text:
Heraklo (grč. , Hêraklễs) u grčkoj mitologiji bio je polubog, sin vrhovnog boga Zeusa i smrtnice Alkmene. U rimskoj mitologiji zvao se Herkul.
 Etimologija
 Heraklovo ime nastalo je od dviju grčkih riječi + = "Herina slava", a to je ime dobio da bi se umanjio Herin bijes.
 Mitologija
 Rođenje i djetinjstvo
 Hera je bila Heraklova pomajka i njegov neprijatelj. Zeus je oplodio Alkmenu, smrtnicu u obličju njezina muža Amfitriona. Iste se noći vratio i njezin muž te su također spavali zajedno. Stoga je Alkmena zanijela dva dječaka. Hera je natjerala Zeusa da se zakune da će dječak koji se rodi te noći članu Perzejeve kuće biti veliki kralj. Kad je Alkmena bila trudna s Heraklom, Hera je pokušala spriječiti porođaj zavezavši Alkmenine noge u čvor da bi usporila porod. A potom je ubrzala Euristejevo rođenje. Heru je prevarila Galantida, Alkmenina sluškinja, rekavši da je Alkmena već rodila dijete. Hera je Galantidu pretvorila u lasicu. Alkmena je potom rodila poluboga Herakla i smrtnika Ifikla. Herakla je nazvala Alkid, a poslije je nazvan Heraklo, u prijevodu "Herina slava", da bi se ublažio Herin gnjev.
 Dok je Heraklo bio dijete, Hera je poslala dvije zmije da ga ubiju dok je ležao u kolijevci. Heraklo je zadavio svaku zmiju jednom rukom, a potom ga je njegova dadilja pronašla da se igra njima kao da su igračke.
 Jedna priča govori da je Zeus prevario Heru da doji Herakla. Kad je ona otkrila tko je dijete, bacila ga je sa svojih grudi, a mlijeko se prolilo nebom i stvorilo Mliječnu stazu.
 Mladost
 Nakon što je ubio svog učitelja glazbe lirom, poslan je da čuva stoku na planinu sa svojim očuhom Amfitrionom. Ondje su ga posjetile dvije nimfe - Užitak i Vrlina - ponudivši mu ugodan ali lagodan život ili težak ali slavan život. Heraklo je izabrao potonje. Jedan od njegovih izazova postavio mu je kralj Tespije koji je htio da ubije kiteronskog lava. Kao nagradu, kralj mu je ponudio priliku da oplodi njegovih 50 kćeri. Navodno je to Heraklo učinio u jednoj noći.
 Poslije je u Tebi oženio njegovu kćer Megaru. No, Hera je dovela Herakla do napada ludila te je on ubio svoju djecu. Nakon što je shvatio što je učinio, pobjegao je delfijskoj proročici. Hera je kontrolirala proročicu koja mu je naredila da služi kralju Euristeju dvanaest godina i čini bilo koji zadatak koji mu on zada. Heraklo je kao uvjet za dolazak na Olimp (i besmrtnost) trebao izvršiti dvanaest zadataka, koje mu je postavljao kralj Euristej.
 Dvanaest zadataka
 Apolodor donosi zadatke ovim redom:
 1. Nemejski lav
 Zadatak je bio ubiti nemejskog lava, i kao dokaz donijeti njegovu kožu kralju Euristeju. Koža toga lava bila je tako debela da je nijedno oružje nije moglo probiti, a mogla ga je ubiti samo ljudska ruka. Heraklo je pokušao lukom i strijelom te toljagom i brončanim mačem, ali nije uspio. Heraklo je potom odbacio sve svoje oružje i hrvao se s lavom na tlu. Na posljetku ga je zadavio i ugušio ga.
 Nakon njegove smrti, Heraklo mu je satima pokušavao oderati kožu. Bio je bijesan jer je mislio da neće uspjeti ispuniti svoj zadatak. No, Atena je došla prerušena u staricu i pomogla mu da shvati da najbolje oruđe kojim bi mogao razderati lavlju kožu jesu lavlje pandže.
 Ispunio je zadatak i nosio je neprobojnu kožu kao svoj oklop. Kralj Euristej, vidjevši ga tako prekrivenog, od straha se sakrio u veliku brončanu posudu. Poslije toga sve je nove zadatke Heraklu zadavao glasnik.
 2. Lernejska Hidra
 Heraklo je stigao do močvare lernejskog jezera gdje je živjela lernejska Hidra. Heraklo je prekrio usta i nos tkaninom da bi se zaštitio od otrovnih para i ispalio plamene strelice u njezin brlog da bi je namamio van. Zatim se suočio s njom. Svaki put kad bi odsjekao neku njezinu glavu, ona bi opet narasla. Apolodor govori da je Heraklo shvatio kako je ovako neće moći svladati te je pozvao svog nećaka Jolaja da mu pomogne. On se dosjetio (možda pod utjecajem Atene) da spale rane nakon što odsjeku glavu. To su i učinili te su na posljetku ubili Hidru. Jednu njezinu besmrtnu glavu postavio je ispod velika kamena na svetom putu između jezera i Eleja, a potom je umočio strelice u Hidrinu otrovnu krv i tako završio zadatak.
 Druga inačica priče govori da je, nakon što bi osjekao svaku glavu, umočio mač u Hidrinu krv i rabio njezin otrov da glave ne bi ponovno narasle.
 Hera je poslije rekla da je zadatak nevažeći jer mu je nećak pomogao.
 3. Kerinejska košuta
 Euristej je bio ljut zato što je Heraklo izbjegao smrti u prethodna dva zadatka te je potrošio više vremena razmišljajući o sljedećem zadatku. Treći zadatak bio je uhvatiti kerinejsku košutu koja je bila posvećena Artemidi. Euristej se nadao da će se božica ljutiti na nj.
 Kerinejska košuta imala je brončana kopita i zlatne rogove, brža od strijele. Heraklo ju ju smio samo pokazati Euristeju neozlijeđenu pa ju je lovio godinu dana kroz Grčku, Trakiju i Istru. Nakon što ju je izmorio, odlučio je odapeti jednu strijelu i pogodio je u nogu, ali između mišića i kosti, bez kapi prolivene krvi. Tako ju je zavezao i krenuo Euristeju. Susreo je Artemidu i njezina brata Apolona te joj je objasnio da mu je to zadatak i molio je za oprost rekavši da će košutu brzo vratiti. Artemida mu je dopustila, a Heraklo je košutu odnio Euristeju.
 Euristej je rekao da će košuta postati dijelom kraljeva zvjerinjaka. Heraklo je znao da mora vratiti košutu te je rekao da će mu je predati ako je sam Euristej uzme. Kralj je krenuo po nju, a Heraklo ju je pustio, a ona je, brža od strijele, pobjegla svojoj gospodarici Artemidi. Heraklo je potom Euristeju rekao da nije bio dovoljno brz i tako je uspio završiti ovaj zadatak.
 4. Erimantski vepar
 Erimantski vepar predstavljao je problem seljacima u Erimantu zbog uništavanja usjeva i goveda. Heraklo također nije smio ubiti svoj plijen. Kentaur Hiron rekao mu je da ga zavede u dubok snijeg. Heraklo je uplašio vepra, zbunio ga i natjerao u snijeg gdje ga je zavezao i odnio do Euristeja. Kralj se uplašio i rekao mu da se riješi te zvijeri, a Heraklo ga je poslušao.
 5. Augijine staje
 Euristej se dosjetio ovome zadatku jer su prijašnji zadaci samo uzdizali Herakla u očima ljudi, a ovako bi se i ponizio. Augija je bio Helijev sin pa je njegovo stado bilo blagoslovljeno: imao je 300 crnih bikova, 200 plodnih bikova i 12 srebrnobijelih bikova koji su branili cijelo stado. Njegove staje nisu bile očišćene jako dugo, a Heraklo je sve morao isprazniti i očistiti u jednome danu. Prvo je razbio dva zida, a onda preusmjerio rijeke Alfej i Penej prema stajama. U roku od nekoliko sati, posao je bio gotov. Augija nije htio dati dogovorenu desetinu stoke pa ga je Heraklo ubio, a njegovo je kraljevstvo dao njegovu sinu Fileju.
 Grčki pjesnik Pindar tvrdi da je ondje Heraklo utemeljio Olimpijske igre.
 6. Stimfalske ptice
 Šesti Heraklov zadatak bilo je istrebljivanje ptica koje su se razmnožile na obalama stimfalskog jezera. Bile su posvećene Aresu i hranile su se ljudima, a imale su brončane kljunove, pandže i oštra, metalna pera kojim su mogle napadati žrtve. Budući da je sve bilo mračno, Atena i Hefest pomogli su Heraklu davši mu čegrtaljku kojom je uplašio ptice i nagnao ih na let. Potom ih je, dok su pokušavale bježati, gađao strijelama i poubijao. U drugoj inačici priče gađao ih je katapultom. Ptice koje su preživjele nikad se više nisu vratile u Grčku.
 7. Kretski bik
 Na Kreti je bio bik kojeg Minos nije htio žrtvovati Posejdonu. Bio je to ili bik koji je odveo Europu ili onaj s kim je Pasifaja začela Minotaura. Iako je Minos ponudio Heraklu pomoć, on ju je ljubazno odbio i odlučio obaviti posao goloruk. Taj je bik bljuvao vatru, pa je borba potrajala. Na koncu ga je nadjačao i zarobio bika te ga odnio u Mikenu. Nakon što ga je Euristej vidio, htio ga je posvetiti Heri, ali ona je to odbila jer je bik odražavao Heraklovu snagu.
 8. Diomedovi konji
 U pokrajini Trakiji ludi kralj Diomed imao je četiri konja: Podarga, Lampona, Ksanta i Dena koje je hranio ljudskim mesom. Heraklo je morao otići tamo i ukrasti te konje. On je to učinio s velikom lakoćom, a onda ih je nahranio Diomedom zbog njegove zloće i okrutnosti. Druga inačica priče govori da je došao sa svojim ljubavnikom Abderom koji je čuvao konje dok se Heraklo borio s Diomedom. No, Abdera su konji pojeli, a za osvetu je Heraklo dao Diomeda njegovim konjima.
 Nakon što su se najeli, konji su postali mirniji te ih je odnio u Mikenu da kralj Euristej odluči o njihovoj sudbini. Euristej je naredio da se odvedu na Olimp i budu žrtvovani Zeusu, ali to je Zeus odbio i poslao vukove, lavove i medvjede da ih ubiju. Druga inačica priče govori da ih je Heraklo pustio da slobodno lutaju Argom jer su postali trajno mirni.
 9. Hipolitin pojas
 Heraklo je morao Euristejevoj kćeri pribaviti pojas Hipolite – kraljice ženskog ratničkog naroda Amazonki kojoj je pojas dao njezin otac Ares. One su onesposobljavale mušku djecu i muškarce kako bi morali raditi kućne poslove. Koristile su se brončanim oružjem i prve su osnovale konjaničke redove. Hera je nahuškala Amazonke protiv Herakla, pa je on bio prisiljen pobiti ih i uzeti kraljevski pojas. Heraklo je silovao Hipolitu i potom je dao Tezeju za ženu. U drugoj inačici priče, Hipolita se zaljubila u Herakla i svojevoljno mu je dala pojas.
 10. Gerionovo stado
 Heraklov deseti zadatak bilo je hvatanje čuvena Gerionova stada iz Eritije, ali ne da ga otkupi ili zatraži nečiju pomoć. Gerion, sin Hrisoara i Kaliroje, kćeri Titana Okeana, bio je troglavi div, uvijek naoružan do zuba.
 Na putu do Eritije, Heraklo je prešao libijsku pustinju i bio ljut zbog vrućine te je ispalio strelicu na Helija, boga Sunca. Helije ga je molio da prestane, a Heraklo je zahtijevao veliki zlatni pehar koji je potom rabio da bi plovio morem. Tako je stigao do Eritije gdje se suočio s dvoglavim psom Ortom kojeg je ubio svojom toljagom. Eurition koji je čuvao stado došao je pomoći Ortu, ali Heraklo ga je ubio. Čuvši komešanje, Gerion je došao naoružan s tri štita, tri koplja i tri kacige. Na posljetku ga je Heraklo ubio strijelom koju je umočio u otrovnu krv lernejske Hidre.
 Heraklo je potom morao odvesti stoku Euristeju. Da bi mu otežala, Hera je poslala obada na stoku koji bi uznemiravao i iritirao stoku. Također je poslala poplavu koja je uzdigla rijeku, a Heraklo nije mogao proći sa stokom. Heraklo je podigao dva velika kamena smanjivši razinu vode i spriječivši dolazak morskih čudovišta i nemani. Ti se stupovi kod Gibraltara i danas nazivaju Heraklovi stupovi. Potom je odveo stoku Euristeju, a ona je posvećena Heri.
 11. Hesperidine jabuke
 Nakon što je 10 zadataka završio za 8 godina i mjesec dana, Heraklo je došao do Euristeja tražeći nagradu. No, kao što je Hera prije naumila, moralo je biti 10 zadataka, pa Euristej nije priznao drugi i peti zadatak te je Heraklo morao izvršiti još dva. Sljedeći zadatak bio je zahtjevan. Morao je donijeti Hesperidine zlatne jabuke, ali to nije učinio sam.
 Nerej iz rijeke Po savjetovao je Heraklu da zamoli Atlanta – diva koji drži nebeski svod – da ubere te jabuke. Ovaj bi učinio sve da se malo odmori od svog teškog posla, ali bojao se Ladona – bića sa stotinu glava koje je čuvalo jabuke. Heraklo ga ustrijeli iz velike udaljenosti pa div pribavi plodove (vjerojatno je bio u srodstvu s Hesperidom, možda njezin otac). No, on se nije htio vratiti starom poslu pa ga je Heraklo morao nadmudriti: zamoli ga da pridrži svod dok stavi podmetač za glavu. Ovaj je nasjeo pa se Heraklo s jabukama zaputio prema Euristeju. Na putu je osnovao Tebu – grad sa stotinu vrata. Euristej se bojao jabuka pa ih je Heraklo dao Ateni koja ih je poslije vratila.
 12. Kerber
 Posljednji i najteži zadatak bio je Kerber. Heraklo je morao otići do vrata Hada i tamo se obračunati s tim troglavim psom koji je imao rep zmije, a slina koja je padala na pod stvarala je otrovnu biljku jedić. Dok je bio u podzemlju, Heraklo je oslobodio Tezeja koji je ondje bio zatvoren jer je pokušao oteti Hadovu Perzefonu.
 Heraklo je otišao do Hada i Perzefone i upitao smije li uzeti Kerbera. Bogovi su se složili pod uvjetom da ga ne ozlijedi. Neki kažu da je Perzefona pristala jer je Heraklo bio njezin brat. Heraklo je potom uhvatio Kerbera oko vrata i izvukao na svjetlo dana. Čim je izišao iz sjene, Kerber je počeo bijesno lajati i stenjati. Euristej se uplašio čim je vidio Kerbera pa ga je Heraklo brzo vratio u Had.
 Nakon zadataka
 Nakon što je završio zadatke, Heraklo se pridružio Argonautima u potrazi za zlatnim runom. Spasili su junakinje, osvojili Troju i pomogli bogovima u ratu protiv Giganata. Također se zaljubio u princezu Jolu od Ehalije. Kralj i njegovi sinovi s prijezirom su gledali na Heraklove pothvate, svi osim Jolina brata Ifita koji je postao Heraklov najbolji prijatelj. Eurit je ponudio ruku svoje kćeri onome tko ga pobijedi u streljačkome natjecanju. Kad je to učinio, Eurit nije održao obećanje te je Heraklo ubio njega i njegove sinove, osim Ifrita, a Jolu je oteo. No, Hera je još jednom Herakla natjerala do ludila te je bacio Ifita s gradskih zidina.
 Heraklo se morao iskupiti i očistiti služenjem lidijskoj kraljici Omfali. Morao je raditi ženske poslove i nositi žensku odjeću, a ona je nosila njegovu lavlju kožu i toljagu. Nakon nekog vremena oslobodila ga je te su se vjenčali.
 Heraklove ljubavi
 Heraklo je imao i muške i ženske ljubavnike. Njegovo se potomstvo naziva Heraklidama.
 Žene
 Heraklo se ženio četiri puta. Prvi put s Megarom koju je zajedno s djecom ubio u napadu ludila koje je uzrokovala Hera. Megarinu je ruku dao Jolaju jer mu je bilo prebolno gledati je. Sljedeća mu je žena bila Omfala, lidijska kraljica, kojoj je isprva bio rob.
 Treća žena bila je Dejanira za koju se borio s riječnim bogom Ahelojem. Nakon vjenčanja, putovali su i trebali su proći jednu rijeku, a jedan je Kentaur imenom Nes ponudio pomoć, ali pokušao je silovati Dejaniru. Heraklo ga je usmrtio strijelom natopljenom Hidrinom krvlju. Umirući, Kentaur je Dejaniri rekao da, ako želi Herakla spriječiti od veza s drugim ženama, skupi njegovu krv i sjeme te da ih premaže po njegovoj odjeći. Znao je da je njegova krv došla u doticaj s Hidrinom te da će ubiti Herakla.
 Poslije je Dejanira bila ljubomorna na Jolu te je uronila košulju u tu mješavinu. Heraklov je sluga donio Heraklu tu košulju, a tkanina je na Heraklu počela gristi njegovo meso. Potom je zamolio da ga postave na lomaču da mu prekinu patnje. Filoktet je zapalio lomaču, a Heraklo mu je dao svoj luk i strijele. Nakon njegove smrti, bogovi su ga učinili besmrtnim. Druga inačica priče govori da je lomača spalila ljudsko u njemu, a da je ostalo samo božansko. Potom je uznesen na Olimp gdje je za ženu uzeo Hebu.
 Muškarci
 Heraklov nećak bio je Jolaj koji mu je i pomogao s jednim od zadataka. Bio mu je nećak, pomagač i ljubavnik. Po uzoru na njih, mladi su se parovi zaklinjali u Jolajevo ime. Poslije je Jolaju Heraklo dao svoju ženu Megaru koju više nije mogao podnijeti jer mu je bilo prebolno, a to je bio i simbol Jolajeva ulaska u zrelu dob.
 Plutarh u svome djelu Eroticos govori da ih je bilo toliko mnogo da se ne bi mogli nabrojiti. Evo nekih Heraklovih ljubavnika:
 Abder ()
 Admet ()
 Filoktet ()
 Hilas ()
 Ifit ()
 Jolaj ()
 Nestor ()
 Literatura
 Sofoklo: Trahinjanke, tragedija
 Euripid: Heraklova djeca, tragedija
 Osvojenje Ehalije, ep
 Graves, Robert: Grčki mitovi, CID, Zagreb, 2003.
 Kerényi, Károly: The Heroes of the Greeks, Thames & Hudson, New York/London, 1959.
 Vanjske poveznice
 Heraklo u grčkoj mitologiji
 Heraklov život
 Grčki junaci


type: wikipedia

text:
Sulamistemperatuur ehk sulamispunkt (ka sulamistäpp) on aine temperatuur, mille saavutades hakkab aine sulama või tahkuma.
 Kui aine on tahkes olekus, algab sulamine, kui aine on vedelas olekus, algab tahkumine.
 Temperatuuri langedes võib siiski esineda allajahtumine, tahked ained aga üle ei kuumene.
 Lahused külmuvad alati madalamal temperatuuril kui vastavad puhtad ained. Näiteks soolase merevee külmumispunkt on madalam kui 0 °C.
 Kõigil ainetel ei ole kindlat sulamistemperatuuri. Amorfsed ained pehmenevad kuumutamisel. Nende täpset sulamispunkti pole kristallstruktuuri puudumise tõttu võimalik määrata.
 Sulamise või tahkumise käigus aine temperatuur ei muutu. Energia kulub kas olemasolevate sidemete lõhkumisele või vabaneb uute tekkimisel. Soojust, mis faasimuutuse käigus eraldub või neeldub, nimetatakse latentseks soojuseks.
 Vaata ka
 Agregaatolek
 Füüsika
 Füüsikaline keemia


type: caselaw

jurisdiction: US

text:
On November 28th, 1910, the appellee filed a bill of complaint against the appellant, in which he alleged that the railroad company had from time to time dumped a large quantity of earth and cinders upon his land which adjoins its right of way, and had negligently and knowingly allowed a great quantity of earth and cinders to be shoved and forced upon his land because of the failure of the defendant to properly protect the embankment along its right of way. It then alleges that several days before the bill was filed the railroad company did by its agents and employees enter upon a part of the plaintiff's land and was engaged in digging a ditch upon his property, into which they were preparing to place a pipe about thirty inches in diameter, that they were about to cut down and destroy valuable trees on said land, the destruction of which would do great and irremediable mischief and injury to the plaintiff, his property and estate. The bill prayed that the company be restrained and enjoined from entering or digging upon his property, or from cutting down or destroying the trees or any part thereof.
 An injunction was issued as prayed, and on January 17th, 1911, an answer was filed, in which the defendant denied the allegations of the bill and demurred to the whole bill, because on its allegations the plaintiff had a plain, adequate and complete remedy at law. Whether the answer overruled the demurrer is now immaterial, as the Court below dismissed the bill and no appeal was taken. Nothing further was done until January 10th, 1913, when the railroad company asked to have the motion for the dissolution of the injunction set down for hearing. An order was passed setting it down for hearing on January 16th, with leave to both sides to offer evidence, but on that date the company, with leave *Page 410
 of the Court, filed a "motion or petition" consisting of twelve paragraphs, in which it is alleged that on December 9th, 1835, the company acquired by purchase the parcel of land for its right of way and other corporate purposes which is set out in a copy of a deed filed; that it took possession of it and appropriated it to its corporate purposes and uses and constructed over it a high embankment of an average height of about twenty feet to secure the necessary grade, and built its railroad tracks thereon; that it has since the date of the deed held and had possession of the whole of said parcel of land, within the bounds thereof as described in the deed, and has maintained the embankment and tracks and has used and enjoyed the whole extent thereof, without any interference or disturbance until the filing of the injunction by the appellee; that at no time has the company invaded, or in any manner encroached upon the property of Silbereisen by its embankment, works or other railroad structures, and that any change in width or height or in position of said embankments has always been and is now within the limits of the property lines of the company; that on or about November 28th, 1910, in the necessary care and upkeep of the said embankment, and for the purpose of discharging its duty and obligation to provide safe, convenient and quick transportation of its passengers and freight, and wholly within the limits of its own property, it began to lay a drain or pipe line to carry off the surface water, when the injunction was obtained on the untrue and unwarranted statement that the drain and ditch were on the land of the plaintiff, and would cause him irremediable mischief and injury.
 It is then alleged that although the defendant company had filed its answer denying the allegations of the bill upon which the injunction was issued, and although the plaintiff did not proceed thereafter in said equity cause, yet on the ____ day of December, 1912, and on divers other days, between that day and the filing of the motion or petition, the plaintiff entered upon the land of the defendant and wrongfully *Page 411
 dug up and hauled away the earth and soil for the distance of three hundred feet along the western line of said lot, of the width of four or five feet and of a depth of three feet, — all said acts having been done wholly within the lines of said lot of defendant which was then in its possession; that the plaintiff claims title to a portion of the original tract under a common owner or grantor with the defendant, James Hill, but said Hill conveyed the parcel of ground to defendant in 1835, and did not convey the land which plaintiff claims until December 14th, 1851; that notwithstanding the possession of said lot with the embankments thereon by defendant, and in disregard of the terms of his own deed, and in violation and defiance of the rights of defendant for so many years possessed in undisturbed possession, the plaintiff made the said cut and built a line of fence upon defendant's land; that said cut was made without any previous notice or warning to defendant and whilst the injunction was still outstanding, and that said cut has removed and destroyed the toe of the slope of the embankment and deprived it of the support, stay and anchorage afforded and given since 1835, so that it is now without proper support and stay, and is developing large cracks and fissures because of the removal of the toe of the embankment; that he has given notice to defendant that he will make further encroachments and invasions upon its land by cutting down, digging up and removing more of the embankment.
 It is further alleged that since the issuance of the injunction, although it is to be laid upon and through its property, it has not proceeded with the laying of said pipe line, and that the water is damaging and injuring the embankment and property of defendant, and rendering the same unfit for its railroad purposes and uses; that the excavating, removing and hauling away the earth and soil from the said embankment and the action of the surface water upon it, by reason of the wrongful acts of the plaintiff, will, if not restrained, destroy the proper and safe grade for the operation *Page 412
 of the trains of the defendant and deprive the ties and rails of the tracks of a safe, secure and stable support, "so that public travel, and the movement of freight and trains and engines will be rendered unsafe, uncertain, interrupted and irregular by the sinking and sliding of the said embankment from the causes aforesaid; and will utterly and irreparably ruin and destroy the said embankment for the corporate purposes for which the defendant corporation for so many years past has been, and is now using and employing it," etc.; "that it is absolutely imperative and essential in the discharge of the duties of the defendant corporation as a public carrier of freight and passengers under its charter powers and obligations that leave be granted to the said defendant corporation to repair the mischief and harm done by the said wrongful acts of the plaintiff, by taking the necessary steps and precautions to secure the said embankment from any further sinking, sliding and disintegrating by reason of the said wrongful acts of the said Louis Silbereisen."
 The petition then prays (1) that upon final hearing said Silbereisen, his agents, etc., be perpetually enjoined from excavating, removing or hauling away the earth, soil and other material from any part of the said embankment and from any part of the land of defendant corporation within the lines of the deed from James Hill to it; that the said defendant corporation may be quieted in its right to the enjoyment of said land as above set forth, and be decreed to have the right to use and enjoy the same, etc. (2) That in the meantime, and until this cause can be fully heard and determined said Silbereisen be restrained from excavating, removing or hauling away the earth, soil and other material from said embankment, and from any part of the land of defendant contained within the lines of said deed. (3) That in the meantime and until this cause can be fully heard and determined that the railroad company be given leave and *Page 413
 permission to make the aforesaid embankment safe for public travel, and (4) for general relief.
 An order was passed on that, directing that an injunction be issued as prayed in the second paragraph of the prayer for relief and that "Leave be and the same is hereby given to the said Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company to make the aforesaid embankment safe and secure for public travel and use by the said railroad company in whatever way may be necessary within the limits of the property rights of the said Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, provided, however, that if the said Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company shall, in so doing, encroach upon or enter upon the land of the said Louis Silbereisen, it shall be responsible therefor to him in damages, unless the said company shall otherwise agree with the said Louis Silbereisen."
 That petition was filed under section 199 of Article 16 of the Code of 1912, which provides that, "The Court may at any stage of a cause or matter, on the application of any party thereto, or party in interest, by motion or petition, or of its own motion, order the issue of a mandate (affirmative injunction) or injunction, directing and commanding any party to such cause or matter, or any party properly brought before it under the existing practice, to do, or abstain from doing any act or acts," etc. The case of Horner v. Nitsch, 103 Md. 508, and others cited in the notes to that section, sufficiently sustain the right of the Court to issue an injunction in a case of this kind, and to avoid the necessity of discussing it.
 The plaintiff (appellee) filed an answer to the petition in which he denies that the embankment, as at present constructed, is of the same grade, width, slope or elevation it was when originally constructed, and alleges that the railroad company has been constantly moving over its road bed and expanding its embankment. He also alleges that all he did was on his own land and he only removed earth that was on his property. He admits that he has no claim to *Page 414
 any part of the land conveyed to the defendant by the deed of James Hill. The whole property originally belonged to James Hill and as the deeds under which the appellee claims expressly limit the conveyance of his land to the lines of the property conveyed by said Hill to the railroad company, it is not contended by him that he has any right to the property so conveyed to that company, but the controversy is as to where the dividing lines between the properties are. By agreement the case was set down for final hearing and decree on the bill of complaint, motion or petition of defendant, answers and testimony filed and taken. A large amount of testimony was taken in open Court and on February 27th, 1913, the Court decreed that the orders filed on November 28th, 1910 (granting an injunction to the plaintiff), and January 16, 1913 (granting an injunction to the defendant) be rescinded, and that the petitions upon which they were passed be dismissed without prejudice to any proceedings at law that either of the parties may be advised to take. From the order or decree dissolving the injunction and dismissing the petition of the railroad company it took this appeal.
 It will not be out of place to remark that this is the kind of case which could be settled more satisfactorily out of Court than in it, if each party is inclined to recognize the rights of the other. The land in controversy must be of very little value, and while the railroad company has no right to encroach upon the property of the appellee without first acquiring the right to do so by legal means, the evidence tends to show that the drain pipe it was laying when the plaintiff obtained the injunction would have been to the advantage of both parties. If it be conceded that the embankment has spread beyond where it was when first built, that does not in any way settle the correct location of the divisional lines, but if the railroad company has encroached upon the appellee's property, and it is necessary for its charter purposes, it should be purchased or condemned. *Page 415
 Without deeming it necessary to discuss the evidence on the subject, we are satisfied that we cannot determine from the plats and testimony now before us where the divisional lines in fact are. The locations of neither party as made are sufficiently well established to justify a Court of Equity in passing a decree fixing them. The question therefore to be determined is, whether under the evidence and circumstances the Court ought to have held the case until the lines can be properly established. We cannot agree that the evidence did not show danger to this embankment by reason of the acts of the appellee. It may be that the slide will not be dangerous if it is taken care of, but if the appellant is to be limited to the line claimed by the appellee, it may also be that it cannot be properly taken care of without an interruption to the running of the trains, and in railroad construction at a place which is ordinarily difficult to protect there should not be added to it other difficulties which may endanger the lives of the employees of the company and of the traveling public. There is ample evidence in the record to show that the water had been backed up into and against the embankment, which, together with the removal of what is spoken of as the toe of the slope, has caused cracks in the embankment, one of which is from twelve to eighteen inches wide, and about thirty feet long. Unquestionably those cracks were caused, at least in part, by acts of the appellee. It is not contradicted in the record that they came a few days after the toe of the slope was removed. The testimony of Messrs. Zepp, the track supervisor, Staubitz, the track foreman, and Trench, the division engineer, undoubtedly tends to show a dangerous condition of this embankment, caused in part at least by the acts of the appellee and there is nothing we find in the record to the contrary, as we do not understand Mr. Trench's testimony to be subject to any other interpretation. It is true that the order of the Court granting the injunction at the instance of the appellant gave it leave, "to make the aforesaid embankment safe and secure for public travel and use by the said railroad company in whatever way may be necessary *Page 416 within the limits of the property rights of" that company, but the very question in controversy was where those limits were.
 The proviso at the end of the order — that if the railroad company "shall, in so doing, encroach upon or enter upon the land of the said Louis Silbereisen, it shall be responsible therefor to him in damages, unless the said company shall otherwise agree with the said Louis Silbereisen" — could scarcely be said in view of the previous part of the order which expressly said "within the limits of the property rights of" the company to release it from the effect of the injunction which was issued at the instance of the appellee, in so far as the land in dispute is concerned. If it was so intended, it ought to have said so, as those taking steps to make the embankment safe and secure for public travel and use of the railroad company might well have supposed they could not go upon the disputed strip without violating the injunction. But at any rate that order was rescinded on February 27th — only six weeks after it was passed — by the one now appealed from. That time might or might not be ample to do the necessary work, if the injunction did not prohibit the agents of the company from going upon the disputed strip, as that would depend upon what had to be done, the condition of the weather and other circumstances. There is ample authority for the continuance of the injunction issued at the instance of the appellant, at least until the rights of the parties can be settled at law, and we think that course should have been pursued.
 In White v. Flannigain, 1 Md. 525, CHIEF JUDGE LE GRAND, after reviewing some earlier cases, said on page 543 that a Court of Equity will interfere: "1st. To prevent irreparable mischief or ruin. 2nd. To prevent a multiplicity of suits; and 3rd, where it is required by some peculiar circumstances;" and again, he referred, with approval, to what CHANCELLOR KENT said in Jerome
 v. Ross, 7 Johnson's Chancery, 315: "1st. That an injunction will not be granted to restrain a trespasser, merely because heis a trespasser. *Page 417
 2nd. But that an injunction will issue when the injury is irreparable; or where full and adequate relief cannot be granted at law; or where the trespass goes to the destruction of the property as it had been held and enjoyed," etc. Those principles were again announced by JUDGE BRISCOE, in Long v.Ragan, 94 Md. 462. It would be difficult to find a case where an injunction would be more demanded "by some peculiar circumstances" than this, or "where the trespass goes to the destruction of the property as it had been held and enjoyed" more than it did in this instance — even if it be said that the damage would not be irreparable within the correct meaning of that term. Such a controversy as this, where the owner of land contiguous to a railroad claims it is encroaching upon him, is liable to arise at any time, and if it must be held that Courts of Equity have no power to restrain such owners from cutting away a part of an embankment, or removing some other structure necessary for the safety of the road which they claim to be on their land, because the railroad company has its remedy for damages at law, the traveling public and the employees of such company will indeed be subject to great dangers, without taking into consideration the loss inflicted upon the railroad company's property. The conditions in this case are such as make it peculiarly one for equitable interference until the rights of the parties to the land in question can be properly determined, especially as the appellee had on January 8th, 1913, through his attorney, notified the division engineer "to immediately remove the said embankment from Mr. Silbereisen's land; and if the same is not done by Saturday afternoon, January 11th, 1913, Mr. Silbereisen will have it removed at the expense of the railroad company."
 In the first volume of Equitable Remedies, Supplementary toPomeroy's Eq. Juris, there is an instructive and able discussion of the subject of "Injunctions against Trespass," covering a number of sections of that work. In Section 503 the author says the reason, which sustains the holding that even *Page 418
 as against a defendant in possession a temporary injunction will issue, if, pending litigation, there will otherwise be such serious acts of trespass that damages will not be an adequate remedy, "has never been more forcibly and clearly stated than inDuvall v. Waters," 1 Bland, 569, and he then quotes at length from CHANCELLOR BLAND'S opinion in that case. In section 505 he says: "No argument or discussion will be necessary to show that when the plaintiff is in possession claiming title, he should be granted a temporary injunction, pending the litigation over title, against all trespasses, such that, from their nature or the surrounding circumstances (as for example the defendant's insolvency) he cannot have an adequate legal remedy for them." Then after pointing out in section 506 the meaning of the statement that "the plaintiff's title must be admitted, or be established by a legal adjudication, and the threatened injury must be of such a nature as will cause irreparable damage," he goes on to show that Courts of Equity can investigate the title themselves and finally dispose of the case, but adds: "Courts of Equity, however, more usually send the question to be tried at law, but this is from reasons of policy rather than of jurisdiction. If the plaintiff's title is clear, though denied by the defendant, a permanent injunction may issue at once. If the Court decides to have the question tried at law it may procure diligence in the prosecution of the ejectment suit by framing an issue as an incident to its own proceedings, and sending the parties to law with it; or by granting the temporary injunction to a plaintiff out of possession on terms that the injunction shall continue only if he begins and prosecutes his action of ejectment with diligence; or if the defendant is the party out of possession, and therefore the proper person to bring ejectment, by a provision that the injunction shall be made permanent, if he failed to do this within a reasonable time."
 The methods suggested by that author seem to us to be wise and clearly within the powers of Courts of Equity. We would add in connection with his suggestion that in *Page 419
 this State the action of trespass quare clausum fregit is also frequently adopted to determine titles, and hence in imposing such conditions the Court of Equity can provide for either that action or ejectment, whichever to it seems best under the circumstances.
 It was argued by the appellant that the question of title was not involved, and that it was merely a confusion of boundaries, but we think it is clear that the title to this strip is involved. If the line be as contended by appellant the title to it is undoubtedly in it, but if the appellee's locations be the true lines then it is in him, unless it has been so held by the defendant as to give it title by adverse possession. An action of ejectment, "may involve simply the question of title to a piece of land, in regard to the location and boundaries of which there is no dispute, or the contention may be whether the land in controversy, truly surveyed and located, is within the lines of the plaintiff's or defendant's title papers." 2 Poe, sec. 469. It is true the latter is called an "Ejectment Upon Location," but the plaintiff can only recover provided the title to the disputed tract is in him. Cases have frequently arisen, and still arise, particularly in the western part of this State, where the title depended upon the correct location of the division lines, and, as we have seen, the action of trespass quare clausumfregit is often resorted to in trying titles to land, and in actions involving locations it is much more satisfactory to have a warrant of resurvey, such as is provided for in sections 80, etc., of Article 75 of the Code, or a survey of that kind.
 In this case it would be very difficult, if not impossible, for the Court to determine which is the correct line under the surveys that have been made, and therefore we do not deem it proper to attempt to do so. When the case is remanded, the lower Court can, in its discretion, frame an issue and send it to a Court of law, or can require one of the parties to institute a proceeding at law, to have the title *Page 420
 determined within a time to be named in its order. Whichever is done by the Court we would advise that it require the locations to be made as under a warrant of resurvey and by a disinterested surveyor. If the county surveyor is disqualified by reason of his connection with the appellee, another surveyor can of course be chosen.
 In the meantime such steps as are necessary for the protection of the embankment should be permitted, if the parties can not agree, as it is to be hoped they can. The costs are already considerable and will be still larger if the litigation be continued. We regret that we do not feel at liberty to decide the question of the true location of the lines, and end the litigation, but a due consideration by each party for the rights of the other will readily enable them to avoid further costs, and it is for them, and not for the Court, to decide whether additional costs shall be incurred.
 We will remand the cause without affirming or reversing the order appealed from, the Court below to continue the injunction as it did by its order of the 8th of March, 1913, and to provide for such proceedings at law as are authorized by this opinion. If after such reasonable time as the Court may allow, the title is or is not determined at law, this case can then be finally disposed of.
 Cause remanded, without affirming or reversing the orderappealed from, for further proceedings in accordance with thisopinion, the costs to abide the final result of the case.
 In overruling a motion for a modification of the decree, theCourt said:
 We carefully considered the questions raised by the appellant, in its motion for a modification of the decree, before filing the opinion and passing the decree. We concluded, and *Page 421
 still think, that the disposition of the case made by us was the proper one, and there is no difficulty about continuing the injunction. The order of the lower Court had the effect of continuing the injunction, upon the filing of the appeal bond, until this Court disposed of the question. As we remanded the case without affirming or reversing the decree, in order that the proceedings therein referred to might be had, the case stands, under Article 5, § 38, "as if no appeal had been taken in the cause, and the decree or order appealed from had not beenpassed." In other words the injunction obtained by the appellant is continued under our opinion and decree as if the order dissolving it had not been passed. If the appellee in any way violates that injunction, it will be the duty of the lower Court to enforce it, or, if necessary, it could supplement its original order for the injunction in order to carry out the directions of this Court, as contained in its opinion.
 We deem it proper that the final disposition of the costs be postponed as indicated in the opinion. If the appellee was responsible for them, as the appellant alleges in the motion, that and other questions will be considered when the time comes to finally act on the costs.
 Motion for modification of decree overruled.
 Filed August 5th, 1913. *Page 422


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Moravci (češki: Moravané; engl. Moravians).- ime za niz malenih etničkih grupa naseljenih u području Moravske, Češka. Njihov jezik (moravski jezik) ili poseban jezik, ili samo narječje češkoga jezika Moravci se najčešće klasificiraju u Čehe, no neki od njih ipak smatraju posebnim narodom koji govori ‘moravskim jezikom’. Najpoznatije lokalne grupe Moravaca su u srednjoj Moravskoj: Hanáci u području poznatom kao Haná, prema boji hlača dijele se na crvene i žute. Ostale grupe su znatno malobrojnije, to su: Horáci, Blat'aci, Bañáci, Zabečáci i Moravčici. Na sjeveroistoku Moravske (Šleske), osobito oko Opave pa do Českog Těšína naseljeni su: Dulané, Horalé, Valaši i neki manji. Sve ove manje gruipe poznate su kao Lachy, njihovi govori pokazuju prijelaz šleskim dijalektima. Južno od ovih naseljeni su Valaši, druga veća grupa koji se razlikuju gore navedenih, ime su dobili po stočarima 'Vlasima' koji su ovamo došli u 12. stoljeću ili kasnije.
 Moravci u Češkoj po popisima:
 1991.: 1.363.000
 2001.: 380.474
 Vanjske poveznice
 Zapadni Slaveni
 Etničke grupe Češke


type: other

text: b" U.S. Department of Agriculture\n Office of Inspector General\n Financial Audit Operations\n\n\n\n\n Statement on Standards for Attestation\nEngagements No. 16 Report on Controls at the\n National Finance Center\n\n\n\n\n Report 11401-2-11\n September 2011\n\x0c United States Department of Agriculture\n Office of Inspector General\n Washington, D.C. 20250\n\n\n\n\nDATE: September 23, 2011\n\nAUDIT\nNUMBER: 11401-2-11\n\nTO: Jon M. Holladay\n Acting Chief Financial Officer\n Office of the Chief Financial Officer\n\nATTN: Kathleen A. Donaldson\n Audit Liaison Officer\n\nFROM: Gil H. Harden /s/\n Assistant Inspector General\n for Audit\n\nSUBJECT: Statement on Standards for Attestation Engagements No. 16 Report on Controls at\n the National Finance Center\n\n\nThis report presents the results of our Statement on Standards for Attestation Engagements\nNo. 16 examination for the Department of Agriculture\xe2\x80\x99s National Finance Center (NFC). Our\nexamination was conducted in accordance with Government Auditing Standards, issued by the\nComptroller General of the United States, and relevant attestation standards established by the\nAmerican Institute of Certified Public Accountants. This report contains NFC management\xe2\x80\x99s\nsystem description and assertion about whether the description is fairly presented and controls\nare suitably designed and operating effectively to achieve control objectives stated in the\ndescription throughout the period from October 1, 2010, through July 31, 2011. Additionally,\nthe report includes our unqualified opinion on NFC\xe2\x80\x99s controls based on the criteria described in\nits assertion. Furthermore, the report does not contain recommendations. The projection of any\nconclusions based on our engagement to future periods is subject to the risk that changes may\nalter the validity of such conclusions. This report is intended solely for NFC as well as user\nentities of NFC payroll/personnel and/or application hosting systems during the specified period\nand their independent auditors.\n\nWe appreciate the courtesies and cooperation extended to us by members of your staff during\nthis engagement.\n\x0cTable of Contents\n\nExecutive Summary .................................................................................................1\nIndependent Service Auditors\xe2\x80\x99 Report ..................................................................2\nAbbreviations ...........................................................................................................5\nExhibit A: National Finance Center - Management\xe2\x80\x99s System Description.......6\nExhibit B: National Finance Center - Management\xe2\x80\x99s Assertion......................27\nExhibit C: Independent Service Auditor\xe2\x80\x99s Description of Tests of the National\nFinance Center Controls .......................................................................................29\n\x0cExecutive Summary\nStatement on Standards for Attestation Engagements No. 16 Report on Controls at the\nNational Finance Center (Report 11401-2-11)\n\nResults in Brief\nThis report presents the results of our Statement on Standards for Attestation Engagements\nNo. 16 engagement for the Department of Agriculture\xe2\x80\x99s National Finance Center (NFC). Our\nexamination was conducted in accordance with Government Auditing Standards, issued by the\nComptroller General of the United States, and relevant attestation standards established by the\nAmerican Institute of Certified Public Accountants.\n\nNFC provided us with a description of its payroll/personnel and application hosting systems for\nthe period from October 1, 2010, through July 31, 2011, included as exhibit A, and an assertion,\nincluded as exhibit B, about the subject matter of our engagement. Our objectives were to obtain\nreasonable assurance about whether, in all material respects, based on suitable criteria, (1)\nmanagement's description of NFC systems fairly presents the systems that were designed and\nimplemented throughout the period specified in the description; (2) the controls related to the\ncontrol objectives stated in the description of NFC systems were suitably designed throughout\nthe specified period; and (3) the controls operated effectively to provide reasonable assurance\nthat the control objectives stated in the description of NFC systems were achieved throughout the\nspecified period.\n\nIn our opinion, in all material respects, based on the criteria described in NFC\xe2\x80\x99s assertion, the\ndescription fairly presents NFC payroll/personnel processing and application hosting systems\nthat were designed and implemented throughout the period from October 1, 2010, to July 31,\n2011. Also, in our opinion, the controls included in the description were suitably designed and\noperating effectively to provide reasonable assurance that the associated control objectives\nwould be achieved from October 1, 2010, to July 31, 2011, if user entities effectively applied the\ncomplementary controls contemplated in the design of NFC controls throughout this period.\n\nRecommendation Summary\nWe do not make any recommendations in this report.\n\n\n\n\n Report 11401-2-11 1\n\x0cIndependent Service Auditors\xe2\x80\x99 Report\nTo: Jon M. Holladay\n Acting Chief Financial Officer\n Office of the Chief Financial Officer\n\nScope\nWe have examined the Department of Agriculture National Finance Center\xe2\x80\x99s (NFC) description\nof its payroll/personnel and application hosting systems throughout the period from October 1,\n2010 to July 31, 2011, included as exhibit A, and the suitability of the design and operating\neffectiveness of controls to achieve the related control objectives stated in the description. The\ndescription indicates that certain control objectives specified in the description can be achieved\nonly if complementary user entity controls contemplated in the design of NFC controls are\nsuitably designed and operating effectively, along with related controls at NFC. We have not\nevaluated the suitability of the design or operating effectiveness of such complementary user\nentity controls.\n\nNFC used subservice organizations to help support general controls related to payroll/personnel\nprocessing and application hosting. The description in exhibit A includes only the controls and\nrelated control objectives of NFC and excludes the control objectives and related controls of the\nspecified subservice organizations. Our examination did not extend to controls at the subservice\norganizations specified in the NFC system description.\n\nNFC\xe2\x80\x99s Responsibilities\nNFC has provided an assertion, included as exhibit B, about the fair presentation of the\ndescription and the suitability of the design and operating effectiveness of the controls to achieve\nthe related control objectives stated in the description. NFC is responsible for preparing the\ndescription and for the assertion, including the completeness, accuracy, and method of\npresentation of the description and the assertion; providing the services covered by the\ndescription; specifying the control objectives and stating them in the description; identifying the\nrisks that threaten the achievement of the control objectives; selecting the criteria; and designing,\nimplementing, and documenting controls to achieve the related control objectives stated in the\ndescription.\n\nOffice of Inspector General\xe2\x80\x99s Responsibilities\nOur responsibility is to express an opinion on the fairness of the presentation of the description\nand on the suitability of the design and operating effectiveness of the controls to achieve the\nrelated control objectives stated in the description, based on our examination. We conducted our\nexamination in accordance with Government Auditing Standards issued by the Comptroller\nGeneral of the United States, and relevant attestation standards established by the American\nInstitute of Certified Public Accountants. Those standards require that we plan and perform our\nexamination to obtain reasonable assurance about whether, in all material respects, the\ndescription is fairly presented and the controls were suitably designed and operating effectively\n\n\n\n\n Report 11401-2-11 2\n\x0cto achieve the related control objectives stated in the description throughout the period from\nOctober 1, 2010 to July 31, 2011.\n\nAn examination of a description of a service organization\xe2\x80\x99s systems and the suitability of the\ndesign and operating effectiveness of the service organization\xe2\x80\x99s controls to achieve the related\ncontrol objectives stated in the description involves performing procedures to obtain evidence\nabout the fairness of the presentation of the description and the suitability of the design and\noperating effectiveness of those controls to achieve the related control objectives stated in the\ndescription. Our procedures included assessing the risks that the description is not fairly\npresented and that the controls were not suitably designed or operating effectively to achieve the\nrelated control objectives stated in the description. Our procedures also included testing the\noperating effectiveness of those controls that we consider necessary to provide reasonable\nassurance that the related control objectives stated in the description were achieved. An\nexamination engagement of this type also includes evaluating the overall presentation of the\ndescription and the suitability of the control objectives stated therein, and the suitability of the\ncriteria specified by the service organization and described in exhibit B. We believe that the\nevidence we obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.\n\nInherent Limitations\nBecause of their nature, controls at a service organization may not prevent, or detect and correct,\nall errors or omissions in processing or reporting associated with NFC payroll/personnel and\napplication hosting systems. Also, the projection to the future of any evaluation of the fairness\nof the presentation of the description, or conclusions about the suitability of the design or\noperating effectiveness of the controls to achieve the related control objectives, is subject to the\nrisk that controls at a service organization may become inadequate or fail.\n\nOpinion\nIn our opinion, in all material respects, based on the criteria described in NFC\xe2\x80\x99s assertion in\nexhibit B:\n\n \xc2\xb7 The description fairly presents the NFC payroll/personnel and application hosting\n systems that were designed and implemented throughout the period from October 1,\n 2010, to July 31, 2011.\n\n \xc2\xb7 The controls related to the control objectives stated in the description were suitably\n designed to provide reasonable assurance that the control objectives would be achieved if\n the controls operated effectively throughout the period from October 1, 2010, to July 31,\n 2011, and user entities applied the complementary controls contemplated in the design of\n NFC controls throughout the period from October 1, 2010, to July 31, 2011.\n\n\n\n\n Report 11401-2-11 3\n\x0c \xc2\xb7 The controls we tested, which were those NFC controls necessary to provide reasonable\n assurance that the control objectives stated in the description were achieved1, operated\n effectively throughout the period from October 1, 2010, to July 31, 2011.\n\nDescription of Tests of Controls\nThe specific controls tested and the nature, timing, and results of those tests are included in\nexhibit C.\n\nRestricted Use\nThis report, including the description of tests of controls and results thereof in exhibit C, is\nintended solely for the information and use of NFC, user entities of NFC payroll/personnel\nand/or application hosting systems during some or all of the period from October 1, 2010, to\nJuly 31, 2011, and the independent auditors of such user entities, who have a sufficient\nunderstanding to consider it, along with other information including information about controls\nimplemented by user entities themselves, when assessing the risks of material misstatements of\nuser entities\xe2\x80\x99 financial statements. This report is not intended to be and should not be used by\nanyone other than these specified parties.\n\n\n\n\nGil H. Harden /s/\nAssistant Inspector General\n for Audit\n\nSeptember 22, 2011\n\nWashington, D.C.\n\n\n\n\n1\n In addition to the NFC controls we tested, the effective application of the complementary user entity controls\nreferred to in the scope paragraph of this report is necessary to achieve the related control objectives.\n\n\n\n\n Report 11401-2-11 4\n\x0cAbbreviations\n\nCSAM ......................... Cyber Security Assessment and Management System\nEmpowHR................... Human Capital Management System\nNFC............................. National Finance Center\nPOA&M...................... Plan of Action and Milestones\n\n\n\n\n Report 11401-2-11 5\n\x0cThe subsequent sections of the report exhibit A (pages 6\nthrough 26), exhibit B (pages 27 and 28), and exhibit C\n(pages 29 through 52) are not being publicly released due\nto the sensitive security content.\n\x0c"


text:
December 2017, številka 50 / letnik XV.
 Quod directo fieri prohibetur, etiam est prohibitum per indirectum.
 Kar je prepovedano storiti naravnost, je tudi prepovedano (storiti) posredno.
 >> Novosti na področju nepremičninskega posredovanja
 Ministrstvo za okolje in prostor je v vladni postopek poslalo predlog novega zakona o nepremičninskem posredovanju. Po predlogu višina provizije pri poslih med podjetji ne bo več omejena, bo pa omejitev ostala pri poslovanju s potrošniki. Med novostmi bo tudi možnost ekskluzivnega posredovanja. Pri izvajanju veljavnega zakona se je pojavilo največ težav glede spoštovanja pravil za varno in skrbno poslovanje nepremičninskih družb, ki se nanašajo predvsem na ugotavljanje in seznanjanje naročnikov s pravnim in dejanskim stanjem nepremičnine. Po novem bodo v zakonu opredeljeni vsebina pogodbe o posredovanju, trajanje pogodbe in vsebina splošnih pogojev ter pogoji za nepremičninske družbe in nepremičninske posrednike. Družba bo morala za opravljanje poslov posredovanja izpolnjevati tri pogoje, in sicer bo morala imeti registrirano dejavnost posredništva v prometu z nepremičninami, zaposlenega najmanj enega nepremičninskega posrednika in sklenjeno zavarovanje za odgovornost za škodo. Dovoljenje za opravljanje poslov posredovanja pa bo lahko pridobil posameznik, ki bo imel dokazilo o strokovni usposobljenosti in ki ni bil pravnomočno obsojen za kaznivo dejanje zoper premoženje, gospodarstvo, pravni promet, življenje in telo, spolno nedotakljivost ali javni red in mir.
 Video posnetek okrogle mize 10 najvplivnejših pravnikov 2017
 >> Nova sodba ESČP proti Sloveniji
 Evropsko sodišče za človekove pravice v Strasbourgu je v torek odločilo, da mora Slovenija plačati 42.000 evrov odškodnine Aranđelu Ribaću, ker mu pokojninski zavod ni želel odobriti starostne pokojnine.
 >> Slovenija zaradi koncesij pred Sodišče EU
 >> Ustavno sodišče glede volitev v DS pritrdilo društvu oblikovalcev
 Ustavno sodišče je z odločbo Up-1033/17 razveljavilo sodbo vrhovnega sodišča, s katero je to zavrnilo del pritožbe Društva oblikovalcev Slovenije na odločitev Državne volilne komisije (DVK) glede števila elektorjev športnih organizacij pri volitvah v DS. Prav tako je odpravilo odločbo DVK in do ponovne odločitve zadržalo volitve predstavnika kulture in športa v DS.
 >> Po vetu v DS vnovič potrditev v DZ
 Poslanke in poslanci so v ponedeljek po odložilnih vetih DS vnovič potrdili spremembe zakona o financiranju občin in zakon o izvrševanju proračunov za leti 2018 in 2019. Državni svetniki so veto na spremembe zakona o financiranju občin med drugim izglasovali zaradi nasprotovanja predvidenemu postopku določitve povprečnine z upoštevanjem makroekonomskih okoliščin. Zanje namreč ni sprejemljivo, da bi na tej podlagi sredstva občinam arbitrarno nižali na predlog vlade, ampak bi morali za to določiti merila. Pri zakonu o izvrševanju proračunov za leti 2018 in 2019 pa so državni svetniki izpostavili kritiko do višine povprečnine. Ta se z letošnjih 530 evrov v prihodnjem letu zvišuje na 551 evrov na prebivalca, v letu 2019 pa še za sedem evrov na 558 evrov, a s tem v občinskih združenjih niso zadovoljni.
 >> Pobuda za večjo vključitev DS v zakonodajni postopek
 Komisija DZ za poslovnik je danes podprla pobudo podpredsednika DZ Primoža Hainza za spremembe poslovnika, s katerimi bi zagotovili večjo vključitev DS v zakonodajni postopek oz. uvedli t. i. institut ponovnega odločanja. Poslanske skupine se morajo do pobude opredeliti do 6. januarja, nakar bo komisija oblikovala predlog. Z institutom ponovnega odločanja bi namreč ostajala možnost, da bi imel državni svet poleg vložitve veta na celoten zakon, možnost vložitve zahteve o ponovnem odločanju, ki bi se nanašala le na posamezne člene zakona. Tako bi pri ponovnem odločanju DZ razpravljal in odločal le o dopolnilih, ki jih je predlagal DS.
 >> Cerar vztraja pri uveljavitvi arbitražne sodbe
 Razsodba arbitražnega sodišča je za Slovenijo dokončna in zavezujoča za obe strani, zato bo Slovenija vztrajala pri njeni uveljavitvi, so se v kabinetu premierja Mira Cerarja odzvali na torkovo poročanje hrvaškega časnika, da naj bi Cerar ne zavračal predloga o dvostranskem dogovoru s Hrvaško, ki bi vseboval arbitražno sodbo.
 >> Odškodnine zaradi nerazglašenih oporok
 Državno odvetništvo je do zdaj zaradi nerazglašenih oporok prejelo 29 zahtevkov za odškodnino v predhodnem postopku. V primerih, ko takšen zunajsodni dogovor ni mogoč, lahko oškodovanci odškodnino terjajo preko sodišča. Do zdaj je odvetništvo v odgovor s sodišč prejelo štiri take tožbe, so pojasnili na državnem odvetništvu.
 >> Novič zahteva navzočnost na pritožbeni seji
 Ljubljanski višji sodniki bi morali v sredo odločati o pritožbi Milka Noviča, ki ga je okrožno sodišče obsodilo na 25 let zapora zaradi umora direktorja kemijskega inštituta Janka Jamnika. A se Novič ni strinjal z odločitvijo sodišča, da se pritožbeno sejo izpelje brez njegove navzočnosti, zato je obravnava preložena na 20. december, poročajo mediji.
 >> Laubiču za umor 26 let zapora
 Sodnica celjskega okrožnega sodišča Marjana Topolovec Dolinšek je v ponedeljek Zvoneta Laubiča spoznala za krivega umora na grozovit način nekdanje partnerke na avtobusni postaji ob trgovskem središču v Celju aprila lani. Prisodila mu je 26 let zaporne kazni.
 >> Ustava mora biti živ mehanizem
 Brez ljudi, ki živijo pravno državo, in brez institucij, ki naj jo spravijo v življenje, bi ustava ostala knjižica, ki se praši na polici, je na tožilskih dnevih v Portorožu poudarila predsednica ustavnega sodišča Jadranka Sovdat. Ustava mora biti živ mehanizem, je še dodala Sovdatova in izpostavila pomen učinkovitega tožilstva za pravno državo.
 >> Svet ZN za človekove pravice bo vodil slovenski predstavnik
 Na ponedeljkovem organizacijskem sestanku Sveta Združenih narodov za človekove pravice so slovenskega stalnega predstavnika pri Uradu ZN in drugih mednarodnih organizacijah v Ženevi Vojislava Šuca izvolili za predsednika sveta v letu 2018. Kot so sporočili z zunanjega ministrstva, bo enoletni mandat nastopil s 1. januarjem 2018.
 >> Novela zakona o lokalnih volitvah
 Spremembe in dopolnitve > Zakona o lokalnih volitvah (ZLV), ki bodo začele veljati 16. decembra, določajo stalen datum lokalnih volitev, te bodo odslej potekale tretjo nedeljo v novembru (25. člen - primerjalnik besedila). Prvič bodo lokalne volitve po novem potekale že prihodnje leto. Novela med drugim tudi zmanjšuje število volilnih organov, natančneje razmejuje pristojnosti med Državno volilno komisijo in Ministrstvom za javno upravo, spreminja ureditev nadomestil članom volilnih organov ter določa vključitev tujcev v volitve svetov ožjih delov občin.
 >> Odškodnine zaradi ograje na meji
 Sprememba > Zakona o nadzoru državne meje (ZNDM-2), ki bo začela veljati 16. decembra, podaljšuje rok, do katerega bodo lastniki zemljišč, na katerih je postavljena ograja na meji s Hrvaško, lahko vložili zahtevek za odškodnino (24. člen - primerjalnik besedila). To bodo po novem lahko storili do 31. marca 2018.
 >> Omejitev fiktivnih vpisov v srednje šole
 Spremembe in dopolnitve > Zakona o gimnazijah (ZGim) in spremembe in dopolnitve > Zakona o poklicnem in strokovnem izobraževanju (ZPSI-1), ki bodo začele veljati 16. decembra 2017 in se začele uporabljat 1. septembra 2018, zaostrujejo pogoje za ohranitev statusa dijaka in omejujejo fiktivne vpise. Noveli urejata tudi možnost srednješolskega izobraževanja tujcev, ki so davčni zavezanci ali pa so davčni zavezanci njihovi starši, pod enakimi pogoji, kot veljajo za državljane Slovenije.
 >> Plače direktorjev v javnem sektorju
 Vlada z novo Uredbo o plačah direktorjev v javnem sektorju, ki je začela veljati 2. decembra 2017, uporabljati pa se bo začela 1. januarja 2018, odpravlja zaznane anomalije plačnega sistema, in sicer gre za popravke plač približno 2400 ravnateljem in direktorjem javnih zavodov, večinoma s področja izobraževanja. Uredba je sicer v javnosti zbudila kar nekaj razburjenja, saj da se plače ponovno zvišujejo tistim, ki so že bolje plačani. Na ministrstvu za javno upravo pa so pojasnili, da so direktorji prvi vstopili v nov plačni sistem, zaradi interventnih ukrepov pa se od leta 2012 njihove uvrstitve niso spreminjale.
 >> Zagotovitev pogojev za delo Slovenske matice
 Zakon o Slovenski matici (ZSMat), ki bo začel veljati 16. decembra, ureja pravni in finančni status tega pomembnega kulturnega in znanstvenega društva ter zagotavlja pogoje za njegovo delo in razvoj. Na podlagi usklajenega programa dela in finančnega načrta bodo z odločbo zagotovljena finančna sredstva iz državnega proračuna za delovanje društva in sofinanciranje stroškov dela zaposlenih, ki jih bosta prispevala ministrstvo za kulturo v višini 65 in ministrstvo, pristojno za znanost, v višini 35 odstotkov.
 14. december 2017 Zakon o pogojih koncesije za izkoriščanje energetskega potenciala Spodnje Save (ZPKEPS-1)
 14. december 2017 Zakon o voznikih (ZVoz-1)
 16. december 2017 Zakon o nadzoru državne meje (ZNDM-2)
 16. december 2017 Zakon o Slovenski matici (ZSMat)
 16. december 2017 Zakon o lokalnih volitvah (ZLV)
 >> Prepoved opravljanja dejavnosti javnih uslužbencev
 Vrhovno sodišče je v revizijskem postopku ugotavljalo, ali lahko delodajalec svojemu delavcu (javnemu uslužbencu) prepove opravljati funkcijo predsednika športnega društva. Absolutno prepoved opravljanja dejavnosti posebej za inšpektorje ureja 15. člen ZIN, ki določa, da inšpektor ne sme opravljati dejavnosti oziroma dela za drugega delodajalca na področju, na katerem opravlja naloge inšpekcijskega nadzora, razen če gre za znanstveno ali pedagoško delo. Navedena določba je v razmerju do petega odstavka 100. člena ZJU specialna in strožja. Inšpektorjem izjemoma dovoljuje opravljanje dejavnosti oziroma delo za drugega delodajalca na področju, na katerem opravlja naloge inšpekcijskega nadzora le, če gre za pedagoško ali znanstveno delo. Vrhovno sodišče je zaključilo, da je tožena stranka ravnala pravilno, ker je tožniku prepovedala opravljati dejavnost predsednika športne zveze, saj je to na podlagi 15. člena ZIN nezdružljivo z njegovim položajem inšpektorja ter zavrnilo revizijo kot neutemeljeno.
 Kot marsikdo ve, Hollywood oziroma celotni zabavljaški svet Združenih držav Amerike pretresajo škandali, povezani s spolnostjo. Pravzaprav se je začelo že pred nekaj leti z razkritjem, da naj bi Bill Cosby – vsem dobro znani prijazni oče in zdravnik dr. Huxtable iz nadaljevanke The Cosby Show – v času največje slave omamljal mlade igralke in jih zlorabljal. Glede na ugled in moralno »čistost« Cosby Showa, saj je veljal za eno najbolj primernih družinskih nadaljevank vseh časov, je bil šok ob tem precejšen, mnogi pa so to sprejeli tudi z nejevero, predvsem zaradi zelo dolgega časovnega obdobja med dejanji in razkritjem ter obsega spolnega nasilja. Igralec naj bi se od šestdesetih let prejšnjega stoletja pregrešil zoper petdeset žensk, obtožbe pa so obsegale vse od posilstev do spolnih napadov na otroke.
 dr. Jurij Toplak:
 Zakon o varstvu potrošnikov (ZVPot) je doživel 13 vplivov na besedilo in vse te spremembe, dopolnitve, zadržanja ter razveljavitve so upoštevane samo v IUS-INFO prečiščenem besedilu ZVPot.
 V časovni lestvici je na voljo tudi vseh 14 verzij čistopisov tega zakonskega besedila, kakor se je spreminjalo od prve objave. V primerjalniku členov pa lahko še posebej natančno preverite spremembe v samem besedilu - za primer si lahko ogledate primerjavo besedila 4. člena ZVPot (sprememba v drugem odstavku glede povrnitve škode s strani proizvajalca) pred in po spremembi.
 ZVPot je vsebinsko povezan tudi z 250 strokovnimi članki in več kot 250 judikati slovenskih sodišč (ustavno, vrhovno, višja, upravno) ter 1880 judikati EU. Vse te povezave so dodane tudi ob posameznih členih, na katere se vsebinsko navezujejo.


type: contracts

jurisdiction: EU

text:
 Avis juridique important
 |
 22002D0060
 Beschluss des Gemeinsamen EWR-Ausschusses Nr. 60/2002 vom 31. Mai 2002 zur Änderung des Anhangs XX (Umweltschutz) des EWR-Abkommens
 Amtsblatt Nr. L 238 vom 05/09/2002 S. 0026 - 0027
 Beschluss des Gemeinsamen EWR-AusschussesNr. 60/2002vom 31. Mai 2002zur Änderung des Anhangs XX (Umweltschutz) des EWR-AbkommensDER GEMEINSAME EWR-AUSSCHUSS -gestützt auf das Abkommen über den Europäischen Wirtschaftsraum, geändert durch das Anpassungsprotokoll zum Abkommen über den Europäischen Wirtschaftsraum, nachstehend "Abkommen" genannt, insbesondere auf Artikel 98,in Erwägung nachstehender Gründe:(1) Anhang XX des Abkommens wurde durch den Beschluss des Gemeinsamen EWR-Ausschusses Nr. 41/2002 vom 19. April 2002(1) geändert.(2) Die Entscheidung 2001/744/EG der Kommission vom 17. Oktober 2001 zur Änderung des Anhangs V der Richtlinie 1999/30/EG des Rates über Grenzwerte für Schwefeldioxid, Stickstoffdioxid und Stickstoffoxide, Partikel und Blei in der Luft(2) ist in das Abkommen aufzunehmen -BESCHLIESST:Artikel 1In Anhang XX des Abkommens wird unter Nummer 13e (Richtlinie 1999/30/EG des Rates) Folgendes angefügt: ", geändert durch:- 32001 D 0744: Entscheidung 2001/744/EG der Kommission vom 17. Oktober 2001 (ABl. L 278 vom 23.10.2001, S. 35)."Artikel 2Der Wortlaut der Entscheidung 2001/744/EG in isländischer und norwegischer Sprache, der in der EWR-Beilage des Amtsblatts der Europäischen Gemeinschaften veröffentlicht wird, ist verbindlich.Artikel 3Dieser Beschluss tritt am 1. Juni 2002 in Kraft, sofern dem Gemeinsamen EWR-Ausschuss alle Mitteilungen nach Artikel 103 Absatz 1 des Abkommens vorliegen(3).Artikel 4Dieser Beschluss wird im EWR-Abschnitt und in der EWR-Beilage des Amtsblatts der Europäischen Gemeinschaften veröffentlicht.Brüssel, den 31. Mai 2002Für den Gemeinsamen EWR-AusschussDer VorsitzendeP. Westerlund(1) ABl. L 154 vom 13.6.2002, S. 28.(2) ABl. L 278 vom 23.10.2001, S. 35.(3) Ein Bestehen verfassungsrechtlicher Anforderungen wurde nicht mitgeteilt.


text:
Η τρέχουσα σελίδα αφορά το έτος 1172 κατά το Γρηγοριανό ημερολόγιο
 Γεγονότα
 27 Αυγούστου - Ο βασιλιάς Ερρίκος Β ́ της Αγγλίας στέφει τους κληρονόμους του, τον Ερρίκο τον Νεότερο και τη Μαργαρίτα, αλλά δεν τους δίνει καμία πραγματική εξουσία.
 Γεννήσεις
 Φεβρουάριος/Μάρτιος - Κορράδος Β', δούκας της Σουαβίας
 Ισαβέλλα, βασίλισσα της Ιερουσαλήμ
 Λουδοβίκος, κόμης του Μπλουά
 Θάνατοι
 4 Μαρτίου - Στέφανος Γ', βασιλιάς της Ουγγαρίας
 Έτη