text:
10.12.2011 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 328/5
 AGREEMENT
 in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Union, of the one part, and the
 Palestinian Authority of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, of the other part, providing further
 liberalisation of agricultural products, processed agricultural products and fish and fishery products
 and amending the Euro-Mediterranean Interim Association Agreement on trade and cooperation
 between the European Community, of the one part, and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
 for the benefit of the Palestinian Authority of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, of the other
 A. Letter from the European Union
 Sir,
 I have the honour of referring to the negotiations which took place in accordance with the spirit of the
 Euro-Mediterranean Roadmap for agriculture (Rabat Roadmap), adopted by the Euro-Mediterranean
 Ministers of Foreign Affairs on 28 November 2005, for the acceleration of liberalisation of trade in
 agricultural products, processed agricultural products and fish and fishery products, and under Articles 7,
 12 and 14 (2) of the Euro-Mediterranean Interim Association Agreement on trade and cooperation between
 the European Community, of the one part, and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) for the benefit
 of the Palestinian Authority of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (hereinafter referred to as ‘Palestinian
 Authority’), of the other part (hereinafter referred to as the ‘Interim Association Agreement’), in force since
 1 July 1997, which states that the Community and the Palestinian Authority shall progressively establish
 greater liberalisation, inter alia, of their trade in agricultural products of interest to both Parties.
 A. The Parties have agreed on the following temporary amendment to the Interim Association Agreement:
 1. Protocol 1 shall be replaced by that appearing in Annex I to this Agreement in the form of an
 Exchange of Letters, subject to the provisions of point C thereof.
 B. The Parties have also agreed on the following permanent amendments to the Interim Association
 Agreement:
 1. Article 4 shall be replaced by the following:
 ‘The provisions of this Chapter shall apply to products originating in the European Union and in the
 West Bank and the Gaza Strip other than those listed in chapters 1 to 24 of the Combined
 Nomenclature (CN) and of the customs tariff of the Palestinian Authority, and those listed in
 Annex 1(1)(ii) of the Agreement on Agriculture of the GATT. However, this Chapter shall
 continue to apply to chemically pure lactose of CN code 1702 11 00 and glucose and glucose
 syrup, containing in the dry state 99 % or more by weight of glucose of CN codes ex 1702 30 50
 and ex 1702 30 90.’.
 2. The title of Chapter 2 shall be replaced by the following:
 ‘AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, PROCESSED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AND FISH AND FISHERY
 PRODUCTS’.
 3. Article 11 shall be replaced by the following:
 ‘The provisions of this Chapter shall apply to products originating in the European Union and in the
 West Bank and the Gaza Strip listed in chapters 1 to 24 of the Combined Nomenclature (CN) and of
 the customs tariff of the Palestinian Authority, and those listed in Annex 1(1)(ii) of the Agreement on
 Agriculture of the GATT, with exception of chemically pure lactose of CN code 1702 11 00 and of
 glucose and glucose syrup, containing in the dry state, 99 % or more by weight of glucose of CN
 codes ex 1702 30 50 and ex 1702 30 90, for which duty free market access was already granted
 within Chapter 1.’.
 4. Article 12 shall be replaced by the following:
 ‘The European Union and the Palestinian Authority shall progressively establish greater liberalisation
 of their trade in agricultural products, processed agricultural products and fish and fishery products of
 interest to both Parties.’.
 ---pagebreak--- L 328/6 EN Official Journal of the European Union 10.12.2011
 5. Article 13 shall be replaced by the following:
 ‘1. Agricultural products, processed agricultural products and fish and fishery products originating
 in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip listed in Protocol 1, on importation into the European Union
 shall be subject to the arrangements set out in that Protocol.
 2. Agricultural products, processed agricultural products and fish and fishery products originating
 in the European Union listed in Protocol 2, on importation into the West Bank and the Gaza Strip
 shall be subject to the arrangements set out in that Protocol.’.
 6. Article 23bis shall be added:
 ‘Temporary Withdrawal of Preferences
 1. The Parties agree that administrative cooperation and assistance are essential for the implemen
 tation and the control of the preferential treatment granted under this Agreement and underline their
 commitment to combat irregularities and fraud in customs and related matters.
 2. Where a Party has made a finding, on the basis of objective information, of a failure to provide
 administrative cooperation/assistance and/or of irregularities or fraud under this Agreement, the Party
 concerned may temporarily suspend the relevant preferential treatment of the product(s) concerned in
 accordance with this Article.
 3. For the purpose of this Article a failure to provide administrative cooperation/assistance shall
 mean, inter alia:
 (a) a repeated failure to respect the obligations to verify the originating status of the product(s)
 concerned;
 (b) a repeated refusal or undue delay in carrying out and/or communicating the results of subsequent
 verification of the proof of origin;
 (c) a repeated refusal or undue delay in obtaining authorisation to conduct enquiry visits to
 determine the authenticity of documents or accuracy of information relevant to the granting
 of the preferential treatment in question.
 4. For the purpose of this Article a finding of irregularities or fraud may be made, inter alia, where
 there is a rapid increase, without satisfactory explanation, in imports of goods exceeding the usual
 level of production and export capacity of the other Party that is linked to objective information
 concerning irregularities or fraud.
 5. The application of a temporary suspension shall be subject to the following conditions:
 (a) The Party which has made a finding, on the basis of objective information, of a failure to provide
 administrative cooperation/assistance and/or of irregularities or fraud shall without undue delay
 notify the Joint Committee of its finding together with the objective information and enter into
 consultations within the Joint Committee, on the basis of all relevant information and objective
 findings, with a view to reaching a solution acceptable to both Parties.
 (b) Where the Parties have entered into consultations within the Joint Committee and have failed to
 agree on an acceptable solution within 3 months following the notification, the Party concerned
 may temporarily suspend the relevant preferential treatment of the product(s) concerned. A
 temporary suspension shall be notified to the Joint Committee without undue delay.
 ---pagebreak--- 10.12.2011 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 328/7
 (c) Temporary suspensions under this Article shall be limited to that necessary to protect the
 financial interests of the Party concerned. They shall not exceed a period of 6 months, which
 may be renewed if at the date of expiry nothing has changed with respect to the conditions that
 gave rise to the initial suspension. They shall be subject to periodic consultations within the Joint
 Committee, in particular with a view to their termination as soon as the conditions for their
 application no longer apply.
 Each Party shall publish according to its internal procedures, in the case of the European Union in the
 Official Journal of the European Union, notices to importers concerning any: notification referred to in
 paragraph 5 (a); decision referred to in paragraph 5 (b); and extension or termination referred to in
 paragraph 5 (c).’.
 7. Protocol 2 and its Annexes shall be replaced by those appearing in Annex II to this Agreement in the
 form of an Exchange of Letters.
 8. A Common Declaration on sanitary and phytosanitary or technical barriers to trade issues, appearing
 in Annex III to this Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters, shall be added to the Interim
 Association Agreement.
 C. The Parties have agreed on the following additional provisions:
 1. (a) The temporary amendments provided for under point A shall apply for a period of 10 years from
 the entry into force of this Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters. However, depending
 on the future economic development of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, a possible extension for
 an additional period of those amendments could be considered by the Joint Committee. Such a
 decision shall be taken by the Joint Committee at the latest 1 year before the expiration of the 10
 years period as provided by this Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters.
 (b) The European Union and the Palestinian Authority shall meet 5 years from the date of entry into
 force of this Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters, to consider the possibility of
 granting each other further permanent concessions of trade in agricultural products, processed
 agricultural products and fish and fishery products with the objective laid down in Article 12 of
 the Interim Association Agreement.
 (c) The starting point for future reciprocal negotiations will be the consolidated concessions of the
 Interim Association Agreement, which are listed in Annexes II and IV of this Agreement in the
 form of an Exchange of Letters.
 (d) It is understood that the trade conditions to be granted by the European Union as a result of
 these future negotiations may be less favourable than those granted under the this Agreement in
 the form of an Exchange of Letters.
 2. Article 7(1) of the Interim Association Agreement shall not apply pending the application of the
 temporary amendments provided for under point A of this Agreement in the form of an Exchange of
 Letters.
 This Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters shall enter into force on the first day of the third
 month following the date of the deposit of the last instrument of approval.
 I have the honour to confirm that the European Union is in agreement with the content of this letter.
 I would be grateful if you could confirm the agreement of your Government to the above.
 Please accept, Sir, the assurance of my highest consideration.
 ---pagebreak--- L 328/8 EN Official Journal of the European Union 10.12.2011
 Съставено в Брюксел на
 Hecho en Bruselas, el
 V Bruselu dne
 Udfærdiget i Bruxelles, den
 Geschehen zu Brüssel am
 Brüssel,
 Έγινε στις Βρυξέλλες, στις
 Done at Brussels,
 Fait à Bruxelles, le
 Fatto a Bruxelles, addì
 Briselē,
 Priimta Briuselyje,
 Kelt Brüsszelben,
 Magħmul fi Brussell,
 Gedaan te Brussel,
 Sporządzono w Brukseli dnia
 Feito em Bruxelas,
 Întocmit la Bruxelles,
 V Bruseli
 V Bruslju,
 Tehty Brysselissä
 Utfärdat i Bryssel den
 За Европейския съюз
 Por la Unión Europea
 Za Evropskou unii
 For Den Europæiske Union
 Für die Europäische Union
 Euroopa Liidu nimel
 Гια την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση
 For the European Union
 Pour l’Union européenne
 Per l’Unione europea
 Eiropas Savienības vārdā –
 Europos Sąjungos vardu
 Az Európai Unió részéről
 Għall-Unjoni Ewropea
 Voor de Europese Unie
 W imieniu Unii Europejskiej
 Pela União Europeia
 Pentru Uniunea Europeană
 Za Európsku úniu
 Za Evropsko unijo
 Euroopan unionin puolesta
 För Europeiska unionen
 ---pagebreak--- 10.12.2011 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 328/9
 ANNEX I
 PROTOCOL 1
 concerning the provisional arrangements applicable to imports into the European Union of agricultural
 products, processed agricultural products and fish and fishery products originating in the West Bank and the
 Gaza Strip
 1. Customs duties and charges having equivalent effect (including their agricultural component), which are applicable on
 the import into the European Union of products originating in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip and listed in
 chapters 1 to 24 of the Combined Nomenclature (CN) and of the customs tariff of the Palestinian Authority, and those
 listed in Annex 1(1)(ii) of the Agreement on Agriculture of the GATT, with exception of chemically pure lactose of CN
 code 1702 11 00 and of glucose and glucose syrup, containing in the dry state, 99 % or more by weight of glucose of
 CN codes ex 1702 30 50 and ex 1702 30 90 covered by Chapter 1, shall be temporarily eliminated in accordance
 with the provisions of point C.1(a) of the Agreement in the form of Exchange of Letters between the European Union
 and the Palestinian Authority providing further liberalisation of agricultural products, processed agricultural products
 and fish and fishery products and amending this Agreement, signed in 2011.
 2. Notwithstanding the conditions under point 1 of this Protocol, for the products to which an entry price applies in
 accordance with Article 140a of Council Regulation (EC) No 1234/2007 (1), and for which the Common Customs
 Tariff provides for the application of ad valorem customs duties and a specific customs duty, the elimination applies
 only to the ad valorem part of the duty.
 ___________
 (1) OJ L 299, 16.11.2007, p. 1.
 ANNEX II
 PROTOCOL 2
 on the arrangements applying to imports into the West Bank and the Gaza Strip of agricultural products,
 processed agricultural products and fish and fishery products originating in the European Union
 1. The products listed in the Annexes originating in the European Union shall be admitted for importation into the West
 Bank and the Gaza Strip according to the conditions contained herein and in the Annexes.
 2. Import duties on imports are either eliminated or reduced to the level indicated in column ‘a’, within the limit of the
 annual tariff quota listed in column ‘b’, and subject to the specific provisions indicated in column ‘c’.
 3. For the quantities imported in excess of the tariff quotas, the general customs duties applied to third countries shall
 apply, subject to the specific provisions indicated in column ‘c’.
 4. For the first year of application, the volumes of the tariff quotas and the reference quantities shall be calculated as a
 pro rata of the basic volumes, taking into account the period elapsed before the date of entry into force of this
 Protocol.
 ---pagebreak--- L 328/10 EN Official Journal of the European Union 10.12.2011
 ANNEX 1 TO PROTOCOL 2
 Tariff quota
 CN Code Description Duty (%) (t, unless otherwise Specific provisions
 indicated)
 a b c
 0102 90 71 Live bovine animals, of a weight exceeding 0 300
 300 kg, for slaughter, ther than heifers and
 cows
 0202 30 90 Meat of bovine animals, boneless excluding 0 200
 fore-quarters, ‘compensated’ quarters, crop,
 chuck and blade and brisket cuts, frozen
 0206 22 00 Edible livers of bovine animals frozen 0 100
 0406 Cheese and curd 0 200
 0407 00 19 Poultry eggs for hatching, other than those 0 120 000 pieces
 of turkeys or geese
 1101 00 15 Flour of common wheat and spelt 0 13 000
 2309 90 99 Other preparations of a kind used in animal 2 100
 feeding
 ---pagebreak--- 10.12.2011 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 328/11
 ANNEX 2 TO PROTOCOL 2
 PRODUCTS REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 7(2) OF THE EURO-MEDITERRANEAN INTERIM ASSOCIATION
 AGREEMENT
 CN code Description
 1902 Pasta and couscous:
 A — of durum wheat,
 B — other,
 1905 10 Crisp bread
 1905 20 90 Gingerbread and the like, not especially for diabetics:
 A — containing over 15 % by weight of flour from cereals other than wheat in relation to the total
 flour content,
 B — other,
 ex 1905 32 A Waffles and wafers
 Al — not filled, whether or not coated,
 Ala — containing over 15 % by weight of flour from cereals other than wheat in relation to the total
 flour content,
 Alb — other,
 A2 — other,
 A2a — containing not less than 1,5 % milk fats or not less than 2,5 % of milk proteins,
 A2b — other,
 1905 40 10 Rusk, containing added sugar, honey, other sweetening matter, eggs, fat, cheese, fruit, cocoa or
 similar:
 A — containing over 15 % by weight of flour from cereals other than wheat in relation to the total
 flour content,
 B — other,
 1905 Other bakers’ wares, containing added sugar, honey, other sweetening matter, eggs, fat, cheese, fruit,
 ex 31) B + ex 90) cocoa or similar:
 Bl — containing added eggs, not less than 2,5 % by weight,
 B2 — containing added dried fruits or nuts:
 B2a — containing not less than 1,5 % milk fats and not less than 2,5 % milk proteins; see Annex V,
 B2b — other,
 ВЗ — containing less than 10 % by weight of added sugar and not containing added eggs, dried fruits
 or nuts,
 ---pagebreak--- L 328/12 EN Official Journal of the European Union 10.12.2011
 ANNEX III
 COMMON DECLARATION
 COOPERATION ON SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY OR TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE ISSUES
 The Parties shall solve any problems, in particular sanitary, phytosanitary or technical barriers to trade, hindering the
 implementation of this Agreement, by means of existing administrative arrangements. The results shall then be reported
 to the relevant Sub-committees and to the Joint Committee. The Parties commit to examine and solve such cases with the
 shortest possible delay in a friendly manner, in line with their respective applicable laws and with WTO, OIE, IPPC and
 Codex Alimentarius standards.
 ANNEX IV
 A: CONSOLIDATED LIST OF CONCESSIONS APPLIED TO IMPORTS INTO THE EUROPEAN UNION OF
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AND FISHERY PRODUCTS ORIGINATING IN THE WEST BANK AND THE
 GAZA STRIP BEFORE THE ENTRY INTO FORCE OF THIS AGREEMENT IN THE FORM OF AN EXCHANGE
 OF LETTERS
 1. The products listed in the Annex, originating in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip shall be admitted for importation
 into the European Union, according to the conditions contained hereafter and in the Annex.
 (a) Customs duties are eliminated or reduced as indicated in column ‘a’.
 (b) For certain products, for which the Common Customs Tariff provides the application of an ad valorem duty and a
 specific duty, the rates of reduction, indicated in columns ‘a’ and ‘c’, only apply to the ad valorem duty. However,
 for the product corresponding to the subheading 1509 10, the duty reduction applies to the specific duty.
 (c) For certain products, customs duties are eliminated within the limit of the tariff quotas listed in column ‘b’ for each
 of them; the tariff quotas shall apply on an annual basis from 1 January to 31 December, unless otherwise
 specified.
 (d) For the quantities imported in excess of the quotas, the common customs duties are, according to the product
 concerned, applied in full or reduced, as indicated in column ‘c’.
 2. For certain products, the exemption of customs duties is granted in the framework of reference quantities as indicated
 in column ‘d’.
 Should the volume of imports of one of these products exceed the reference quantity, the European Union, having
 regard to an annual review of trade flows which it shall carry out, may make the product in question subject to a tariff
 quota of the Union, the volume of which shall be equal to the reference quantity. In that case, for quantities imported
 in excess of the quota, the common customs duty is, according to the product concerned, applied in full or reduced as
 indicated in column ‘c’.
 3. For the first year of application, the volumes of the tariff quotas and the reference quantities shall be calculated as a
 pro rata of the basic volumes, taking into account the period elapsed before the date of entry into force of this
 Protocol.
 4. For some products listed in the Annex, the volume of the tariff quota is increased twice, on the basis of the volume
 indicated in column ‘e’. The first increase takes place on the date when each tariff quota is opened for the second time.
 ---pagebreak--- 10.12.2011 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 328/13
 Reduction
 of the
 Reduction MFN
 Tariff Reference
 of the customs
 quota quantity
 MFN duty Specific
 (t, unless (t, unless
 customs beyond provisions
 CN Code (1) Description (2) otherwise otherwise
 duty current or
 indicated) indicated)
 (%) (3) possible
 tariff quota
 (%) (3)
 a b c d e
 0409 00 00 Natural honey 100 500 0 point 4 —
 yearly
 increase of
 250 t
 0603 11 00 Cut flowers and flower buds, fresh, of a 100 2 000 0 point 4 —
 0603 12 00 kind suitable for bouquets or for orna yearly
 0603 13 00 mental purposes increase of
 0603 14 00 250 t
 0603 19 10
 0603 19 90
 0702 00 00 Tomatoes, fresh or chilled, from 1 100 60 2 000
 December to 31 March
 0703 10 11 Onions, fresh or chilled, from 15 February 100 60
 0703 10 19 to 15 May
 0709 30 00 Aubergines (eggplants), fresh or chilled, 100 60 3 000
 from 15 January to 30 April
 ex 0709 60 Fruits of the genus Capsicum or of the
 genus Pimenta, fresh or chilled:
 0709 60 10 Sweet peppers 100 40 1 000
 0709 60 99 Other 100 80
 0709 90 70 Courgettes, fresh or chilled, from 1 100 60 300
 December to end of February
 ex 0709 90 90 Wild onions of the species Muscari 100 60
 comosum, fresh or chilled, from 15
 February to 15 May
 0710 80 59 Fruits of the genus Capsicum or Pimenta, 100 80
 other than sweet peppers, uncooked or
 cooked by steaming or boiling in water,
 frozen
 0711 90 10 Fruits of the genus Capsicum or Pimenta, 100 80
 other than sweet peppers, provisionally
 preserved but unsuitable in that state for
 immediate consumption
 0712 31 00 Mushrooms, wood ears (Auri-cularia spp.), 100 500 0
 0712 32 00 jelly fungi (Tremella spp.) and truffles, dried
 0712 33 00
 0712 39 00
 ex 0805 10 Oranges, fresh 100 60 25 000
 ---pagebreak--- L 328/14 EN Official Journal of the European Union 10.12.2011
 Reduction
 of the
 Reduction MFN
 Tariff Reference
 of the customs
 quota quantity
 MFN duty Specific
 (t, unless (t, unless
 customs beyond provisions
 CN Code (1) Description (2) otherwise otherwise
 duty current or
 indicated) indicated)
 (%) (3) possible
 tariff quota
 (%) (3)
 a b c d e
 ex 0805 20 Mandarins (including tangerines and 100 60 500
 satsumas); clementines, wilkings and
 similar citrus hybrids, fresh
 0805 40 00 Grapefruit 100 80
 ex 0805 50 10 Lemons (Citrus limon, Citrus limonum), fresh 100 40 800
 0806 10 10 Fresh table grapes, from 1 February to 14 100 1 000 0 point 4 —
 July yearly
 increase of
 500 t
 0807 19 00 Melons (excluding water melons), fresh, 100 50 10 000
 from 1 November to 31 May
 0810 10 00 Fresh strawberries, from 1 November to 31 100 2 000 0 point 4 —
 March yearly
 increase of
 500 t
 0812 90 20 Oranges, provisionally preserved, but 100 80
 unsuitable in that state for immediate
 consumption
 0904 20 30 Fruits of the genus Capscium or of the 100 80
 genus Pimenta, other than sweet peppers,
 dried, neither crushed or ground
 1509 10 Virgin olive oil 100 2 000 0 point 4 —
 yearly
 increase of
 500 t
 2001 90 20 Fruits of the genus Capsicum, other than 100 80
 sweet peppers or pimentos, prepared or
 preserved by vinegar or acetic acid
 2005 99 10 Fruits of the genus Capsicum, other than 100 80
 sweet peppers or pimentos, prepared or
 preserved otherwise than by vinegar or
 acetic acid, not frozen
 (1) CN codes corresponding to Regulation (EC) No 948/2009 (OJ L 287, 31.10.2009, p. 1).
 (2) Without prejudice to the rules for the interpretation of the combined nomenclature, the description of the products is deemed to be
 indicative only, the preferential scheme being determined, for the purposes of this Annex, by the coverage of the CN codes. Where ex
 CN codes are indicated, the preferential scheme is to be determined by application of the CN code and corresponding description taken
 together.
 (3) Duty reduction applies only to ad valorem customs duties. However, for the product corresponding to the subheading 1509 10, the
 duty reduction applies to the specific duty.
 ---pagebreak--- 10.12.2011 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 328/15
 B: CONSOLIDATED LIST OF CONCESSIONS APPLYING TO IMPORTS INTO THE EUROPEAN UNION OF
 PROCESSED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS ORIGINATING IN THE WEST BANK AND THE GAZA STRIP
 REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 7(1) OF THE EURO-MEDITERRANEAN INTERIM ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT
 BEFORE THE ENTRY INTO FORCE OF THIS AGREEMENT IN THE FORM OF AN EXCHANGE OF LETTERS
 CN code Description
 0403 Buttermilk, curdled milk and cream, yogurt, kephir and other fermented or acidified milk
 and cream, whether or not concentrated or containing added sugar or other sweetening
 matter or flavoured or containing added fruit, nuts or cocoa:
 0403 10 51 to Yoghurt, flavoured or containing added fruit, nuts or cocoa
 0403 10 99
 0403 90 71 to Buttermilk, curdled milk and cream, kephir and other fermented or acidified milk and
 0403 90 99 cream, flavoured or containing added fruit, nuts or cocoa
 0710 40 00 Sweetcorn (uncooked or cooked by steaming or boiling in water), frozen
 0711 90 30 Sweetcorn provisionally preserved (for example, by sulphur dioxide gas, in brine, in
 sulphur water or in other preservative solutions), but unsuitable in that state for
 immediate consumption
 ex 1517 Margarine; edible mixtures or preparations of animal or vegetable fats or oils or of
 fractions of different fats or oils of this Chapter, other than edible fats or oils or their
 fractions of No 1516:
 1517 10 10 Margarine, excluding liquid margarine, containing more than 10 % but not more than
 15 % by weight of milk fats
 1517 90 10 Other, containing more than 10 % but not more than 15 % by weight of milk fats
 ex 1704 Sugar confectionery (including white chocolate), not containing cocoa; excluding liquorice
 extract containing more than 10 % by weight of sucrose but not containing other added
 substances, falling within CN code 1704 90 10
 1806 Chocolate and other food preparations containing cocoa
 ex 1901 Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract, not containing
 cocoa or containing less than 40 % by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted
 basis, not elsewhere specified or included; food preparations of goods of headings 0401 to
 0404, not containing cocoa or containing less than 5 % by weight of cocoa calculated on a
 totally defatted basis, not elsewhere specified or included, excluding preparations falling
 within CN code 1901 90 91
 ex 1902 Pasta, excluding stuffed pasta falling within CN codes 1902 20 10 and 1902 20 30;
 couscous, whether or not prepared
 1903 Tapioca and substitutes thereof prepared from starch, in the form of flakes, grains, pearls,
 siftings or similar forms
 1904 Prepared foods obtained by the swelling or roasting of cereals or cereal products (for
 example cornflakes); cereals (other than maize (corn)) in grain form or in the form of
 flakes or other worked grains (except flour, groats and meal), pre-cooked or otherwise
 prepared, not elsewhere specified or included
 ---pagebreak--- L 328/16 EN Official Journal of the European Union 10.12.2011
 CN code Description
 1905 Bread, pastry, cakes, biscuits and other bakers’ wares, whether or not containing cocoa;
 communion wafers, empty cachets of a kind suitable for pharmaceutical use, sealing
 wafers, rice paper and similar products
 2001 90 30 Sweetcorn (Zea mays var. saccharata), prepared or preserved by vinegar or acetic acid
 2001 90 40 Yams, sweet potatoes and similar edible parts of plants containing 5 % or more by weight
 of starch, prepared or preserved by vinegar or acetic acid
 2004 10 91 Potatoes in the form of flour, meal or flakes, prepared or preserved otherwise than by
 vinegar or acetic acid, frozen
 2004 90 10 Sweetcorn (Zea mays var. saccharata), prepared or preserved otherwise than by vinegar or
 acetic acid, frozen
 2005 20 10 Potatoes in the form of flour, meal or flakes, prepared or preserved otherwise than by
 vinegar or acetic acid, not frozen
 2005 80 00 Sweetcorn (Zea mays var. saccharata), prepared or preserved otherwise than by vinegar or
 acetic acid, not frozen
 1904 20 10 Preparation of the Müsli type based on unroasted cereal flakes
 2008 99 85 Maize (corn), other than sweetcorn (Zea mays var. saccharata) otherwise prepared or
 preserved, not containing added spirit or added sugar
 2008 99 91 Yams, sweet potatoes and similar edible parts of plants, containing 5 % or more by weight
 of starch, otherwise prepared or preserved, not containing added spirit or added sugar
 2101 12 98 Preparations with a basis of coffee
 2101 20 98 Preparations with a basis of tea or mate
 2101 30 19 Roasted coffee substitutes excluding roasted chicory
 2101 30 99 Extracts, essences and concentrates of roasted coffee substitutes excluding those of roasted
 chicory
 2102 10 31 Bakers’ yeasts
 2102 10 39
 ex 2103 90 90 Sauces and preparations therefor:
 — Mayonnaise
 2105 00 Ice cream and other edible ice, whether or not containing cocoa
 ex 2106 Food preparations not elsewhere specified or included other than those falling within CN
 codes 2106 10 20 and 2106 90 92 and other than flavoured or coloured sugar syrups of
 CN codes 2106 90 30 to 2106 90 59
 2202 90 91 Non-alcoholic beverages, not including fruit or vegetable juices of heading 2009,
 2202 90 95 containing products of headings 0401 to 0404 or fat obtained from products of
 2202 90 99 headings 0401 to 0404
 ---pagebreak--- 10.12.2011 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 328/17
 CN code Description
 2905 43 00 Mannitol
 2905 44 D-Glucitol (sorbitol)
 ex 3505 10 Dextrins and other modified starches, excluding esterified and etherified starches of CN
 code 3505 10 50
 3505 20 Glues based on starches or on dextrins or other modified starches
 3809 10 Finishing agents, dye carriers to accelerate the dyeing or fixing of dyestuffs and other
 products and preparations (for example, dressings and mordants), of a kind used in the
 textile, paper, leather or like industries, not elsewhere specified or included, with a basis of
 amylaceous substances
 3824 60 Sorbitol other than that of subheading 2905 44
 ---pagebreak--- L 328/18 EN Official Journal of the European Union 10.12.2011
 B. Letter from the Palestinian Authority
 Sir/Madam,
 I have the honour to acknowledge receipt of your letter of today’s date which reads as follows:
 ‘I have the honour of referring to the negotiations which took place in accordance with the spirit of
 the Euro-Mediterranean Roadmap for agriculture (Rabat Roadmap), adopted by the Euro-Mediterranean
 Ministers of Foreign Affairs on 28 November 2005, for the acceleration of liberalisation of trade in
 agricultural products, processed agricultural products and fish and fishery products, and under Articles
 7, 12 and 14 (2) of the Euro-Mediterranean Interim Association Agreement on trade and cooperation
 between the European Community, of the one part, and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
 for the benefit of the Palestinian Authority of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (hereinafter referred to
 as ‘Palestinian Authority’), of the other part (hereinafter referred to as the ‘Interim Association
 Agreement’), in force since 1 July 1997, which states that the Community and the Palestinian
 Authority shall progressively establish greater liberalisation, inter alia, of their trade in agricultural
 products of interest to both Parties.
 A. The Parties have agreed on the following temporary amendments to the Interim Association
 Agreement:
 1. Protocol 1 shall be replaced by that appearing in Annex I to this Agreement in the form of an
 Exchange of Letters, subject to the provisions of point C thereof.
 B. The Parties have also agreed on the following permanent amendments to the Interim Association
 Agreement:
 1. Article 4 shall be replaced by the following:
 ‘The provisions of this Chapter shall apply to products originating in the European Union and in
 the West Bank and the Gaza Strip other than those listed in chapters 1 to 24 of the Combined
 Nomenclature (CN) and of the customs tariff of the Palestinian Authority, and those listed in
 Annex 1(1)(ii) of the Agreement on Agriculture of the GATT. However, this Chapter shall
 continue to apply to chemically pure lactose of CN code 1702 11 00 and glucose and
 glucose syrup, containing in the dry state 99 % or more by weight of glucose of CN codes
 ex 1702 30 50 and ex 1702 30 90.’.
 2. The title of Chapter 2 shall be replaced by the following:
 ‘AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, PROCESSED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AND FISH AND
 FISHERY PRODUCTS’.
 3. Article 11 shall be replaced by the following:
 ‘The provisions of this Chapter shall apply to products originating in the European Union and in
 the West Bank and the Gaza Strip listed in chapters 1 to 24 of the Combined Nomenclature
 (CN) and of the customs tariff of the Palestinian Authority, and those listed in Annex 1(1)(ii) of
 the Agreement on Agriculture of the GATT, with exception of chemically pure lactose of CN
 code 1702 11 00 and of glucose and glucose syrup, containing in the dry state, 99 % or more
 by weight of glucose of CN codes ex 1702 30 50 and ex 1702 30 90, for which duty free
 market access was already granted within Chapter 1.’.
 4. Article 12 shall be replaced by the following:
 ‘The European Union and the Palestinian Authority shall progressively establish greater liberali
 sation of their trade in agricultural products, processed agricultural products and fish and fishery
 products of interest to both Parties.’.
 ---pagebreak--- 10.12.2011 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 328/19
 5. Article 13 shall be replaced by the following:
 ‘1. Agricultural products, processed agricultural products and fish and fishery products orig
 inating in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip listed in Protocol 1, on importation into the
 European Union shall be subject to the arrangements set out in that Protocol.
 2. Agricultural products, processed agricultural products and fish and fishery products orig
 inating in the European Union listed in Protocol 2, on importation into the West Bank and the
 Gaza Strip shall be subject to the arrangements set out in that Protocol.’.
 6. Article 23bis shall be added:
 ‘Temporary Withdrawal of Preferences
 1. The Parties agree that administrative cooperation and assistance are essential for the
 implementation and the control of the preferential treatment granted under this Agreement
 and underline their commitment to combat irregularities and fraud in customs and related
 matters.
 2. Where a Party has made a finding, on the basis of objective information, of a failure to
 provide administrative cooperation/assistance and/or of irregularities or fraud under this
 Agreement, the Party concerned may temporarily suspend the relevant preferential treatment
 of the product(s) concerned in accordance with this Article.
 3. For the purpose of this Article a failure to provide administrative cooperation/assistance
 shall mean, inter alia:
 (a) a repeated failure to respect the obligations to verify the originating status of the product(s)
 concerned;
 (b) a repeated refusal or undue delay in carrying out and/or communicating the results of
 subsequent verification of the proof of origin;
 (c) a repeated refusal or undue delay in obtaining authorisation to conduct enquiry visits to
 determine the authenticity of documents or accuracy of information relevant to the granting
 of the preferential treatment in question.
 4. For the purpose of this Article a finding of irregularities or fraud may be made, inter alia,
 where there is a rapid increase, without satisfactory explanation, in imports of goods exceeding
 the usual level of production and export capacity of the other Party that is linked to objective
 information concerning irregularities or fraud.
 5. The application of a temporary suspension shall be subject to the following conditions:
 (a) The Party which has made a finding, on the basis of objective information, of a failure to
 provide administrative cooperation/assistance and/or of irregularities or fraud shall without
 undue delay notify the Joint Committee of its finding together with the objective
 information and enter into consultations within the Joint Committee, on the basis of all
 relevant information and objective findings, with a view to reaching a solution acceptable to
 both Parties.
 ---pagebreak--- L 328/20 EN Official Journal of the European Union 10.12.2011
 (b) Where the Parties have entered into consultations within the Joint Committee and have
 failed to agree on an acceptable solution within 3 months following the notification, the
 Party concerned may temporarily suspend the relevant preferential treatment of the
 product(s) concerned. A temporary suspension shall be notified to the Joint Committee
 without undue delay.
 (c) Temporary suspensions under this Article shall be limited to that necessary to protect the
 financial interests of the Party concerned. They shall not exceed a period of 6 months, which
 may be renewed if at the date of expiry nothing has changed with respect to the conditions
 that gave rise to the initial suspension. They shall be subject to periodic consultations within
 the Joint Committee, in particular with a view to their termination as soon as the conditions
 for their application no longer apply.
 Each Party shall publish according to its internal procedures, in the case of the European Union
 in the Official Journal of the European Union, notices to importers concerning any: notification
 referred to in paragraph 5 (a); decision referred to in paragraph 5 (b); and extension or
 termination referred to in paragraph 5 (c).’.
 7. Protocol 2 and its Annexes shall be replaced by those appearing in Annex II to this Agreement
 in the form of an Exchange of Letters.
 8. A Common Declaration on sanitary and phytosanitary or technical barriers to trade issues,
 appearing in Annex III to this Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters, shall be
 added to the Interim Association Agreement.
 C. The Parties have agreed on the following additional provisions:
 1. (a) The temporary amendments provided for under point A shall apply for a period of 10 years
 from the entry into force of this Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters. However,
 depending on the future economic development of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, a possible
 extension for an additional period of those amendments could be considered by the Joint
 Committee. Such a decision shall be taken by the Joint Committee at the latest 1 year before
 the expiration of the 10 years period as provided by this Agreement in the form of an
 Exchange of Letters.
 (b) The European Union and the Palestinian Authority shall meet 5 years from the date of entry
 into force of this Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters, to consider the
 possibility of granting each other further permanent concessions of trade in agricultural
 products, processed agricultural products and fish and fishery products with the objective
 laid down in Article 12 of the Interim Association Agreement.
 (c) The starting point for future reciprocal negotiations will be the consolidated concessions of
 the Interim Association Agreement, which are listed in Annexes II and IV of this Agreement
 in the form of an Exchange of Letters.
 (d) It is understood that the trade conditions to be granted by the European Union as a result of
 these future negotiations may be less favourable than those granted under the this
 Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters.
 2. Article 7(1) of the Interim Association Agreement shall not apply pending the application of the
 temporary amendments provided for under point A of this Agreement in the form of an
 Exchange of Letters.
 This Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters shall enter into force on the first day of the third
 month following the date of the deposit of the last instrument of approval.’.
 I have the honour to confirm that the Palestinian Authority is in agreement with the content of your letter.
 Please accept, Sir/Madam, the assurance of my highest consideration.
 ---pagebreak--- 10.12.2011 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 328/21
 Done at Brussels,
 Съставено в Брюксел на
 Hecho en Bruselas, el
 V Bruselu dne
 Udfærdiget i Bruxelles, den
 Geschehen zu Brüssel am
 Brüssel,
 Έγινε στις Βρυξέλλες, στις
 Fait à Bruxelles, le
 Fatto a Bruxelles, addì
 Briselē,
 Priimta Briuselyje,
 Kelt Brüsszelben,
 Magħmul fi Brussell,
 Gedaan te Brussel,
 Sporządzono w Brukseli dnia
 Feito em Bruxelas,
 Întocmit la Bruxelles,
 V Bruseli
 V Bruslju,
 Tehty Brysselissä
 Utfärdat i Bryssel den
 For the Palestinian Authority
 За Палестинската администрация
 Por la Autoridad Palestina
 Za palestinskou samosprávu
 For Den Palæstinensiske Myndighed
 Für die Palästinensische Behörde
 Palestiina omavalitsuse nimel
 Για την Παλαιστινιακή Αρχή
 Pour l'Autorité palestinienne
 Per l'Autorità palestinese
 Palestīniešu pašpārvaldes vārdā –
 Palestinos Administracijos vardu
 A Palesztin Hatóság részéről
 Għall-Awtorità Palestinjana
 Voor de Palestijnse Autoriteit
 W imieniu Autonomii Palestyńskiej
 Pela Autoridade Palestiniana
 Pentru Autoritatea Palestiniană
 V mene Palestínskej samosprávy
 Za Palestinsko upravo
 Palestiinalaishallinnon puolesta
 För den palestinska myndigheten


type: wikipedia

text:
 Udalosti
 636 – Arabi vedení Chálidom ibn al-Valídom zvíťazili nad Byzanciou v bitke pri Jarmúku, v dôsledku čoho padla do rúk moslimov Sýria a Palestína
 1940 – ruský revolucionár Lev Davidovič Trockij sa stal obeťou atentátu agenta NKVD Ramóna Mercadera, na druhý deň zraneniam podľahol
 1944 – druhá svetová vojna: začala sa jassko-kišinevská operácia, útok Červenej armády na nemecké pozície v Rumunsku
 1949 – bola prijatá komunistická ústava Maďarskej ľudovej republiky
 1968 – 200 000 vojakov a 5 000 tankov vojsk Varšavskej zmluvy vtrhlo do Česko-Slovenska, aby ukončili Pražskú jar
 1975 – štart kozmickej sondy Viking 1
 1977 – štart kozmickej sondy Voyager 2
 1988 – Iránsko-iracká vojna: vstúpilo do platnosti prímerie, ktoré ukončilo tento osem rokov trvajúci krvavý konflikt
 1991 – Estónsko vyhlásilo nezávislosť od Sovietskeho zväzu
 2016 – slovenský štvorkajak v zložení Erik Vlček, Juraj Tarr, Denis Myšák, Tibor Linka získal striebornú medailu na olympiáde v Rio de Janeiro
 Narodenia
 1663 – Ján Pálfi, uhorský šľachtic a vojvodca, palatín, chorvátsky bán a krajinský sudca († 1751)
 1779 – Jöns Jakob Berzelius, švédsky chemik († 1848)
 1827 – Gabriel Corsan-Avendano, slovenský matematik († 1903)
 1827 – Josef Strauss, rakúsky hudobný skladateľ († 1870)
 1847 – Boleslav Prus, poľský spisovateľ († 1912)
 1860 – Raymond Poincaré, francúzsky štátnik († 1934)
 1886 – Paul Tillich, americký protestantský teológ nemeckého pôvodu († 1965)
 1889 – Wilhelm August Flitner, nemecký pedagóg († 1990)
 1890 – Emilio Betti, taliansky filozof a právnik († 1968)
 1901 – Salvatore Quasimodo, taliansky spisovateľ, nositeľ Nobelovej ceny za literatúru († 1968)
 1906 – Henry Austin, anglický tenista († 2000)
 1910 – Albert Reble, nemecký pedagóg († 2000)
 1912 – František Fajtl, český letec († 2006)
 1913 – Roger Wolcott Sperry, americký zoológ, neurobiológ a neurofyziológ († 1994)
 1918 – Jacqueline Susannová, americká spisovateľka († 1974)
 1924 – Milan Kraus, slovenský básnik, esejista a prekladateľ († 2006)
 1932 – Vasilij Pavlovič Aksionov, ruský spisovateľ a disident († 2009)
 1935 – Ron Paul, americký politik
 1936 – Hideki Širakawa, japonský chemik, nositeľ Nobelovej ceny za chémiu
 1941 – Slobodan Milošević, srbský prezident († 2006)
 1941 – Július Satinský, slovenský humorista, dramatik, prozaik, fejtónista a herec († 2002)
 1944 – Dušan Kabát, slovenský futbalista
 1948 – Robert Plant, britský rockový spevák
 1948 – John Noble, austrálsky filmový a televízny herec a režisér
 1949 – Ladislav Kulanga, slovenský horský nosič a chatár († 2020)
 1949 – Phil Lynott, írsky spevák († 1986)
 1951 – Greg Bear, americký spisovateľ vedeckej fantastiky
 1952 – Hana Gregorová, slovenská herečka
 1955 – Darina Gabániová, slovenská politička
 1956 – Joan Allenová, americká herečka
 1957 – Simon Donaldson, britský matematik
 1960 – Jozef Elsner, slovenský politik
 1960 – Štěpán Hájek, český evanjelický farár a pesničkár
 1963 – Pavol Rusko, slovenský politik
 1966 – Dimebag Darrell, americký heavymetalový gitarista († 2004)
 1970 – Els Callensová, belgická tenistka
 1970 – Fred Durst, americký spevák (Limp Bizkit)
 1974 – Amy Adamsová, americká herečka
 1979 – Sarah Borwellová, britská tenistka
 1980 – Samuel Dumoulin, francúzsky cyklista
 1981 – Ben Barnes, britský herec a spevák
 1990 – Peter Slimák, slovenský hokejový obranca
 1991 – Juraj Majdan, slovenský hokejový útočník
 1992 – Demi Lovato, americká speváčka, herečka a skladateľka
 Úmrtia
 535 – svätý Mochta, írsky misionár (* ?)
 984 – Ján XIV., 136. pápež (* ?)
 1153 – svätý Bernard z Clairvaux, francúzsky rímskokatolícky rehoľník, filozof a mystik (* 1090)
 1823 – Pius VII., 251. pápež (* 1742)
 1845 – svätý Albert Chmielowski, poľský zakladateľ rímskokatolíckeho rádu Albertínov († 1916)
 1854 – Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling, nemecký filozof (* 1775)
 1908 – Gustáv Kazimír Zechenter-Laskomerský, slovenský spisovateľ (* 1824)
 1914 – Pius X., 257. pápež (* 1835)
 1917 – Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf Ritter von Baeyer, nemecký chemik (* 1835)
 1946 – Vojtech Tuka, maďarsko-slovenský politik (* 1880)
 1948 – Emery Roth, americký architekt narodený na Slovensku (* 1871)
 1961 – Percy Williams Bridgman, americký fyzik a filozof (* 1882)
 1968 – George Gamow, ukrajinsko-americký fyzik (* 1904)
 1980 – Joe Dassin, americko-francúzsky spevák, gitarista a skladateľ (* 1938)
 1982 – Václav Voska, český divadelný a filmový herec (* 1918)
 2000 – Henry Austin, anglický tenista (* 1906)
 2001 – sir Fred Hoyle, anglický matematik a astronóm (* 1915)
 2003 – Kálmán Janics, maďarský lekár a obhajca práv príslušníkov maďarskej menšiny (* 1912)
 2005 – Ladislav Vychodil, slovenský scénický výtvarník (* 1920)
 2008 – Sergej Mergeljan, arménsky matematik (* 1928)
 2013 – Elmore Leonard, americký spisovateľ (* 1925)
 2013 – Ted Post, americký režisér (* 1918)
 2015 – Michal Česnek, slovenský hokejista (* 1979)
 2017 – Jerry Lewis, americký komik (* 1926)
 20
 ~0820


type: contracts

jurisdiction: EU

text:
 Avis juridique important
 |
 21990A0412(02)
 Exchange of Letters relating to point 2 of the 1982 Agreement between the European Economic Community and the People' s Republic of Bulgaria on trade in the sheepmeat and goatmeat sector -
 Official Journal L 095 , 12/04/1990 P. 0006
 Exchange of Letters relating to point 2 of the 1982 Agreement between the European Economic Community and the People's Republic of Bulgaria on trade in the sheepmeat and goatmeat sector A. Letter No 1 Brussels, . . . . . ., Sir, I have the honour to refer to the Exchange of Letters of today's date relating to the 1982 Agreement between the European Community and Bulgaria on trade in mutton and lamb. I also have the honour to confirm that before 31 December 1990, in addition to the global quantity fixed in point 2 of the 1982 Agreement, Bulgaria may deliver a supplementary quantity of 1 000 tonnes of which a maximum of 400 tonnes in the form of meat. I should be obliged if you would kindly acknowledge receipt of this letter. Please accept, Sir, the assurance of my highest consideration. On behalf of the Council of the European Communities B. Letter No 2 Brussels, . . . . . ., Sir, I have the honour to acknowledge receipt of your letter of today's date which reads as follows: 'I have the honour to refer to the Exchange of Letters of today's date relating to the 1982 Agreement between the European Community and Bulgaria on trade in mutton and lamb. I also have the honour to confirm that before 31 December 1990, in addition to the global quantity fixed in point 2 of the 1982 Agreement, Bulgaria may deliver a supplementary quantity of 1 000 tonnes of which a maximum of 400 tonnes in the form of meat. I should be obliged if you would kindly acknowledge receipt of this letter.' Please accept, Sir, the assurance of my highest consideration. For the Government of the People's Republic of Bulgaria


text:
Gripsholms slott är ett kungligt slott vid Mälaren, strax utanför Mariefreds gamla stadskärna i Strängnäs kommun. Slottet ägs av Svenska staten och förvaltas av Statens fastighetsverk. Till slottsområdet hör, förutom själva slottsbyggnaden, även bland annat Gripsholms kungsladugård och en hjorthage.
 Gripsholms slott inrymmer Statens porträttsamling med över 5 000 verk, med exempel på porträttkonstens förändringar från 1500-talet och fram till nutid. Samlingen grundades 1820. Sedan 1860-talet har Nationalmuseum ansvar för porträttsamlingen. På slottet finns också ett uppstoppat lejon även kallat "Legenden Leo" som har underhållit besökare sedan 1700-talet.
 Läge
 Slottet ligger vid Gripsholmsfjärden i Mälaren, på det som ursprungligen var en cirka 400 meter lång och 150 meter bred holme. Genom landhöjningen har området omkring borgen torrlagts. Slottsholmen avskiljs av en vallgrav med vindbrygga. Under vissa perioder har vallgraven varit igenfylld, men den öppnades igen i samband med en större renovering av slottet på 1890-talet.
 Omedelbart norr om själva slottet, på den så kallade Rännarbanan, står några runstenar med berättelser om det berömda Ingvarståget.
 Något längre norrut finns flera byggnader som har tillhört slottets jordbruk, Kungsladugården.
 Slottet är äldre än den näraliggande staden Mariefred och ligger inom det område som fram till 1952 var Kärnbo socken.
 Historia
 Borgen
 Gripsholms tidigaste historia går tillbaka till några gårdar i Kärnbo socken, bland dem Näsby och Finsta (även skrivet Finstad), som drotsen Bo Jonsson (Grip) förvärvade åren 1377–1380. Där bildade han ett gods och lät bygga en borg, som fick både strategisk och politisk närhet till Stockholm.
 Omkring år 1380 utfärdade Bo Jonsson ett brev som nämner namnet Nesboholm. Året därpå, i maj 1381, användes det nuvarande namnet Gripsholm för första gången, i ett köpebrev. Namnet har kopplingar till Bo Jonssons släktvapen, ett griphuvud.
 År 1383 bjöd Bo Jonsson kung Albrekt av Mecklenburg till Gripsholm, som där fick avge en försäkran att han i framtiden alltid skulle rätta sig efter de råd som gavs av rikets råd.
 Bo Jonsson dog år 1386. Hans arvingar sålde år 1404 egendomen till drottning Margareta. Åren 1423–1446 stod Gripsholms slott i pant hos greven Hans Ludvigsson av Everstein. I samband med Engelbrektsfejden 1434 omringades Gripsholm av en sörmländsk bondehär från området kring Eskilstuna, Rekarne. Slottsfogden Hartvig Flögh lät sätta eld på borgen och flydde till Stockholm med dess dyrbarheter. Träbyggnaderna som brunnit ner ersattes snart av nya.
 Sten Sture den äldre bytte till sig Gripsholm 1472. Till borgen byggdes ett kapell som tillägnades Jungfru Maria.
 Den ursprungliga borg som uppfördes av Bo Jonsson låg troligen inom det område som idag rymmer slottets förborg. Det finns bara några få rester kvar av den medeltida borgen – två fasader av gråsten vid Kronoköket och källaren till Stureskansen, bägge inom den nuvarande förborgen.
 År 1493 donerade Sten Sture borgen till Kartusianorden. Munkarna uppförde ett kloster, Pax Mariae, på den plats i närheten av borgen där Mariefreds kyrka senare byggdes. Donationen bekräftades av Sten Sture i ett brev daterat 1498.
 Vasaslottet Gripsholm
 Klostrets existens blev kortvarig. År 1526 blev Pax Mariae det första kloster som indrogs av Gustav Vasa. I december 1525 gjorde han anspråk på godset i egenskap av arvtagare till Sten Sture den äldre, som hade donerat gården till klostret med villkoret att gården skulle återgå till de rätta arvingarna om klostret eller orden inte längre hölls vid makt. Anspråket legitimerades av riksrådet i januari 1526.
 Gustav Vasa lät riva borgen och började år 1537 uppföra ett slott, med hjälp av byggmästarna Henrik von Cöllen och Fredrik Nussdorffer. Slottet byggdes i tegel och det krävdes ett stort antal murare för klara det stora bygget. År 1539 var Måns Höck ansvarig murarmästare, som den främste av sammanlagt tjugo murarmästare som då var verksamma vid slottsbygget.
 Slottet var avsett att vara en försvarsborg mot både utländska som inhemska hot. Slottets kärna, med de fyra tornen och en sluten borggård, stod i stort sett färdig år 1545, men det pågick byggnadsarbeten av olika slag även därefter. Under senare delen av 1500-talet utökades slottet med den så kallade förborgen.
 Slottet var omodernt som försvarsborg redan från början men användes för detta ändamål under Dackefejden. År 1542 gav kungen order till sin fogde Måns Smed att det skulle befästas. Året därefter gav han order om att det skulle uppföras ett staket och ett bröstvärn. Kungens hustru, drottning Margareta Eriksdotter, vände sig i ett brev till Arboga stad och bad om hjälp eftersom det rådde tegelbrist på Gripsholm. Det hämtades även byggmaterial till slottet från Vårfruberga kloster på Fogdön, som också ligger i Strängnäs kommun.
 Byggnationen pågick även senare under Gustav Vasas regeringstid. År 1556 skrev han till exempel till slottets befallningsman Erik Dalkarl och befallde honom att arbeta med förborgen och se till att den fick en bättre källare än den som är på slottet.
 Efter Gustav Vasas död 1560 började det förfalla, men hans söner lät komplettera slottet. Erik XIV slutförde byggandet av förborgen och i slutet av 1500-talet genomförde hertig Karl flera förändringar.
 Johan III och hans fru Katarina Jagellonica satt i fängelse här mellan 1563 och 1567 och deras första barn, Isabella och Sigismund föddes på Gripsholm.
 År 1571 lät istället Johan III fängsla sin bror Erik XIV och hans familj på Gripsholm. Den 13 juni 1573 flyttades Erik av hertig Karl, officiellt på grund av reparation av taket på slottet. Han satt dock inte fängslad i det lilla rummet i fängelsetornet som kallas "Erik XIV:s fängelse" utan i ett annat utrymme på första våningen i slottet.
 1600- och 1700-talen
 Gripsholm ingick mellan 1654 och 1715 i Hedvig Eleonoras livgeding. Hedvig Eleonora, som ofta bodde där innan hon blev änka, genomförde stora förändringar. Hon lät till exempel uppföra Drottningflygeln 1691, och ersatte 1708 tegeltaket med ett koppartak.
 Gustavianska tiden
 Mellan 1773 och 1785 tillbringade kung Gustaf III periodvis lång tid på Gripsholm, tillsammans med stora delar sitt hov. Besöken skedde främst på hösten och ofta över julen. Redan 1773 inrättades på drottning Sofia Magdalenas initiativ en enkel teaterlokal i det torn som tidigare, fram till 1738, hade inrymt ett slottskapell. Den 8 juli 1781 inleddes bygget av en ny teater i samma torn. Den ritades av arkitekten Erik Palmstedt och stod klar för invigning till kungens Gripsholmsvistelse våren 1782.
 På 1770-talet försågs de flesta av rummen med kakelugnar för uppvärmning och den så kallade ”Kavaljersflygeln” uppfördes.
 Renoveringen under 1890-talet
 Under 1890-talet genomfördes en omfattande renovering under ledning av arkitekten Fredrik Lilljekvist. En förening, Gripsholmsföreningen, bildades i januari 1889 för att leda restaureringsarbetet, samt samla in pengar och söka annat stöd för arbetet. Drivande bakom förslaget var chefen för Nationalmuseum, Gustaf Upmark. Ambitionen var att slottet skulle återfå den yttre karaktär som det hade i slutet av 1500-talet.
 Kung Oscar II var föreningens beskyddare och bidrog själv till finansieringen. Han godkände de första delarna av ombyggnadsplanerna vid en konselj den 18 september 1891. Beslutet innebar att Gripsholms slott skulle ställas i "ett i dess egenskap av nationalmonument värdigt skick". Arbetena skulle utföras utan kostnader för staten.
 Restaurerings- och ombyggnadsarbetet inleddes i mitten av juli 1892. Fredrik Lilljekvist var anställd vid Överintendentsämbetet. Han hade redan år 1887 deltagit vid Konstakademiens elevutställning och där visat upp sju ritningar med uppmätningar över slottet samt tolv "restaurationsritningar". För dessa senare belönades han år 1889 med en silvermedalj vid världsutställningen i Paris.
 Som stöd för arbetet hade Lilljekvist bland annat bevarade spår på byggnaden, avbildningar från bland annat Suecia antiqua et hodierna samt utformningen av andra svenska 1500-talsslott. Upmark och Lilljekvist besökte och dokumenterade detaljer vid bland annat Vadstena, Läckö och Rydboholm "för att hämta förebilder och motiv".
 Vallgraven, som fyllts igen under Gustaf IIIs tid, öppnades och det byggdes en ny vindbrygga. Delar av slottet byggdes på med en våning in mot inre borggården, vilket var ett återställande av förändringar som hade genomförts i början av 1700-talet. Fasaderna mot inre borggården dekormålades. Vissa fönsteröppningar byggdes om och slottet utsmyckades med plåtdetaljer. På inre borggården restes en brunn som hämtades från utställningsstaden Gamla Stockholm, som hade byggts upp för Stockholmsutställningen 1897. Över trappan till slottets huvudentré byggdes ett burspråk, en karnap. En tidigare utbyggnad på samma ställe hade rivits år 1773. Förborgen fick en utsmyckning i form av en tornutbyggnad över öppningen till infartsporten och Fängelsetornet höjdes något och fick en ny huv.
 En del av de planerade förändringarna genomfördes aldrig. Det gäller till exempel förslaget att riva Kavaljersflygeln, som uppförts under slutet av 1700-talet. Lilljekvist beskrev den planen som "en av slottsrestaureringens huvudpunkter såväl i historiskt som arkitektoniskt hänseende". Han ville ersätta Kavaljersflygeln med en rekonstruktion av den ursprungliga skansmuren, som legat på samma plats. Men rivningen blev inte verklighet, troligen av kostnadsskäl.
 Lilljekvists restaurerings- och ombyggnadsarbete slutfördes 1899.
 Kritik mot renoveringen
 Upmarks och Lilljekvists renoveringsarbete blev omstritt och föremål för en stor debatt inom den svenska kulturvärlden. De principer som Lilljekvist arbetade efter, och som han delade med 1800-talets meste restaureringsarkitekt Helgo Zettervall, förkastades som historieförfalskning där de förändringar som samlats under århundradena ersattes med "äldre" nymodigheter. Flera byggnadsdetaljer har, enligt ett senare sätt att se, uppfattats som ohistoriska. Även under tiden som restaureringarna pågick, pågick en hetsig debatt om förändringarna på Gripsholm och restaureringarna av äldre byggnader i allmänhet.
 Författaren Verner von Heidenstam var en framträdande kritiker. Som introduktion över en artikel, Gripsholm som fornminne, som han år 1894 publicerade i skriften Modern barbarism beskrev Heidenstam Gripsholmsrenoveringen med följande ord: "Ano Domini 1893 gjordes detta gambla hus ændnu gamblare".
 I Modern barbarism skrev han dessutom bland annat att "Restaurerandets goda afsikt är obestridd, men välmeningen kan gå vilse". Han ansåg även att "Ett restaureradt Pompeji vore ett ödelagdt Pompeji, och detsamma skall sägas om ett stiliseradt Gripsholm, med nya vallar och karnaper. Hellre en ruin! Gustaf Vasas Gripsholm kan härmas, men det är icke en konstlärd efterbildning vi önska se, utan de äkta spillrorna, äfven om dessa stamma från en långt senare tid".
 När Vitterhetsakademien femtio år efter renoveringen publicerade en redogörelse för 1890-talets renoveringsarbete beskrev konsthistorikern Nils G. Wollin kritiken mot Lilljekvist som "orättvis". Han pekade bland annat på det skick som slottet hade när ombyggnadsbeslutet togs, samt att arbetet skedde i nära samarbete med flera av den tidens främsta experter. Även Wollin var dock, med ett då modernare sätt att se på frågan, kritisk mot delar av resultatet.
 1900-talet
 Även under 1900-talet genomfördes en del renoveringsarbete på slottet, både interiört och exteriört. Mellan 1965 och 1967 togs de putsade fasaderna på inre borggården bort. De hade funnits sedan Vasatiden och fått utsmyckningar vid renoveringen på 1890-talet. Borggårdens fasad står därefter oputsad, i ett skick som den troligen aldrig tidigare har haft.
 Under 1950-talet gjordes olika förändringar i slottets största rum, Rikssalen.
 Slottet som fängelse
 Gripsholms slott har vid många tillfällen använts som fängelse. Två av Gustav Vasas söner, kungarna Erik XIV och Johan III, har suttit fängslade där. Den avsatte kungen Gustav IV Adolf tillbringade huvuddelen av sitt sista år i Sverige, 1809, i fångenskap på Gripsholm. Mellan 1597 och 1610 var sammanlagt 35 stats- och krigsfångar på slottet. Bland dem fanns flera av tidens stormän, som Gustav Banér och Klas Bielke.
 Tornen
 Inget av de fyra huvudtornen har någon historia som sträcker sig tillbaka ända till Bo Jonssons ursprungliga borg, utan är skapade vid Gustav Vasas slottsbygge som började 1537. De har därefter byggts om vid flera tillfällen både interiört och exteriört, och fått nya uppgifter. Tornen har genom åren haft olika namn och kallas numera Griptornet, Vasatornet, Fängelsetornet och Teatertornet. Mellan tornen finns flera olika huskroppar som även de har tillkommit och byggts om under olika tidsepoker. Tornen var ursprungligen bestyckade med kanoner. Byggnadsmaterialet är tegel, med en sockel av gråsten.
 Griptornet
 Ägnat huvudsakligen för försvar, varje av de fem våningarna har varit generöst försedd med kanoner. Samtliga våningar har en lodrät passage för transport av förnödenheter eller kanonkulor. Tornet har också använts som fängelse, i vilket inskrifter finns:
 "Anno 1600 den 3 Aprilis Bleffüe wij här insatte, Troo Gudh i alle tingh, Arffwid Ericksonn Till Lindöö och Peÿtz, Gud wett min lycka, Axel Korck Till Aniela, Wij haffue setted för vår troohett och lydett för wåre synder, kome här uth den..."
 De båda, och Karl Gustafsson Stenbock fängslades här av hertig Karl, under striderna mellan honom och Sigismund.
 Vasatornet
 Varje våning har bara ett rum. På första våningen ligger förråd, andra våningen inhyser Gustav Vasas säng från gården Räfsnäs. På tredje våningen ligger Gustav III:s divan. På 1700-talet hade Kungen flera divaner i rummet, därav namnet. Idag hänger Slottets självporträtt här.
 Teatertornet
 Slottets största torn ligger längst söderut i slottskomplexet. Tornet har även kallats Kyrktornet eftersom dess översta våning tidigare, från Karl IX:s tid, använts som slottskyrka. Ursprungligen var tornet avsett både för försvar och bostad.
 Gustaf III:s teater
 På översta våningen finns den teater som Gustaf III lät bygga 1781–1782. Utrymmet hade tidigare, fram till 1738, använts som slottskyrka. Kungen hade engagerat en fransk teatertrupp som behövde en scen vid hovet. Uppdraget att skapa teatern fick till arkitekten Erik Palmstedt, som nyligen kommit hem efter en två år lång resa till Tyskland, Holland, Frankrike och Italien. För att skapa utrymme för både scen och salong höjdes Drottningflygeln med tre halvvåningar, så den kom i nivå med teatern. Tornrundeln blev salong medan den påbyggda delen av Drottningflygeln blev scen och loger för kungen och hans uppvaktning. Arbetena påbörjades i juli 1781. I maj 1782 visades den första föreställningen.
 Teatern är väl bevarad med bibehållna ursprungliga scenanordningar och dekorationer. På ömse sidor scenens öppningen mot salongen står två statyer i gips. De är gjorda av Tobias Sergel och föreställer musorna Thalia och Melpomene. Intill teatern finns ett rum med en väggdekoration som hämtades från det Gustavianska operahuset i Stockholm när det revs på 1890-talet.
 Runda salongen
 På andra våningen i Teatertornet finns Gustaf III:s runda salong. Drottning Hedvig Eleonora använde rummet för en samling familjeporträtt. År 1779 gjordes inredningen om av Jean Eric Rehn. Gustaf III använde rummet för sina och drottningens särskilda mottagningar.
 Riksrådssalen
 På Teatertornets bottenvåning finns Riksrådssalen. Den har tidigare kallats bland annat Westfaliska kongressalen och Svenska galleriet, efter de porträtt som varit utställda där.
 Fängelsetornet
 Enligt traditionen fängelse för Johan III (1563–1567), samt Erik XIV med familjer.
 Kavaljersflygeln
 Kavaljersflygeln, som ligger på den östra sidan av yttre borggården, byggdes under år 1780. Arkitekt var Fredrik Adolf Ulrik Cronstedt.
 Flygeln, som har en fasad av oputsat tegel, uppfördes på en plats där det sedan Vasatiden hade funnits en mur och kanonvall. Byggnaden fick 28 bostadsrum för hovfunktionärer som tidigare inte hade kunnat bo i borgens bostadsutrymmen, och därför inkvarterats i Mariefreds stad.
 Det finns bostadsrum på fyra våningar. De ligger vid korridorer som sträcker sig utmed långsidan mot borggården. Tolv av rummen var avsedda för damer, och resten för herrar. Rummen är likartade vad gäller storlek. De inreddes enkelt med en förstuga, ett par garderober och en alkov för sängen. I anslutning till varje bostadsrum finns även en kammare, ett domestikrum, som var avsett för hovmannens eller hovdamens eget tjänstefolk. Flygeln har två ingångar från yttre borggården. Dessutom går en korridor in i borgens huvudbyggnad.
 Slottets trädgårdar
 Slottet har haft flera trädgårdar och odlingar för det egna behovet av kryddor, grönsaker och frukt. Mellan 1551 och 1555 hade trädgårdsmästaren Hans Friese, även kallad Mäster Hans Gardener, uppdraget att anlägga en kryddgård vid slottet. Den var inhägnad och låg väster om slottet på själva Slottsholmen. Förutom kryddor odlades även träd och rosor. Under Hans Frieses tid anlades ytterligare tre trädgårdar vid Gripsholm, Stora trädgården, Långa trädgården och Finsta kyrsebärsträdgår, samt en lekgård. Det är inte känt exakt var de låg, men det var troligen i närheten av slottet. År 1555 engagerades Hans Teusler som trädgårdsmästare på Gripsholm.
 Trädgården på slottsholmen har aldrig varit speciellt påkostad, utan relativt enkel till sin utformning. Ett protokoll från 1707 nämner oputsade häckar, samt gamla och grova äppelträd. Då sköttes trädgården av trädgårdsmästaren Gustaf Hansson i Mariefred. Vid samma tid fanns ytterligare en trädgård samt en humlegård söder om ladugården. Dessa arrenderas av en trädgårdsmästare Erik Elofsson. Det fanns även en trädgård, Djurgårdsträdgården öster om Mariefred.
 Galten och Suggan
 På den yttre borggården står de båda kanonerna Galten och Suggan som göts i slutet av 1500-talet och som tagits som krigsbyten från Ryssland. Kanonerna har funnits på slottet sedan 1623. De har även kallats Rysseulvarna samt Vargen och Varginnan.
 Hantverksdetaljer
 Glasmakerier från 1541 utfördes av Urban Glasmakare. Peter Holländer var ansvarig för bleckarbeten vid tillverkningen av tornhuvar år 1544.
 Gripsholmsjubileet 1937
 Vid midsommartid 1937 firades slottets 400-årsjubileum under fyra festdagar. Arrangör var Föreningen för Gripsholmsjubiléet 1937, med landshövdingen Bo Hammarskjöld som ordförande och en rad andra höga samhällsföreträdare i styrelsen. Föreningen hade grundats med syftet att "förbereda och verkställa firandet av Wasaborgens grundläggning sommaren 1937 samt förbereda och organisera en sammanslutning för främjande av Gripsholms och dess samlingars utveckling och förkovran".
 Festligheterna pågick i fyra dagar, 19–20 och 23–24 juni. Jubileumsprogrammet innehöll bland annat konserter, skådespel, gudstjänster, ryttarspel, uppvisningar och speciella utställningar. Flera av den tidens stora skådespelare medverkade tillsammans med sammanlagt 450 personer i det specialskrivna festspelet Det stora kalaset, bland dem Edvin Adolphson som hade rollen som kung Gustaf Vasa och Holger Löwenadler, som hade rollen som hans fogde. Regissör var Per Lindberg.
 Festligheterna, som besöktes av kung Gustaf V, engagerade cirka 2 000 funktionärer, bland annat från
 stadens och den omgivande socknens befolkning och föreningar. De medverkade som statister, i olika uppvisningar och andra programpunkter. Det arrangerades specialresor från Stockholm och andra orter med båt, buss och tåg. Sammanlagt besöktes jubileet av cirka 60 000 personer.
 Bildgalleri
 Interiör
 Exteriör
 Se även
 Vasaslott
 Gripsholmsstenen, Sö 179, Sö 178
 Gripsholms slott – en sommarsaga, en roman av Kurt Tucholsky
 Referenser
 Noter
 Tryckta källor
 Per-Olof Westlund, Gripsholm under Vasatiden, 1949, Stockholm.
 Nationalmuseums webbplats
 Svensk historia [microform) enligt samtida skildringar https://archive.org/details/MN5128ucmf_3
 Vidare läsning
 Gripsholm i Werbeka Netshop
 Svante Fischer (1999). Ingvarsstenarna i tid och rum
 Carl L. Thunberg (2010). Ingvarståget och dess monument
 Externa länkar
 Officiell webbplats
 Statens Fastighetsverk - Gripsholm
 Byggnader i Strängnäs kommun
 Slott i Södermanland
 Svenska kungliga slott
 Byggnadsminnen i Södermanlands län
 Kultur i Mariefred
 Mariefred
 Byggnader avbildade i Suecian


text:
De Noordse landen vormen een regio in Noord-Europa, ook wel de Noordse regio genoemd, bestaande uit Denemarken, Finland, IJsland, Noorwegen en Zweden, en hun overzeese gebiedsdelen zoals Åland, de Faeröer en Groenland. Vaak wordt niet geheel terecht de term Scandinavië gebruikt voor de Noordse landen.
 De vijf landen van de regio en de drie autonome regio's delen een gezamenlijke geschiedenis en karakteristieke maatschappelijke kenmerken, zoals hun politieke systemen. Politiek gezien vormen de Noordse landen geen aparte eenheid, maar ze werken wel samen in de Noordse Raad. Taalkundig gezien is het gebied heterogeen, met drie niet-verwante taalgroepen, de Noord-Germaanse tak van de Indo-Europese talen en de Oostzeefinse en Samische takken van de Oeraalse talen en de Eskimo-Aleoetische taal Kalaallisut die in Groenland gesproken worden. De Noordse landen hebben samen een bevolking van 25 miljoen verspreid over een oppervlakte van 3,5 miljoen km2 (Groenland omvat 60% van de oppervlakte).
 Recent heeft ook Estland zich aangemeld als een Noords land, alhoewel het over het algemeen gezien wordt als een Baltische staat. Estland heeft nauwe taalkundige, etnische en culturele banden met Finland, wat culturele banden met Zweden en Denemarken, en investeringen en handel met de Noordse landen.
 Etymologie en terminologie
 De term Noordse landen is afgeleid van de Franse term Pays Nordique als equivalent van de lokale termen Norden (Scandinavisch), Pohjola/Pohjoismaat (Fins), Norðurlönd (IJslands) en Norðurland (Faeröers) met de betekenis "Het Noorden (de Noordse landen)".
 Soms wordt de term Scandinavië, alhoewel niet consequent, gebruikt als synoniem voor de Noordse landen. Vanaf de jaren 50 van de 19e eeuw omvatte Scandinavië, zowel politiek als cultureel Denemarken, Noorwegen, Zweden en Finland. Geografisch gezien omvat het Scandinavisch Schiereiland het vasteland van Zweden en het vasteland van Noorwegen, en ook een deel van Finland, terwijl het schiereiland Jutland het vasteland van Denemarken en een klein deel van Duitsland omvat. (Denemarken zelf heeft sinds 1658 geen gebieden meer op het Scandinavisch Schiereiland). De Faeröer en IJsland zijn "Scandinavisch" in de zin dat ze gekoloniseerd werden door Scandinaviërs en Scandinavische talen spreken, maar geografisch gezien behoren ze niet tot Scandinavië. Finland was eens een deel van Zweden, en is voor een belangrijk deel beïnvloed door de Zweedse cultuur, maar is geografisch gezien geen deel van Scandinavië. Evenmin is het Fins een Scandinavische taal. Groenland werd gekoloniseerd door de Noren, en is nu een deel van Denemarken, door een deel van de bevolking wordt Deens gesproken, maar geografisch gezien hoort het bij Noord-Amerika.
 In de geologie is de term voor het land van het Baltisch schild (ook wel Fennoscandisch schild genoemd) dat boven zeeniveau ligt Fennoscandia (van de Latijnse toponiemen Fennia en Scania).
 Voor de 19e eeuw kan het zijn dat de term Noords gebruikt werd als synoniem voor Noorden in de betekenis van Noord-Europa, inclusief Europees Rusland, de Baltische staten (toen Estland, Lijfland en Koerland, Litouwen) en soms de Britse Eilanden en andere landen aan de kusten van de Oostzee en de Noordzee.
 Geschiedenis
 De Noordse landen worden gekenmerkt door een vergelijkbare maatschappij en cultuur. Dit komt niet alleen door een vergelijkbare omgeving en traditionele maatschappij maar ook van een gezamenlijke geschiedenis.
 Tijdens de Middeleeuwen deelden de gebieden, nu bestaande uit Noorwegen, Zweden, Denemarken en IJsland, een gelijksoortige cultuur, taal (Oudnoords) en religieuze (Noordse mythologie) omgeving. Vanaf ongeveer de 12e eeuw begon in wat nu Finland is (taalkundig Oostzee-Fins en breder Fins-Oegrisch) het delen van de algemene ontwikkelingen omdat het steeds meer integreerde in het koninkrijk Zweden. Een ander voorbeeld van het diepgewortelde gezamenlijke verleden zijn de inheemse Saamen (taalkundig Fins-Oegrisch) in het huidige Noord-Noorwegen, Zweden en Finland (en verder). Alle Noordse landen hebben wel minderheidsgroepen die hun erfenis hebben van een bevolking uit een ander Noords land.
 Na de kerstening rond het jaar 1000, zorgde het proces van eenwording voor het ontstaan van Denemarken, Noorwegen en Zweden als aparte koninkrijken. Finland werd een deel van Zweden in het midden van de 13e eeuw, terwijl IJsland, de Faeröereilanden, de Shetlandeilanden, de Orkneyeilanden, Groenland en grote delen van Schotland en Ierland behoorden aan Noorwegen. Alle Noordse landen volgden de Reformatie van de Westerse Kerk tijdens de 16e eeuw en adopteerden de Lutherse Kerk als staatskerk - die nog steeds een grote aanhang hebben, alhoewel de status als staatskerk varieert. Finland heeft ook een kleinere Orthodoxe staatskerk waarvan de leden voornamelijk uit de gebieden komen die buiten de Zweedse invloed lagen ten tijde van de kerstening.
 In de 14e eeuw werden Denemarken, Noorwegen (met IJsland) en Zweden (met Finland) samengevoegd onder één bewind, de Unie van Kalmar. Denemarken voerde al snel de boventoon, maar in het begin van de 16e eeuw herstelde Zweden zich als een apart koninkrijk. De Deense overheersing over Noorwegen duurde tot 1814 toen de koning gedwongen werd Noorwegen af te staan aan Zweden. IJsland, Groenland en de Faeröereilanden bleven bij Denemarken.
 Nadat het een van de grootmachten van Europa was geworden verloor Zweden in de 17e eeuw uiteindelijk een voor een al zijn buitenlandse bezittingen. Dit proces culmineerde in het verlies van Finland aan Rusland in 1809, dat een autonoom grootvorstendom onder de Russische tsaar werd.
 In de 19e eeuw was er een personele unie tussen Zweden en Noorwegen die in 1905 ontbonden werd na een steeds grotere onvrede van Noorwegen. Tezelfdertijd ontstond het Scandinavisme in Scandinavië. Deze beweging streefde ernaar om de drie Scandinavische landen samen te voegen tot één koninkrijk, echter zonder succes.
 Tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog en midden in de Russische Revolutie van 1917, ontstond Finland voor het eerst als een onafhankelijke natie en het idee van een Noordse gemeenschap verving het idee van een verenigd Scandinavië. Tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog in 1944, werd IJsland onafhankelijk van Denemarken. De lidstaten van de Noordse Raad (gesticht in 1952) zijn zo ontstaan.
 De Noordse landen delen dezelfde politieke opvattingen geïmplementeerd tijdens de naoorlogse periode, vooral op sociaaleconomisch gebied, het zogenoemde Scandinavische of Noordse model. Alle Noordse landen hebben grote, door belastinggeld gefinancierde, sociale voorzieningen en uitgebreide sociale wetgeving. In veel gevallen is dit te danken aan de politieke ambities van de vele sociaaldemocratische regeringen die aan de macht kwamen in de periode tussen de wereldoorlogen in ieder van de Noordse landen.
 De Noordse paspoortunie
 De Noordse Paspoortunie, opgericht in 1954 en ingevoerd op 1 mei 1958, omvat Denemarken (+ Faeröereilanden 1 januari 1966), Finland, IJsland (24 september 1965), Noorwegen en Zweden. Niet van toepassing echter voor: Groenland, Spitsbergen, Jan Mayen, Bouveteiland en Koningin Maudland. Het maakt het voor inwoners van deze landen mogelijk om van het ene land naar het andere te reizen zonder paspoortcontrole en zonder dat men een paspoort bij zich hoeft te dragen. Andere inwoners kunnen ook binnen de Noordse landen reizen zonder paspoortcontrole aan de grens, maar ze moeten wel een paspoort of een ander identificatiedocument bij zich dragen.
 Sinds 1996 zijn deze landen aangesloten bij de Akkoorden van Schengen, dat 30 landen van Europa omvat. Grenscontrole is afgeschaft binnen de Schengenzone en alleen een nationale identiteitskaart is nodig. Binnen het Noordse gebied is elke identiteitskaart, bijvoorbeeld een rijbewijs, geldig voor Noordse inwoners vanwege de Noordse paspoortunie.
 Vanaf 25 maart 2001 gelden de Akkoorden van Schengen volledig in de vijf landen van de Noordse Paspoortunie (behalve de Faeröereilanden die buiten Schengen blijven). Sommige delen van de Noordse Paspoortunie geven extra rechten aan Noordse inwoners, die niet onder Schengen vallen, zoals minder papierwerk bij het verhuizen naar een ander Noords land, en minder voorwaarden bij naturalisatie.
 Politieke dimensie en indelingen
 De Noordse regio heeft een politieke dimensie in de gezamenlijke officiële lichamen, de Noordse Raad en de Noordse Raad van Ministers. In deze context werden vele aspecten van een gemeenschappelijke markt zoals in de Europese Unie hier al ingevoerd decennia voor de Europese Unie ze implementeerde.
 In de Europese Unie verwijst de Noordelijke Dimensie naar de externe en landsgrensoverstijgende politiek van de Noordse landen, de Baltische staten en Rusland.
 Politie gezien, is de Noordelijke Dimensie steeds minder belangrijk geworden, omdat de lidstaten het oneens zijn over lidmaatschap van de Europese Unie, de Eurozone en de NAVO. Noorwegen en IJsland zijn alleen lid van de NAVO, terwijl Finland en Zweden alleen lid zijn van de Europese Unie. Denemarken is als enige lid van beide. Alleen Finland is lid van de Eurozone. De taken en politiek van de Europese Unie overlappen voor een groot gedeelte met die van de Noordse Raad, bijvoorbeeld de Akkoorden van Schengen overlappen deels de Noordse paspoort vrije zone en een gemeenschappelijke arbeidsmarkt.
 Vlaggen en symbolen
 Vlaggen
 Alle Noordse landen, inclusief de autonome gebieden de Faeröer en Åland, en sommige niet-autonome regio's zoals Skåne, hebben een gezamenlijk vlagontwerp, gebaseerd op de Deense vlag, de Dannebrog. Ze tonen een uit het midden staand kruis met de kruising het dichtst bij de paal, het "Scandinavisch kruis".
 Groenland en de Saami hebben een vlag zonder het Scandinavisch kruis, maar zij hebben een cirkel die uit het midden geplaatst is net zoals het kruis.
 Gebieden met een nauwe relatie met de Noordse landen
 Verscheidene gebieden hebben een lange en nauwe relatie en identificeren zich vaak met sommige of alle Noordse landen. Ze worden echter voor het grootste gedeelte niet gezien als Noordse landen.
 Shetland- en Orkneyeilanden
 De Noordelijke Eilanden van Schotland - de Orkney- en- Shetlandeilanden - hebben een sinds lang vaststaande Noordse identiteit. De eilanden waren meer dan 500 jaar een kolonie van Noorwegen, maar in 1472 viel het eigendom terug naar de Schotse kroon omdat de bruidsschat van Margareta van Denemarken en Noorwegen, de echtgenote van Jacobus III van Schotland, niet betaald werd.
 Tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werden Orkney en Shetland belangrijke bases voor het Noorse leger in ballingschap. De Shetland Bus was gestationeerd op Shetland en smokkelde vluchtelingen, spionnen en voorraden naar en van Noorwegen.
 In latere jaren zijn de financiële banden, vooral in de maritieme industrie, het belangrijkst. Culturele en sportieve uitwisselingen zijn frequent. Een genetisch onderzoek toonde aan dat 60% van de mannelijke bevolking van Shetland en Orkney Noorse genen bevatten.
 De traditionele band met Scandinavië komt ook tot uitdrukking in de vlaggen van beide eilanden, die beide het Scandinavisch kruis bevatten.
 Andere regio's van de Britse eilanden hebben symbolen aangenomen die ook verwijzen naar een gelijkwaardige Noorse of Noors-Gaelic erfenis.
 Estland
 Estland zelf ziet zich meer als een Noords dan een Baltisch volk, gebaseerd op sterke taalkundige, culturele en historische banden met Finland in het bijzonder, en ook met Zweden en Denemarken. Het Estisch is nauw verwant aan het Fins, en Esten, als etnische groep, zijn een Fins volk. Voor dat Estland door het Russische rijk werd opgenomen was het eeuwenlang een deel van het Deense en van het Zweedse koninkrijk: het wordt algemeen aangenomen dat de naam van de Estse hoofdstad Tallinn afgeleid is van het Ests taani linn, dat "Deense stad" betekent.
 Historisch gezien zijn grote delen van Estlands noordwestelijke kust en eilanden bevolkt door een inheemse etnische Zweedse bevolking (Estlandzweden), Het grootste deel van Estlands Zweedse bevolking vluchtte in 1944 naar Zweden, het oprukkende Sovjetleger ontlopend. Slechts zo'n 2000 Zweden bleven achter.
 Sinds de onafhankelijkheid van 1991, heeft Estland belangstelling getoond om zich met de Noordse gemeenschap te identificeren. In 1999 gaf de toenmalige Estse minister van Buitenlandse Zaken en sinds 2006 de huidige president Toomas Hendrik Ilves een toespraak getiteld: "Estland als een Noords land" voor het Zweedse Instituut voor Internationale Zaken. In 2003 was er tevens een tentoonstelling van het ministerie van buitenlandse zaken met de titel "Estland: Noords met een Draai." In 2005 werd Estland tevens lid van de Noordse Aanvalsgroep van de Europese Unie en het land toont interesse in het lidmaatschap van de Noordse Raad.
 Vandaag de dag is er een grote economische interactie tussen Estland en zijn Noordse buren. Driekwart van investeringen in Estland komt uit de Noordse staten, voornamelijk Finland en Zweden, waarnaar Estland 58% van zijn export exporteert.
 Aan de andere kant verschilt het Estse politieke systeem en non-welfare-model van dat van de Noordse staten, en van vele andere Europese landen.
 Andere
 Het noorden van Engeland, met name het noordoosten, was ooit een deel van het Deense Vikingrijk, en het moderne Geordie dialect dat in Newcastle-upon-Tyne wordt gesproken vertoont enige overeenkomst met de moderne Germaanse talen van de Noordse landen. De regio en bijbehorende cultuur hebben echter geen Noords Karakter.
 Ten slotte had het meest noordelijke deel van Duitsland, Zuid-Sleeswijk op het Jutse schiereiland een Scandinavische identiteit, tot het in de midden van de 19e eeuw bij Duitsland kwam en verduitste. Nu is nog steeds het Noordse karakter van de Zuid-Sleeswijkse maatschappij en haar inwoners sterk aanwezig.
 De naam Normandië betekent "land van de Noor(d)mannen", oftewel Vikingen. Dit volk was afkomstig uit Scandinavië. Zij spraken een Noord-Germaanse taal en vanaf ongeveer 800 ondernamen zij grootschalig overvallen en plundertochten in Europa. Ook het toenmalige Frankische Rijk werd het slachtoffer en de Kanaalkust werd zelfs gekoloniseerd door Noormannen. Hun leider Rollo kreeg in 911 het hertogdom Normandië in leen van de Westfrankische koning Karel de Eenvoudige.
 Zie ook
 Baltische landen
 Noordse Raad
 Scandinavië
 Scandinavisch kruis
 Referenties
 Externe link
 Noordse raad
 Scandinavië


type: legislation

jurisdiction: US

text:
 116 HR 767 IH: To designate the Federal building and United States courthouse located at 180 West Main Street in Abingdon, Virginia, as the “H. Emory Widener, Jr., Federal Building and United States Courthouse”.
 U.S. House of Representatives
 2019-01-24
 text/xml
 EN
 Pursuant to Title 17 Section 105 of the United States Code, this file is not subject to copyright protection and is in the public domain.
 I116th CONGRESS1st SessionH. R. 767IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVESJanuary 24, 2019Mr. Griffith introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Transportation and InfrastructureA BILLTo designate the Federal building and United States courthouse located at 180 West Main Street in Abingdon, Virginia, as the H. Emory Widener, Jr., Federal Building and United States Courthouse.
 1.DesignationThe Federal building and United States courthouse located at 180 West Main Street in Abingdon, Virginia, shall be known and designated as the H. Emory Widener, Jr., Federal Building and United States Courthouse. 2.ReferencesAny reference in a law, map, regulation, document, paper, or other record of the United States to the Federal building and United States courthouse referred to in section 1 shall be deemed to be a reference to the H. Emory Widener, Jr., Federal Building and United States Courthouse.


text:
Obzor je ime nekoliko hrvatskih novinskih izdanja, kao 'Obzor' u razdoblju 1860. – 1941. (dnevne novine), kao 'Hrvatski obzor' u suvremeno doba (tjednik).
 Obzor (Zagreb, 1920.), dnevni list, izlazio od 1920. – 1941.
 Obzor (jutarnje izdanje), dnevni list, izlazio od 1905. do 1920.
 Obzor (popodnevno izdanje), dnevni list, izlazio od 1905. do 1919.
 Obzor (Zagreb, 1886.), dnevni list, izlazio od 1886. – 1905., glavno glasilo Hrvatske stranke prava
 Obzor (Zagreb, 1871.), dnevni list, izlazio od 1871. – 1881., nastavlja se kao Pozor (Zagreb, 1881.) i zatim kao Obzor (Zagreb, 1886.). Nastao od dnevnog lista iz Siska Branika koji je izlazio 1871., a Branik je nastavak lista Zatočnika iz Siska, koji je izlazio od 1869. do 1871. Zatočnik je nastavak dnevnog lista Novog Pozora iz Beča koji je izlazio 1867. do 1869. Novi Pozor je nastavak dnevnog lista Pozor (Zagreb, 1860.) koji je izlazio 1860. – 1867.
 Vidi i :
 Hrvatska novinska izdanja
 Hrvatske dnevne novine


text:
Uuttukyyhky (Columba oenas) on keskikokoinen kyyhkylaji, jota on myös kutsuttu metsäkyyhkyksi. Se on Suomessa rauhoitettu.
 Koko ja ulkonäkö
 Uuttukyyhky muistuttaa kesykyyhkyä, mutta siltä puuttuu valkoinen yläperä. Yleisväriltään uuttukyyhky on siniharmaa. Kaulan sivulla on metallinkiiltävä läiskä, joka koiraalla on kirkkaampi. Siipien yläpinnalla erottuu harmaa laikku tummasta reunuksesta.
 Linnun pituus on 28–32 cm, siipien kärkiväli 60–66 cm ja paino 250–300 grammaa.
 Ääni eli soidinhuhuilu on rytmikäs, kaksitavuinen 'uu-hu uu-hu uu-hu...'. Se on vaimeampi ja rytmitys on erilainen kuin sepelkyyhkyn voimakkaampi huhuilu. Varoitusäänenä läiskyttää äänekkäästi siipiään.
 Vanhin suomalainen rengastettu uuttukyyhky on ollut 8 vuotta, 1 kuukautta ja 27 päivää vanha. Euroopan vanhin on ollut sveitsiläinen 12 vuoden ja 7 kuukauden ikäinen yksilö.
 Levinneisyys
 Uuttukyyhky pesii suuressa osassa Eurooppaa, mutta puuttuu Euroopan pohjoisosasta. Uuttukyyhky pesii myös osassa Aasiaa ja Pohjois-Afrikkaa. Sen pääasiallista talvehtimisaluetta on Länsi- ja Etelä-Eurooppa. Maailman populaation kooksi arvioidaan 1,4–2,6 miljoonaa yksilöä. Euroopassa pesii arvioilta 560 000–1 040 000 paria.
 Suomessa uuttukyyhky on levinnyt Oulun korkeudelle asti, mutta tihein kanta on Lounais-Suomen tammivyöhykkeellä. Suomen kanta on 2 000–5 000 paria. Uuttukyyhky on Suomessa muuttolintu ja yksi kevään varhaisimmista palaajista. Kevätmuutto tapahtuu maalis–huhtikuussa ja syysmuutto syys–lokakuussa. Suomalaiset uuttukyyhkyt talvehtivat Länsi-Euroopassa. Talvehtimisalueilla niihin kohdistuu voimakas metsästyspaine. Joitakin yksilöitä voi talvehtia Suomessa. Laji on Suomessa rauhoitettu ja sen ohjeelliseksi korvaussummaksi on asetettu 589 euroa.
 Elinympäristö
 Uuttukyyhky elää lehdoissa ja sekametsissä sekä haavikoissa, joissa on runsaasti kolopuita. Pönttöjä ripustamalla se saadaan pesimään lähes mihin tahansa metsämaisemaan, sillä ehdolla, että peltoja on lähistöllä. Lintu ruokailee pelloilla ja niityillä. Talvisin sen voi tavata viljavarastoilta.
 Lisääntyminen
 Uuttukyyhky tekee pesänsä puunkoloon tai pönttöön. Pöntön korkeus on noin 50 cm, sisäpuolen halkaisija 20 cm ja lentoaukon halkaisija 10 cm. Varhaisina keväinä muninta alkaa Etelä-Suomessa jo maaliskuun lopulla, pääosa aloittaa kuitenkin huhtikuun puolivälin tietämissä. Munia on 2 ja molemmat puolisot hautovat yhteensä 16–18 vrk. Poikaset kuoriutuvat vuorokauden välein. Ne ovat lentokykyisiä noin 28 päivän ikäisinä.
 Uuttukyyhky voi pesiä 3, jopa 4 kertaa kesän aikana. Seuraavan pesyeen muninta alkaa usein edellisen pesyeen poikasten ollessa vielä pesässä, joskus poikasten ollessa vasta runsaan 2 viikon ikäisiä. Emot hautovat munia ja ruokkivat poikasia silloin vuorotellen. Harvoin tapahtuva neljäs pesintä on myöhäinen, ja munia on usein vain yksi. Näistä vihoviimeisistä pesistä poikanen tai poikaset lähtevät lentoon joskus vasta lokakuussa. Varsin usein uuttukyyhkyn pesintä jatkuu vähintään syyskuulle. Se on sukupuolikypsä jo yksivuotiaana.
 Uuttukyyhkyn reviiri on pieni ja se on melko sosiaalinen laji. Pönttöjä ripustamalla voi niitä saada pesimään hyvinkin paljon pienelle alueelle. Turun Iso-Pukin saarella (pinta-ala noin 54 ha) pesi 1980–1990-lukujen taitteessa arviolta 100 paria pönttömäärän ollessa 200. Kyseessä saattoi olla maailman tihein uuttukyyhkypopulaatio. Luonnossa sopivia palokärjenkoloja on kuitenkin harvassa ja kilpailu pesäpaikoista on kova. Uuttukyyhky häviääkin kilpailussa niin naakalle, telkälle kuin pöllöille. Se on sopeutunut tähän siten, että voi aloittaa pesinnän muiden jälkeen heinä-elokuussa, ja saada silti 1–2 poikuetta lentokykyiseksi.
 Joustava lisääntymisstrategia pitää uuttukyyhkykannan vakaana ja jopa kasvavana, vaikka talvehtimis- ja muuttoalueilla metsästetäänkin niitä suuret määrät. Pahimpia uhkaajia, ihmisen lisäksi, ovat näätä, minkki, kana- ja varpushaukka sekä isot pöllöt. Orava täyttää kolot ja pöntöt risuillaan, jolloin lintujen pesinnälle ei jää sijaa. Usein uuttukyyhky kuitenkin laatii pesänsä oravan risukasan päälle ja munii munansa siihen, vaikka hautovan emon voi nähdä pöntön lentoaukon reiästä.
 Ravinto
 Uuttukyyhkyn ravintoa ovat erilaiset siemenet, vilja ja herneet, mutta myös marjat ja tammenterhot. Poikasia ruokitaan niin sanotulla kyyhkynmaidolla, jota kehittyy emojen kuvuissa.
 Lähteet
 Aiheesta muualla
 Laji.fi: Uuttukyyhky (Columba oenas)
 Kyyhkylinnut
 Seulonnan keskeiset artikkelit


text:
Η παρούσα σελίδα αφορά το έτος 1899 κατά το Γρηγοριανό ημερολόγιο
 Γεγονότα
 1 Ιανουαρίου - Τέλος της ισπανικής κυριαρχίας στην Κούβα.
 1 Ιανουαρίου - Το Κουίνς γίνεται διοικητικά μέρος της Νέας Υόρκης.
 6 Ιανουαρίου - Ο Τζωρτζ Κάρζον γίνεται αντιβασιλέας της Ινδίας.
 17 Ιανουαρίου - Οι Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες Αμερικής παίρνουν στην κατοχή τους τη νήσο Ουέηκ στον Ειρηνικό ωκεανό.
 6 Φεβρουαρίου - Ισπανοαμερικανικός πόλεμος: Η Γερουσία των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών επικυρώνει τη Συνθήκη των Παρισίων μεταξύ των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών και της Ισπανίας.
 16 Φεβρουαρίου - Ιδρύεται η ΚΡ Ρέικιαβικ, ο πρώτος ποδοσφαιρικός σύλλογος στην Ισλανδία.
 6 Μαρτίου - Η Bayer καταχωρεί την ασπιρίνη ως εμπορικό σήμα.
 20 Μαρτίου - Στις φυλακές Σινγκ Σινγκ στην πολιτεία της Νέας Υόρκης, η Μάρθα Μ. Πλέις γίνεται η πρώτη γυναίκα που εκτελείται στην ηλεκτρική καρέκλα.
 26 Απριλίου - Κάνει πρεμιέρα στο Ελσίνκι η Πρώτη Συμφωνία του Γιαν Σιμπέλιους.
 19 Ιουνίου - Κάνουν πρεμιέρα στο Λονδίνο οι Παραλλαγές Αίνιγμα του Έντουαρντ Έλγκαρ.
 29 Ιουλίου - Λήγει η πρώτη διεθνής διάσκεψη για την ειρήνη με την υπογραφή της πρώτης Σύμβασης της Χάγης.
 10 Αυγούστου - Ιδρύεται η νορβηγική ποδοσφαιρική ομάδα Βίκινγκ ΦΚ.
 30 Σεπτεμβρίου - Ιδρύεται η Τράπεζα Κρήτης με έδρα τα Χανιά.
 11 Οκτωβρίου - Στη Νότια Αφρική, ξεσπά ο Δεύτερος Πόλεμος των Μπόερς μεταξύ των Βρετανών και των Μπόερς του Τράνσβααλ και του Ελεύθερου Κράτους της Οράγγης.
 2 Νοεμβρίου - Οι Μπόερς αρχίζουν την 118 ημερών πολιορκία του Λέιντισμιθ κατά τη διάρκεια του Δευτέρου Πολέμου των Μπόερς.
 29 Νοεμβρίου - Ιδρύεται ο ποδοσφαιρικός σύλλογος της Μπαρτσελόνα.
 16 Δεκεμβρίου - Ιδρύεται ο ποδοσφαιρικός σύλλογος της Μίλαν.
 Ρίχαρντ Στράους: Θάνατος και εξαΰλωση.
 Άρνολντ Σένμπεργκ: Εξαϋλωμένη νύχτα.
 Σκοτ Τζόπλιν: Maple Leaf Rag.
 Αντρέ Ζιντ: Προμηθέας ελεύθερος δεσμώτης (Le Prométhée mal enchaîné)
 Ταξίδι του Σεν-Σανς στη Ν. Αμερική.
 Ίδρυση του Νέου Ωδείου στην Αθήνα.
 Γεννήσεις
 7 Ιανουαρίου - Φρανσίς Πουλένκ, Γάλλος συνθέτης
 17 Ιανουαρίου - Αλ Καπόνε, Αμερικανός κακοποιός
 30 Ιανουαρίου - Μαξ Τάιλερ, Νοτιοαφρικανός βακτηριολόγος
 15 Φεβρουαρίου - Γκέιλ Σόντεργκααρντ, Αμερικανίδα ηθοποιός
 23 Φεβρουαρίου - Έριχ Κέστνερ, Γερμανός συγγραφέας
 23 Φεβρουαρίου - Νόρμαν Τόρογκ, Αμερικανός σκηνοθέτης
 11 Μαρτίου - Φρειδερίκος Θ', βασιλιάς της Δανίας
 27 Μαρτίου - Γκλόρια Σουάνσον, Αμερικανίδα ηθοποιός
 29 Μαρτίου - Λαβρέντι Μπέρια, Σοβιετικός πολιτικός
 17 Απριλίου - Πολύδωρος Δανιηλίδης, Έλληνας πολιτικός
 22 Απριλίου - Βλαντίμιρ Ναμπόκοφ, Ρώσος συγγραφέας
 29 Απριλίου - Ντιουκ Έλινγκτον, Αμερικανός μουσικός
 8 Μαΐου - Φρίντριχ Χάγιεκ, Αυστριακός οικονομολόγος και φιλόσοφος
 10 Μαΐου - Φρεντ Ασταίρ, Αμερικανός τραγουδιστής, χορευτής και ηθοποιός
 14 Μαΐου - Στέλιος Περπινιάδης, Έλληνας τραγουδιστής
 23 Μαΐου - Τζεραλίν Τάλι, Αμερικανίδα υπεραιωνόβια
 24 Μαΐου - Ανρί Μισώ, Γάλλος συγγραφέας και ζωγράφος
 30 Μαΐου - Έρβιν Θάλμπεργκ, Αμερικανός κινηματογραφικός παραγωγός
 1 Ιουνίου - Έντουαρντ Τσαρλς Τίτσμαρς, Άγγλος μαθηματικός
 2 Ιουνίου - Λότε Ράινιγκερ, Γερμανίδα σκηνοθέτης
 3 Ιουνίου - Γκέοργκ φον Μπέκεσυ, Ούγγρος βιοφυσικός
 11 Ιουνίου - Γιασουνάρι Καβαμπάτα, Ιάπωνας συγγραφέας
 1 Ιουλίου - Τσαρλς Λότον, Άγγλος ηθοποιός
 1 Ιουλίου - Κωνσταντίνος Τσάτσος, Έλληνας πολιτικός
 5 Ιουλίου - Μαρσέλ Ασάρ, Γάλλος συγγραφέας
 6 Ιουλίου - Σουζάνα Μούσατ Τζόουνς, Αμερικανίδα υπεραιωνόβια
 7 Ιουλίου - Τζορτζ Κιούκορ, Αμερικανός σκηνοθέτης
 17 Ιουλίου - Τζέιμς Κάγκνεϊ, Αμερικανός ηθοποιός
 21 Ιουλίου - Έρνεστ Χέμινγουεϊ, Αμερικανός συγγραφέας και δημοσιογράφος
 2 Αυγούστου - Τσαρλς Μπένετ, Άγγλος σεναριογράφος
 5 Αυγούστου - Μαρτ Σταμ, Ολλανδός αρχιτέκτονας
 13 Αυγούστου - Άλφρεντ Χίτσκοκ, Άγγλος σκηνοθέτης
 17 Αυγούστου - Βασίλης Λάσκος, Έλληνας στρατιωτικός
 20 Αυγούστου - Νίκος Μητσάκης, Έλληνας αρχιτέκτονας
 24 Αυγούστου - Χόρχε Λουίς Μπόρχες, Αργεντινός συγγραφέας
 28 Αυγούστου - Τζέιμς Γιονγκ Χάου, Κινέζος κινηματογραφιστής
 28 Αυγούστου - Σαρλ Μπουαγιέ, Γάλλος ηθοποιός
 11 Σεπτεμβρίου - Φίλιπ Μπούλερ, Γερμανός αξιωματούχος των Ναζί
 13 Σεπτεμβρίου - Κορνήλιος Κοντρεάνου, Ρουμάνος πολιτικός
 19 Σεπτεμβρίου - Ινιάτσιο Μπουττίττα, Ιταλός ποιητής
 22 Σεπτεμβρίου - Δημητρός Καραμπάτης, Έλληνας αθλητής
 22 Σεπτεμβρίου - Φάιτ Χάρλαν, Γερμανός σκηνοθέτης
 23 Σεπτεμβρίου - Λουίζ Νίβελσον, Ρωσίδα γλύπτρια
 19 Οκτωβρίου - Μιγκέλ Άνχελ Αστούριας, Γουατεμαλανός συγγραφέας
 8 Νοεμβρίου - Αγγέλα Παπάζογλου, Ελληνίδα τραγουδίστρια
 23 Νοεμβρίου - Νέλλη Σουγιουλτζόγλου Ελληνίδα φωτογράφος
 29 Νοεμβρίου - Έμμα Μοράνο, Ιταλίδα υπεραιωνόβια
 16 Δεκεμβρίου - Νόελ Κάουαρντ, Άγγλος συνθέτης και θεατρικός συγγραφέας
 25 Δεκεμβρίου - Χάμφρεϊ Μπόγκαρτ, Αμερικανός ηθοποιός
 Αθανάσιος Γ. Γιαννόπουλος, Έλληνας πολιτικός
 Μιχαήλ Δένδιας, Έλληνας νομικός
 Φωκίων Ζαΐμης, Έλληνας πολιτικός
 Κωνσταντίνος Καλαμποκιάς, Έλληνας πολιτικός
 Ιωάννης Καραβίας, Έλληνας στρατιωτικός
 Πέτρος Κυριακός, Έλληνας ηθοποιός και τραγουδιστής
 Στυλιανός Μαυρομιχάλης, Έλληνας δικαστικός και πολιτικός
 Αντνάν Μεντερές, Τούρκος πολιτικός
 Κώστας Μπίρης, Έλληνας αρχιτέκτονας
 Αιμίλιος Ξανθόπουλος, Έλληνας πολιτικός
 Τομ Πάπας, Έλληνας επιχειρηματίας
 Στέλιος Περπινιάδης, Έλληνας τραγουδιστής
 Παναγιώτης Πιπινέλης, Έλληνας πολιτικός
 Κομνηνός Πυρομάγλου, Έλληνας πολιτικός
 Δημήτρης Ροντήρης, Έλληνας σκηνοθέτης
 Θάνατοι
 6 Φεβρουαρίου - Λέο φον Καπρίβι, Γερμανός πολιτικός
 13 Φεβρουαρίου - Ανδρέας Συγγρός, Έλληνας πολιτικός και εθνικός ευεργέτης
 25 Φεβρουαρίου - Πάουλ Ρόιτερ, Γερμανός δημοσιογράφος
 3 Ιουνίου - Γιόχαν Στράους ο νεότερος, Αυστριακός συνθέτης
 16 Αυγούστου - Ρόμπερτ Μπούνσεν, Γερμανός χημικός
 3 Σεπτεμβρίου- Πατριάρχης Σωφρόνιος Γ ́
 17 Σεπτεμβρίου - Ιωσήφ Λιμπεράλης, Έλληνας συνθέτης
 Ιωάννης Λιούρδης, Έλληνας πολιτικός
 Εξωτερικοί σύνδεσμοι
 Έτη