text:
7.2.2015 Blogit
 Mitä lähemmäs vaalit tulevat, sitä kiihkeämmäksi käy rummutus elvytyksen puolesta. Erikoista on, että jopa äärivasemmisto on kokonaisuudessaan siirtynyt vulgäärikeynesiläisyyden taakse ja vaatii lisää helikopterirahaa kasvun aikaansaamiseksi ja työttömyyden poistamiseksi. Ironista tämä on siksi, että sosialismin suurin teoreetikko Josef Stalin piti tällaisia puheita hölynpölynä. Hänen mielestään kasvu- ja työllisyysongelmat voidaan ratkaista vain suunnitelmataloudella ja; jos sallitaan sitaatti: ”suunnitelmataloutta ei voida luoda ilman että päästään eroon kapitalisteista ja ilman että päästään eroon yksityisestä omistusoikeudesta tuotantovälineisiin” (lähde).
 28 kommenttia artikkeliin Lopettakaa hölynpöly elvytyksestä
 Jari-Matti sanoo:
 7.2.2015 13.30
 Miten taloustieteen professori voi olla noin pihalla talouden perusasioista? Raha on lähtökohtaisesti velkaa kuten tiedetään. Toinen tiedetty tosiasia on se että deflaatio johon EU on vajoamassa tarkoittaa yksinkertaisesti sitä että taloudessa ei ole riittävästi valuuttaa. Hintataso joka on syntynyt suuremman valuuttamäärän aikana, on ennen pitkää liian korkea kun valuutan määrä vähenee.
 Jos taas elämme valtion sääntelemässä suunnitelmataloudessa ja mielimme saada markkinaamme valuuttaa jotta talous pyörii, on vain yksi vaihtoehto ja se on VALTIO. Valtion tulee investoida ja kuinkas muuten kuin velan kautta.
 Leikkuria voisi laulattaa sen sijaan rajusti julkishallinnon virkojen, yritystukien, kehitysavun ym tiimoilta koska ne jos mitkä laittavat kassanpohjan siintämään!
 Ei näissä tarvita mitään taloususkovaisuutta tai koulukuntaisuutta vaan tervettä maalaisjärkeä.!
 7.2.2015 15.52
 Raha on lähtökohtaisesti säästynyttä työtä, jolla on siis vastine ja sitten on katteettomia velkakirjoja, joita myös rahaksi kutsutaan ja niiden nimi voi olla vaikkapa euro, dollari tai rupla. Nämä katteettomat velkakirjat ovat sikäli petollisia, että niitä ei erota siitä rahasta, joka on säästynyttä työtä, jolloin niiden ainoaksi funktioksi jää heikentää säästyneen työn arvoa.
 8.2.2015 12.03
 Valtion tulot ja menot on tosiaan syytä pitää erillään valtion varoista ja veloista. Tasapainoinen budjetti ei sulje pois mahdollisuutta investoida velaksi.
 Heino sanoo:
 8.2.2015 22.25
 Varat ja velat tosiaan siirtyvät tuleville sukupolville, mutta se vaatii myös sen, että tehtävät investoinnit tosiaan ovat kannattavia. Juliset investoinnit tuppaavat aika harvoin olemaan kannattavia. Hyvänä esimerkkinä tästä on vaikkapa pisara-rata jonka uusimmat arviot näyttävät pahasti negatiivista tuottoa.
 Toki esim. investoinnit hallinnon tietojärjestelmiin voisi tuoda töitä työttömille tietokone-insinööreille ja sillä saataisiin myös pitkällä tähtäimellä vähennettyä julkishallinnon työntekijämäärää.
 9.2.2015 8.01
 Markkinat toki tietävät yleensä parhaiten, mistä makeimmat tuotot tulevat. Markkinoita myötäilevät indeksirahastot lyövät noin 80% yksityisten yritysten rahastonhoitajista.
 9.2.2015 21.20
 En olisi niin kovin varma siitä, että 60 prosentin velkasuhde on turvallisen pieni. Jos velka jatkaa kasvuaan eikä mitään käännettä ole näkyvissä, markkinoiden mieliala saattaa muuttua yht’äkkiä. Ja silloin helposti mennään äärimmäisyydestä toiseen. Kuka meistä pystyy sanomaan, onko 70 % vielä turvallisen vähän, vai 80 %, vai missä kohtaa markkinoiden usko menee? Se on selvää, että olisi aikamoista venäläistä rulettia päästää velkasuhde 100 prosentin kieppeille.
 9.2.2015 21.56
 Poliitikkojen käsissä vain sellainen velan määrä, jonka pystyy maksamaan kassavaroilla pois, on turvallisen pieni.
 10.2.2015 9.51
 Julkinen velka BKT:sta on yli 60% monessa maassa. Suomessakin 1990-luvun lama nosti sen 100 prosenttiin.
 10.2.2015 23.42
 Suomessa on euroopan alhaisimpia velkasuhteita. Vain Ruotsissa, Norjassa ja muutamassa muussa maassa on alhaisempi. Saksassa on muun muassa reilusti korkeampi.
 11.2.2015 7.26
 Suomen julkinen velka on muistaakseni noin 100 mrd euroa. Jos velan keskimääräinen korko on 1%, korkomenot ovat 1 mrd/v.
 8.2.2015 22.20
 Olisi kannattanut tarkistaa hiukan dataa ennen kuin höpötät jotain valuutan riittämättömyydestä: kierrossa olevan valuutan määrä (m1, m2 ja m3) on kasvanut tasaisesti vuodesta toiseen.
 Ongelma on saada Euroja suomeenkin ja siihen parhaiten auttaa kilpailukykyinen vientiteollisuus. Kilpailukykyä toki saadaan parannettua investoinneillakin esimerkiksi investoimalla automaatioon, mutta en luottaisi siihen, että Suomalaisesta teollisuudesta löytyisi niin paljon modernisoitavaa, että se parantaisi merkittävästi kilpailukykyä esim. seuraavan 5 vuoden sisällä.
 10.2.2015 23.39
 ”Olisi kannattanut tarkistaa hiukan dataa ennen kuin höpötät jotain valuutan riittämättömyydestä: kierrossa olevan valuutan määrä (m1, m2 ja m3) on kasvanut tasaisesti vuodesta toiseen.”
 7.2.2015 13.37
 Se ”elvytys” jota nykyhallitus on tehnyt on koostunut siitä että velkarahaa pusketaan mustaan aukkoon = kehitysapuun, Kreikkaan, yritystukiin sekä muuhun turhuuteen.
 8.2.2015 8.12
 Prof. Haaparanta väittää, että Suomen hintakilpailukyky on korkeimmillaan 40 vuoteen.
 Bruttokansantuote saadaan kasvuun isommilla investoinneilla vientiteollisuuteen, kuten kaava BKT = C + I + G + (X – M) kertoo. Hyvistä investointi-ideoista saattaa olla pulaa.
 Sijoittajakonkari Sinkko saakoon viimeisen sanan. KL:n mukaan Suomen kuuluisin yksityissijoittaja on lisännyt omistustaan yhtiössä, jonka osakekurssi on noussut tänä vuonna 240%. – “Kylmää harkintaa”
 8.2.2015 22.29
 Tärkeä kysymys kuuluu, että osaako mukamas joku valtion virkamies kohdentaa investointeja paremmin kuin markkinat? Jos sijoittajien mielestä edes (lähes) ilmaista rahaa sijoittamalla ei saa suomessa hyvää tuottoa rahoilleen, niin jotenkin epäilyttää että joku Sitran paperinpyörittäjä onnistuu löytämään paremman kohteeen.
 9.2.2015 8.19
 Perniön oraakkeli on puhunut.
 Neo Industrialissa häntä miellyttää kreikkalainen sana neo. Kannattaako sijoittaa uuteen teollisuuteen? Neo Industrial sijoittaa Reka-kaapeliin. Reka valmistaa maakaapeleita. Maakaapelit eivät katkea myrskyissä. Sähköverkko ei altistu sään vaihteluille. Pitäisikö valtion investoida huoltovarmuuteen ja puolustusteollisuuteen?
 15.2.2015 12.54
 Lainaus:”Elvytys nykytilanteessa ei ole vain politiikkavirhe, vaan myös moraalinen ongelma. Sysäämme taloudelliset vaikeutemme lastemme niskoille. Pidämme yllä korkeampaa kulutuksen tasoa, mihin kansatalouden tuotanto ja tulot oikeuttavat. Samalla velkaannumme, eikä pelkästään kotimaahan vaan myös ulkomaille. Imuroimme omaan kulutukseemme säästöjä”
 Taloustietäjien suuri ongelma on se, että heidän näkökykynsä on kovin rajoittunut. He keskittyvät teorioihin, joita heille on opetettu, ja he näkevät vain sen todellisuuden, jota he itse ja kaltaisensa elävät.
 Täällä ympäröivässä todellisuudessa tapahtuu muuta. Täällä vastavalmistuneet, erinomaisin arvosanoin valmistuneet, vahvasti motivoituneet nuoret eivät pääse työuransa alkuun lainkaan. Työpaikkoja ei ole. Työhaastatteluun voi päästä, ja siellä kuulla, etä olisi kaikinpuolin erinomainen tehtävään, mutta ketään ei palkatakaan.
 Nuoret jäävät köyhyyteen. Sitkeästä yrittämisestä huolimatta kuukausien kuluessa pettymys alkaa purra. Rahaa kunnolliseen ruokaan ei ole. Nuorilla onneksi on harvemmin sairauksia, mutta silloin jos on, niiden hoitaminen jää sikseen, koska ei ole varaa välttämättä edes terveydenhoitomatkoihin. Perheenperustamisen aika olisi, mutta nuoret eivät voi hankkia asuntoja, koska varmuutta tuloista ei ole.
 Osa nuorista masentuu ja sen seurauksena nuorten työkyvyttömyysluvut ovat lähes yhtä korkealla kuin eläkeikää lähestyvien työkyvyttömyysluvut.
 Tämä kaikki on seurausta siitä, että yritykset ymmärtävät sanan ”tehostaminen” kovin alkeellisella tavalla. Ihmisiä irtisanotaan ja heidän työtehtävänsä jaetaan kuormittamaan jäljellejääneitä. Eihän se mitään tehostamista ole, vaan työn tekemisen hankaloittamista. Ei ihme, jos laatu laskee eikä kauppa käy. Samalla aiheutetaan työttömyydenhoitokustannuksia eli veronkorotustarvetta.
 Yritysmaailma hokee kymmenen vuoden päästä koittavaa työvoimapulaa väestön vanhenemisen seurauksena. Jos nuoria, muutaman vuoden sisällä valmistuneita ei nyt nopeasti haeta ja päästetä työelämään mukaan, heidän koulutuksensa menee hukkaan. Hallitus on hyväksi nähnyt varmistaa vielä, että uutta saman asteen koulutusta ei ole mahdollista hankkia, joten sivuun sysättyjen joukko vain kasvaa.
 Kirjoituksen ehdottama tapa aiheuttaa vain lisäkustannuksia ja umpikujan.
 20.2.2015 20.39
 Mutta auttaako näihin ongelmiin se, että valtio velkaantuu vuodesta toiseen? Ehkä ongelmien ratkaisua pitää etsiä muualta. Koulutuspolitiikkaa ei varmaan ole mennyt ihan nappiin. Sitä sävyttänyt yksisilmäinen halu kasvattaa koulutuksen määrää. Esimerkiksi tohtorikoulutuksessa on vain määrällisiä tavoitteita; tieteenalalla ja jatko-opintojen laadulla ei ole merkitystä. Ei mikään ihme, että työmarkkinoilla tulee ongelmia.
 21.2.2015 13.24
 Näissä ”tulevat sukupolvet maksavat velat” puheenvuoroissa unohdetaan monesti inflaation auttava vaikutus.
 IMF:n mukaan elvytys on lamaolosuhteissa kannattavampaa kuin ns. austerity. Ruotsi ja Yhdysvallat ovat selvinneet talouskriisistä keskimääräistä paremmin aggressiivisella setelielvytyksellä.
 Tottakai tarvitaan rakennemuutoksia, mutta siihen on hyvä yhdistää myös investointielvytystä erityisesti sellaisiin perusinfran kohteisiin, jotka tulisi hoitaa joka tapauksessa. Tiukka finanssipolitiikka kriisin ja muutoksen yhteydessä voi aiheuttaa laajaa ja tarpeetonta työttömyyttä. Tämäkin taas voi osaltaan pahentaa velkaantumiskehitystä laskevan verokertymän ja kasvavien tulonsiirtojen takia.
 Joonas Hänninen sanoo:
 26.2.2015 16.00
 Olen tässäkin asiassa maallikko, mutta pääosin kirjoitus vaikuttaa järkeenkäyvältä. Pakko on kuitenkin huomauttaa, että Stalinin väittäminen nykyvasemmistolle jotenkin merkitykselliseksi talousteoreetikoksi on kirjoittajalta joko älyllistä epärehellisyyttä tai sitten silkkaa provokaatiota.
 8.4.2015 10.03
 Matti Viren sanoit, että olemme elvyttäneet rajusti vuodesta 2009. Roope Uusitalo kertoo Akateemisessa Talousblogissa, että viime vuosien finanssipolitiikka näyttää olleen varsin kireää. Uusitalon lisäksi myös monet muut yliopistotaloustieteilijät ovat kertoneet, että finanssipolitiikka on ollut kireää, etenkin vuoden 2011 jälkeen. Mistä nämä mielipide-erot johtuvat? On hieman käsittämätöntä, että tällaisista asioista (onko elvytetty vai ei, vai onko finanssipolitiikka ollut neutraalia) joudutaan edes keskustelemaan mielipiteinä. Eikö ole olemassa mitään yleisesti hyväksyttyä tunnuslukua, joka kertoo, milloin finanssipolitiikka on ollut kireää ja milloin ei, ja milloin on elvytetty ja milloin ei? Ja jos ei ole, niin miksi et tuo esille, että finanssipolitiikan kireyden tasoon on myös muita päinvastaisia (ja kenties hyvin perusteltuja) näkemyksiä?
 14.4.2015 20.59
 En ymmärrä Roopen puheita. Valtion ja kuntien yhteenlaskettu alijäämä oli viime vuonna 10 miljardia euroa. Julkiset menot suhteessa kokonaistuotannon arvoon olivat 59 %. Voiko tätä luonnehtia kireäksi finanssipolitiikaksi? Ei minun mielestäni.
 15.10.2015 14.46
 Kuuluminen yhteisvaluutta euroon pakottaa jossain vaiheessa budjettikuriin ylivelkaantumisen uhkan takia. Jos lamaolosuhteissa joudutaan budjettikuria noudattamaan, niin se tietää kokonaiskysynnälle myrkkyä. Mitä enemmän valtio yrittää säästää, niin sitä enemmän valtio velkaantuu.
 15.10.2015 15.01
 Siitä elvytyksestä vielä sen verran, että vuoden 2008 jälkeen ei taideta olla elvytetty ainakaan päätösperusteisesti mitään Suomessa, koska valtion budjetin menoautomaatiot olivat valmiina olemassa. Ainoastaan julkishallinto rynni itsensä palkkajohtajaksi. Eikä sekään kai mitään elvytystä ollut vaan menoautomaation kasvattamista.
 Mikko Manninen sanoo:
 29.10.2015 19.35
 Minä olen mielynyt Matti Virenin tapaan esittää asioita. Myös muut mielipiteet luo uskoa vapaaseen keskusteluun
 Esa Halttunen Kitee sanoo:
 9.7.2016 11.21
 Matti Viren on niitä harvoja, joka kirjoittaa asiaa. Yksi asia suomalaisilta on ymmärryksen ulkopuolella, kun puhutaan ostovoimasta ja kulutuksesta. Sitä on yritetty lisätä konstilla jos toisellakin. Lopputulos on kuitenkin se, että valtion velallahan se viimekädessä maksetaan veronmaksajien piikkiin. Syy on hyvin yksinkertainen. Suomalaisella työllä ei ole ostovoimaa kotimaiselle työlle. Netti ja halpatuonti rehottaa kaikille avoinna ja tuontikauppa käy. Katsokaa Googlesta Ostovoimaa suomalaiselle työlle video. Se kertoo jo paljon. Seuraavaksi laittakaa Googleen velkakello. Nuo pitäisi poliitikkojen aina ensin katsoa ennen puheitaan ja olla vielä auki koko stoorin ajan nenän edessä. Samat pitäisi pyöriä eduskunnan seinällä kaiken aikaa ja varsinkin eduskunnan kyselytunnilla. Milloin järki löytyy tähän maahan?
 10.7.2016 9.51
 Isot velat ja valtava inflaatio alkaa olla ainoat keinot Euroopan päästä pois talous ongelmistaan kaikki muu on melkein tehty ja ei auta ei sitten yhtään, sekin on huomattu.Setelipaino pyörii EKP päätöksellä korot miinuksella ja silti deflaation peikko ovella koko ajan ja kriisimaiden ongelmat syvennee tai polkee paikallaan ja tämä kaikki vaikuttaa Suomen talouteen paljon ja koko ajan koska olemme ilmeisesti heikoin ja herkin maa talous kriisien vaikutuksiin jopa sellaiset asiat vaikuttaa meihin jotka ei pitäisi.
 Paluuviite: Professori Virén: Lopettakaa hölynpöly elvytyksestä, se on moraalitonta – verkkouutiset.fi


type: caselaw

jurisdiction: EU

text:
 4.7.2016
 HR
 Službeni list Europske unije
 C 243/39
 Tužba podnesena 5. svibnja 2016. – Lukash protiv Vijeća
 (Predmet T-210/16)
 (2016/C 243/43)
 Jezik postupka: francuski
 Stranke
 Tužitelj: Olena Lukash (Kijev, Ukrajina) (zastupnik: M. Cessieux, odvjetnik)
 Tuženik: Vijeće Europske unije
 Tužbeni zahtjev
 Tužitelj od Općeg suda zahtijeva da:
 —
 utvrdi da je tužba Olene Lukash dopuštena;
 —
 poništi Uredbu Vijeća (EU) br. 208/2014 od 5. ožujka 2014. o mjerama ograničavanja usmjerenima protiv određenih osoba, subjekata i tijela s obzirom na stanje u Ukrajini, u dijelu u kojem se odnosi na tužitelja;
 —
 poništi Odluku Vijeća 2014/119/ZVSP od 5. ožujka 2014. o mjerama ograničavanja usmjerenima protiv određenih osoba, subjekata i tijela s obzirom na stanje u Ukrajini, u dijelu u kojem se odnosi na tužitelja;
 —
 poništi kasnije odluke i uredbe koje su produljile mjere ograničavanja utvrđene u Odluci Vijeća 2014/119/ZVSP od 5. ožujka 2014. i ažurirale osnove, to jest:
 —
 Odluku Vijeća 2015/364/ZVSP od 5. ožujka 2015.;
 —
 Uredbu Vijeća (EU) br. 2015/357 od 5. ožujka 2015.;
 —
 Odluku Vijeća 2015/876/ZVSP od 5. lipnja 2015.;
 —
 Uredbu Vijeća (EU) br. 2015/869 od 5. lipnja 2015.;
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 Odluku Vijeća 2016/318/PESC od 4. ožujka 2016.;
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 Uredbu Vijeća (EU) br. 208/2014 od 4. ožujka 2016.;
 —
 naloži Vijeću Europske unije snošenje troškova u skladu s člancima 87. i 91. Poslovnika Općeg suda.
 Tužbeni razlozi i glavni argumenti
 U prilog osnovanosti tužbe tužitelj ističe pet tužbenih razloga.
 1.
 Prvi tužbeni razlog temelji se na povredi prava obrane i prava na učinkoviti pravni lijek.
 2.
 Drugi tužbeni razlog temelji se na povredi obveze obrazlaganja.
 3.
 Treći tužbeni razlog temelji se na nepoštovanju kriterija utvrđenih u članku 1. Odluke 2014/119/ZVSP, preuzetih u uvodnoj izjavi 4. Uredbe (EU) br. 208/2014, uvodnoj izjavi 3. Odluke 2015/364/ZVSP, preuzetih u uvodnoj izjavi 2. Uredbe (EU) br. 2015/357, uvodnoj izjavi 4. Odluke 2015/876/ZVSP, preuzetih u uvodnoj izjavi 3. Uredbe (EU) br. 2015/357, uvodnoj izjavi 4. Odluke 2016/318/ZVSP, preuzetih u uvodnoj izjavi 2. Uredbe (EU) br. 2015/357.
 4.
 Četvrti tužbeni razlog temelji se na pogrešci koja se tiče činjenica koju je počinilo Vijeće.
 5.
 Peti tužbeni razlog temelji se na očitoj povredi prava vlasništva tužitelja.


type: legislation

text:
 15.1.2020
 NL
 Publicatieblad van de Europese Unie
 L 11/1
 UITVOERINGSVERORDENING (EU) 2020/21 VAN DE COMMISSIE
 van 14 januari 2020
 tot wijziging van Uitvoeringsverordening (EU) nr. 79/2012 tot vaststelling van nadere uitvoeringsvoorschriften voor enkele bepalingen van Verordening (EU) nr. 904/2010 van de Raad betreffende de administratieve samenwerking en de bestrijding van fraude op het gebied van de belasting over de toegevoegde waarde
 DE EUROPESE COMMISSIE,
 Gezien het Verdrag betreffende de werking van de Europese Unie,
 Gezien Verordening (EU) nr. 904/2010 van de Raad van 7 oktober 2010 betreffende de administratieve samenwerking en de bestrijding van fraude op het gebied van de belasting over de toegevoegde waarde (1), met name artikel 47 terdecies, onder c),
 Overwegende hetgeen volgt:
 (1)
 In artikel 7, lid 2, onder d), van Uitvoeringsverordening (EU) nr. 79/2012 van de Commissie (2) is bepaald dat de Commissie een webportaal ter beschikking stelt van de lidstaten die er voor kiezen onder andere het toepasselijke belastingtarief te publiceren voor telecommunicatiediensten, omroepdiensten en langs elektronische weg verrichte diensten als bedoeld in artikel 47, tweede alinea, van Verordening (EU) nr. 904/2010.
 (2)
 Titel XII, hoofdstuk 6, van Richtlijn 2006/112/EG van de Raad (3) voorziet in bijzondere regelingen voor belastingplichtigen die bepaalde diensten leveren. Dit hoofdstuk is gewijzigd bij Richtlijn (EU) 2017/2455 van de Raad (4) en het toepassingsgebied is uitgebreid tot de levering van diensten aan niet-belastingplichtigen en afstandsverkopen.
 (3)
 Om rekening te houden met het uitgebreide toepassingsgebied van de bijzondere regelingen van titel XII, hoofdstuk 6, van Richtlijn 2006/112/EG is Verordening (EU) nr. 904/2010 gewijzigd bij Verordening (EU) 2017/2454 (5) en is artikel 47 octies ingevoegd.
 (4)
 Om rekening te houden met deze wijziging van Verordening (EU) nr. 904/2010 moet Uitvoeringsverordening (EU) nr. 79/2012 van de Commissie ook worden gewijzigd.
 (5)
 Deze verordening moet met ingang van 1 januari 2021 van toepassing worden om ervoor te zorgen dat zij vanaf dezelfde datum van toepassing wordt als de gewijzigde bepalingen van titel XII, hoofdstuk 6, van Richtlijn 2006/112/EG en artikel 47 octies van Verordening (EU) nr. 904/2010.
 (6)
 De in deze verordening vervatte maatregelen zijn in overeenstemming met het advies van het Permanent Comité inzake administratieve samenwerking,
 HEEFT DE VOLGENDE VERORDENING VASTGESTELD:
 Artikel 1
 Artikel 7, lid 2, onder d), van Uitvoeringsverordening (EU) nr. 79/2012 wordt vervangen door:
 “d)
 vanaf 1 januari 2021 de toepasselijke belastingtarieven voor de leveringen van goederen en diensten overeenkomstig de bijzondere regelingen van titel XII, hoofdstuk 6, van Richtlijn 2006/112/EG als bedoeld in artikel 47 octies, tweede alinea, van Verordening (EU) nr. 904/2010.”.
 Artikel 2
 Deze verordening treedt in werking op de twintigste dag na die van de bekendmaking ervan in het Publicatieblad van de Europese Unie.
 Zij is van toepassing met ingang van 1 januari 2021.
 Deze verordening is verbindend in al haar onderdelen en is rechtstreeks toepasselijk in elke lidstaat.
 Gedaan te Brussel, 14 januari 2020.
 Voor de Commissie
 De voorzitter
 Ursula VON DER LEYEN
 (1) PB L 268 van 12.10.2010, blz. 1.
 (2) Uitvoeringsverordening (EU) nr. 79/2012 van de Commissie van 31 januari 2012 tot vaststelling van nadere uitvoeringsvoorschriften voor enkele bepalingen van Verordening (EU) nr. 904/2010 van de Raad betreffende de administratieve samenwerking en de bestrijding van fraude op het gebied van de belasting over de toegevoegde waarde (PB L 29 van 1.2.2012, blz. 13).
 (3) Richtlijn 2006/112/EG van de Raad van 28 november 2006 betreffende het gemeenschappelijke stelsel van belasting over de toegevoegde waarde (PB L 347 van 11.12.2006, blz. 1).
 (4) Richtlijn (EU) 2017/2455 van de Raad van 5 december 2017 tot wijziging van Richtlijn 2006/112/EG en Richtlijn 2009/132/EG wat betreft bepaalde btw-verplichtingen voor diensten en afstandsverkopen van goederen (PB L 348 van 29.12.2017, blz. 7).
 (5) Verordening (EU) 2017/2454 van de Raad van 5 december 2017 tot wijziging van Verordening (EU) nr. 904/2010 van de Raad betreffende de administratieve samenwerking en de bestrijding van fraude op het gebied van de belasting over de toegevoegde waarde (PB L 348 van 29.12.2017, blz. 1).


type: other

text:
Közzétehető-e a börtönőr bírósági tárgyaláson készült képmása? - Az Alkotmánybíróság megsemmisítette a Fővárosi Ítélőtábla ítéletét | hírek | Jogi Fórum
 2019.07.26. Jogi Fórum / Alkotmánybíróság
 Az Alkotmánybíróság alkotmányjogi panasz eljárásban megsemmisítette a Fővárosi Ítélőtábla képmáshoz fűződő jog megsértése tárgyában hozott ítéletét.
 Az alkotmányjogi panaszt előterjesztő televíziós csatorna híradójában tudósított egy, a Kúria előtt folyó tárgyalásról, melynek során a vádlott arcát kitakarta, de az őt kísérő büntetés-végrehajtási dolgozóét nem. A BV alkalmazott keresetet terjesztett elő a csatorna ellen, amelynek következtében az ügyben eljárt bíróságok azt elmarasztalták személyiségi jogok megsértése miatt, ugyanis a BV alkalmazott nem járult hozzá képmása nyilvánosságra hozatalához. Ezt követően terjesztette elő az indítványozó alkotmányjogi panaszát, amelyben a véleménynyilvánítás szabadságának, valamint a sajtószabadságnak a sérelmére hivatkozott. Szerinte az ügy tárgyát képező képfelvétel a jelenkor eseményeiről szóló és a közhatalom gyakorlása szempontjából közérdeklődésre számot tartó tájékoztatás volt, így nem volt szükség az érintett beleegyezésére a felvétel elkészítéséhez és bemutatásához.
 Az Alkotmánybíróság megítélése szerint az ügyben felmerült alkotmányossági kérdés az volt, hogy a sajtószabadságra hivatkozással szabadon közzétehető-e a közhatalmat gyakorló személy bírósági tárgyaláson készült képmása, azaz hozzáférhetővé tehető-e olyan médiatartalom, amelyen egy bírósági tárgyaláson jelen lévő, közhatalmat gyakorló személy felismerhető. Az Alkotmánybíróság értelmezésében, ha valamilyen médiatartalomban egy közhatalmat gyakorló személy e minőségében felismerhetővé válik, akkor önmagában a képmás védelme nem alapozza meg a sajtószabadság korlátozását. A „képmásvédelem” csak akkor lehet a sajtószabadság korlátja, ha a képmás közzététele valamilyen alapjog, vagy más alkotmányos érték sérelmét okozza. Főszabály szerint tehát a közhatalmat gyakorló személyek e tevékenységük során tűrni kötelesek képmásuk közzétételét. A tárgyalás rendje és az igazságszolgáltatás függetlensége olyan alkotmányos értékek, amelyek általánosságban alapot adnak a sajtószabadság korlátozására, azonban ez nem jelenti azt, hogy a sajtó tevékenysége teljesen korlátozható lenne a bírósági tárgyaláson. Ha azonban valamely per közvetlen érintettjei nem kifogásolják a média tudósítását, akkor más személyek az igazságszolgáltatás rendjére hivatkozással nem kifogásolhatják a sajtószabadság gyakorlását. Az ügyben eljárt bíróságok ezen alkotmányos keretekkel ellentétes álláspontra helyezkedtek, ezért az Alkotmánybíróság a támadott döntéseket megsemmisítette.


type: contracts

text:
 Avis juridique important
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 21988A1130(05)
 Tilläggsprotokoll till samarbetsavtalet mellan Europeiska ekonomiska gemenskapen och Syrien - Förklaring av företrädaren för Förbundsrepubliken Tyskland - Gemensam förklaring
 Europeiska gemenskapernas officiella tidning nr L 327 , 30/11/1988 s. 0058 - 0063 Finsk specialutgåva Område 11 Volym 14 s. 0191 Svensk specialutgåva Område 11 Volym 14 s. 0191
 TILLÄGGSPROTOKOLL till samarbetsavtalet mellan Europeiska ekonomiska gemenskapen och SyrienEUROPEISKA EKONOMISKA GEMENSKAPENå ena sidan ochSYRIENå den andraHAR ENATS OM FÖLJANDE:MED BEAKTANDE av samarbetsavtalet mellan Europeiska ekonomiska gemenskapen och Syrien vilket undertecknades i Bryssel den 18 januari 1977, nedan kallat "avtalet".FINNER att gemenskapen och Syrien ytterligare önskar stärka sina relationer för att ta hänsyn till den nya situation som uppkommit genom Spaniens och Portugals inträde i Europeiska gemenskaperna den 1 januari 1986 och att artikel 44 i avtalet ger möjlighet till förbättring av dess villkor.FINNER att vissa bestämmelser bör förberedas för att göra det möjlighet att upprätthålla Syriens traditionella exporthandel med gemenskapen.HAR BESLUTAT att upprätta ett protokoll som anpassar vissa av avtalets bestämmelser och har i detta syfte som sina befullmäktigade ombud utsettEUROPEISKA GEMENSKAPERNAS RÅD:Werner Ungerersärskild ambassadör och befullmäktigat ombud,ständig företrädare för Förbundsrepubliken TysklandOrdförande för ständiga företrädarnas kommittéJean Durieuxsärskild rådgivare vid Europeiska gemenskapernas Generaldirektorat för utrikesförbindelser.SYRIENS REGERING:Siba NasserSärskild ambassadör och befullmäktigat ombud,Ordförande i den syriska delegationen vid Europeiska gemenskaperna,SOM sedan de utväxlat sina fullmakter och funnit dem vara i god och behörig formHÄRIGENOM FÖRESKRIVS FÖLJANDE.Artikel 11. De enligt avtalet gällande tullarna för varor med ursprung i Syrien vilka importerats till gemenskapen och som omfattas av avtalet och finns förtecknade i bilagan till detta protokoll skall gradvis avskaffas under samma tidsperiod och till samma taxa som anges i anslutningsakten för Spanien och Portugal till gemenskapen i dess sammansättning den 31 december 1985 för import från Spanien och Portugal. Bestämmelsen skall tillämpas i enlighet med de regler som anges nedan i denna artikel.Under tullarnas gradvisa avskaffande och där den tullnivå vilken gällde den 31 december 1985 för spansk import till gemenskapen avviker från den som gällde för Portugal, skall varor med ursprung i Syrien vara tullpliktiga enligt den högre av de två taxorna.2. Där tullen på en vara som finns förtecknad i bilagan är lägre för Syrien än för Spanien, Portugal eller båda, skall avskaffandet av tullen börja då tullen på varan från både Spanien och Portugal har fallit under den tull som tillämpas för import med ursprung i Syrien.3. En referenskvot på 700 ton upprättas för att avskaffa tullarna för torkade, dehydratiserade och ångpreparerade grönsaker som omfattas av 07.04 A i den gemensamma tulltaxan och vilka har sitt ursprung i Syrien.Gemenskapen får om importkvoten på en av dessa varor skulle överstiga referensmängden lägga på en gemenskapstullkvot för varan i fråga, vilken skall vara lika stor som referensmängden, med beaktande av den årliga granskning av handelsflödet som gemenskapen skall genomföra. Gemenskapen skall om den importerade varumängden överstiger kvoten tillämpa den enligt avtalet gällande tullen.4. Gemenskapen får för de varor vilka finns förtecknade i bilagan utom de som avses i punkt 3, upprätta en referensmängd i den betydelse och enligt villkoren i detta stycke om den vid den årliga granskning av handelsflödet som gemenskapen skall genomföra upptäcker att den importerade mängden riskerar att skapa svårigheter på gemenskapsmarknaden.Artikel 21. En samarbetskommitté för handel och ekonomi skall inrättas för att förbättra avtalets institutionella mekanisms funktioner.Kommittén skall underlätta- det fortlöpande utbytet av information om handel tillverkningsuppgifter och prognoser,- det fortlöpande utbytet av information om samarbetsmöjligheter inom områden som omfattas av avtalet.Kommittén skall växelvis ledas av en företrädare för Europeiska gemenskapernas kommission och en företrädare för Syrien.2. Samarbetsrådet skall snarast bestämma sammansättningen av denna kommitté och hur den skall fungera enligt artikel 38.2 i avtalet. Det får också besluta om att kommittén där så är lämpligt skall lägga fram rapporter till rådet.Artikel 3Gemenskapen och Syrien skall, från och med 1995, undersöka resultatet av samarbetet mellan de avtalsslutande parterna för att utvärdera situationen och den framtida utvecklingen av deras förbindelser i belysning av de mål som lagts fast i avtalet.Artikel 4Detta protokoll skall utgöra en integrerad del av samarbetsavtalet mellan Europeiska ekonomiska gemenskapen och Syrien.Artikel 51. Detta protokoll skall ratificeras, antagas eller godkännas av de avtalsslutande parterna i enlighet med deras egna förfaranden. De avtalsslutande parterna skall i detta syfte underrätta varandra om slutförandet av de nödvändiga förfarandena.2. Detta protokoll skall träda i kraft på den första dagen i månaden efter den månad i vilken de underrättelser som avses i punkt 1 lämnats.Artikel 6Detta protokoll upprättas i två exemplar på danska, engelska, franska, grekiska, italienska, nederländska, portugisiska, spanska, tyska och arabiska, och varje text skall ha lika giltighet.>Hänvisning till >>Hänvisning till >>Hänvisning till >>Hänvisning till >BILAGA>Plats för tabell>Gemensam förklaring av de avtalsslutande parterna till artikel 1 i tilläggsprotokolletDe avtalsslutande parterna är överens om att om ikraftträdandet av detta protokoll inte skulle sammanfalla med början av ett kalenderår skall den kvantitativa gränsen som anges i artikel 1 tillämpas på proportionell grund.De avtalsslutande parterna är vidare överens om att påförandet av kvantitativa begränsningar på varor med ursprung i Syrien och som importerats till gemenskapen och för vilka sådana gränser gäller enligt tilläggsprotokollet skall börja den 1 januari varje år.Förklaring om definitionen av tyskt medborgarskap av företrädaren för Förbundsrepubliken TysklandVarje person som är tysk enligt den grundlag som gäller i Förbundsrepubliken Tyskland skall anses vara medborgare i Tyskland.Förklaring av företrädaren för Förbundsrepubliken Tyskland om tillämpningen av tilläggsprotokollet på BerlinTilläggsprotokollet skall även tillämpas på Berlin under förutsättning att den tyska regeringen inom tre månader efter det att detta protokoll har trätt i kraft inte har gjort ett uttalande riktat till de andra avtalsslutande parterna som motsäger detta.Information om ikraftträdandedatum för tilläggsprotokollet till samarbetsavtalet mellan Europeiska ekonomiska gemenskapen och Syrien vilket undertecknades i Bryssel den 16 juni 1988Eftersom underrättelsen om slutförandet av de förfaranden som är nödvändiga för ikraftträdandet av ovan nämnda protokoll lämnades den 25 november 1988, träder tilläggsprotokollet i kraft den 1 december 1988 enligt artikel 5.2 i protokollet.


type: wikipedia

text:
Antilopė šoklė, sasa (Oreotragus oreotragus) – tikrųjų antilopių (Antilopinae) pošeimio dykaraginis (Bovidae) žinduolis.
 Savotiškos išvaizdos antilopė, prisitaikiusi gyventi uolėtose vietovėse. Kūno aukštis 50-60 cm, masė 14-18 kg. Nugara išgaubta, didelės plačios ausys, palyginti storos kojos, kurios remiasi į žemę tik nagų viršūnėmis. Skiriasi nuo kitų antilopių ir šiurkščiais, tankiais, trapiais plaukais. Kailis gelsvas arba gelsvai rudas, išmargintas smulkiais tamsiais taškeliais. Kakta ir kojų galiukai tamsiai rudi arba juodi, kojos rusvai arba sidabriškai pilkos. Papilvė, lūpos, smakras ir apvadai apie akis balti arba gelsvai balti. Labai didelė priešakinės liaukos duobutė. Patinai su tiesiais, nežymiai į priekį išlinkusiais, vienas nuo kito nutolusiais, vidutiniškai 10 cm ilgio ragais.
 Gyvena krūminguose kalnų šlaituose, kalvotose uolėtose vietovėse. Laikosi pavieniui, poromis ir šeimyninėmis grupėmis. Minta krūmų lapais ir ūgliais, rečiau žoliniais augalais. Veisiasi įvairiu metų laiku. Nėštumas trunka apie 7 mėnesius, gimsta 1 jauniklis. Lytiškai subręsta pirmųjų gyvenimo metų pabaigoje. Nelaisvėje išgyvena iki 15 metų.
 Paplitusi nuo Nigerijos šiaurinės dalies iki Etiopijos, R. Afrikoje, P. Afrikoje, Angolos pietinėje dalyje ir Namibijoje.
 Antilopės


text:
 Události
 Kublaj dobývá část Východní Evropy (dnešní Moldavsko, Ukrajinu) a předuralskou část Ruska. Mongolská říše pokrývá 33 mil. km2.
 19. března – v Číně smrtí císaře Sung Binga v bitvě proti Kublaj-chánovi) končí panování dynastie Sung a nastupuje počátek vlády Dynastie Jüan
 leden – první písemná zpráva o Moravské Ostravě
 4. únor – v noci malý Václav II. společně s matkou, královnou vdovou Kunhutou a zřejmě s chůvou Eliškou převezen na hrad Bezděz
 13. duben – nejstarší písemná zmínka o Sokolově
 listopad – Václav II. odvezen do Žitavy
 prosinec – na vánoce je Václav II. v Berlíně
 První písemná zmínka o Mnichově Hradišti
 Narození
 (možná i 1278) – lucemburský vévoda Jindřich VII., otec pozdějšího českého krále Jana Lucemburského († 1313)
 ? – Ludvík I. Bourbonský, hrabě z Clermont-en-Beauvaisis a z La Marche a první vévoda bourbonský († 22. ledna 1341)
 Úmrtí
 16. února – Alfons III., portugalský král (* 1210)
 22. července – Filip Salcburský (nebo Sponheimský), probošt vyšehradský, patriarcha akvilejský, arcibiskup salcburský a jen titulárně korutanský vévoda (* asi 1220)
 24. října – Walram IV. Limburský, limburský vévoda (* 1220)
 7. prosince – Boleslav V. Stydlivý, malopolský král (* 1226, v jeho osobě vymřela malopolská linie Piastovců po meči)
 Hlava státu
 České království – Václav II.
 Svatá říše římská – Rudolf I. Habsburský – Alfons X. Kastilský
 Papež – Mikuláš III.
 Anglické království – Eduard I.
 Francouzské království – Filip III.
 Polské knížectví – Boleslav V. Stydlivý – Lešek II. Černý
 Uherské království – Ladislav IV. Kumán
 Kastilské království – Alfons X. Moudrý
 Portugalské království – Alfons III. / Dinis I.
 Kastilie – Alfons X. Kastilský
 Aragonie – Petr III. Aragonský
 Byzantská říše – Michael VIII. Palaiologos
 Norsko – Magnus VI.
 Dánsko – Erik V. Klipping
 Švédsko – Magnus I. Birgersson
 Moskevské knížectví – Daniil Alexandrovič
 Externí odkazy
 13. století


text:
The Apollo Lunar Module (LM ), originally designated the Lunar Excursion Module (LEM), was the lunar lander spacecraft that was flown between lunar orbit and the Moon's surface during the United States' Apollo program. It was the first crewed spacecraft to operate exclusively in the airless vacuum of space, and remains the only crewed vehicle to land anywhere beyond Earth.
 Structurally and aerodynamically incapable of flight through Earth's atmosphere, the two-stage lunar module was ferried to lunar orbit attached to the Apollo command and service module (CSM), about twice its mass. Its crew of two flew the complete lunar module from lunar orbit to the Moon's surface. During takeoff, the spent descent stage was used as a launch pad for the ascent stage which then flew back to the command module, after which it was also discarded.
 Overseen by Grumman, the LM's development was plagued with problems that delayed its first uncrewed flight by about ten months and its first crewed flight by about three months. Still, the LM became the most reliable component of the Apollo–Saturn space vehicle. The total cost of the LM for development and the units produced was $21.3 billion in 2016 dollars, adjusting from a nominal total of $2.2 billion using the NASA New Start Inflation Indices.
 Ten lunar modules were launched into space. Of these, six were landed by humans on the Moon from 1969 to 1972. The first two flown were tests in low Earth orbit: Apollo 5, without a crew; and Apollo 9 with a crew. A third test flight in low lunar orbit was Apollo 10, a dress rehearsal for the first landing, conducted on Apollo 11. The Apollo 13 lunar module functioned as a lifeboat to provide life support and propulsion to keep the crew alive for the trip home, when their CSM was disabled by an oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon.
 The six landed descent stages remain at their landing sites; their corresponding ascent stages crashed into the Moon following use. One ascent stage (Apollo 10's Snoopy) was discarded in a heliocentric orbit after its descent stage was discarded in lunar orbit. The other three LMs were burned up in the Earth's atmosphere: the four stages of Apollo 5 and Apollo 9 each re-entered separately, while Apollo 13's Aquarius re-entered as a unit.
 Operational profile
 At launch, the lunar module sat directly beneath the command and service module (CSM) with legs folded, inside the Spacecraft-to-LM adapter (SLA) attached to the S-IVB third stage of the Saturn V rocket. There it remained through Earth parking orbit and the trans-lunar injection (TLI) rocket burn to send the craft toward the Moon.
 Soon after TLI, the SLA opened; the CSM performed a maneuver whereby it separated, turned around, came back to dock with the lunar module, and extracted it from the S-IVB. During the flight to the Moon, the docking hatches were opened and the lunar module pilot entered the LM to power up temporarily and test all systems except propulsion. The lunar module pilot performed the role of an engineering officer, monitoring the systems of both spacecraft.
 After achieving a lunar parking orbit, the commander and LM pilot entered and powered up the LM, replaced the hatches and docking equipment, unfolded and locked its landing legs, and separated from the CSM, flying independently. The commander operated the flight controls and engine throttle, while the lunar module pilot operated other spacecraft systems and kept the commander informed about systems status and navigational information. After the command module pilot visually inspected the landing gear, the LM was withdrawn to a safe distance, then rotated until the descent engine was pointed forward into the direction of travel. A 30-second descent orbit insertion burn was performed to reduce speed and drop the LM's perilune to within about of the surface, about uprange of the landing site.
 As the craft approached perilune, the descent engine was started again to begin powered descent. During this time, the crew flew on their backs, depending on the computer to slow the craft's forward and vertical velocity to near zero. Control was exercised with a combination of engine throttling and attitude thrusters, guided by the computer with the aid of landing radar. During braking, the LM descended to about , then, in the final approach phase, down to about . During final approach, the vehicle pitched over to a near-vertical position, allowing the crew to look forward and down to see the lunar surface for the first time.
 Astronauts flew Apollo spacecraft manually only during the lunar approach. The final landing phase began about uprange of the targeted landing site. At this point, manual control was enabled for the commander, who had enough propellant to hover for up to two minutes to survey where the computer was taking the craft and make any necessary corrections. If necessary, landing could have been aborted at almost any time by jettisoning the descent stage and firing the ascent engine to climb back into orbit for an emergency return to the CSM. Finally, one or more of three probes extending from footpads on the legs of the lander touched the surface, activating the contact indicator light which signaled the commander to shut off the descent engine, allowing the LM to settle onto the surface. On touchdown, the probes would be bent as much as 180 degrees, or even break off. The original design used the probes on all four legs, but starting with the first landing (LM-5 on Apollo 11), the one at the ladder was removed out of concern that the bent probe after landing might puncture an astronaut's suit as he descended or stepped off the ladder.
 The original extravehicular activity plan, up through at least 1966, was for only one astronaut to leave the LM while the other remained inside "to maintain communications". Communications were eventually deemed to be reliable enough to allow both crew members to walk on the surface, leaving the spacecraft to be only remotely attended by Mission Control.
 Beginning with Apollo 14, extra LM propellant was made available for the powered descent and landing, by using the CSM engine to achieve the perilune. After the spacecraft undocked, the CSM raised and circularized its orbit for the remainder of the mission.
 When ready to leave the Moon, the LM's ascent engine fired, leaving the descent stage on the Moon's surface. After a few course correction burns, the LM rendezvoused with the CSM and docked to transfer the crew and rock samples. Having completed its job, the ascent stage was separated. The Apollo 10 ascent stage engine was fired until its fuel was used up, sending it past the Moon into a heliocentric orbit. The Apollo 11 ascent stage was left in lunar orbit to eventually crash; all subsequent ascent stages (except for Apollo 13) were intentionally steered into the Moon to obtain readings from seismometers placed on the surface.
 History
 The Lunar Module (originally designated the Lunar Excursion Module, known by the acronym LEM) was designed after NASA chose to reach the Moon via Lunar Orbit Rendezvous (LOR) instead of the direct ascent or Earth Orbit Rendezvous (EOR) methods. Both direct ascent and EOR would have involved landing a much heavier, complete Apollo spacecraft on the Moon. Once the decision had been made to proceed using LOR, it became necessary to produce a separate craft capable of reaching the lunar surface and ascending back to lunar orbit.
 Contract letting
 In July 1962, eleven firms were invited to submit proposals for the LEM. Nine companies responded in September, answering 20 questions posed by the NASA RFP in a 60-page limited technical proposal. Grumman was awarded the contract officially on November 7, 1962. Grumman had begun lunar orbit rendezvous studies in the late 1950s and again in 1961. The contract cost was expected to be around $350 million. There were initially four major subcontractors: Bell Aerosystems (ascent engine), Hamilton Standard (environmental control systems), Marquardt (reaction control system) and Rocketdyne (descent engine).
 The Primary Guidance, Navigation and Control System (PGNCS) was developed by the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory; the Apollo Guidance Computer was manufactured by Raytheon (a similar guidance system was used in the command module). A backup navigation tool, the Abort Guidance System (AGS), was developed by TRW.
 Design phase
 The Apollo Lunar Module was chiefly designed by Grumman aerospace engineer Thomas J. Kelly. The first LEM design looked like a smaller version of the Apollo command and service module (a cone-shaped cabin atop a cylindrical propulsion section) with folding legs. The second design invoked the idea of a helicopter cockpit with large curved windows and seats, to improve the astronauts' visibility for hover and landing. This also included a second, forward docking port, allowing the LEM crew to take an active role in docking with the CSM.
 As the program continued, there were numerous redesigns to save weight, improve safety, and fix problems. First to go were the heavy cockpit windows and the seats; the astronauts would stand while flying the LEM, supported by a cable and pulley system, with smaller triangular windows giving them sufficient visibility of the landing site. Later, the redundant forward docking port was removed, which meant the Command Pilot gave up active control of the docking to the Command Module Pilot; he could still see the approaching CSM through a small overhead window. Egress while wearing bulky extra-vehicular activity spacesuits was eased by a simpler forward hatch ().
 The configuration was frozen in April 1963, when the ascent and descent engine designs were decided. In addition to Rocketdyne, a parallel program for the descent engine was ordered from Space Technology Laboratories (TRW) in July 1963, and by January 1965 the Rocketdyne contract was canceled.
 Power was initially to be produced by fuel cells built by Pratt and Whitney similar to the CSM, but in March 1965 these were discarded in favor of an all-battery design.
 The initial design had three landing legs, the lightest possible configuration. But as any particular leg would have to carry the weight of the vehicle if it landed at a significant angle, this was also the least stable configuration if one of the legs were damaged during landing. The next landing gear design iteration had five legs and was the most stable configuration for landing on an unknown terrain. That configuration, however, was too heavy and the designers compromised on four landing legs.
 In June 1966, the name was changed to Lunar Module (LM), eliminating the word excursion. According to George Low, Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office, this was because NASA was afraid that the word excursion might lend a frivolous note to Apollo. Despite the name change, the astronauts and other NASA and Grumman personnel continued to pronounce the abbreviation as () instead of the letters "L-M".
 Astronaut training
 Comparing landing on the Moon to "a hovering operation", Gus Grissom said in 1963 that although most early astronauts were fighter pilots, "now we're wondering if the pilot making this first moon landing shouldn't be a highly experienced helicopter pilot". To allow astronauts to learn lunar landing techniques, NASA contracted Bell Aerosystems in 1964 to build the Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRV), which used a gimbal-mounted vertical jet engine to counter five-sixths of its weight to simulate the Moon's gravity, in addition to its own hydrogen peroxide thrusters to simulate the LM's descent engine and attitude control. Successful testing of two LLRV prototypes at the Dryden Flight Research Center led in 1966 to three production Lunar Landing Training Vehicles (LLTV) which along with the LLRV's were used to train the astronauts at the Houston Manned Spacecraft Center. This aircraft proved fairly dangerous to fly, as three of the five were destroyed in crashes. It was equipped with a rocket-powered ejection seat, so in each case the pilot survived, including the first man to walk on the Moon, Neil Armstrong.
 Development flights
 LM-1 was built to make the first uncrewed flight for propulsion systems testing, launched into low Earth orbit atop a Saturn IB. This was originally planned for April 1967, to be followed by the first crewed flight later that year. But the LM's development problems had been underestimated, and LM-1's flight was delayed until January 22, 1968, as Apollo 5. At that time, LM-2 was held in reserve in case the LM-1 flight failed, which did not happen.
 LM-3 now became the first crewed LM, again to be flown in low Earth orbit to test all the systems, and practice the separation, rendezvous, and docking planned for Apollo 8 in December 1968. But again, last-minute problems delayed its flight until Apollo 9 on March 3, 1969. A second, higher Earth orbit crewed practice flight had been planned to follow LM-3, but this was canceled to keep the program timeline on track.
 Apollo 10 launched on May 18, 1969, using LM-4 for a "dress rehearsal" for the lunar landing, practicing all phases of the mission except powered descent initiation through takeoff. The LM descended to above the lunar surface, then jettisoned the descent stage and used its ascent engine to return to the CSM.
 Production flights
 The first crewed lunar landing occurred on July 20, 1969, in the Apollo 11 LM-5 Eagle. Four days later, the Apollo 11 crew in the command module Columbia splashed down in the Pacific Ocean, completing President John F. Kennedy's goal: "...before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth".
 This was followed by landings by Apollo 12 (LM-6 Intrepid) and Apollo 14 (LM-8 Antares). In April 1970, the Apollo 13 LM-7 Aquarius played an unexpected role in saving the lives of the three astronauts after an oxygen tank in the service module ruptured, disabling the CSM. Aquarius served as a "lifeboat" for the astronauts during their return to Earth. Its descent stage engine was used to replace the crippled CSM Service Propulsion System engine, and its batteries supplied power for the trip home and recharged the Command Module's batteries critical for reentry. The astronauts splashed down safely on April 17, 1970. The LM's systems, designed to support two astronauts for 45 hours (including twice depressurization and repressurization causing loss of oxygen supply), actually stretched to support three astronauts for 90 hours (without depressurization and repressurization and loss of oxygen supply).
 Hover times were maximized on the last four landing missions by using the Service Module engine to perform the initial descent orbit insertion burn 22 hours before the LM separated from the CSM, a practice begun on Apollo 14. This meant that the complete spacecraft, including the CSM, orbited the Moon with a perilune, enabling the LM to begin its powered descent from that altitude with a full load of descent stage propellant, leaving more reserve propellant for the final approach. The CSM would then raise its perilune back to the normal .
 Extended J-class missions
 The Extended Lunar Module (ELM) used on the final three "J-class missions" — Apollo 15, 16, and 17 — was upgraded to land larger payloads and stay longer on the lunar surface. The descent engine thrust was increased by the addition of a extension to the engine bell, and the descent propellant tanks were enlarged. A waste storage tank was added to the descent stage, with plumbing from the ascent stage. These upgrades allowed stays of up to 75 hours on the Moon.
 The Lunar Roving Vehicle was folded up and carried in Quadrant 1 of the descent stage. It was deployed by the astronauts after landing, allowing them to explore large areas and return a greater variety of lunar samples.
 Specifications
 Weights given here are an average for the original pre-ELM spec vehicles. For specific weights for each mission, see the individual mission articles.
 Ascent stage
 The ascent stage contained the crew cabin with instrument panels and flight controls. It contained its own Ascent Propulsion System (APS) engine and two hypergolic propellant tanks for return to lunar orbit and rendezvous with the Apollo command and service module. It also contained a Reaction Control System (RCS) for attitude and translation control, which consisted of sixteen hypergolic thrusters similar to those used on the Service Module, mounted in four quads, with their own propellant supply. A forward extravehicular activity hatch provided access to and from the lunar surface, while an overhead hatch and docking port provided access to and from the Command Module.
 Internal equipment included an environmental control (life support) system; a VHF communications system with two antennas for communication with the Command Module; a unified S-band system and steerable parabolic dish antenna for communication with Earth; an extravehicular activity antenna resembling a miniature parasol which relayed communications from antennas on the astronauts' Portable Life Support Systems through the LM; primary (PGNCS) and backup (AGS) guidance and navigation systems; an Alignment Optical Telescope for visually determining the spacecraft orientation; rendezvous radar with its own steerable dish antenna; and a system for active thermal control. Electrical storage batteries, cooling water, and breathing oxygen were stored in amounts sufficient for a lunar surface stay of 48 hours initially, extended to 75 hours for the later missions.
 During rest periods while parked on the Moon, the crew would sleep on hammocks slung crosswise in the cabin.
 The return payload included the lunar rock and soil samples collected by the crew (as much as on Apollo 17), plus their exposed photographic film.
 Crew: 2
 Crew cabin volume:
 Habitable volume:
 Crew compartment height:
 Crew compartment depth:
 Height:
 Width:
 Depth:
 Mass, dry:
 Mass, gross:
 Atmosphere: 100% oxygen at
 Water: two storage tanks
 Coolant: of ethylene glycol / water solution
 Thermal Control: one active water-ice sublimator
 RCS propellant mass:
 RCS thrusters: sixteen x in four quads
 RCS propellants: Aerozine 50 fuel / Dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) oxidizer
 RCS specific impulse:
 APS propellant mass: stored in two propellant tanks
 APS engine: Bell Aerospace LM Ascent Engine (LMAE) and Rocketdyne LMAE Injectors
 APS thrust:
 APS propellants: Aerozine 50 fuel / Dinitrogen Tetroxide oxidizer
 APS pressurant: two helium tanks at
 APS specific impulse:
 APS delta-V:
 Thrust-to-weight ratio at liftoff: 2.124 (in lunar gravity)
 Batteries: two 28–32 volt, 296 ampere hour Silver-zinc batteries; each
 Power: 28 V DC, 115 V 400 Hz AC
 Descent stage
 The descent stage's primary job was to support a powered landing and surface extravehicular activity. When the excursion was over, it served as the launch pad for the ascent stage. Its octagonal shape was supported by four folding landing gear legs, and contained a throttleable Descent Propulsion System (DPS) engine with four hypergolic propellant tanks. A continuous-wave Doppler radar antenna was mounted by the engine heat shield on the bottom surface, to send altitude and rate of descent data to the guidance system and pilot display during the landing. Almost all external surfaces, except for the top, platform, ladder, descent engine and heat shield, were covered in amber, dark (reddish) amber, black, silver, and yellow aluminized Kapton foil blankets for thermal insulation. The number 1 (front) landing leg had an attached platform (informally known as the "porch") in front of the ascent stage's extravehicular activity hatch and a ladder, which the astronauts used to ascend and descend between the cabin to the surface. The footpad of each landing leg incorporated a surface contact sensor probe, which signaled the commander to switch off the descent engine. (The probe was omitted from the number 1 leg of every landing mission, to avoid a suit-puncture hazard to the astronauts, as the probes tended to break off and protrude upwards from the surface.)
 Equipment for the lunar exploration was carried in the Modular Equipment Stowage Assembly (MESA), a drawer mounted on a hinged panel dropping out of the lefthand forward compartment. Besides the astronaut's surface excavation tools and sample collection boxes, the MESA contained a television camera with a tripod; as the commander opened the MESA by pulling on a lanyard while descending the ladder, the camera was automatically activated to send the first pictures of the astronauts on the surface back to Earth. A United States flag for the astronauts to erect on the surface was carried in a container mounted on the ladder of each landing mission.
 The Early Apollo Surface Experiments Package (later the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package), was carried in the opposite compartment behind the LM. An external compartment on the right front panel carried a deployable S-band antenna which, when opened looked like an inverted umbrella on a tripod. This was not used on the first landing due to time constraints, and the fact that acceptable communications were being received using the LM's S-band antenna, but was used on Apollo 12 and 14. A hand-pulled Modular Equipment Transporter (MET), similar in appearance to a golf cart, was carried on Apollo 13 and 14 to facilitate carrying the tools and samples on extended moonwalks. On the extended missions (Apollo 15 and later), the antenna and TV camera were mounted on the Lunar Roving Vehicle, which was carried folded up and mounted on an external panel. Compartments also contained replacement Portable Life Support System (PLSS) batteries and extra lithium hydroxide canisters on the extended missions.
 Height: (plus landing probes)
 Width/depth, minus landing gear:
 Width/depth, landing gear extended:
 Mass including propellant:
 Water: one storage tank
 DPS propellant mass: stored in four propellant tanks
 DPS engine: TRW LM descent engine (LMDE)
 DPS thrust: , throttleable between 10% and 60% of full thrust
 DPS propellants: Aerozine 50 fuel / nitrogen tetroxide oxidizer
 DPS pressurant: one supercritical helium tank at
 DPS specific impulse: 311 s (3,050 N⋅s/kg)
 DPS delta-V:
 Batteries: four (Apollo 9–14) or five (Apollo 15–17) 28–32 V, 415 A⋅h silver-zinc batteries; each
 Lunar modules produced
 Proposed derivatives
 Apollo Telescope Mount
 One proposed Apollo application was an orbital solar telescope constructed from a surplus LM with its descent engine replaced with a telescope controlled from the ascent stage cabin, the landing legs removed and four "windmill" solar panels extending from the descent stage quadrants. This would have been launched on an uncrewed Saturn 1B, and docked with a crewed command and service module, named the Apollo Telescope Mission (ATM).
 This idea was later transferred to the original wet workshop design for the Skylab orbital workshop and renamed the Apollo Telescope Mount to be docked on a side port of the workshop's multiple docking adapter (MDA). When Skylab changed to a "dry workshop" design pre-fabricated on the ground and launched on a Saturn V, the telescope was mounted on a hinged arm and controlled from inside the MDA. Only the octagonal shape of the telescope container, solar panels and the Apollo Telescope Mount name were kept, though there was no longer any association with the LM.
 LM Truck
 The Apollo LM Truck (also known as Lunar Payload Module) was a stand-alone LM descent stage intended to deliver up to of payload to the Moon for an uncrewed landing. This technique was intended to deliver equipment and supplies to a permanent crewed lunar base. As originally proposed, it would be launched on a Saturn V with a full Apollo crew to accompany it to lunar orbit and guide it to a landing next to the base; then the base crew would unload the "truck" while the orbiting crew returned to Earth. In later AAP plans, the LPM would have been delivered by an uncrewed lunar ferry vehicle.
 Depiction in film and television
 The 1995 Ron Howard film Apollo 13, a dramatization of that mission starring Tom Hanks, Kevin Bacon, and Bill Paxton, was filmed using realistic spacecraft interior reconstructions of the Aquarius and the Command Module Odyssey.
 The development and construction of the lunar module is dramatized in the 1998 miniseries From the Earth to the Moon episode entitled "Spider". This is in reference to LM-3, used on Apollo 9, which the crew named Spider after its spidery appearance. The unused LM-13 stood in during the teleplay to depict LM-3 and LM-5, Eagle, used by Apollo 11.
 The Apollo 11 Lunar Module Eagle is depicted in the 2018 film First Man, a biopic of Neil Armstrong.
 Media
 See also
 List of crewed lunar lander designs
 LK (spacecraft)
 Lunar Escape Systems
 Rolls-Royce Thrust Measuring Rig, the 'Flying Beadstead'
 References
 Further reading
 Kelly, Thomas J. (2001). Moon Lander: How We Developed the Apollo Lunar Module (Smithsonian History of Aviation and Spaceflight Series). Smithsonian Institution Press. .
 Baker, David (1981). The History of Manned Space Flight. Crown Publishers.
 Brooks, Courtney J., Grimwood, James M. and Swenson, Loyd S. Jr (1979) Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft NASA SP-4205.
 Haeuplik-Meusburger S. (2011). Architecture for Astronauts. An Activity-based Approach. Springer.
 Pellegrino, Charles R. and Stoff, Joshua. (1985) Chariots for Apollo: The Untold Story Behind the Race to the Moon. Atheneum. (This is not the NASA history series book of the same base title, above, but a totally unrelated work.)
 Sullivan, Scott P. (2004) Virtual LM: A Pictorial Essay of the Engineering and Construction of the Apollo Lunar Module. Apogee Books.
 Stoff, Joshua. (2004) Building Moonships: The Grumman Lunar Module. Arcadia Publishing.
 External links
 NASA Lunar Module Documentation Lunar Surface Journal
 Google Moon overview of Apollo landing sites
 NASA catalog: Apollo 14 Lunar Module
 Demonstration of the Lunar Excursion Module and explanation of its systems (1966, Thomas Kelly at Grumman plant on Long Island, episode of Science Reporter, MIT film posted to YouTube)
 Space/Craft Assembly & Test Remembered – A site "dedicated to the men and women that designed, built and tested the Lunar Module at Grumman Aerospace Corporation, Bethpage, New York"
 We Called It 'The Bug', By D.C. Agle, Air & Space Magazine, September 1, 2001 - Overview of LM descent
 Apollo 11 LM Structures handout for LM-5 (PDF) – Training document given to astronauts which illustrates all discrete LM structures
 Apollo Operations Handbook, Lunar Module (LM 10 and Subsequent), Volume One. Subsystems Data (PDF) Manufacturers Handbook covering the systems of the LM.
 Apollo Operations Handbook, Lunar Module (LM 11 and Subsequent), Volume Two. Operational Procedures Manufacturers Handbook covering the procedures used to fly the LM.
 Apollo 15 LM Activation Checklist for LM-10 – Checklist detailing how to prepare the LM for activation and flight during a mission
 Lunar module launch video
 Games
 Perilune 3D Procedural Lunar Lander Simulation
 Lander On-line 2D Lunar Module Landing Simulation Game
 Easy Lander 3D Lunar Module Landing Simulation Game
 American inventions
 1969 in spaceflight
 1970 in spaceflight
 1971 in spaceflight
 1972 in spaceflight
 Crewed spacecraft
 Soft landings on the Moon
 Apollo program hardware
 VTVL rockets
 Articles containing video clips
 Spacecraft launched by Saturn rockets
 Spacecraft that orbited the Moon


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LE0000404564_20170331 Número 1 del artículo 12.1-3 redactado por el artículo 8 de la Ley [CATALUÑA] 26/2009, 23 diciembre, de medidas fiscales, financieras y administrativas («D.O.G.C.» 31 diciembre).Vigencia: 1 enero 2010
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text:
 GA
 Iris Oifigiúil an Aontais Eorpaigh
 C 202/304
 PRÓTACAL (Uimh. 24)
 MAIDIR LE TEARMANN DO NÁISIÚNAIGH DE CHUID BHALLSTÁIT AN AONTAIS EORPAIGH
 TÁ NA hARDPHÁIRTITHE CONARTHACHA,
 DE BHRÍ, i gcomhréir le hAirteagal 6(1) den Chonradh ar an Aontas Eorpach, go n-aithníonn an tAontas na cearta, na saoirsí agus na prionsabail atá leagtha amach sa Chairt um Chearta Bunúsacha,
 DE BHRÍ, de bhun Airteagal 6(3) den Chonradh ar an Aontas Eorpach, go bhfuil na cearta bunúsacha mar atá siad ráthaithe leis an gCoinbhinsiún Eorpach chun Cearta an Duine agus Saoirsí Bunúsacha a Chosaint ina gcuid de dhlí an Aontais mar phrionsabail ghinearálta,
 DE BHRÍ go bhfuil dlínse ag Cúirt Bhreithiúnais an Aontais Eorpaigh chun a áirithiú go ndéanfaidh an tAontas an dlí a urramú, agus Airteagal 6(1) agus (3) den Chonradh ar an Aontas Eorpach á léiriú agus á chur i bhfeidhm aige,
 DE BHRÍ, de bhun Airteagal 49 den Chonradh ar an Aontas Eorpach, nach foláir d'aon Stát Eorpach, agus iarratas á dhéanamh aige chun bheith ina chomhalta den Aontas, na luachanna atá leagtha amach in Airteagal 2 den Chonradh ar an Aontas Eorpach a urramú,
 AG COIMEÁD I gCUIMHNE DÓIBH go mbunaíonn Airteagal 7 den Chonradh ar an Aontas Eorpach sásra chun cearta áirithe a fhionraí i gcás go ndéanann Ballstát na luachanna sin a shárú go tromchúiseach leanúnach,
 AG MEABHRÚ DÓIBH go bhfuil ag gach náisiúnach de chuid Ballstáit, mar shaoránach den Aontas, stádas agus cosaint speisialta a dhéanfaidh na Ballstáit a ráthú i gcomhréir le forálacha Chuid a Dó den Chonradh ar Fheidhmiú an Aontais Eorpaigh,
 AG COIMEÁD I gCUIMHNE DÓIBH go mbunaíonn na Conarthaí limistéar gan teorainneacha inmheánacha agus go dtugann siad do gach saoránach an ceart chun gluaiseacht agus cónaí faoi shaoirse ar chríoch na mBallstát,
 ÓS MIAN LEO a chinntiú nach mbainfear leas as an tearmann chun críoch atá bunoscionn leis na críocha ar ceapadh chucu é,
 DE BHRÍ go n-urramaíonn an Prótacal seo críochnaitheacht agus cuspóirí Choinbhinsiún na Ginéive an 28 Iúil 1951 maidir le stádas dídeanaithe,
 TAR ÉIS COMHAONTÚ ar na forálacha seo a leanas, a chuirfear i gceangal leis an gConradh ar an Aontas Eorpach agus leis an gConradh ar Fheidhmiú an Aontais Eorpaigh:
 Airteagal Aonair
 Ag féachaint do leibhéal na cosanta maidir le cearta agus saoirsí bunúsacha a thugann Ballstáit an Aontais Eorpaigh, measfar gur tíortha sábháilte tionscnaimh iad na Ballstáit i leith a chéile fad a bhaineann le críocha dlí agus críocha praiticiúla i ndáil le hábhair thearmainn. Dá réir sin, ní fhéadfar aon iarratas ar thearmann arna dhéanamh ag náisiúnach de chuid Ballstáit a chur san áireamh ná ní fhéadfar a dhearbhú go bhfuil sé inghlactha lena phróiseáil ag Ballstát eile, ach amháin sna cásanna seo a leanas:
 (a)
 má dhéanann an Ballstát ar náisiúnach de an t-iarratasóir, agus leas á bhaint aige as forálacha Airteagal 15 den Choinbhinsiún chun Cearta an Duine agus Saoirsí Bunúsacha a Chosaint, bearta a ghlacadh, tar éis do Chonradh Amstardam teacht i bhfeidhm, chun a oibleagáidí faoin gCoinbhinsiún sin a mhaolú ar a chríoch;
 (b)
 má tá tús curtha leis an nós imeachta dá dtagraítear in Airteagal 7(1) den Chonradh ar an Aontas Eorpach agus go dtí go nglacfaidh an Chomhairle, nó, más iomchuí, an Chomhairle Eorpach, cinneadh ina leith sin i dtaca leis an mBallstát ar náisiúnach de an t-iarratasóir;
 (c)
 má tá cinneadh glactha ag an gComhairle i gcomhréir le hAirteagal 7(1) den Chonradh ar an Aontas Eorpach i dtaca leis an mBallstát ar náisiúnach de an t-iarratasóir, nó má tá cinneadh glactha ag an gComhairle Eorpach i gcomhréir le hAirteagal 7(2) den Chonradh sin i dtaca leis an mBallstát ar náisiúnach de an t-iarratasóir;
 (d)
 dá gcinnfeadh Ballstát amhlaidh go haontaobhach maidir leis an iarratas ó náisiúnach de chuid Ballstát eile; sa chás sin, cuirfear an Chomhairle ar an eolas láithreach; déileálfar leis an iarratas ar bhonn na toimhdean go bhfuil sé go follasach gan bhunús, gan difear a dhéanamh ar dhóigh ar bith, gan spleáchas do na cásanna, do chumhacht chinnteoireachta an Bhallstáit.


text:
Сливито е село в Южна България. То се намира в община Мъглиж, област Стара Загора между град Гурково и град Мъглиж, 14 км навътре в Стара планина. Състои се от 14 местни и около 30 виладжии. Има два модерни хотела, но не е лесно проходимо. Пътят минава през красиви места. Още по време на турското робство са се населили две семейства, които са се занимавали със земеделие и животновъдство.
 География
 Село Сливито се намира в планински район, скрито в полите на Стара Планина. Включва и махала Торбаляците.
 История
 Иван Тояганов е водил борба срещу турците и случайно е попаднал на селото, където се е заселил и заровил съкровище, което не е намерено до ден днешен. Тояганови живеят в селото вече над 100 години.
 Източници
 Села в област Стара Загора
 Населени места в община Мъглиж


text:
 23.5.2017
 BG
 Официален вестник на Европейския съюз
 L 134/2
 РЕГЛАМЕНТ ЗА ИЗПЪЛНЕНИЕ (ЕС) 2017/870 НА КОМИСИЯТА
 от 15 май 2017 година
 за вписване на наименование в регистъра на защитените наименования за произход и защитените географски указания [Kopi Arabika Gayo (ЗГУ)]
 ЕВРОПЕЙСКАТА КОМИСИЯ,
 като взе предвид Договора за функционирането на Европейския съюз,
 като взе предвид Регламент (ЕС) No 1151/2012 на Европейския парламент и на Съвета от 21 ноември 2012 г. относно схемите за качество на селскостопанските продукти и храни (1), и по-специално член 52, параграф 2 от него,
 като има предвид, че:
 (1)
 В съответствие с член 50, параграф 2, буква а) от Регламент (ЕС) No 1151/2012 заявлението за регистрация на наименованието „Kopi Arabika Gayo“, подадено от Индонезия, бе публикувано в Официален вестник на Европейския съюз
 (2).
 (2)
 Тъй като Комисията не получи никакви възражения по член 51 от Регламент (ЕС) No 1151/2012, наименованието „Kopi Arabika Gayo“ следва да бъде регистрирано,
 ПРИЕ НАСТОЯЩИЯ РЕГЛАМЕНТ:
 Член 1
 Регистрира се наименованието „Kopi Arabika Gayo“ (ЗГУ).
 Наименованието по първа алинея се използва за идентифициране на продукт от клас 1.8. Други продукти от приложение I към Договора (подправки и т.н.) от приложение XI към Регламент за изпълнение (ЕС) No 668/2014 на Комисията (3).
 Член 2
 Настоящият регламент влиза в сила на двадесетия ден след деня на публикуването му в Официален вестник на Европейския съюз.
 Настоящият регламент е задължителен в своята цялост и се прилага пряко във всички държави членки.
 Съставено в Брюксел на 15 май 2017 година.
 За Комисията,
 от името на председателя,
 Phil HOGAN
 Член на Комисията
 (1) ОВ L 343, 14.12.2012 г., стр. 1.
 (2) ОВ C 403, 1.11.2016 г., стр. 5.
 (3) Регламент за изпълнение (ЕС) No 668/2014 на Комисията от 13 юни 2014 г. за определяне на правила за прилагането на Регламент (ЕС) No 1151/2012 на Европейския парламент и на Съвета относно схемите за качество на селскостопанските продукти и храни (ОВ L 179, 19.6.2014 г., стр. 36).


text:
Το Χάρτινος Κόσμος είναι ο τίτλος μιας κινηματογραφικής ταινίας μικρού μήκους σε σκηνοθεσία της Βάγιας Δανιηλίδου.
 Πλοκή
 "Τι είναι αληθινό και τι φανταστικό σε έναν χάρτινο κόσμο;"
 Η Μυρτώ είναι ένα οκτάχρονο κοριτσάκι που ζει με τους γονείς της σε μια μεγαλούπολη. Λόγω της έντονης επαγγελματικής τους ζωής, οι γονείς της Μυρτώς αρχίζουν να απομακρύνονται από κοντά της. Παγιδευμένη σ' αυτή την κατάσταση, στον (φαινομενικά) πραγματικό κόσμο των ενηλίκων, η Μυρτώ προσπαθεί να δημιουργήσει με τη φαντασία της έναν κόσμο διαφορετικό, εμπνευσμένο από τα παιχνίδια της. Ένας κόσμος που όμως, μήπως είναι εν τέλει και ο πραγματικός;
 Προβολές - Βραβεία
 Βραβείο Καλύτερης Ταινίας στο 4ο Βαλκανικό Φεστιβάλ, 2003
 Επίσημη Συμμετοχή στην 11η Μπιενάλε Ευρώπης και Μεσογείου, Αθήνα 2003
 Ειδικη προβολη στο Ινστιτούτο Καλών Τεχνών του Βερολίνου, Γερμανία 2004
 Προβολή στο Πανόραμα Πλατφόρμα 2004, Αθήνα 2004
 Ειδική Προβολή στο τμήμα "Digital Cinema" στο 45ο Διεθνές Φεστιβάλ Θεσσαλονίκης, 2004
 Επίσημη συμμετοχήστο Διεθνές Φεστιβάλ Ταινιών του Σικάγο, ΗΠΑ 2007
 Εξωτερικοί σύνδεσμοι
 Επίσημη Ιστοσελίδα - Ομάδα 24plus1
 IMDB
 Χαρτινη = Η ονομασια της ΑΕΚ λογω της κατακτησης του πρωταθληματος στα χαρτια , αν και στην κανονικη βαθμολογια πρωταθλητης ειναι ο ΠΑΟΚ.
 Μαλιστα τα μικρα παιδια εχουν μετονομασει το γνωστο παιχνιδι τους σε''πετρα-ψαλιδι-ΑΕΚ''.
 Ελληνικές ταινίες
 Ταινίες μικρού μήκους
 Ταινίες του 2003
 Ελληνόφωνες ταινίες
 Ελληνικές δραματικές ταινίες
 Ταινίες γυρισμένες στην Ελλάδα


text:
 14.5.2005
 DE
 Amtsblatt der Europäischen Union
 C 115/20
 URTEIL DES GERICHTS ERSTER INSTANZ
 vom 9. März 2005
 in der Rechtssache T-33/03, Osotspa Co. Ltd gegen Harmonisierungsamt für den Binnenmarkt (Marken, Muster und Modelle) (HABM) (1)
 (Gemeinschaftsmarke - Widerspruchsverfahren - Ältere nationale und Gemeinschaftsbildmarke SHARK - Anmeldung der Gemeinschaftswortmarke Hai - Relatives Eintragungshindernis - Verwechslungsgefahr - Artikel 8 Absatz 1 Buchstabe b der Verordnung [EG] Nr. 40/94)
 (2005/C 115/38)
 Verfahrenssprache: Deutsch
 In der Rechtssache T-33/03, Osotspa Co. Ltd mit Sitz in Bangkok (Thailand), Prozessbevollmächtigter: Rechtsanwalt C. Gassauer-Fleissner, Zustellungsanschrift in Luxemburg, gegen Harmonisierungsamt für den Binnenmarkt (Marken, Muster und Modelle) (HABM) (Bevollmächtigte: A. von Mühlendahl, T. Eichenberg und G. Schneider), andere Beteiligte des Verfahrens vor der Beschwerdekammer des HABM: Distribution & Marketing GmbH mit Sitz in Salzburg (Österreich), Prozessbevollmächtigte: zunächst Rechtsanwalt C. Hauer, dann Rechtsanwälte V. von Bomhard, A. Renck und A. Pohlmann, wegen einer Klage gegen die Entscheidung der Dritten Beschwerdekammer des HABM vom 27. November 2002 (Sache R 296/2002–3) betreffend ein Widerspruchsverfahren zwischen der Osotspa Co. Ltd und der Distribution & Marketing GmbH, hat das Gericht (Vierte Kammer) unter Mitwirkung des Präsidenten H. Legal, der Richterin V. Tiili und des Richters V. Vadapalas — Kanzler: D. Christensen, Verwaltungsrätin — am 9. März 2005 ein Urteil mit folgendem Tenor erlassen:
 1.
 Die Klage wird abgewiesen.
 2.
 Die Klägerin trägt die Kosten des Verfahrens.
 (1) ABl. C 135 vom 7.6.2003.


text:
 15.3.2012
 SL
 Uradni list Evropske unije
 L 76/14
 SKLEP SKUPNEGA ODBORA EGP
 št. 130/2011
 z dne 2. decembra 2011
 o spremembi Priloge II (Tehnični predpisi, standardi, preskušanje in certificiranje) k Sporazumu EGP
 SKUPNI ODBOR EGP JE –
 ob upoštevanju Sporazuma o Evropskem gospodarskem prostoru, kakor je bil spremenjen s Protokolom o prilagoditvi Sporazuma o Evropskem gospodarskem prostoru (v nadaljnjem besedilu: Sporazum), in zlasti člena 98 Sporazuma,
 ob upoštevanju naslednjega:
 (1)
 Priloga II k Sporazumu je bila spremenjena s Sklepom Skupnega odbora EGP št. 116/2011 z dne 21. oktobra 2011 (1).
 (2)
 Uredbo Komisije (EU) št. 253/2011 z dne 15. marca 2011 o spremembi Priloge XIII k Uredbi (ES) št. 1907/2006 Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta o registraciji, evalvaciji, avtorizaciji in omejevanju kemikalij (REACH) (2) je treba vključiti v Sporazum.
 (3)
 Sklep Komisije 2010/296/EU z dne 21. maja 2010 o uvedbi registra biocidnih pripravkov (3) je treba vključiti v Sporazum –
 SPREJEL NASLEDNJI SKLEP:
 Člen 1
 Poglavje XV Priloge II k Sporazumu se spremeni:
 1.
 v točki 12zc (Uredba (ES) št. 1907/2006 Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta) se doda naslednja alinea:
 „—
 32011 R 0253: Uredba Komisije (EU) št. 253/2011 z dne 15. marca 2011 (UL L 69, 16.3.2011, str. 7).“;
 2.
 za točko 12zy (Sklep Komisije 2010/675/EU) se vstavi naslednja točka:
 „12zz.
 32010 D 0296: Sklep Komisije 2010/296/EU z dne 21. maja 2010 o uvedbi registra biocidnih pripravkov (UL L 126, 22.5.2010, str. 26).“
 Člen 2
 Besedili Uredbe (EU) št. 253/2011 in Sklepa 2010/296/EU v islandskem in norveškem jeziku, ki se objavita v Dopolnilu EGP k Uradnemu listu Evropske unije, sta verodostojni.
 Člen 3
 Ta sklep začne veljati 3. decembra 2011 pod pogojem, da so bila Skupnemu odboru EGP predložena vsa uradna obvestila v skladu s členom 103(1) Sporazuma (4).
 Člen 4
 Ta sklep se objavi v sklopu EGP Uradnega lista Evropske unije in Dopolnilu EGP k Uradnemu listu Evropske unije.
 V Bruslju, 2. decembra 2011
 Za Skupni odbor EGP
 Predsednik
 Kurt JÄGER
 (1) UL L 341, 22.12.2011, str. 80.
 (2) UL L 69, 16.3.2011, str. 7.
 (3) UL L 126, 22.5.2010, str. 26.
 (4) Navedena ni nobena ustavna zahteva.


text:
Subiectul logic este o noțiune logică element component al structurii/sintaxei logice a propozițiilor logice alături de predicatul logic. Distingerea celor două părți de propoziție a fost făcută încă din Antichitate, pornind de la analiza structurii sintactice a limbajului de către diverși filosofi, cum ar fi Aristotel. De la el provine evidențierea cuplului subiect–predicat, definiția „despre ceea ce se spune ceva / ceea ce este spus”.
 Ca orice noțiune, și cele care constituie subiect logic al unei propoziții sunt exprimate la nivel lingvistic printr-un nume simplu, dintr-un singur cuvânt, sau printr-un nume compus din mai multe cuvinte care conține un substantiv (grup nominal) sau înlocuitori însoțiți de atribute sau complemente de obiect direct sau indirect sau agent prin subordonare in cascadă.
 Subiectul logic, notat cu S, este reprezentat de noțiunea (conceptul) căreia i se atribuie o însușire sau intră în relație cu alte noțiuni logice pentru a forma o propoziție logică simplă, formată din doar două noțiuni, iar subiectul gramatical este partea principală din numele compus care e asociat subiectului logic. Ca parte de vorbire această parte principală poate consta din substantive, înlocuitori de substantiv (pronume, numeral), adverbe, verbe la moduri nepersonale sau alte părți de vorbire (adjectiv, adverb, interjecție) devenite substantive prin substantivizare (schimbarea valorii gramaticale).
 Funcția de subiect logic este parte dintr-o relație predicativă care există la nivelul unei propoziții logice. După nivelul complexității unei propoziții apar două tipuri de relație predicativă corespunzătoare propozițiilor logic simple (adică formate din doar două noțiuni absolute, nereferitoare la o relație) sau propozițiilor logic complexe (care conțin cel puțin o noțiune relativă, adică referitoare la o relație, și cel puțin trei noțiuni ). Propozițiile logice simple sunt de patru tipuri notate în forma standard S - (a, e, i, o) - P și la nivel gramatical conțin un verb copulativ care face legătura subiectului logic S cu predicatul logic P care e nume predicativ la nivel gramatical. Propozițiile complexe conțin verbul predicativ, notat cu V sau altă literă mare ca element de relație între termenii propozițiilor (subiect și obiectele direct sau indirect, denumite în gramatici argumente ale verbului). Acești termeni ai propozițiilor sau argumente ale verbului sunt variabile obiect (individuale) (notate cu litere mici x, y, z,...) sau constante individuale (notate cu litere mici a, b, c, d, e,... , i,... , o, p, q, r, s...) în contrast cu propozițiile logice simple unde erau notate cu două litere mari. O propoziție complexă poate fi notată sVo. Ordinea termenilor în relațiile exprimate de propozițiile complexe poate fi semnificativă, în relațiile orientate de la subiect la obiecte sau indiferentă, ca în relațiile neorientate sau simetrice având un subiect multiplu. Propozițiile logic simple de forma S este P. pot fi și ele exprimate în modalitatea propozițiilor complexe ca și cazuri particulare.
 Unele propoziții gramaticale considerate logic simple prin neglijarea prezenței celei de-a treia noțiuni, noțiune relativă, considerând-o constantă (și nu variabilă individuală) înglobată într-o noțiune absolută (nerelativă) pot fi analizate și ca propoziții complexe luând în considerare noțiunea relativă neglijată anterior: "Tineretului îi place sportul de performanță." Ca propoziție logic simplă are subiectul logic noțiunea tinerii având numele simplu substantivul tineretul și predicatul logic cu nume complex (oameni/cei cărora) le place sportul de performanță, predicat exprimat printr-o noțiune absolută.Ca propoziție complexă conține ca termeni, noțiunile tinerii, sportul de performanță, oameni iar relația este dată de verbul a plăcea care exprimă o noțiune relativă.
 Unele propoziții gramaticale cu nume predicativ multiplu nu pot fi logic simple deoarece ar conține două predicate logice: "Orice număr natural este par sau impar."
 Unele surse gramaticale prezintă un caz de distingere a subiectului logic de cel gramatical la folosirea diatezei pasive.
 Un des întâlnit caz de distincție practică dintre cele două este folosirea majorității ca subiect gramatical.
 Subiectul logic și complexitatea propozițiilor logice
 Pentru propozițiile logic simple numite și propoziții categorice relația predicativă se poate forma între subiect logic și elementul gramatical expresie predicativă care e predicat logic, cele două fiind unite prin elementul gramatical verb copulativ.
 Pentru propozițiile complexe datorită prezenței noțiunilor relative relația predicativă apare sub forma unei scheme predicat centrate pe verbul predicativ care exprimă relația și care are ca argumente subiectul gramatical, și elementele gramaticale (complementul de) obiect direct sau indirect reprezentate și ele de noțiuni denumite prin nume simple sau complexe. Verbul predicativ se notează cu litere mari V, F, G, H, P, S etc și constituie o variabilă (literă) predicat. Argumentele enumerate ale verbului predicativ V sunt elementele noțiuni individuale s, o, i, puse în relație prin litera predicat V, noțiuni individuale având denumirea de constante obiect (individuale). Propoziția e notată sVo(i).
 Relația exprimată de verbul predicativ cu argumentele sale e direcționată de la subiect către obiecte fiind notată sVo(i). O relație simetrică, adică neorientată de la subiect către obiecte, e redată printr-o structură similară propozițiilor logice simple conținând la nivel gramatical un verb copulativ și un adjectiv predicativ nume de relație însă subiectul este unul multiplu, format prin coordonare cu operatorii propoziționali exprimați prin conjuncțiile gramaticale "și" și "sau", primul operator putând fi exprimat prin virgulă sau juxtapunere. Se notează s1Rs2 sau xRy. Propozițiile logice simple se notează în acest sistem de notare al schemelor predicat Px sau Ps, unde P este numele predicativ asociat variabilei individuale x sau constantei individuale s și se citesc x(sau s) este P.
 Subiect logic multiplu
 Următoarele exemple ilustrează subiectul logic multiplu
 Punctele A și B sunt coliniare (între ele).
 Punctele A și B sunt coplanare (între ele).
 Punctele A și B sunt coliniare sau coplanare (între ele).
 Subiect logic conținând "majoritatea"
 Folosirea cuvântului majoritatea pe lângă un substantiv la plural distinge un subiect logic format din majoritatea și substantivul respectiv în contrast cu posibilul subiect gramatical "majoritatea"
 Majoritatea articolelor de pe Wikipedia au fost editate de cel puțin două ori.
 În acest caz, subiectul gramatical este "majoritatea", iar subiectul logic este expresia "majoritatea articolelor" care include cuantorul logic "majoritatea" intermediar între cuantificatorul existențial unii și cel universal toți sau fiecare. Verbul predicativ al propoziției se acordă cu subiectul logic, plural în acest caz, nu cu cel gramatical, singular, cum poate părea la o analiză gramaticală superficială.
 Trebuie menționat că din punct de vedere strict gramatical și acordul cu singularul este corect în acest caz, iar construcția este acceptată în limba română; cu toate acestea, acordul cu subiectul logic este preferat.
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 Bibliografie
 Ion Bărbuță, ș.a., Gramatica uzuală a limbii române, Chișinău, Editura Litera, 2000, ISBN 9975-74-295-5
 Petre Bieltz, Anghelina Istrate, Logică - Manual pentru clasa a X-a, Editura Didactică și Pedagogică, București, 1990
 Lingvistică
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