type: other

text:
Fatti u informazzjoni: vjolenza domestika | Victim Support Online
 21335 097Mit-Tnejn sal-Hamis 8am-4pm
 Il-vjolenza domestika hija mudell ta’ imġiba li tinvolvi vjolenza jew abbuż ieħor minn persuna waħda kontra oħra f’kuntest domestiku, bħal fiż-żwieġ jew fil-koabitazzjoni. Il-vjolenza domestika hija ksur gravi tad-dinjità tal-individwu u hija illegali.
 Il-qafas legali dwar il-vjolenza domestika huwa bbażata fuq l-Att tal-Vjolenza Domestika u l-emendi relatati fil-Kodiċi Kriminali u l-Kodiċi Ċivili. Il-Konvenzjoni ta’ Istanbul, li ġiet iffirmata u ratifikata minn Malta, għandha wkoll tiġi kkunsidrata meta jkunu qed jiġu determinati każi ta’ Vjolenza Domestika.
 Fatti u informazzjoni: vjolenza domestika
 Il-Vjolenza Domestika fi ħdan il-Kodiċi Kriminali
 Ċertu atti li huma meqjusa bħala vjolenza domestika jistgħu wkoll jikkostitwixxu att kriminali kif muri fil-Kodiċi Kriminali. Skont il-Kodiċi Kriminali tagħna, il-vjolenza hija magħrufa bħala ħsara tal-ġisem, li tista’ tkun punibbli bi priġunerija. Madanakolllu, jekk ikun hemm każ ta’ vjolenza domestika, jiġifieri ħsara tal-ġisem fid-dar u bejn membri tad-dar, il-liġi tipprovdi għal aggravazzjoni u kastig akbar. Fil-fatt Artikolu 202(h) jispeċifika li l-kastig ikun akbar:
 “Meta r-reat jitwettaq fuq persuna ta’.....Persuna oħra li tgħix fl-istess dar mat-trasgressur jew li kienet tgħix mat-trasgressur fi żmien perjodu ta’ sena qabel ir-reat;”
 Huwa importanti tinnota, li l-liġi wkoll tikkunsidra din l-aggravazzjoni jekk persuna sempliċiment tkun qed tgħix fl-istess dar mat-trasgressur . Għaldaqstant il-vjolenza domestika, skont il-Kodiċi Kriminali tagħna, m’għandhiex neċessarjament tkun marbuta mal-mara jew it-tfal, iżda tista’ wkoll tkun marbuta ma’ kwalunkwe persuna li tgħix fid-dar, kemm jekk tkun qarib jew individwu mhux tal-familja li għex mat-trasgressur fi żmien perjodu ta’ sena qabel ir-reat. Jekk il-vittma, għall-argument ilha tgħix mat-trasgressur għal xahrejn, u r-reat sar erba’ xhur wara li ħareġ mid-dar. Din xorta waħda hija meqjusa bħala vjolenza domestika sakemm tiġri fi żmien sena minn meta l-vittma kienet qed tgħix mat-trasgressur.
 Barra minn hekk, fir-rigward ta’ reati sesswali, jiġifieri stupru, ħtif u attakk vjolenti u indeċenti, dawn huma aggravati ulterjorment jekk jitwettqu fil-preżenza jew f’distanza fejn il-minorenni jkun jista’ jismagħhom.
 X’jiġri jekk it-trasgressur jikser l-Ordni ta’ Protezzjoni jew ta’ Trażżin?
 Jekk persuna soġġetta għal Ordni ta’ Protezzjoni jew ta’ Trażżin tikser ir-restrizzjonijiet jew il-projbizzjonijiet imposti taħthom mingħajr skuża raġonevoli, tali persuna tkun ħatja ta’ reat punibbli b’multa ta’ €2329.37 jew għal priġunerija sa sitt xhur jew inkella kemm għall-multa kif ukoll għall-priġunerija.
 It-trasgressuri jistgħu jirċievu trattament biex jibdlu l-imġiba abbużiva tagħhom?
 Ordni għal Trattament tista’ tinħareġ mill-Qrati flimkien jew separatament minn Ordni ta’ Protezzjoni u sakemm il-qorti tkun sodisfatta li l-arranġamenti adattati saru jew jistgħu jsiru għat-trattament tal-persuna akkużata. L-effetti ta’ ordni għal trattament ifissru li persuna għandha tmur għal trattament skont il-kundizzjonijiet li l-qorti tqis li għandhom jiġu stipulati fl-ordni. Meta persuna tkun akkużata iżda għadha ma nstabitx ħatja mill-Qorti, il-Qorti tista’ biss toħroġ tali ordni bil-kunsens tal-akkużat. Iżda, ladarba l-persuna tinstab ħatja, ordni għal trattament tista’ tinħareġ bi jew mingħajr il-kunsens tal-persuna kkundannata. Jekk persuna soġġetta għal Ordni għal Trattament tikser ir-restrizzjonijiet jew il-projbizzjonijiet imposti taħtha mingħajr skuża raġonevoli, tali persuna tkun ħatja ta’ reat punibbli b’multa (ammenda) li ma taqbiżx €1164.69 .
 Il-Kodiċi Ċivili tgħid li fil-każ ta’ separazzjoni personali bejn il-konjuġi fejn hemm involuta l-vjolenza domestika, il-każ għandu jinħatar għal seduta fi żmien erbat ijiem u l-qorti tista’ fuq l-inizjattiva tagħha stess qabel jew wara li tisma’ l-partijiet, toħroġ Ordni ta’ Protezzjoni jew Ordni għal Trattament.
 X’reati oħra huma relatati mal-vjolenza domestika?
 Il-Kodiċi Kriminali tipprevedi wkoll ir-reati ta’ ‘fastidju’ u ‘biża’ ta’ vjolenza’. Fastidju jseħħ meta jkun hemm komportament li jikkorrispondi għal fastidju ta’ persuna oħra u t-trasgressur jaf jew għandu jkun jaf li dan jikkorrispondi għal fastidju tal-persuna l-oħra. Dan jinkludi li tbeżża’ lil persuna jew tikkawża tbatija lill-persuna. Dan it-tip ta’ komportament għandu jkun repetittiv fis-sens li jrid ikun persistenti jew jitwettaq aktar minn darba. Il-fastidju jimplika azzjoni li tant tikkawża stress fuq l-individwu li jwassal għal dipressjoni jew inkwiet emozzjonali. Jekk il-fastidju jitwettaq fuq kwalunkwe persuna msemmija hawn fuq ikun hemm aggravazzjoni.
 X’inhi l-Konvenzjoni ta’ Istanbul?
 Il-Konvenzjoni tal-Kunsill tal-Ewropa dwar il-prevenzjoni u l-ġlieda kontra l-vjolenza kontra n-nisa u l-vjolenza domestika (il-Konvenzjoni ta’ Istanbul) hija Konvenzjoni kontra l-vjolenza kontra n-nisa u l-vjolenza domestika inġenerali. L-għan ewlieni ta’ din il-Konvenzjoni hija li tevita l-vjolenza u tipproteġi l-vittmi u “li twaqqaf l-impunità ta’ min ikkommetta r-reat” .
 Malta ffirmat din il-Konvenzjoni f’Mejju 2012 u din daħlet kompletament fis-seħħ fl-2014. Malta, flimkien ma’ 13-il Stat Membru ieħor, ratifikat il-Konvenzjoni ta’ Istanbul li torbot lill-gvern biex jimplimenta miżuri u jadotta legiżlazzjoni biex jikklassifika kull forma ta’ vjolenza kontra n-nisa bħala ksur tad-drittijiet tal-bniedem. Skont il-Konvenzjoni, il-vjolenza tinkludi dawn li ġejjin: 1. Dannu Psikoloġiku 2. Insegwiment Malizzjuż 3. Fastidju Sesswali 4. Dannu Fiżiku u Sesswali, inkluż stupru, żwieġ sfurzat, il-mutilazzjoni ġenitali femminili, abort sfurzat u sterilizzazzjoni sfurzata.
 Il-vittma għandha tagħmel rapport biex il-pulizija tieħu azzjoni?
 Skont Artikolu 543 tal-Kodiċi Kriminali, il-Pulizija għandhom is-setgħa li jipproċedi ex officio f’dawk il-każijiet li jinvolvu l-vjolenza domestika. Dan ifisser li jekk il-vittma ma’ tressaqx ilment personalment mal-Pulizija, il-Pulizija xorta jkollhom il-poter jipproċedu kontra t-trasgressur . Dan huwa mod kif jipproteġu l-vittma ulterjorment, anke f’sitwazzjonijiet fejn forsi l-vittma ma tistax tressaq ilment minħabba li tibża’ mit-trasgressur. Il-Qrati mbagħad jiddeċiedu jekk ikomplux bil-proċeduri billi jikkunsidraw il-fatturi kollha tal-każ, partikolarment l-aħjar interess tal-minorenni involuti.
 Kif tista’ vittma titlob protezzjoni taħt il-liġi?
 Ordni ta’ Protezzjoni tista’ tinħareġ meta persuna hija akkużata quddiem il-Qorti kkonċernata jekk dan ikun neċessarju għas-sigurtà tal-vittma jew ta’ individwi oħra, jew biex tinżamm il-paċi pubblika. Tali Ordni ta’ Protezzjoni tista’ timponi r-restrizzjonijiet jew il-projbizzjonijiet fuq l-akkużat li jidhru li huma neċessarji skont il-qorti jew ikunu xierqa fiċ-ċirkostanzi. Permezz tal-ordni ta’ protezzjoni, l-akkużat jista’ jkun:
 Ipprojbit jew ristrett milli javviċina jew isegwi l-movimenti tal-persuna mweġġa’ jew kwalunkwe individwu ieħor speċifikat fl-ordni.
 Ipprojbit jew ristrett minn aċċess, għall-post li fih il-persuna mweġġa’, jew kwalunkwe individwu ieħor speċifikat fl-ordni, jgħix, jaħdem jew jiffrekwenta anke jekk l-akkużat għandu interess legali f’dawk il-postijiet, għal perjodu ta’ mhux aktar minn sitt xhur jew sakemm jingħata l-ġudizzju finali.
 Ipprojbit milli jikkuntattja jew jimmolesta lill-persuna mweġġa’ jew kwalunkwe individwu ieħor speċifikat fl-ordni. Qabel toħroġ l-ordni, il-Qorti għandha tikkunsidra b’mod partikolari l-ħtieġa biex ikun żgurat:
 Li l-persuna mweġġa’ jew kwalunkwe individwu ieħor speċifikat fl-ordni huwa protett minn ħsara jew molestja.
 Il-benessri tat-tfal jew kwalunkwe dipendenti oħra li jistgħu jkunu affettwati mill-ordni.
 Ir-rieda tal-akkużat jew xi ħadd ieħor biex jissottometti għal tali trattament li l-qorti tista’ tqis adattat.
 Il-bżonnijiet tal-akkomodazzjoni tal-persuni kollha li jistgħu jkunu affettwati mill-ordni, b’mod partikolari tal-persuna mweġġa’, it-tfal tagħha u dipendenti oħra tagħha - kwalunkwe tbatija li tista’ tkun ikkawżata lill-akkużat jew lil kwalunkwe persuna oħra bħala riżultat tal-ordni li tkun saret
 U kwalunkwe indikatur li, fiċ-ċirkostanzi tal-każ, il-qorti tqis relevanti.
 Ordni ta’ trażżin tista’ tinħareġ mill-qrati meta jinħarġu sentenzi għal kull raġuni relatata mal-kwistjoni ta’ ordni ta’ protezzjoni. L-effetti tagħha huma l-istess bħal dawk ta’ ordni ta’ protezzjoni.


type: caselaw

jurisdiction: US

text:
On May 4th, 1925, a municipal election was held in Havre de Grace for the selection of its mayor and three members of the city council. There was a contest, and nine hundred and eighteen votes were cast. The canvass and report of the municipal supervisors of election certified that George T. Pennington had been elected mayor, and Harry Lawder, Jr., Jacob Davis, and Harry Atkinson had been elected councilmen; anl these successful candidates accordingly qualified and assumed the discharge of their official duties on May 18th. The majorities of those elected ranged from fifty-seven to ninety-five votes. Two of the defeated candidates for the city council, James H. Bay and Edgar M. Geathers, who possessed all the qualifications of voters and of nominees for the city council, determined to contest the election of the mayor and three councilmen, and for that purpose filed on May 25th with Joseph H. Moore, Robert Seneca and Frank Poughkeepsie, constituting the board of supervisors of election of the Mayor and City Council of Havre de Grace, a petition, which assailed the municipal election as void and of no effect, and prayed that the board hear and determine the grounds of this attack. *Page 288
 The first reason assigned was the general one that "about one hundred and seventy persons voted" who were not legally qualified to vote because they did not have "all of the five qualifications required by and provided in the charter," which were an age of more than twenty-one years; a residence in Havre de Grace of not less than one year next preceding a municipal election; an assessment on the tax books of the city, on the first day of January next preceding the election, of at least two hundred dollars worth of real or personal property; the payment one month before the day of the election of the municipal taxes levied for the preceding year on not less than this amount, and a registration among the registered voters of the city. The other and particular reasons specified were that "about one hundred and seventy persons voted," who had not paid, at least thirty days before the day of the election, the city taxes on their property assessed to them; or who did not own, and every one of whom was not assessed on or before January 1st, 1925, on the municipal books with real and personal property in the minimum amount of two hundred dollars; or whose names were fraudulently and deceitfully entered on the tax levy book of the city as having seasonably paid the current taxes to the treasurer of the city, through which fraud and deceit the mayor and city council failed to strike their names off of the list of qualified registered voters, and the said "about one hundred and seventy persons" were thereby enabled unlawfully to vote at the election. No intimation is given who made these entries or who was responsible for them.
 On the day of the receipt of this petition the board of supervisors of election notified the protestants that the hearing in a municipal election contest must be conducted in accordance with the rules and regulations prescribed by ordinance of the mayor and city council and that, inasmuch as no ordinance of the kind had been passed, the board would request the city council to pass the ordinance, and when it was passed, the board would arrange for a hearing.
 This reply was not satisfactory and, on June 5th, the *Page 289
 appellees, James H. Bay and Edgar M. Geathers, filed a petition against the appellant, the board of supervisors of election of the Mayor and City Council of Havre de Grace, for the issuance of a writ of mandamus forthwith to compel a hearing and determination of the questions presented by the petition, which attacked the election as a nullity upon the grounds above stated. This petition was answered, and the answer was demurred to, and the demurrer was overruled. In its order directing the writ to issue, the court specified the notice to be given to the successful candidates and the contestants, fixed the day, time and place of the hearing, and limited the period within which the contest should be conducted, both in the event of an appeal, and of no appeal, from its order.
 No testimony was taken. The answer of the respondents did not deny the averments of fact in the petition. The uncontroverted allegations of the petition and the facts set forth in the answer present a question of law, which will determine the propriety of the issuance of the writ of mandamus in this case. Price v.Ashburn, 122 Md. 520; Good v. Commissioners, 137 Md. 198;Hooper v. Farnen, 85 Md. 587.
 The material facts have been set forth, and on these facts a reversal is sought on the main grounds (a) that the board could not hear and determine the proposed contest because the statute conferred "juridiction to hear and determine, under such rules and regulations as the mayor and city council may by ordinance prescribe, all contested city elections," and no such ordinance had ever been passed, although the provision originated in the Acts of 1902, chapter 127; (b) that the petition did not present an election contest within the meaning of the charter; (c) that the qualifications of the voters on the registration list were solely for the city clerk as the officer of registration and for the mayor and city councilmen as a board of revision and review, with a right of appeal therefrom to the Circuit Court for Harford County; *Page 290
 and, finally, (d) that, if the board of election supervisors did have jurisdiction of the matter set forth in the petition, the court's order for the mandamus was defective because it sought not only to compel a hearing and determination of the contest, but also to control the discretion of the board in the method of the exercise of the power.
 It is our conclusion that the effect to be given the registration list will control the decision in this case, and we shall, therefore, proceed to consider the provisions of the municipal charter bearing on that question.
 In pursuance of the statutory requirement the supervisors of election furnished the city clerk with registration books, which it is the duty of the clerk to protect and keep safe. A municipal election is held biennially on the first Monday of May. On the second Monday and Tuesday in April of the year in which the municipal election is held the city clerk sits at the council chambers between the hours of nine o'clock a.m., and seven o'clock, p.m., for the purpose of registering the legally qualified voters of the city.
 It is the function of the clerk to enter in alphabetical order upon the registry book the name of every person appearing before him at the times specified and requesting to be registered, provided that, in his capacity as register, the clerk shall be first satisfied by the applicant's oath, or otherwise, that he is a male citizen of the United States above the age of twenty-one years who has resided in the City of Havre de Grace not less than one year preceding a municipal election, who was on the first day of January next preceding the election assessed on the tax books of the city with at least two hundred dollars worth of real or personal property, and who has paid the tax levied for the preceding year on not less than the aforesaid amount one month before the day of election, but if the applicant is an active member of the local fire department, he is exempt from taxation to the extent of one thousand dollars, yet is not thereby deprived of the franchise to vote in city elections, if he has all the *Page 291
 other requirements of a qualified voter. Acts of 1920, ch. 634, pp. 1229, 1230.
 The clerk is given the power to administer the oath; and, if convinced of the eligibility of the applicant, by the proof, must enroll his name upon the registry. But his action is not final, because after the registration is closed the mayor and city council sit on the following Monday as a revisory board, whose duty it is to strike from the registration book or lists the names of all persons who are dead, or who have removed from the city, or who are not assessed with sufficient real or personal property, or who have not paid the tax levied for the preceding year on not less than the requisite amount within one month before the election, or who are otherwise disqualified as voters.
 Within one week after this sitting as a revisory board, the mayor and city council publish by handbills to be set up at the city hall, and in at least two other public places in the city, a list of names that have been stricken from, and that have been added to, the registration books. If any person should feel himself aggrieved by the action of the clerk in registering, or refusing to register, the name of any person, or by the action of the Mayor and City Council in striking out, or refusing to strike out, the name of any person, a hearing is granted before the city council, which is given power to determine the matter, subject to an appeal to the Circuit Court for Harford County.
 In addition to these safeguards, the law compels the clerk to give public notice of the time and place of the sitting for the registration of voters, and of the time and place of the sitting of the city council for the review of the registration lists, for at least two weeks prior to the earlier sitting, by handbills and by advertisement inserted in two newspapers, if so many be published in Havre de Grace. The statute constitutes the clerk the custodian of the registry books, which must be kept in a safe provided by the municipality, and compels him to furnish to any person, who applies, an accurate copy of the list of registered voters at the price of one *Page 292
 cent for every one of the names. The clerk and his deputy, acting as officers of registration, are made subject, except as by the law otherwise provided, to all the penalties which are denounced against officers of registration under the general election laws of Maryland.
 The voters, who so remain on the registration books on the day of the election, and those only, constitute the "qualified voters of said city, and as such shall be entitled to vote" at any next ensuing election, because the statute explicitly provides that only those are qualified voters "whose names shall appear upon the list of registered voters of said city" in the manner here set forth. And the method provided for the determination of those who are embraced within the class of qualified voters at any election is the delivery by the clerk to the judges of election of the registration books when necessary for use in an election. Acts of 1916, chapter 680, secs. 279, 287, 288, 289.
 By an amendment in 1924, the General Assembly enacted that "the Mayor and City Council shall provide for an entire new registration in the year 1926 and every seven years thereafter, but no entire new registration shall be made by the Mayor and City Council or the clerk thereto in the year 1924, or at any other time than as herein expressly set forth." Acts of 1924, ch. 78, sec. 288, p. 159. This is a legislative recognition that the existing registration, with the addition of new qualified voters and the removal of those found disqualified, in the manner prescribed, constituted the list of qualified voters for the year 1925, when the election in question was held. The Legislature had the power to prescribe the qualifications of those entitled to vote in the municipality of Havre de Grace; and, likewise, to declare that registration as it existed on the day of election should be the conclusive evidence of the qualification of the voter, if there was no fraud affecting the integrity of the list of voters on the part of the election officials, who were charged with the duty of registration or of its review, or of the custody of the registration books or lists. Elbin v. Wilson, *Page 293 33 Md. 143; Southerland v. Norris, 74 Md. 326-331; Richardson v.Blackstone, 135 Md. 530; Hyde v. Brush, 34 Conn. 454; Marrerov. Middleton, 131 La. 432.
 If, therefore, the legislative intention was to make the registration books of Havre de Grace the conclusive evidence of the qualification of the voter at the polls, in the absence of fraud on the part of some official charged with their preparation, revision or custody, the intention must be found manifested by the language of the statute with respect to the particular subject matter involved, when considered with reference to the general scope and policy of the public local law. Graham v. Wellington, 121 Md. 661; Carr v. Hyattsville,115 Md. 545.
 A careful weighing of the language of the local statute, in connection with its purview and object, leaves us no doubt that registration is an imperative qualification for voting and that, when no fraud or misconduct is charged or imputed to the election officials in registering the voter or in retaining his name, the official registration books become, on the day of election, the list of the only qualified voters of the municipality, and that those so on the registration books have the privilege of voting. The original act, with its amendments, does not permit any person to be registered until he has satisfied the register by proof, under oath, of all the conditions necessary for his competency as a voter. The person is, therefore, not enrolled except through a judicial act by a duly constituted public officer; and after his name is so placed on the roll of municipal voters, it must be subject to the yearly review of a supervisory board, which sits openly in a public place. Notice is given to the public of the times and places of all these public sessions of the register and of the board of review; and a list of every name added and of every name removed from the registration list is published; and relief is afforded to "any person feeling aggrieved by the action of the clerk in registering or refusing to register the name of any person as aforesaid or by the mayor and city council in striking out or refusing to strike *Page 294
 out the name of any person as aforesaid, shall have the right of a hearing before the council, which shall have power to determine the matter, subject to an appeal to the Circuit Court for Harford County." As supplementary to these safeguards, the law enacted that the registration officials "shall have all the powers and be subject to all the penalties which are or may hereafter be by law provided for officers of registration under the general election laws of Maryland, and also, that the municipal election should be conducted, except where otherwise specially provided for, substantially in the same manner as state and county elections are conducted; and that the offenses and penalties prescribed by law for state and county elections should be applicable to all election officers appointed under the local act, and to all other persons to whom the same may be reasonably applied. Acts of 1916, ch. 680, secs, 289, 296; Bagby's Code, art. 33, sec. 97 et seq.;Cochran v. State, 119 Md. 539.
 The local statute's assimilation of the conduct of the municipal election with the manner in which the state and county elections are held makes important and persuasive, when considered in respect to the declaration of the local law that registration is indispensable for qualification as a voter, the modal regulation of the general election law which limits the ground of challenge of a voter's qualification to cast his ballot to the single question of his personal identity with the person registered. Article 33, § 77.
 All these careful checks, regulations and penalties have the single object of securing an accurate and trustworthy list of qualified voters, and of so keeping it by purging it, from time to time, of the unqualified, and adding to it the competent voters. The means provided are sufficient for the accomplishment of this object, if they are seasonably employed. It is, also, a reasonable inference to be imputed to the General Assembly, that it was presumed that the registration would be correct, accurate, and honest, and that public officers charged with duties in connection with it would not be corrupt; and that, if this usual and reasonable expectation *Page 295
 in regard to official conduct should not be fulfilled, it would be such an exception as would challenge and arouse attention, and that the methods provided would be ample to redress the wrong before the election.
 The public sittings of the registration officer, and of the board of review, together with the publication of the changes in the registration lists and the obligation of the clerk to furnish a copy of the names of the registered, the penalties denounced against any wrongdoing and the prompt and adequate relief afforded through the court, not only tend to lessen the opportunities for illegal and fraudulent voting, but the occasions for turmoil, disorder and delay that so frequently attend elections when a voter's various qualifications may be challenged at the polls, and his competency must then and there be ascertained and decided. The able author of Cooley onConstitutional Limitations (7th ed.) well states: "In some of the states it has also been regarded as important that lists of voters should be prepared before the day of election in which should be registered the names of every person qualified to vote. Under such a regulation, the officers whose duty it is to administer the election laws are enabled to proceed with more deliberation in the discharge of their duties, and to avoid the haste and confusion that must attend the determination upon election day of the various and somewhat difficult questions concerning the right of individuals to exercise this important franchise. Electors, also, by means of this registry, are notified in advance what persons claim the right to vote, and are enabled to make the necessary examinations to determine whether the claim is well founded and to exercise the right of challenge if satisfied any person registered is unqualified." At pp. 905, 902, and see p. 907. Collier v. Carter, 100 Md. 385-386;Hanson v. Daly, 129 Md. 287.
 No accusation is made that any ballot cast was by an unregistered person, and no fault or fraud or mistake is alleged in the conduct of the election, the canvass of the votes cast, the statement or return of the canvass, and the *Page 296
 other proceedings which ended in the proclamation of the result of the election and the formal qualification and induction into office of the candidates declared elected. Neither is there an averment of any non-compliance with the provisions of the statute with respect to the public notice of the regular sittings for registration and revision, nor of the failure duly to publish the list of names that had been stricken from, or added to, the registration books. It was not contended that any effort was made to have any of the alleged unqualified voters erased from the registration list. No instance is given, nor charge is made, of any irregularity or wrongdoing on the part of a single registration official, whether sitting as register or as a member of the board of supervision and review. The sole ground for the election contest proposed is that the registration list contained about one hundred and seventy persons, who should not have been on that list because of a disqualification, which either existed when they were registered, or arose subsequent to their registration. In any event, the qualifications with respect to an assessment of property in the required amount and for the prescribed payment of the tax levied for the preceding year must have existed previous to the sittings of the register and of the board of revision, as these sittings were held subsequent to the times fixed for the assessment to have been made and the tax paid. It is clear that full opportunity was afforded under the law for the registration list to be purged, before the municipal election in question, of all unqualified voters, and that the presence on the registration list on election day of about one hundred and seventy of such unqualified voters was solely attributable to the failure to have such names expunged by the process provided by the law.
 Under the facts of this record, we are of the opinion that it was the intention of the statute to make the final registration lists of voters conclusive evidence of those entitled to vote at the ensuing municipal election, and that the board of supervisors of election of Havre de Grace had no power to pass upon the qualification of the registered voters participating *Page 297
 in the municipal election here assailed. Every opportunity and means was provided by statute to assure the purity, integrity and accuracy of the final registration, which remained unquestioned and unchallenged until after an orderly and fair election, an honest and accurate count and return; and the Court has found no legal basis to deny to the statute its plain meaning, which has strong support from sound and practical reasons of public policy. These are nowhere better stated than in Cooley on ConstitutionalLimitations (7th ed.), at p. 934: "An election honestly conducted under the forms of law ought generally to stand, notwithstanding individual electors may have been deprived of their votes, or unqualified voters been allowed to participate. Individuals may suffer wrong in such cases, and a candidate who was the real choice of the people may sometimes be deprived of his election, but as it is generally impossible to arrive at any greater certainty of result by resort to oral evidence, public policy is best subserved by allowing the election to stand, and trusting to a strict enforcement of the criminal laws for greater security against the like irregularities and wrongs in the future."
 It will not be necessary to discuss the other points argued on brief and at bar. The writ of mandamus will not issue unless to subserve some just or useful purpose, and, as there is no sufficient ground appearing on this record for a contest over the validity of the election of the incumbents, no writ of mandamus should have been issued.
 Order reversed, and petition dismissed, with costs. *Page 298


text:
BREAKING Avocatul Poporului a atacat la CCR Codul Administrativ impus de PSD în favoarea baronilor locali
 BREAKING Avocatul Poporului a atacat la CCR Codul Administrativ impus de PSD...
 Articole • 28 August 2019 • Mihai Roman • 26292 vizualizări • 31 comentarii
 Avocatul Poporului, funcție ocupată de Renate Weber (ALDE), a ridicat o excepție de neconstituționalitate CCR legată de ordonanța de urgență pentru aprobarea Codului Administrativ, potrivit unui comunicat al instituției.
 Atacul la CCR vine la doar două zile după ce Tăriceanu a anunțat că ALDE rupe coaliția cu PSD și iese de la guvernare. Trei dintre cei patru miniștri ALDE au demisionat deja din guvern.
 Comunicatul integral al Avocatului Poporului:
 Foto: Renate Weber. Inquam Photos / Octav Ganea
 28.8.2019 la ora 10:29 am
 Sa nu credeti ca isi face treaba, e doar o simpla răzbunare a lui tăriceanu.
 28.8.2019 la ora 10:39 am
 Exact! Asa se lucreaza in Romanica: vezi cum bate vantul, te orientezi si daca poti sa te si razbuni actionezi. Cum o fi aratand normalitatea?!!!!!!!!!
 28.8.2019 la ora 10:35 pm
 Nici macar atat. Adunatura de lepre, delicventi si escroci incearca sa isi spele imaginea in ceasul al 13-lea, pe spinarea psd. E cam cum a fost iliescu dizident pe vremea lui Ceasca. Vezi Doamne, alde erau baieti buni, uite cum se opuneau ei psdului... Pe cine cred ca mai prostesc? De fapt nu au prostit pe prea multi niciodata. La Parlamentare au avut cam 5%, acum au 4%. Nici nu au scazut cine stie ce.
 Totul e in funcție de interese meschine mai puțin în interesul maselor.
 Până a pleca de la guvernare era bun codul administrativ.
 Ce oameni de doi bani...
 MAFIA PSD alde UDMR pro Romania.
 28.8.2019 la ora 10:33 am
 Stie foarte bine ca CCR va decide in favoarea infractorilor, ca de obicei.
 28.8.2019 la ora 10:58 am
 Generalizarile sunt exagerate, mai degraba as suspecta un subiectivism in ceea ce te priveste, decat lozinca puerila si primitiva „ccr decide in favoarea infractorilor”.
 Majoritatea judecatorilor de acolo sunt profesori universitari de drept, doar cv-urile daca le cititi(disponibile pe site-ul ccr-ului) o sa va schimbati nitel parerea.
 Una din opiniile Comidiei de la Venetia sustinea faptul ca democratiile referendare pot duce la slabirea democratiei, deoarece in anumite situatii majoritatea poate fi animata impotriva unor lideri „gen Dragnea” si sa voteze legi/modificari de constitutie, care contravin statului de drept.
 Ati spune ca e teorie, dar uite ca s-a intamplat la noi recent, cand, daca nu ar fi fost CCR, ar fi trecut referendumul cu gratierea criminalilor, dar a coruptilor nu.
 Deci un pic mai multa retinere si mai mult discernamant!
 28.8.2019 la ora 11:13 am
 Iti sugerez sa citesti raportul care a dus la incepera procedurii de revocare din functie a LCK. Primele pagini, ptr un motiv care imi scapa, contin multele functii si titluri detinute de tudorel toader. Mare profesor universitar si el. In mandatul lui, justitia a fost ingenunchiata. Faptul ca esti profesor universitar nu inseamna ca un esti ticalos, corupt, santajabil (vezi archiva SIPA, nimeni nu mai vb de ea dupa ce PSDul a pus mana pe ea).
 Si apropo, ai sa vezi ca decizia CEDO in legatura cu revocarea LCK o sa spuna ca i-au fost incalcate drepturile fundamentale de catre CCR si ministrul justitiei TT.
 28.8.2019 la ora 11:19 am
 In ceea ce priveste CCRul de azi (sau cel putin cel din neagra perioada Liviu Dragnea) eu as generaliza –> CCRul a decis in favoarea infractorilor!
 28.8.2019 la ora 11:31 am
 Gabi, contul ”ionut” e postac psdist, nu-ti bate capul cu el!
 28.8.2019 la ora 10:46 pm
 Decizia ccr privind revocarea doamnei LCK este o mizerie absoluta, care incalca si spiritul si litera legii. Multe din deciziile ccr sunt aberante. Daca de exemplu guvernului i se pune sa aiba un ministru din familia Bercea Mondialu’, presedintele nu se poate opune decat odata. Corect ar fi fost ca presedintele sa poata sa refuze oricate numiri, cu conditia sa aiba o argumentatie solida bazata pe anumite norme stabilite (studii, trecut infractional, experienta in domeniu, erori facute in trecut, colaborari dubioase, perioade nebuloase in trecutul persoanei etc.)
 In ce priveste decizia in cazul LCK, presedintele ALES nu este secretarul unui neispravit NUMIT. Presedintele este responsabil de bunul mers al institutiilor statului, deci ar trebui sa aiba discretie privind acceptarea numirii si revocarii. Evaluarea lui Toader este lipsita de bun simt (cum sa pretinzi unui profesionist precum doamna LCK sa vina in fata unor politruci cu diplome cumparate si fara valoare cum ar fi eugen nicacacea, sau suruban nicolae si sa le dea lor socoteala?) iar presedintele poate face o evaluare a evaluarii, bazandu-se pe bunul lui simt. Prin acea decizie ca si prin altele, dar si prin faptul ca nu a respectat legea si propriile hotarari, ccr este in acest moment o panarama de institutie discreditata total.
 Poate ar trebui ca avocatul poporului sa poata fi numit doar de opozitie .. in spiritul checks & balances
 Oricum minunat, a trebuit sa astepte ca ALDE sa plece de la guvernare ca sa inceapa sa mimeze macar interesul fata de cetatean
 Kur Pansat
 28.8.2019 la ora 10:44 am
 Văd că moşu cu viagra vrea răzbunare pe pesedişti.....nişte curve politice,nimic altceva
 28.8.2019 la ora 10:55 am
 macar ne distram!
 29.8.2019 la ora 10:53 am
 ai dreptate,ne distram pe bani nostri.
 28.8.2019 la ora 11:01 am
 Renate W. ! Ce om de speta joasa .... La 2 zile de la iesirea de la guvernare a partidului care a numut-o avocat al poporului ataca la CCR codul administrativ, cerut a fi atacat de saptamani bune de zile.
 Sper ca judecatorii CCR sa fie onesti de data asta si sa-l declare neconstitutional !!
 28.8.2019 la ora 11:06 am
 Daca e cum spuneti, si sunt sanse bune ca asa sa fie, inseamna ca dl Renato asta e o curva mai mare decat Tariceanu insusi. Pare genul.
 Deocamdata, insa, e de bine
 28.8.2019 la ora 11:40 am
 Cumatra e doar o carpa de sters pe jos a tariceanului si-a varanului, care au castigat infinita putere numindu-si sluga acolo. Psd nici nu stia in ce capcana pica, atunci cand a bagat-o in functie pe 5 ani. Acuma, toate ordonantele psd-ului vor fi atacate, ca daca s-au stricat la mustati, asta-i! Tariceanul o santajeaza pe danciloaica prin doua parghii : una e avocatul poporului, adica ordonante pa si pusi, si-a doua, prin faptul ca n-a dat-o afara pe manescu din alde, si-asa guvernul mai are componenta psd-alde, si nu trebuie sa testeze in parlament sustinerea politica. Hodorogul bas...nos, aia 4% ai lui permit ii permit sa fie relevant in continuare, scarba.
 Evident, acuma e de vazut cum se pozitioneaza ccr, tine mai departe cu psd si favorizeaza infractorii cum face de 2 ani si jumatate, sau ca o girueta, se reorienteaza.
 28.8.2019 la ora 11:57 am
 Mda, se leaga. Tariceanu pare sa fi avut un plan prestabilit cu numirea Renatei Leber, intr-adevar, si-a premeditat si calculat retragere. A si avut cu cine, intre noi fie vorba. A fost un santaj classic la Viorica. „Nu o numesti pe Renata (ca moare de foame ramasa fara coledzi), ies de la guvernare”. Si proasta a acceptat, a zis ca a rezolvat problema. Ca de-aia e proasta si nu stie ca daca ai cedat odata la santaj, vei fi santajat inca odata pana se rupe pisica.
 E atat de proasta incat pana si acum, in loc sa marcheze puncte in propriul partid danad afara din administratia guvermentala pe toti mambrii ALDE, ea inca spera ca mentinandu-i in functie pe unii de la Neamt si Botosani-Severin, sa convinga o parte sa nu voteze motiunea. Ca in ALDE sta pesedeaua, proasta rizii! E ca femeia maritata cu un betiv care o bate zilnic si de care nu de desparte ca „macar vine acasa, nu merge la curve”
 28.8.2019 la ora 11:26 am
 @Gabi le-am citit pe ambele, in intregime. Cel la care faci tu referire are 33 pagini...
 A ramas o intrebare la care doamna Kovesi nu a raspuns si nici spatiul public/sustinatorii nu mi-au satisfacut aceasta curiozitate raportat la functia detinuta: ce cauta in acea noapte la Oprea?
 CCR nu e formata doar din Toader, asa cum nu e formata doar din Stanciu.
 Si revin, multe milioane de romani la referendumul recent au gresit votand la prima intrebare DA. Chiar daca el ar fi trecut, oricine ulterior il putea ataca la Curtea de Justitie a UE, ca nu respecta dreptul primar al Uniunii. Deci aprox 5 milioane au zis Da si noua oameni in unanimitate au zis Nu.
 28.8.2019 la ora 11:43 am
 Cara-te, postacule scarbos!
 28.8.2019 la ora 12:00 pm
 De sufrageria lui Oprean te rog adreseaza-te Antenei 3.
 Si eu am fost in autobuz unde era un hot de buzunare – alt subiect bun ptr specialistii in stiri de la A3.
 CCR e format din 9 judecatori, 6 dintre ei fiind controlati de PSD (sunt ticalosii, coruptii si/sau santajabilii de care vorbeam mai devreme). Cred ca nimeni nu are vreun dubiu, PSDul nu numesti profesionisti, numeste persoane care pot fi controlate.
 In legatura cu referendumul – Pai vezi ca iarasi minti ? Referendumul a trecut si a fost declarat constitutional. Proiectul de lege propus de parlamentari a fost declarat neconstitutional. Parlamentul trebuie sa gaseasca o formulare constitutionala a legii. La cum pui problema, cred ca te-ai potrivi perfect cu specialistii in stiri mai sus mentinati!
 „Ionut”,cântareț pesedist .Se vede de la o posta ca are texte copiate in intregime de la Antena 3.Ce treaba are vizita LCK la Oprea cu destituirea ei de la carma unei importante institutii de stat. Sictir ,postac rosu !
 29.8.2019 la ora 12:20 am
 ...sex e ok? Il accepti ca raspuns?
 28.8.2019 la ora 11:29 am
 bai pisata aldista, dar care era urgenta sa se dea oug pt scos penalii din inchisori, care devenea lege mai favorabila si chiar daca pica apoi la ccr sau in parlament, ramaneau scosi din inchisori? scursura ordinara
 28.8.2019 la ora 11:39 am
 ionut deschide larg gura ca imi scapa un muie psd
 Daca asta este forta argumentelor voastre....
 M-ati convins este ultima oara cand voi posta ceva pe acest site, nu sunt nici simpatizant alde, nici psd.
 Hai valea
 28.8.2019 la ora 12:04 pm
 Intodeauna v-ati crezut superiori,unici,nemuritori si pretiosi.Postac pesedist ,pleaca in cocina voastra de la Antena 3 !
 28.8.2019 la ora 12:17 pm
 – cv-ul nu denota moralitate
 – cand esti ales de PSD si intri in CCR nu inseamna ca nu mai esti sub un sef (infractor), te-ai transformat intr-o masa de moralitate, si deodata esti cinstit si corect, din contra esti doar un gunoi cu mai multe puteri (daca esti gunoi)
 – CCR este ales politic, si stim foate bine cu totii ce gasca de infractori sunt in politica, mana in mana cu gasti de interlopi
 – CCR a dat in o mare masura decizii pro PSD+ALDE+UDMR
 – CCR a dat in mare masura deciizii pro PSD+ALDE+UDMR pe legile justitiei si cu mari presiuni s-au oprit (dupa caracal, arestarea lui draknea s-au mai domolit)
 – CCR si-a atribuit rol de judecator, cum e cazul Kovesi, si altele in care a taiat si spanzurat desi nu avea dreptul
 – CCR a incalcat vechi prevederi ale CCR, pentru ca asa a comandat seful infractor
 – CCR nu prea tine cont de nimeni, si este aparat de infractorii de la PSD, fiind un soi de d-zeu al romaniei, si orice rahat din CCR este sfant (asa cum gandesti si tu)
 – decii nu ai voie sa pui in legimitate CCR pentru ca ai folosit in accesi fraza Comisia de la Venetia, un infractor ramane infractor, un aparator al infractorilor ramane aparator al infractorilor
 ... cu siguranta sunt mult mai multe motive, si daca ai intreba oameni mai cunoscatori ai consitutiei ai vedea ca nu e normal ce se intampla si fraze genul „ccr e al infractorilor” desi peiorative au un mare dram de sens si logica
 28.8.2019 la ora 12:18 pm
 Aceasta este fața politicienelor noștri.
 Partidele PSD-ALDE-UDMR, nu fac altceva, după ce au rupt relațiile de interes personal, decât să demonstreze că erau un mare Grup Infracțional Organizat – GIO.
 Acum sunt doar niște găști mai micuțe, care își plătesc polițele si aranjamentele neîndeplinite.
 # muie PSD-ALDE-UDMR
 Vorba unuia de pe aici, avem ceea ce votăm.
 28.8.2019 la ora 3:44 pm
 Eu cred că există temeiuri clare de neconstituționalitate, iar Weber s-a comportat așa cum îi cere funcția; în comparație cu nemernicul antecesor. Chiar și din răzbunarea lui molicilă, aceste șpăgi din bani publici trebuie să dispară; eu nu pot accepta specialii, specialele și ilegalul, în general.
 29.8.2019 la ora 12:37 am
 Cum se poate scăpa de madama urgent peste un an? Pesedeii sunt meseriași la chestii din astea au imaginatie


type: wikipedia

text:
Die Burg Beeskow ist eine Wasserburg in der Kreisstadt Beeskow im Landkreis Oder-Spree in Brandenburg.
 Geschichte
 Die Burg wurde erstmals 1316 urkundlich erwähnt und gehörte wie die Burg Storkow den Herren von Strehle, mit der und weiteren Wasserburgen sie ein Netz von Verteidigungsanlagen in der Mittelmark bildete.
 Den Herren von Strele folgten im Erbgang die Herren von Bieberstein zwischen 1377 und 1382. 1518 verpfändete Ulrich von Bieberstein die Burg an den Bischof von Lebus, Dietrich von Bülow, der sie zu einer bischöflichen Residenz ausbaute.
 1556 kamen Burg und Herrschaft an den Markgrafen Johann I. von Brandenburg-Küstrin. Nach seinem Tod fielen Burg und Herrschaft 1575 endgültig in den Besitz der Kurfürsten von Brandenburg. 1625–1627 besaß Gebhard XXIII. von Alvensleben die Herrschaft Beeskow als Pfandbesitz, zugleich mit der Herrschaft Storkow, und bewohnte die Beeskower Burg, danach diente sie bis 1915 den Hohenzollern als Verwaltungsgebäude. Anschließend wurde sie von der Stadt Beeskow, die die Anlage erworben hatte, weiterhin für Verwaltungs- und Wirtschaftszwecke genutzt.
 Am Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges brannte der Ostflügel der Burg 1945 aufgrund von Kampfhandlungen aus. Nach Kriegsende diente die Anlage Flüchtlingen aus Ostpreußen und Schlesien als Unterkunft.
 Aufgrund eines Beschlusses des Kreisparlaments von 1991 wurde die Burg zu einem Kultur- und Bildungszentrum umgestaltet. In der Anlage wurden ein Regionalmuseum zu historischen, ethnografischen und ökologischen Themen der Region Beeskow-Storkow sowie ein Mittelaltermagazin mit Folterkeller eingerichtet. Wechselnde Ausstellungen finden vorwiegend zum Themenkomplex Kunst der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik statt.
 In der Burg ist das Kunstarchiv Beeskow untergebracht, in dessen Bestand sich rund 23.000 Objekte befinden, vor allem Gemälde, Druckgrafiken, Zeichnungen und Aquarelle, aber auch Fotografien, Plastiken, Kunstgewerbe und Medaillen, die bis 1990 Parteien, Massenorganisationen und Staatsorganen der DDR gehörten. Trotz des finanziellen Rückzugs der Länder Berlin und Mecklenburg-Vorpommern bleibt das Archiv DDR-Kunst erhalten. Der Landkreis Oder-Spree und das Land Brandenburg wollen die Sammlung weiterhin unterstützen.
 Darüber hinaus wurde in der Burg im Mai 2018 das zuvor in Monschau beheimatete Musik-Museum Beeskow eröffnet.
 Zusammen mit den Burgen in Storkow und Friedland NL gehört die Burg Beeskow zum Verbund der Strele-Burgen, mit dem kulturelle Aktivitäten im Landkreis Oder-Spree gefördert werden sollen.
 Einzelnachweise
 Literatur
 Burg Beeskow, Dokumentationszentrum Kunst der DDR, Landkreis Oder-Spree (Hrsg.): Burg Beeskow. Das Kulturzentrum des Landkreises Oder-Spree. Wiederaufbau 1991–1996. Beeskow 1997
 Weblinks
 Seite der Burg
 Kunstarchiv Beeskow
 Historische Rekonstruktionszeichnung aus Burgrekonstruktion.de
 Beeskow
 Baudenkmal in Beeskow
 Wasserburg in Brandenburg
 Beeskow
 Bauwerk in Beeskow
 Beeskow


text:
En programmør er en person, som udvikler computerprogrammer til computere.
 Titlen som verdens første programmør tilskrives Ada Augusta Lovelace, der i 1800-tallet arbejdede sammen med Charles Babbage på hans Analytical Engine. Programmeringssproget Ada er opkaldt efter Ada Augusta Lovelace.
 Titlen programmør er ikke beskyttet og kræver således ikke en speciel uddannelse. Især i datamaskinens barndom var programmører selvlærte. Af uddannelser, der bl.a. peger mod at blive programmør, kan nævnes den nu nedlagte uddannelse edb-assistent, der blev afløst af uddannelsen til datamatiker. En systemprogrammør beskæftiger sig med mere styresystemnær programmering og vil ofte have en uddannelse som datalog eller software-ingeniør; men jobgrænserne er mere flydende end uddannelserne. Nogle programmører kaldes systemudviklere. En applikationsprogrammør (sjælden betegnelse i praksis) laver programmer til et forretningsområde og dækker dermed det, som systemprogrammøren ikke tager sig af; men begge dele er softwareudvikling.
 Programmøren anvender ét eller flere af en lang række programmeringssprog, som er koder, som kan sætte computeren i gang med forskellige opgaver. Af kendte sprog kan nævnes Java, C++ og Microsofts .net-platforme Visual Basic og C#. Mindre kendte sprog er shell-kommandoer, perl, python og mange flere.
 Hvor scripts kan kommunikere med computeren direkte, skal kildetekster først ændres til egentlige programmer, før de kan udføre lige den opgave man ønsker.
 Ekstern henvisning
 The Story of Mel, a Real Programmer
 Programmering
 Datalogi
 Stillingsbetegnelser


jurisdiction: EU

text:
 18.7.2016
 SK
 Úradný vestník Európskej únie
 C 260/4
 Rozsudok Súdneho dvora (druhá komora) z 26. mája 2016 (návrh na začatie prejudiciálneho konania, ktorý podal Østre Landsret – Dánsko) – Envirotec Denmark ApS/Skatteministeriet
 (Vec C-550/14) (1)
 ((Návrh na začatie prejudiciálneho konania - Spoločný systém dane z pridanej hodnoty - Smernica 2006/112/ES - Prenesenie daňovej povinnosti - Článok 198 ods. 2 - Zlato vo forme suroviny alebo polotovaru - Pojem - Článok 199 ods. 1 písm. d) a príloha VI - Použité materiály, odpad a šrot - Ingoty vzniknuté roztavením rôznych predmetov a šrotu, ktoré sú určené na získanie zlata s rýdzosťou 325 tisícin alebo vyššou))
 (2016/C 260/04)
 Jazyk konania: dánčina
 Vnútroštátny súd, ktorý podal návrh na začatie prejudiciálneho konania
 Østre Landsret
 Účastníci konania pred vnútroštátnym súdom
 Žalobkyňa: Envirotec Denmark ApS
 Žalovaný: Skatteministeriet
 Výrok rozsudku
 Článok 198 ods. 2 smernice Rady 2006/112/ES z 28. novembra 2006 o spoločnom systéme dane z pridanej hodnoty sa má vykladať v tom zmysle, že sa uplatňuje na dodanie takých ingotov, o aké ide vo veci samej, ktoré pozostávajú z náhodnej surovej zliatiny vzniknutej zliatím šrotu a rôznych kovových predmetov obsahujúcich zlato, ako aj iných kovov, materiálov a látok obsahujúcich v závislosti od ingotu okolo 500 alebo 600 tisícim zlata.
 (1) Ú. v. EÚ C 56, 16.2.2015.