boundary of the wilderness
 area.
 304.Military, law
 enforcement, and emergency overflightsNothing in this Act restricts or
 precludes—
 (1)low-level
 overflights of military, law enforcement, or emergency medical services
 aircraft over the area designated as wilderness by this Act, including
 military, law enforcement, or emergency medical services overflights that can
 be seen or heard within the wilderness area;
 (2)flight testing and
 evaluation; or
 (3)the designation or
 creation of new units of special use airspace, or the establishment of
 military, law enforcement, or emergency medical services flight training
 routes, over the wilderness area.
 305.Release of
 wilderness study areas
 (a)FindingCongress
 finds that, for the purposes of section 603 of the Federal Land Policy and
 Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1782), the Bureau of Land Management land in
 any portion of the wilderness study areas located within the Conservation Area
 not designated as a wilderness area has been adequately studied for wilderness
 designation.
 (b)ReleaseAny
 Bureau of Land Management land described in subsection (a) that is not
 designated as a wilderness area—
 (1)is no longer
 subject to section 603(c) of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976
 (43 U.S.C. 1782(c));
 (2)shall be managed
 in accordance with—
 (A)the land
 management plans adopted under section 202 of that Act (43 U.S.C. 1712);
 and
 (B)cooperative
 conservation agreements in existence on the date of the enactment of this Act;
 and
 (3)shall be subject
 to the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.).
 306.Native American
 cultural and religious usesNothing in this title diminishes—
 (1)the rights of any Indian tribe; or
 (2)tribal rights regarding access to Federal
 land for tribal activities, including spiritual, cultural, and traditional
 food-gathering activities.
 307.Wildlife,
 wildfire, insect, and disease management; data collection
 (a)In
 generalIn accordance with section 4(d)(7) of the Wilderness Act
 (16 U.S.C. 1133(d)(7)), nothing in this title affects or diminishes the
 jurisdiction of the State with respect to fish and wildlife management,
 including the regulation of hunting, fishing, and trapping, in the wilderness
 areas.
 (b)Management
 activities
 (1)In
 generalIn furtherance of the purposes and principles of the
 Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1131 et seq.), management activities to maintain or
 restore fish and wildlife populations and the habitats to support the
 populations may be carried out within the wilderness areas, if the
 activities—
 (A)are consistent
 with relevant wilderness management plans; and
 (B)are carried out in
 accordance with appropriate policies, such as those set forth in Appendix B of
 House Report 101–405.
 (2)Use of motorized
 vehiclesThe management activities under paragraph (1) may
 include the occasional and temporary use of motorized vehicles, if the use, as
 determined by the Secretary, would—
 (A)promote healthy,
 viable, and more naturally distributed wildlife populations that would enhance
 wilderness values; and
 (B)accomplish the
 purposes described in subparagraph (A) with the minimum impact necessary to
 reasonably accomplish the task.
 (c)Existing
 activitiesConsistent with section 4(d)(1) of the Wilderness Act
 (16 U.S.C. 1133(d)(1)) and in accordance with appropriate policies such as
 those set forth in Appendix B of House Report 101–405, the State may continue
 to use aircraft (including helicopters) to survey, capture, transplant,
 monitor, and provide water for wildlife populations, including bighorn sheep,
 and feral stock, horses, and burros.
 (d)Wildlife water
 development projectsSubject to subsection (f), the Secretary
 shall authorize structures and facilities, including existing structures and
 facilities, for wildlife water development projects, including guzzlers, in the
 wilderness areas if—
 (1)the structures and
 facilities will, as determined by the Secretary, enhance wilderness values by
 promoting healthy, viable and more naturally distributed wildlife populations;
 and
 (2)the visual impacts
 of the structures and facilities on the wilderness areas can reasonably be
 minimized.
 (e)Hunting,
 fishing, and trapping
 (1)In
 generalThe Secretary may designate, by regulation, areas in
 which, and establish periods during which, for reasons of public safety,
 administration, or compliance with applicable laws, no hunting, fishing, or
 trapping will be permitted in the wilderness areas.
 (2)ConsultationExcept
 in emergencies, the Secretary shall consult with the appropriate State agency
 before promulgating regulations under paragraph (1).
 (f)Cooperative
 agreementThe State, including a designee of the State, may
 conduct wildlife management activities in the wilderness areas—
 (1)in accordance with
 the terms and conditions specified in the cooperative agreement between the
 Secretary and the State entitled Memorandum of Understanding between the
 Bureau of Land Management and the Nevada Department of Wildlife Supplement No.
 9 and signed November and December 2003, including any amendments to the
 cooperative agreement agreed to by the Secretary and the State; and
 (2)subject to all
 applicable laws (including regulations).
 (g)Wildfire,
 insect, and disease management
 (1)In
 generalIn accordance with section 4(d)(1) of the Wilderness Act
 (16 U.S.C. 1133(d)(1)), the Secretary may take such measures in each wilderness
 area as the Secretary determines to be necessary for the control of fire,
 insects, and diseases (including, as the Secretary determines to be
 appropriate, the coordination of the activities with a State or local
 agency).
 (2)EffectNothing
 in this Act precludes a Federal, State, or local agency from conducting
 wildfire management operations (including operations using aircraft or
 mechanized equipment) in accordance with section 4(d)(1) of the Wilderness Act
 (16 U.S.C. 1133(d)(1)).
 (h)Data
 collectionSubject to such terms and conditions as the Secretary
 may require, nothing in this title precludes the installation and maintenance
 of hydrologic, meteorologic, or climatological collection devices in the
 wilderness areas if the facilities and access to the facilities are essential
 to flood warning, flood control, and water reservoir operation
 activities.
 308.National Park
 System landTo the extent any
 of the provisions of this title are in conflict with laws (including
 regulations) or management policies applicable to Federal land within the Lake
 Mead National Recreation Area designated as a wilderness area, the laws
 (including regulations) or policies shall control.
 IVGeneral
 provisions
 401.Termination of
 withdrawal of Bureau of Land Management land
 (a)Termination of
 withdrawalThe withdrawal of the parcels of Bureau of Land
 Management land described in subsection (b) for use by the Bureau of
 Reclamation is terminated.
 (b)Description of
 landThe parcels of land referred to in subsection (a) consist of
 the Bureau of Land Management land identified on the Map as Transfer from
 BOR to BLM.
 (c)Map and legal
 description
 (1)In
 generalAs soon as practicable after the date of enactment of
 this Act, the Secretary shall finalize the legal description of the land
 reverting to the Bureau of Land Management under subsection (a).
 (2)Minor
 errorsThe Secretary may correct any minor error in—
 (A)the Map; or
 (B)the legal
 description.
 (3)AvailabilityThe
 Map and legal description shall be on file and available for public inspection
 in the appropriate offices of the Bureau of Land Management and the Bureau of
 Reclamation.
 402.Relationship to
 Clark County Multi-Species Habitat Conservation Plan
 (a)Amendment to
 PlanThe Secretary shall
 credit, on an acre-for-acre basis, approximately 124,000 acres of multiple use
 lands being conserved under this Act toward the development of additional
 non-Federal land within the County through an amendment to the Clark County
 Multi-Species Habitat Conservation Plan.
 (b)Conservation
 management areasThe Secretary shall credit the Conservation Area
 and the wilderness areas as Conservation Management Areas, as may be required
 by the Clark County Multi-Species Habitat Conservation Plan (including
 amendments to the plan).
 (c)Conservation
 management areasNothing in this Act otherwise limits, alters,
 modifies, or amends the Clark County Multi-Species Habitat Conservation Plan
 with respect to the Conservation Area and the wilderness areas, including the
 specific management actions contained in the Clark County Multi-Species Habitat
 Conservation Plan for the conservation of perennial springs.
 (d)Management
 planIn developing the management plan, to the extent consistent
 with this section, the Secretary may incorporate any provision of the Clark
 County Multi-Species Habitat Conservation Plan.
 403.Motorized
 vehicles
 (a)In
 generalThe use of motorized vehicles shall be permitted on
 designated routes.
 (b)ExceptionsIn
 cases which motorized vehicles are required to respond to an emergency, or for
 administrative purposes, the use of vehicles shall be permitted beyond
 designated routes.
 (c)NoticeThe
 Secretary shall provide information to the public regarding any designated
 routes that are open, have been rerouted, or are temporarily closed
 through—
 (1)use of appropriate
 signage within the Conservation Area; and
 (2)the distribution
 of maps, safety education materials, law enforcement, and other information
 considered to be appropriate by the Secretary.
 (d)No effect on
 non-Federal land or interests in non-Federal landNothing in this
 section affects ownership, management, or other rights relating to non-Federal
 land or interests in non-Federal land.
 (e)Map on
 fileThe Secretary shall keep a current map on file at the
 appropriate offices of the Bureau of Land Management.