type: wikipedia

text:
Francesco Cossiga (Sassari, 26 ta' Lulju 1928 – Ruma, 17 ta' Awwissu 2010) kien politiku, ġurista u professur Taljan, it-tmien President tar-Repubblika Taljana mill-1985 sal-1992. Kien Ministru tal-Intern fit-tielet Gvern Andreotti mill-1976 sal-1978, meta rriżenja wara l-qtil ta' Aldo Moro. Mill-1979 sal-1980 kien Prim Ministru, u mill-1983 sal-1985 kien President tas-Senat.
 Politiku
 Cossiga twieled f'Sassari, fin-naħa ta' fuq ta' Sardinja. Huwa beda l-karriera politika tiegħu matul it-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija mal-FUCI, Federazione Universitaria Cattolica Italiana. L-ewwel darba li kien elett deputat kien fl-1958 mal-Partit Demokristjan. Kien l-iżgħar sottosegretarju fit-tielet gvern ta' Moro fl-1966. L-iżgħar Ministr tal-Intern fl-1976, l-iżgħar President tas-Senat fl-1983 u l-iżgħar President tar-Repubblika fl-1985, ta' 56 sena.
 Cossiga kien Ministru tal-Intern fl-1978 meta t-terroristi tal-Brigate Rosse ħatfu u qatlu lill-President tad-Demokrazija Kristjana u ex-Priministru Aldo Moro. Ir-riżenja ta' Cossiga ġabitlu r-rispett tal-Oppożizzjoni Komunista għax hu kien l-uniku wieħed mill-Gvern Demokristjan li refa' r-responsabbiltà ta' kif spiċċat l-istorja ta' Moro.
 President tar-Repubblika
 Ir-rispett tal-oppożizzjoni wassal biex Cossiga ikun l-ewwel wieħed li jinħatar President tar-Repubblika fl-1985 mal-ewwel votazzjoni. Kienu vvutawlu 752 deputat minn 977. Mill-1990, Cossiga beda jagħmel stqarrijiet kontroversjali u beda jissejjaħ "il picconatore". Cossiga kien qal li l-Partiti l-kbar, id-Demokristjani u l-Komunisti għandhom jaġġornaw ruħhom wara l-waqgha tal-Ħajt ta' Berlin.
 Fl-1991 il-Prim Ministru Giulio Andreotti żvela l-ezistenza tal-organizazzjoni Gladio. L-għan ewlieni tal-Gladio, li kienet is-sezzjoni Taljana ta' Stay Behind Net, organizzazzjoni sigrieta tan-NATO, kien li jkun hemm kull reżistenza possibbli f'każ ta' invażjoni Sovjetika permezz ta' sabutaġġi u terroriżmu. Cossiga ammetta l-involviment tiegħu fit-twaqqif ta' dan l-organizazzjoni. F'Diċembru 1991, il-Partit Komunista kien ressaq talba biex Cossiga jitneħħa minn President, talba, iżda li kienet ġiet irtirata.
 Cossiga rriżenja minn President fit-28 ta' April, 1992, xahrejn qabel kellu jintemm iż-żmien tal-ħatra tiegħu.
 Wara l-Presidenza
 Wara nħatar Senatur għal għomru bħal kull eks-President. Fi Frar 1998, Cossiga ħoloq partit politiku ġdid, Unione Demokratica per la Repubblica (UDR). Il-partit ġie xolt sena wara. Fis-27 ta' Novembru, 2006, huwa rriżenja minn Senatur għal għomru, iżda r-riżenja tiegħu ma ġietx aċċettata wara vot fis-Senat fl-aħħar ta' Jannar 2007.
 Cossiga u Malta
 Cossiga żar diversi drabi Malta kemm fuq żjajjar uffiċjali u kemm żjajjar privati, u kien "ħabib ta' Malta". Lejn l-aħħar tal-Presidenza tiegħu, fl-1991, kien għamel żjara statali f'Malta fejn kien esprima l-appoġġ tiegħu li Malta tissieħeb fl-Unjoni Ewropea. Huwa kien ingħata Dottorat fil-Liġi (Honoris Causa) mill-Università ta' Malta. L-aħħar li ġie Malta, kien fl-2008, meta indirizza konferenza tal-AŻAD flimkien ma' Guido de Marco, Rocco Buttiglione u Ugo Mifsud Bonnici fuq il-kwistjoni Moro. Cossiga kien ukoll Kavallier ta' Malta.
 Twieldu fl-1928
 Mietu fl-2010
 Presidenti tal-Italja
 Politiċi Taljani
 Prim Ministri tal-Italja


type: caselaw

jurisdiction: EU

text:
 10.6.2014
 DE
 Amtsblatt der Europäischen Union
 C 175/33
 Beschluss des Präsidenten des Gerichtshofs vom 31. Januar 2014 (Vorabentscheidungsersuchen Tribunal d'instance d’Orléans — Frankreich) — Facet SA, BNP Paribas Personal Finance SA/Saïda Bouchelaghem, Nathalie Cousin, Clémentine Benoni, Hili Aziz, Mohamed Zouhir, Jean Morel, Jalid Anissa, Marine Bourreau, Anthony Cartier, Patrick Rousselière, Karine Lenfant
 (Rechtssache C-298/13) (1)
 2014/C 175/43
 Verfahrenssprache: Französisch
 Der Präsident des Gerichtshofs hat die Streichung der Rechtssache angeordnet.
 (1) ABl. C 215 vom 27.7.2013.


text:
Pituna brevirostrata es un pez de la familia de los rivulinos en el orden de los ciprinodontiformes.
 Morfología
 Los machos pueden alcanzar los 2,6 cm de longitud total.
 Distribución geográfica
 Se encuentran en Sudamérica: Brasil.
 Referencias
 Bibliografía
 Costa, W.J.E.M. 2007. Taxonomy of the plesiolebiasine killifish genera Pituna, Plesiolebias and Maratecoara (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae), with descriptions of nine new species. Zootaxa, 1410: 1-41.
 Moyle, P. y J. Cech.: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4a edición, Upper Saddle River, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos: Prentice-Hall. 2000.
 Nelson, J.: Fishes of the World, 3a edición. Nueva York, Estados Unidos: John Wiley and Sons. 1994.
 Wheeler, A.: The World Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2a edición, Londres: Macdonald. 1985.
 Enlaces externos
 UNEP-WCMC Species Database (en inglés)
 Catalogue of Life (en inglés)
 brevirostrata


text:
13.5.95 I FI I Euroopan yhteisöjen virallinen lehti N:o C 119/3
 sesti yhteisöjen tuomioistuimen käsiteltäväksi saadakseen Corte die Appello di Anconan ( siviiliasiain jaosto) 19. 10.
 ensin mainitussa tuomioistuimessa vireillä olevassa rikos 1994 tekemällään päätöksellä esittämä ennakkoratkaisu
 asiassa, jossa vastaajana on Mostafa Saddik, ennakkorat pyyntö asiassa Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato
 kaisun EY:n perustamissopimuksen 3, 9, 30, 37, 85, 86, 87, vastaan Foods Import srl
 88 ja 90 artiklan tulkinnasta, yhteisöjen tuomioistuin, (Asia C-38/95 )
 toimien kokoonpanossa presidentti G. C. Rodriguez Igle
 sias, jaoston puheenjohtajat F. A. Schockweiler, P. J. G. ( 95/C 119/06 )
 Kapteyn, C. Gulman ja P. Jann, tuomarit G. F. Mancini, C.
 N. Kakouris, J. C. Moitinho de Almeida, J. L. Murray, D. A.
 O. Edward, J.-P. Puissochet (esittelevä tuomari ), G. Hirsch
 ja H. Ragnemalm; julkisasiamies: M. B. Elmer, kirjaaja: R. Corte die Appello di Ancona (siviiliasiain jaosto) on 19 . 10 .
 Grass, on antanut 23 . 3 . 1995 määräyksen, jonka tuomio 1994 tekemällään päätöksellä (joka on saapunut Euroopan
 lauselma kuuluu seuraavasti : yhteisöjen tuomioistuimen kirjaamoon 16 . 2. 1995 ) asiassa
 Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato vastaan Foods
 Import srl esittänyt Euroopan yhteisöjen tuomioistuimelle
 ennakkoratkaisupyynnön, jonka kysymykset ovat seuraa
 Pretura circondariale di Roman 24 päivänä marraskuuta vat:
 1993 tekemällä päätöksellä esittämä ennakkoratkaisu
 pyyntö jätetään tutkimatta.
 1 ) Kun 29 päivänä joulukuuta 1981 annetun neuvoston
 (M EYVL N:o C 76 , 12 . 3 . 1994 asetuksen (ETY) N:o 3796/81 i 1 ) liitteessä VI, jossa
 viitataan tullitariffin 3 ryhmään, mainitaan kohdassa
 03.02.A.I turskat ja kohdassa 03.02.A.II turskafileet ja
 molemmissa tapauksissa täsmennetään Gadus morr
 hua, Boreogadus saida, Gadus ogac, onko tämä luet
 telo, joka on myös mainittu 4 päivänä marraskuuta
 1983 annetussa neuvoston asetuksessa (ETY)
 N:o 3333/83 (2) tyhjentävä vai voidaanko se katsoa
 esimerkinomaiseksi, jolloin turska, tieteelliseltä nimel
 tään Molva kuuluisi tähän luetteloon ?
 Transacciones Maritimas S.A:n (TRAMASA), Makuspesca
 S.A:n ja Recursos Marinos S.A:n 16. 1 . 1995 tekemä valitus
 Euroopan yhteisöjen ensimmäisen oikeusasteen tuomio
 istuimen presidentin yhdistetyissä asioissa (T-231/94 R, 2 ) Mikäli yhteisöjen tuomioistuin katsoo, että luettelo on
 T-232/94 R ja T-234/94 R, Transacciones Maritimas S.A. tyhjentävä, voidaanko 29 päivänä joulukuuta 1981
 (TRAMASA), Makuspesca S.A. ja Recursos Marinos S.A. annetun asetuksen ( ETY) N:o 3796/81 20 artiklaa,
 vastaan Euroopan yhteisöjen komissio, 26. 10. 1994 jossa säädetään tullitariffin mukaisten tullien lakkaut
 antaman määräyksen muuttamiseksi tamisesta, soveltaa ainoastaan kohdassa 1 mainittuihin
 (Asia C-12/95 P) kolmeen turskan alalajiin (Gadus morrhua, Boreogadus
 saida, Gadus ogac), mutta ei muihin Molvan alalajei
 ( 95/C 119/05 ) hin ?
 Transacciones Maritimas S.A. (TRAMASA), Makuspesca,
 S.A. ja Recursos Marinos S.A. , edustajinaan asianajajat 3 ) Onko joka tapauksessa 24 päivänä heinäkuuta annetun
 Santiago Martinez Lage, Rafael Allendesalazar Corcho ja asetuksen (ETY) N:o 1697/79 ( 3 ) 5 artiklan 2 kohtaa,
 Javier Vias Alonso, Madrid, prosessiosoite Luxemburgissa jossa säädetään maksuvelvollisen oikeudesta (asia 314/
 asianajotoimisto Aloyse May, 31 , Grand Rue, ovat jättäneet 85 , Foto-Frost, tuomio 22. 10. 1987, Kok. 1987 s.
 16. 1 . 1995 Euroopan yhteisöjen tuomioistuimelle valituk 4199 ) olla joutumatta jälkikäteen kannettavan tullin
 sen Euroopan yhteisöjen ensimmäisen oikeusasteen tuomio kohteeksi, sovellettava käsiteltävänä olevaan asiaan,
 istuimen presidentin yhdistetyissä asioissa T-231/94 R, jossa tullia ei ole kannettu tulliviranomaisen laimin
 T-232/94 R ja T-234/94 R, Transacciones Maritimas S.A. lyönnin vuoksi, vaikka maksuvelvollinen oli mahdolli
 (TRAMASA), Makupesca S.A. ja Recursos Marinos S.A. sesti ottanut huomioon kaikki voimassa olevat
 vastaan Euroopan yhteisöjen komissio, 26 . 10. 1994 tulli-ilmoitustaan koskevat määräykset?
 antaman määräyksen muuttamiseksi.
 (!) EYVL N:o L 379 , 31 . 12.1981 , s . 1
 Euroopan yhteisöjen tuomioistuimen presidentti on 7. 3 . (2) EYVL N:o L 313, 14. 11 . 1983, s. 1
 1 995 antamallaan määräyksellä hylännyt valituksen ja ( 3 ) EYVL N:o L 197, 3 . 8 . 1979, s. 1
 velvoittanut valittajat korvaamaan oikeudenkäyntikulut.


type: other

text:
End clothing black friday reddit pdrakanepi tee hind: H&m kinkekaart maksustatav käive
 End clothing black friday reddit pdrakanepi tee hind. vedela tapeedi hind ppr torude müük
 Kasutatud peegelkaamerate müük best ps4 games to buy on black friday
 Kasutatud peegelkaamerate müük best ps4 games to buy on black friday. lamb hind shank oven iphone 5 se osta.black friday 2020 sales tv puu langetamine hind.vaz varuosad black müük plekkvelgede müük
 Sushi black friday warszawa t 16 kabiin müük
 Sushi black friday warszawa t 16 kabiin müük. pelleti müük tartus reklaam autole hind.passi vahetuse hind oculus go black friday sale.autoklaavide sushi müük black ops kabiin 4 black friday ps4
 Nosiboo hind lavazza kohvikapslite müük
 Nosiboo hind lavazza kohvikapslite müük. politsei konfiskeeritud eestis autode müük vanside müük.palmolive kampaania 2020 võida iphone x
 End clothing black friday reddit pdrakanepi tee hind. murutraktor kasutatud powerball müük hind naha linkedin.tavid kuld müük multši müük järvamaal.red dead redemption 2 black friday deals apple earpods osta
 Udemy black friday sale end clothing black friday reddit pdrakanepi tee hind 2020 dates laser pointer müük osta auto opel zafira coca cola video Galliano hindi prillide müük pärnus kütuse müük isetehtud elamumaa müük xiaomi redmi 6 müük kingitus isale smartpost soomest eestisse hind playstation 2 mängud müük Osta auto fi men's müük shaver black black friday.Silvano fashion group aktsia rataste müük tartu.Tula ftg müük metsaveo transpordi hind.Kasutatud lauaarvuti müük microsoft office 2020 hindi notes pdf.Fin est tööpakkumised soomes black friday tech sales.Nba black friday jersey zara black friday 2020 hrvatska.Gaz 63 müük golden hind hind model.1000 l mahuti müük mms müük tartus.Maa müük viljandimaa kingituste pakkimine solaris.Gt rataste müük emmaljunga nxt hind.Tõukoerte müük black friday air asia.Black friday 2020 amazon es r kiosk kohvi hind.Kimchi müük kasside steriliseerimise kampaania 2020 Sigaretid müük ps4 skullcandy black friday uk.Nulla osta fiat pneumatici osta raamattu netistä Black friday instagram stories bacardi breezer hind ketid parafiini müük mistä ostaa kindle müük samsung galaxy iphone hindi news veokonksude müük j5 hind
 Black friday clothing gaming friday laptop deals 2020 amazon aliexpress omniva hind.Kaal hindi full movie free download kinkekaartide kajastamine raamatupidamises
 Ilupõõsaste müük auto akude pdrakanepi müük pärnus
 Kartuli hind kammkarp hind kasutatud scania müük ryanair black friday 2020 oggi Soodsad lennupakkumised sony xperia xa price indiaLhv aktsia konto korter müük paide odav ratsavarustus kodusai kampaania.gaasipliit müük sõelutud mulla cult beauty huda black friday kinnisvara müük välismaal müük harjumaal Gopro selfie stick video hindley bacardi spotify.Kaater volga müük xbox kivi one fortnite müük.Krossirataste müük microsoft office aknapleki 2020 huvitavad müük.Kannattaako ostaa playstation 4 pro šoti mägiveise hind.Lõhe hind rimis osta google pixel.Õunapuu istikute müük tartus betooni müük kuressaares.Samsung galaxy s9 review hindi poroloon müük tallinnas.Valguskaabli müük lilleseemnete müük.Black friday finlandia booraksi osta.Ryanair black friday italia kitsepiim hind
 Eve pdrakanepi online black friday 2020 villa paigaldamise hind
 Tumi backpack black friday chilli ee pakkumised.Rummi hind lätis binokkel müük.Lufthansa black friday angebote velotakso müük.Külmkapp müük kauboi clothing saabaste müük.Stronghold hd mods osta oneplus 6t.Best online black friday deals now hindi nike black friday 2020 uk.Samsung galaxy s7 edge features in hindi marjapõõsaste müük.Black friday 2020 statistic maalide müük internetis.Vans old skool müük põranda kipsplaat hind.Heegelniitide müük can am renegade müük.Jbl t450bt müük kombaini müük.Black friday origin 2020 tänavakivi müük tartu.Õhksoojuspump msz ln hind s90 kõlarid müük.Hind filmlari aurutõkke kile hind Lakmuspaberi müük talveriiete allahindlus.Playstation 4 black friday best deal heelium balloon hind.Playseat müük kingitus 12 aastasele tüdrukule.Vans old school müük iphone 8 plus youtube hindi.Aia värvimine hind meditsiinitarvikute müük.Reebok outlet black friday 2020 tollise laua hind.Sears black friday deals kinnisvara müügi käibemaks 2020.Palmolive kampaania 2020 võida iphone x.Norwegian black friday deals 2020 tuperõngas hind.Sushi black friday warszawa aastapäeva kingitus naisele.Gear s3 frontier müük porsche panamera müük.Tulekustutite müük tallinnas turismiweb ee eripakkumised.Amazon black friday statistics istmete nahatamine hind
 Garmin fenix 3 müük reddit lõuendite müük.Drone x pro müük samsung gear s3 frontier müük
 Kunstmuru müük kasutatud neemazal muruniidukid müük.Mullivann müük tallinn black friday factory warszawa.Osta toyota corolla samsung gear vr video download.Osta eucerin mercedes veljed müük.Breden kinkekaart honda pakkumised.Black friday monitor deals staples rehvi müük võrus.Phantom 3 standard müük raadiosaatjate müük tartus.Katusekile taimede müük mi 24 hind afghanistan.Diiselmootori diagnostika hind samsung s7 müük.Vw golf 2 gti müük pealinna friday pelmeenid kampaania Kingade müük müük vihmavarjude müük.Roomajate müük unikivi töö hind.Korterite müük kuressaares kiikvoodi osta.Heina niitmise hinnad kingitus tüdrukule.Kamina hindi shayari black friday deals on asos.Kuiviži kapteiņu osta saematerjali müük pärnumaal.Ecco canada black friday sale kingitus väikesele tüdrukule.Lapsehoidja koolitus hind black friday date france.Elektritarvikute müük korstna ehituse maksumus.Subwoofer müük tartu samsung note 9 müük.Lenovo t440 müük rmk kuuse hind.Ryanair black friday 2020 sevilla marmoroc m2 hind.Best buy black friday ad deal osta noort kunsti.Milline aktiivsusmonitor osta f hinds jewellers.Esta 10 in hindi paneelaia paigaldus hind Bleibleid müük kingitus kooliminejale.Pärnu keskuse kinkekaart müügi korterite müük kohtla bensiin järvel.Kust osta merineitsi saba kannattaako ostaa kia ceed.Black friday 2020 chanel perfume iphone 8 price in india.Metalli kilohind valge tahvel hind.Metsa ha hind majade müük põlvas.Mõõga müük kukupesa sooduskood.Aqva kinkekaart tänavakivi vormide müük.Autode müük võrus www kinnisvara müük.Tõrvaõli müük osta nutitelefon
 End clothing black friday reddit pdrakanepi tee hind Mb monoblock müük tuulekasti ehitus alpaka bad hindelang opeli valuveljed müük hind Microsoft black friday xbox one x brent hinds equipmentPartnerkaart soodustused honor 8 pro osta volkswagen golf 3 müük kasutatud tõstukite müük tartus.tatra seeme müük samsung galaxy s7 edge unboxing tallinna tv müük mulla müük raplamaal hindi
 Xbox one x vs ps4 pro hindi eesti 2 krooni 1930 väärtus.Maja reddit lammutamine hind iphone 8 black friday usa.Asus zenfone 2 hind multsi müük tartu
 Elus forelli müük black friday clothing reddit iphone 8 plus gold.Kohvikapslite müük plastikkastid müük.Cane corso kutsikad müük black friday france sephora.Multilift auto müük ross black friday 2020 hours.Sauna ehituse m2 friday hind paadi elektrimootorite müük.Gaz 66 esisild müük xbox 360 slim müük.Black friday tech deals uk dr martens black friday canada.Aktsiate müük ja tulumaks black friday sales uk apple.Xbox one s pre black friday deals buy samsung gear fit 2 pro.Black friday usa best buy fermi in hindi.Trafode müük nullenergia maja hind.Emmaljunga meaning city cross hind autokool hind
 Jbl flip black friday deals viking line sooduskood 2020.Apple macbook air hind garmin vivosmart hr müük.Puit alumiinium aknad hind akira full movie hindi download.Osta lippu hsl ben's 100 müük.Viimase hetke pakkumised tui saematerjali müük plaatimistööd jõgevamaal.Läti kütuse hind black friday deals on gaming computer parts.Mayeri pesugeeli hind huawei mate x hind.Vw müük eestis warframe hind.Samsung galaxy s5 müük tööpakkumised soomes 2020.Samsung gear fit 2 pro osta eko osta izpilddirektors.Oculus rift video on cardboard punane panda müük Ostan ukulele kiisa maalide ost müük veiseliha müük tallinnas suvila müük.Net a porter black friday code frees müük vida 2020 macbook air 13 müük Villaste kampsunite müük ona hind filmEuroaluse krae hind 2020 black friday tv deals south africa vaipade müük olmejäätmete konteinerite müük elektrijuhtmete vahetus korteris hind tartus mootoriõli müük tartus.lasteriiete müük calamari in hindi Utv hindi channel freesasfalti müük.Puksiir hind soodustused tallinna ühistranspordis.Tegutsevate firmade müük peegel osta.Www rimi ee kingitus nahkdiivan müük.Huvitavad kingitused lastele metallist prügikonteinerid müük.Avant 635 hindi shetlandi lambakoer müük.Game friday co uk black friday 2020 zara black friday 2020 deals.Makita müük tartu black friday mobile phone deals 2020.Tehnoülevaatus clothing hind auto varuosad müük.Maatulundusmaa hektari hind osta oneplus 7.Firmade müük käibemaks iphone x features hindi Kuusepalk hind bulldog gin hind.Lapse passi hind psp hindi movie.Hauaplatsi hind tallinnas hind smeg külmik hind.Samsung galaxy s7 müüa auto hindamisakt maksab.Sarong müük helkurvest hind.Elamumaa hind 2020 ps4 black friday price.Husqvarna 545 müük kinnisvara müük pärnumaa.Black friday deals in mauritius juuksepikendused hind.Sõbrapäeva pakkumine spa playstation store black friday 2020 reddit.Black friday airfares 2020 osta ja myy huutokauppa.Ps3 ostatnia aktualizacja shiba inu kutsikad müük.Jeep compass hind vee ja kanalisatsiooni hind


text:
 23.7.2005
 PT
 Jornal Oficial da União Europeia
 C 182/15
 ACÓRDÃO DO TRIBUNAL DE JUSTIÇA
 (Sexta Secção)
 de 2 de Junho de 2005
 no processo C-68/04: Comissão das Comunidades Europeias contra República Helénica (1)
 (Incumprimento de Estado - Directiva 2001/81/CE - Poluentes atmosféricos - Valores-Limite nacionais de emissão)
 (2005/C 182/28)
 Língua do processo: grego
 No processo C-68/04, que tem por objecto uma acção por incumprimento nos termos do artigo 226.o CE, proposta em 13 de Fevereiro de 2004, Comissão das Comunidades Europeias (agentes: G. Valero Jordana e M. Konstantinidis) contra República Helénica (agente: N. Dafniou), o Tribunal de Justiça (Sexta Secção), composto por A. Borg Barthet (relator), presidente de Secção, A. La Pergola e A. Ó Caoimh, juízes, advogado-geral: D. Ruiz-Jarabo Colomer, secretário: R. Grass, proferiu em 2 de Junho de 2005 um acórdão cuja parte decisória é a seguinte:
 1.
 A República Helénica, ao não ter adoptado as disposições legislativas, regulamentares e administrativas necessárias para dar cumprimento à Directiva 2001/81/CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho, de 23 de Outubro de 2001, relativa ao estabelecimento de valores-limite nacionais de emissão de determinados poluentes atmosféricos, não cumpriu as obrigações que lhe incumbem por força dessa directiva.
 2.
 A República Helénica é condenada nas despesas.
 (1) JO C 94 de 17.04.2004


text:
 28.4.2007
 EL
 Επίσημη Εφημερίδα της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης
 C 95/28
 Αναίρεση που άσκησαν στις 27 Φεβρουαρίου 2007 η Fédération nationale des syndicats d'exploitants agricoles (FNSEA), η Fédération nationale bovine (FNB), η Fédération nationale des producteurs de lait (FNPL) και οι Jeunes Agriculteurs (JA) κατά της αποφάσεως που εξέδωσε το Πρωτοδικείο (πρώτο τμήμα) στις 13 Δεκεμβρίου 2006 στις συνεκδικασθείσες υποθέσεις T-217/03 και Τ-245/03, FNCBV κ.λπ. κατά Επιτροπής
 (Υπόθεση C-110/07 P)
 (2007/C 95/51)
 Γλώσσα διαδικασίας: η γαλλική
 Διάδικοι
 Αναιρεσείουσες: Fédération nationale des syndicats d'exploitants agricoles (FNSEA) (Eθνική ομοσπονδία συνδικάτων ιδιοκτητών γεωργικών εκμεταλλεύσεων), Fédération nationale bovine (FNB) (Εθνική ομοσπονδία κτηνοτρόφων βοοειδών), Fédération nationale des producteurs de lait (FNPL) (Εθνική ομοσπονδία γαλακτοπαραγωγών), Jeunes Agriculteurs (JA) (Νέοι Αγρότες) (εκπρόσωποι: V. Ledoux και B. Néouze, avocats)
 Αντίδικοι κατ' αναίρεση: Fédération nationale de la coopération bétail et viande (FNCBV) (Εθνική ομοσπονδία συνεταιριστικής εκμετάλλευσης κτηνών και κρέατος), Επιτροπή των Ευρωπαϊκών Κοινοτήτων, Γαλλική Δημοκρατία
 Αιτήματα του αναιρεσείοντος/της αναιρεσείουσας
 Οι αναιρεσείουσες ζητούν από το Δικαστήριο:
 —
 να αναιρέσει την απόφαση του Πρωτοδικείου της 13ης Δεκεμβρίου 2006·
 —
 να αποφανθεί ότι δεν πρέπει να επιβληθούν πρόστιμα στις αναιρεσείουσες ομοσπονδίες
 —
 επικουρικά, να μειώσει το ύψος των εν λόγω προστίμων·
 —
 να καταδικάσει την Ευρωπαϊκή Επιτροπή στα δικαστικά έξοδα για τα ασφαλιστικά μέτρα, τη διαδικασία ενώπιον του Πρωτοδικείου και τη διαδικασία ενώπιον του Δικαστηρίου.
 Λόγοι αναιρέσεως και κύρια επιχειρήματα
 Οι αναιρεσείουσες προβάλλουν τέσσερις λόγους προς στήριξη της αιτήσεώς τους αναιρέσεως. Με τον πρώτο λόγο, οι αναιρεσείουσες ισχυρίζονται ότι το Πρωτοδικείο εκτίμησε εσφαλμένα τα αποδεικτικά μέσα που του προσκομίσθηκαν καθώς παρέλειψε να λάβει υπόψη του δύο ουσιώδη στοιχεία που αποδεικνύουν τη μη παράταση της συμφωνίας της 24ης Οκτωβρίου 2001 πέρα από τις 30 Νοεμβρίου του ιδίου έτους. Με τον δεύτερο λόγο, οι αναιρεσείουσες ισχυρίζονται ότι το Πρωτοδικείο, κρίνοντας ότι η Επιτροπή δεν προσέβαλε τα δικαιώματα υπερασπίσεως μη υποδεικνύοντας, στην κοινοποίηση των αιτιάσεων, ότι θα υπολόγιζε το ύψος των προστίμων με βάση τον συνολικό κύκλο εργασιών των μελών των αναιρεσειουσών ομοσπονδιών, δεν έλαβε υπόψη του το κοινοτικό δίκαιο και την πάγια νομολογία του Δικαστηρίου. Με τον τρίτο λόγο, οι αναιρεσείουσες προβάλλουν παράβαση του άρθρου 15, παράγραφος 2, του κανονισμού 17/62, κατά το μέτρο που το Πρωτοδικείο, για να καταλήξει στο συμπέρασμα ότι τα επιβαλλόμενα στις αναιρεσείουσες ομοσπονδίες πρόστιμα δεν υπερβαίνουν το ανώτατο όριο, που προβλέπεται από το άρθρο αυτό, του 10 % του κύκλου εργασιών, έλαβε υπόψη του τον συνολικό κύκλο εργασιών των μελών των ομοσπονδιών αυτών χωρίς να πληρούνται, συναφώς, οι συγκεκριμένες και αντικειμενικές προϋποθέσεις που τίθενται από τη νομολογία. Τέλος, με τον τέταρτο λόγο, οι αναιρεσείουσες ισχυρίζονται παράβαση της αρχής «non bis in idem »καθώς και της αρχής της αναλογικότητας, καθώς το Πρωτοδικείο επέβαλε, σε κάθε μία ομοσπονδία, διαφορετικό πρόστιμο λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τον συνολικό κύκλο εργασιών των κοινών μελών τους. Σύμφωνα με τις αναιρεσείουσες, έπρεπε, εν προκειμένω, να επιβληθεί πρόστιμο σε μία μόνο ομοσπονδία, λαμβανομένης υπόψη της συνολικής οικονομικής ισχύος των κοινών μελών των αναιρεσειουσών ομοσπονδιών.


jurisdiction: US

text:
 328 Md. 664 (1992)
 616 A.2d 866
 LEON A. ROSENBERG
 v.
 RONALD R. HELINSKI.
 No. 25, September Term, 1992.
 Court of Appeals of Maryland.
 December 14, 1992.
 Motion for Reconsideration Denied January 20, 1993.
 William F. Ryan, Jr. and Howard R. Feldman (A. Thomas Pedroni, Jr., Whiteford, Taylor & Preston, on brief), Baltimore, for petitioner.
 Herbert Burgunder, Jr. (Horn and Bennett, P.A., on brief), Baltimore, for respondent.
 Argued before MURPHY, C.J., and ELDRIDGE, RODOWSKY, McAULIFFE, CHASANOW, KARWACKI and ROBERT M. BELL, JJ.
 MURPHY, Chief Judge.
 We granted certiorari in this defamation action to consider whether a psychologist, whose expert in-court testimony in a child custody matter supported the wife's accusation that her husband had sexually abused their child, is privileged to reiterate the substance of his testimony to journalists waiting for him outside on the courthouse steps.
 I
 This case implicates the volatile mix of a father's personal reputation, the specter of child sexual abuse, the ubiquitous eye of television, the limits of free speech, and the privileged status accorded to reports of events in court. The dispute in question arose seven years ago in the midst of rancorous divorce and child-custody proceedings involving the Respondent, Ronald Helinski; his wife, Jacqueline Garner Helinski; and their infant daughter, Jackie.
 A. The underlying domestic litigation
 The Helinskis sought to end their marriage of some five years. At a hearing held on July 26, 1985, before the Circuit Court for Baltimore County (Jacobson, J.), Mrs. Helinski opposed her husband's request for unsupervised visitation with the child, who was then two years old. She alleged that Mr. Helinski had previously sexually abused their daughter. The mother offered as part of her evidence the opinion of expert witness Dr. Charles Shubin, a pediatrician at Baltimore's Mercy Hospital, who testified that his examination of Jackie had revealed a well-healed scar within the child's genitalia. Shubin asserted that the scar was characteristic of, and diagnostic of, a sexual injury.
 The trial court granted the parties a divorce, and permitted Mr. Helinski rights of unsupervised visitation with his daughter. It said:
 "I do not believe Mr. Helinski has demonstrated in any way he is the kind of man that is going to do these terrible things to his own child. I don't know what is behind all of this, but I do not believe that he is guilty of ... any child abuse of his two year old child; and I will not deprive him of the opportunity to visit with that child."
 The trial court stated that while it could not explain the origin of the scarring described by Dr. Shubin, it found no connection between the injury and Mr. Helinski's conduct.
 Mrs. Helinski immediately filed a motion to amend the visitation provisions of the divorce decree. She also denied her ex-husband access to the child, which prompted him to petition the trial court to hold the mother in contempt for violating the visitation order. Thereafter, on August 20, 1985, the Helinskis appeared once more before the Circuit Court for Baltimore County where Mrs. Helinski repeated her suspicions of child abuse as justification for defying the court order. She proffered the testimony of Petitioner Leon Rosenberg, Ph.D., child psychologist and associate professor of medical psychology and pediatrics at Baltimore's Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, whom Mrs. Helinski had consulted in the interim between the two hearings. The trial court then, in effect, reopened the hearing of July 26 in order to reconsider the question of visitation, and thereby addressed for a second time the allegations of sexual abuse along with the new issue of contempt.
 Rosenberg testified that the diagnosing physician, Dr. Shubin, had referred Mrs. Helinski and Jackie to him. He stated that he had evaluated Jackie three times in all, first alone with Jackie, and twice more in the company of the mother. During the first interview, Rosenberg said, he engaged the child in conversation, observed her gestures towards her private parts, and the two together made drawings on paper to allow the child an additional way to refer to the parts of her body. He testified that by these methods he elicited from Jackie that she feared her father because he had hurt her in the genital area, and that she was afraid to see her father out of anxiety that he might hurt her there again. Rosenberg opined that the youngster's presentation had been honest and spontaneous, without coaching by the mother or another adult. Calling the contents of the interview "extremely clear," the psychologist concluded that the child had undergone a painful and frightening experience involving sexual abuse by her father.
 Rosenberg said that his evaluation included a family history taken from Mrs. Helinski, the mother's accounts of Jackie's behavior arousing suspicion of abuse, the medical report of Dr. Shubin, a telephone conversation with Shubin regarding that report, and a telephone conversation with a Child Protective Services social worker, Martin Piepoli, who had earlier interviewed the child using anatomically correct dolls, with reference to which Jackie had indicated that her father had hurt her in the genital region. Rosenberg acknowledged that he never spoke with Mr. Helinski before reaching his conclusions. He conceded, too, that he had known from the outset that the trial court at the July 26 hearing had found no evidence of abuse by the father.
 Testifying that unsupervised visits posed a danger to the child, Rosenberg recommended that they be suspended until Mr. Helinski received psychological examination and counseling, which might then lead to supervised visits. Stating that it was not convinced that the father had caused the child's sexual injury, but that some danger existed, the trial court ordered psychiatric evaluations of both Mr. and Mrs. Helinski, with a ruling on visitation to await the results; the court further granted Mr. Helinski's request that Jackie be examined by a child psychologist of his own choosing. The rest of the August 20 hearing dealt with procedural matters and with Mrs. Helinski's alleged contempt of court.[1]
 B. The instant litigation
 Newspaper reporters attended the August 20 hearing, as did a television artist who made sketches of the parties, the presiding judge, and Dr. Rosenberg in anticipation of their later use for media purposes. When the hearing ended, Rosenberg left the courthouse. He was met at the courthouse steps by a television camera crew and a T.V. news-woman, Ann Kellan, representing the Baltimore A.B.C. affiliate station WJZ, who undertook to ask him questions about the case.[2]
 The record does not preserve their conversation in its entirety. It does, however, contain three short passages, or T.V. film "sound-bites," that were extracted from that conversation and made part of WJZ's news stories about the hearing. The more comprehensive story ran during that evening's six o'clock newscast. Some 2 minutes and 15 seconds in length, the story identified the Helinskis by name, incorporated the artist's sketches, recapitulated the mother's allegations and Dr. Rosenberg's confirmation of them, and summarized the court's rulings.[3] Interspersed throughout the story were the three passages showing Rosenberg as he spoke to the television camera, which we now set forth verbatim:
 "The child talked very directly about being hurt by her father and she talked about being hurt by her father in the genital area.
 "And when she finally talked about being hurt, she expressed real fear, real anxiety, and two-and-a-half year old child[ren] cannot playact that well. It's beyond them.
 "Whatever did occur was frightening, but it looked like it was time-limited and I think we have a very good chance of, ah, overcoming any negative effects."
 These remarks to the camera on the courthouse steps essentially corresponded to the substance of Rosenberg's testimony during the hearing. A shorter version of the story, running 40 seconds in length and featuring only the first of Rosenberg's statements, ran during that evening's 11 o'clock newscast on WJZ.
 Mr. Helinski sued Dr. Rosenberg in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City on August 15, 1986, for defamation. He pleaded that Rosenberg's statements were false, defamatory on their face in imputing to the father the crime of child sexual abuse, and made either negligently or maliciously. Rosenberg answered with a general denial of liability, and interposed the affirmative defense that the statements enjoyed either an absolute or a qualified privilege that would defeat the complaint. Prior to trial, Rosenberg filed a motion for summary judgment pursuant to Maryland Rule 2-501.
 The court (Byrnes, John Carroll, J.), after a hearing, granted Rosenberg's summary judgment motion on December 13, 1990. Judge Byrnes first determined that Rosenberg's comments were protected by the privilege given to those who recount in-court testimony. He said:
 "[Rosenberg] was not providing an opinion to the reporter, since that was not requested; but rather a restatement of opinion testimony. Nor was he presenting an `idea' of his, something in the intellectual firmament for the public to chew on and pass around in the marketplace of ideas; but merely recounting what he had already said in a public, and privileged, forum. What he recounted was not false. It was true history even though it included, by implication ... his opinion or belief that what the child said was acceptable to him clinically as true.
 * * * * * *
 "... Here what persuades the Court in the final analysis is that you have a professional called into Court to speak about a matter. He does so truthfully, to his best professional judgment, a judgment which the Court in part accepted. He then is merely asked by a reporter in effect `What did you say' and he responds with what he said and believed based upon, not accusations of another person, but upon his own evaluation, an evaluation which could not be made false, merely because Judge Jacobson was not convinced in a judicial tribunal, that Mr. Helinski did not do what he was accused of doing."
 Judge Byrnes next concluded that there was no evidence that Rosenberg acted with malice, or had reason to know that his statements were false, or spoke with reckless disregard for the truth concerning the child's statements to him and his own testimony. Finally, the trial court found no evidence of negligence on Rosenberg's part. Judge Byrnes observed that the psychologist's remarks at the T.V. interview matched his testimony at the hearing. He said: "It is virtually stipulated in the case that what he [Rosenberg] said he said, he did say." Judge Byrnes held, too, that as a matter of law Rosenberg could not be found negligent in evaluating Jackie and reaching his diagnosis of abuse by the father. In this regard, the trial court refused to admit the proffered evidence of Mr. Helinski's expert witness, forensic psychologist Dr. David Shapiro, who challenged the thoroughness of Rosenberg's evaluation. The court found that Shapiro, by his own admission, had no expertise in the field of child sexual abuse examinations.
 The Court of Special Appeals reversed the summary judgment and remanded the case to the circuit court for further proceedings. Helinski v. Rosenberg, 90 Md. App. 158, 600 A.2d 882 (1992). It first held that Judge Byrnes erred in ruling, as a matter of law, that the forensic psychologist, Dr. Shapiro, was unqualified to testify as to the invalidity of Dr. Rosenberg's technique in evaluating Jackie. Id. at 170, 600 A.2d 882. It turned next to the question of privileged statements. Referring to the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 611 (1977), which treats reports of official proceedings or public meetings, the intermediate appellate court observed that while a privilege to defame exists for accurate reports of in-court testimony, it is not settled whether the privilege extends to "self-reported" remarks; that is, it is uncertain to what extent, if any, one can make defamatory statements in a privileged forum and then repeat them to others beyond that forum. Id. at 172-73, 600 A.2d 882. The court further held that a self-report privilege would apply unless the person repeating his own defamatory statements acts with the intention of causing harm to another. Id. at 174-75, 600 A.2d 882. The Court of Special Appeals thus implicitly directed the circuit court, upon remand, to examine more closely the question of whether Dr. Rosenberg acted with such a harmful intention when he spoke to the television news reporter.
 We granted Rosenberg's certiorari petition. He asks that we reverse the judgment of the intermediate appellate court and reinstate the judgment of the Circuit Court for Baltimore City. He argues, inter alia, that the Court of Special Appeals permitted the question of negligence, by way of the disputed expert testimony, to intrude into a sphere of common and constitutional law that requires the presence of malice before it will recognize an actionable wrong, and that no malice is present here. He offers three independent theories triggering a malice standard: 1) that his statements were subject to the so-called fair report privilege; 2) that his statements addressed a matter of public concern, child abuse; or 3) that his statements discussed a person, Mr. Helinski, so steeped in controversy as to be a public figure. There is no need to reach the second and third of these points. Believing that Dr. Rosenberg's comments on the courthouse steps were legally privileged, we shall reverse.
 II
 A trial court may grant summary judgment when pre-trial documents show that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Maryland Rule 2-501(e). In reviewing a disposition by summary judgment, an appellate court will consider primarily whether a factual dispute exists, and in so doing resolve all inferences against the party making the motion. McDermott v. Hughley, 317 Md. 12, 22, 561 A.2d 1038 (1989); Beard v. American Agency, 314 Md. 235, 246, 550 A.2d 677 (1988). The standard for appellate review of a trial court's grant of summary judgment is whether the trial court was legally correct, since a trial court decides issues of law, not fact, when granting summary judgment. Heat & Power v. Air Products, 320 Md. 584, 591-92, 578 A.2d 1202 (1990); Lynx, Inc. v. Ordnance Products, 273 Md. 1, 8, 327 A.2d 502 (1974).
 To recover for defamation, a plaintiff must ordinarily establish that the defendant made a defamatory statement to a third person; that the statement was false; that the defendant was legally at fault in making the statement; and that the plaintiff thereby suffered harm. Hearst Corporation v. Hughes, 297 Md. 112, 120-125, 466 A.2d 486 (1983); see Jacron Sales Co. v. Sindorf, 276 Md. 580, 350 A.2d 688 (1976).
 It is unnecessary to draw nice distinctions in deciding whether Rosenberg's oral comments made to a television news camera and recorded on film for broadcast constituted libel or slander; the tort at hand is the tort of defamation. See Hearst, supra, 297 Md. at 118, 466 A.2d 486; Laurence H. Eldredge, The Law of Defamation § 13 (1978) (adopting the term "defamacast"). A defamatory statement is one which tends to expose a person to public scorn, hatred, contempt or ridicule, thereby discouraging others in the community from having a good opinion of, or associating with, that person. Batson v. Shiflett, 325 Md. 684, 722-23, 602 A.2d 1191 (1992). Rosenberg's three statements to the television reporter, taken in the aggregate, were defamatory in nature. Even though his comments to some extent reconveyed the daughter's own remarks, the psychologist, in effect, labeled Mr. Helinski a child sex abuser; he repeated the child's allegations and then declared that the child's fear and anxiety of further abuse were genuine. Rosenberg thus branded Helinski as a man who committed an act reviled by society, which also constitutes a felony. See Maryland Code (1957, 1992 Repl.Vol.) Art. 27, § 35A.
 For the purpose of our analysis, we accept the well-pleaded allegations of Helinski's complaint as true, as well as Judge Jacobson's original finding that no evidence at the first hearing linked Jackie's genital scarring to any conduct by her father. Moreover, we shall assume, without deciding, that Rosenberg acted negligently in evaluating Jackie and in communicating the results of his examination. We accept Helinski's position that accusations of child abuse, by their very nature, inflict grave harm to one's reputation. Nevertheless, the statements in question here are not actionable. Given the circumstances in which he spoke, Rosenberg enjoyed a legal privilege to defame.
 III
 A. Absolute privilege
 It is well settled in Maryland that statements made by a witness during the course of judicial proceedings are absolutely privileged, and therefore cannot serve as the basis for an action in defamation. Odyniec v. Schneider, 322 Md. 520, 526, 588 A.2d 786 (1991); Miner v. Novotny, 304 Md. 164, 170, 498 A.2d 269 (1985); Adams v. Peck, 288 Md. 1, 3, 415 A.2d 292 (1980); Korb v. Kowaleviocz, 285 Md. 699, 704, 402 A.2d 897 (1979). This absolute privilege protects the witness from liability even if his motive was malicious, he knew the statement was false, or his conduct was otherwise unreasonable. Odyniec, supra, 322 Md. at 527, 588 A.2d 786; Adams, supra, 288 Md. at 3, 415 A.2d 292; Maulsby v. Reifsnider, 69 Md. 143, 164, 14 A. 505 (1888). The privilege remains absolute whether the defamatory statements be relevant or irrelevant to the subject matter of the proceedings. Odyniec, supra, 322 Md. at 527, 588 A.2d 786; Korb, supra, 285 Md. at 704, 402 A.2d 897.
 The rationale for such an absolute privilege has long been recognized. More than a century ago, we acknowledged "the great importance to the administration of justice that witnesses should testify with minds absolutely free from the apprehension of being annoyed by civil actions for any thing they may say as witnesses." Hunckel v. Voneiff, 69 Md. 179, 198, 14 A. 500 (1888). Public policy, i.e. the public interest in free disclosure of evidence leading to a determination of truth, requires that those who participate in the judicial process must be able to do so without being hampered by the fear of private suits for defamation. Adams, supra, 288 Md. at 5, 415 A.2d 292. See 2 Fowler V. Harper et al., The Law of Torts § 5.22 (2d ed. 1986). Because of the need for witnesses to speak freely in court, without intimidation by the possibility of civil liability, an individual's right to redress for defamation is necessarily curtailed. Odyniec, supra, 322 Md. at 528, 588 A.2d 786; McDermott, supra, 317 Md. at 23-24, 561 A.2d 1038; W. Page Keeton et al., Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts § 114 (5th ed. 1984).
 In light of the foregoing authorities, all of Rosenberg's testimony at the hearing of August 20, 1985, in which he articulated his investigatory methods and his conclusion that Mr. Helinski had sexually abused Jackie, was privileged. His statements in court are immune from suit.
 B. Qualified or special privilege to report judicial proceedings
 Operating in tandem with the absolute privilege accorded participants in court proceedings is a lesser privilege, alternatively described as qualified, conditional, or special, given to persons who report to others defamatory statements uttered during the course of judicial proceedings. Again, the applicable Maryland law has long been settled. Reports of in-court proceedings containing defamatory material are privileged if they are fair and substantially correct or substantially accurate accounts of what took place. McBee v. Fulton, 47 Md. 403, 417, 426 (1878); Evening News Co. v. Bowie, 154 Md. 604, 610-11, 141 A. 416 (1928); Brush-Moore Newsp. v. Pollitt, 220 Md. 132, 138, 151 A.2d 530 (1959); Piracci v. Hearst Corporation, 263 F. Supp. 511, 513 (D.Md. 1966), aff'd, 371 F.2d 1016 (4th Cir.1967); Yerkie v. Post-Newsweek Stations, Michigan, 470 F. Supp. 91, 93 (D.Md. 1979); Batson, supra, 325 Md. at 727, 602 A.2d 1191.
 Generally speaking, qualified or conditional privileges in defamation cases are forfeited only upon a showing of actual malice; that is, a defendant who makes statements with knowledge of their falsity or with reckless disregard for the truth is not protected. Batson, supra, 325 Md. at 733, 602 A.2d 1191; Marchesi v. Franchino, 283 Md. 131, 139, 387 A.2d 1129 (1978). Since enunciating in Marchesi the actual malice standard as it applies to the conditional privileges invoked in other settings, typically employment decisions and credit references, this Court has not been presented with a case involving privileged reports of judicial proceedings. Our early cases suggest that such a qualified privilege operates only when the report is fair, accurate, and made without malice. See, e.g., McBee, supra, 47 Md. at 426; Bowie, supra, 154 Md. at 610, 141 A. 416. See also Restatement of Torts § 611(b) (1938) (protection lost if report is published solely for the purpose of harming the person defamed). The modern view regards the reporting of judicial proceedings as protected by a so-called special privilege that is, while not absolute, somewhat broader in its scope than other conditional privileges. See Restatement (Second) of Torts § 611, comment a (1977). The modern view discards the search for malice, and requires simply that the report be fair and substantially correct, Brush-Moore Newsp., supra, 220 Md. at 138, 151 A.2d 530; Yerkie, supra, 470 F. Supp. at 93, or, in the language of the Restatement, "accurate and complete or a fair abridgement of the occurrence reported." Restatement (Second) of Torts § 611. Under the modern view, the privilege exists even if the reporter of defamatory statements made in court believes or knows them to be false; the privilege is abused only if the report fails the test of fairness and accuracy. Id.
 We need not express a preference for either the traditional or modern view in the case before us. The record is barren of any evidence suggesting that Dr. Rosenberg acted maliciously in evaluating Jackie and subsequently reporting his conclusions to the court and the television news team. His professional training and experience of 20 years indicated to him that Jackie had suffered abuse. Nothing suggests that the psychologist knew his own conclusions to be false, or reached them with a reckless disregard for the truth. To the contrary, he testified that he had been alert to the possibility that the child had been coached, and that he had considered corroborating factors, such as the physician's report and the social worker's report, which were consistent with a diagnosis of abuse. Helinski did not challenge Rosenberg's credibility on these points.
 We do not accept Helinski's conclusion that the July 26 hearing, at which Judge Jacobson found no connection between Helinski and the child's genital injury, established the truth, thereby rendering Rosenberg's professional opinion false, and his conduct malicious, for the purposes of a defamation action. Judge Jacobson expressly revisited the question of sexual abuse at the August 20 hearing. By implication, the truth of this matter before the trial court remained an open question demanding a further inquiry, in which Rosenberg was permitted to offer new evidence. We find no trace of malice here.
 The special protection given to fair and accurate reports of judicial proceedings rests on a fundamental premise: "`A trial is a public event. What transpires in the court room is public property.... Those who see and hear what transpired can report it with impunity.'" Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn, 420 U.S. 469, 492, 95 S. Ct. 1029, 1044, 43 L. Ed. 2d 328 (1975) (quoting Craig v. Harney, 331 U.S. 367, 374, 67 S. Ct. 1249, 1254, 91 L. Ed. 1546 (1947)). Any one of three theories may serve as a rationale for granting a privilege to such reports of events in court: (1) the agency rationale, by which the reporter acts as agent for an otherwise preoccupied public which could, if it possessed the time, energy or inclination, attend the proceeding; (2) the public supervision rationale, by which the reporter provides to the larger community data it needs to monitor government institutions; (3) or the public information rationale, by which the reporter provides information affecting the greater public welfare. Reuber v. Food Chemical News, Inc., 925 F.2d 703, 713 (4th Cir.1991) en banc, cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 111 S. Ct. 2814, 115 L. Ed. 2d 986 (1991); Medico v. Time, Inc., 643 F.2d 134, 140-42 (3rd Cir.1981), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 836, 102 S. Ct. 139, 70 L. Ed. 2d 116 (1981). See David A. Elder, The Fair Report Privilege 3-4 (1988). While each of these theories might arguably serve in this case, the agency rationale is clearly applicable. Rosenberg acted as a conduit between the courtroom and the world at large. He recounted events at a judicial hearing, entirely open to the public, that any members of the community might have seen and heard for themselves.
 While the fair report privilege usually arises in lawsuits involving the press or electronic media, it is not limited to defendants in the news business. The privilege extends to protect reports of judicial proceedings made by other persons as well. McBee, supra, 47 Md. at 417; Seymour v. A.S. Abell Co., 557 F. Supp. 951, 955 (D.Md. 1983); see Restatement (Second) of Torts § 611, comment c (privilege extends to any person who makes an oral, written or printed report to pass on the information that is available to the general public); Eldredge, Law of Defamation at 421; Elder, Fair Report Privilege at 169. As the public's interest in obtaining reports of court matters remains the same irrespective of the reporter's identity, Rosenberg may invoke the privilege. That he may do so is consistent with the principle that the law generally treats journalists and non-journalists alike in the context of defamation actions. See Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, 472 U.S. 749, 773, 105 S. Ct. 2939, 2952, 86 L. Ed. 2d 593 (1985) (White, J., concurring) (First Amendment gives no more protection to the press than it does to others exercising their freedom of speech); id. at 784, 105 S. Ct. at 2958 (Brennan, J., dissenting) (the rights of institutional media are no greater and no less than those enjoyed by other individuals or organizations); Negley v. Farrow, 60 Md. 158, 177 (1883) (proprietor of newspaper entitled to no privilege not possessed by the community in general).
 The instant case thus turns primarily on the fairness and accuracy of Rosenberg's comments to the camera. Of his statements' accuracy there can be no doubt. Rosenberg insists, Helinski concedes, and we agree that the psychologist's three remarks on the courthouse steps essentially repeated what he had said earlier as a witness during the hearing itself. He told the television newspeople that Jackie had discussed being hurt in the genital area by her father; that her fear and anxiety resulting from the hurtful episode were genuine; that young children cannot convincingly simulate such fear and anxiety; that the frightening episode was limited in time; and that the child had a good chance of overcoming her psychological distress. The transcript of the August 20 hearing makes clear that Rosenberg, using a similar vocabulary and often adopting a similar tone, had offered the very same observations on the witness stand. If anything, parts of his witness testimony were phrased somewhat more emphatically in connecting Helinski to sexual abuse of the child.
 We must next consider the fairness of Rosenberg's report of the events that took place during the hearing in court. Here the Restatement offers a useful guide:
 "Even a report that is accurate so far as it goes may be so edited and deleted as to misrepresent the proceeding and thus be misleading. Thus, although it is unnecessary that the report be exhaustive and complete, it is necessary that nothing be omitted or misplaced in such a manner as to convey an erroneous impression to those who hear or read it."
 Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 611, comment f. Helinski asserts that Rosenberg's report fails the test of fairness. He contends that Rosenberg additionally should have reported that the trial court found Mrs. Helinski in contempt, ordered further psychological evaluations of the domestic parties, and considered Helinski "innocent" of abusing Jackie. We disagree.[4]
 The fair reporting privilege reaches not only comprehensive accounts of judicial proceedings, but accounts focusing more narrowly on important parts of such proceedings. See, e.g., Bowie, supra, 154 Md. 604, 141 A. 416 (report of judge's charge to grand jury); Rushford v. New Yorker Magazine, Inc., 846 F.2d 249, 254 (4th Cir.1988) (report of cross-examination testimony and bench conference); Ricci v. Venture Magazine, Inc., 574 F. Supp. 1563, 1565-67 (D.Mass. 1983) (report that accused threatened witness in courtroom); The Savage Is Loose Co. v. United Artists, Etc., 413 F. Supp. 555, 560-561 (S.D.N.Y. 1976) (report of allegations made in a complaint); Mark v. Seattle Times, 96 Wash.2d 473, 635 P.2d 1081 (1981), cert. denied, 457 U.S. 1124, 102 S. Ct. 2942, 73 L. Ed. 2d 1339 (1982) (reports based on criminal information and affidavit of probable cause).
 Rosenberg's testimony constituted a major portion of the hearing before Judge Jacobson. His testimony related to both the visitation order and the contempt motion pending before the trial court. The transcript of his testimony is 50 pages long. Mrs. Helinski, the only other witness at the hearing, answered four questions on direct examination and was then briefly questioned by the court before undergoing a short cross-examination; her testimony's transcript is 6 pages long. Rosenberg's comments to the T.V. crew, then, addressed the most significant substance of the hearing. His report was not unfair in respect to what he said.
 Nor do we find Rosenberg's statements unfair in respect to what he did not say. His out-of-court comments reporting his own testimony, to the exclusion of other matters, did not result in a materially misleading account of the hearing. The other aspects of the hearing were collateral to the defamatory gist of his report. The trial court's decision to hold Mrs. Helinski in contempt sprang from her defiance of a court order. The ruling existed apart from Rosenberg's testimony identifying Helinski as a child abuser; and the contempt citation of the mother certainly did not lessen the defamatory sting of that testimony. Indeed, a report of the mother's motives for inviting the court's displeasure  her wish to protect Jackie from further abuse  might have multiplied the damage to Helinski's reputation.
 Judge Jacobson's order that both of the Helinskis undergo psychological testing did not exculpate the father from the charges leveled against him. The ordinary person would understand the order to be part of the trial court's efforts to evaluate the emotional health and stability of the parties before venturing to devise a visitation schedule. A report that the father's visitation rights had been suspended pending the outcome of the tests would only have confirmed the inherently defamatory message that he posed a danger to the child.
 Finally, Rosenberg had no duty to report that the trial court believed Helinski innocent of child abuse. Such a report would have been incorrect. The trial court at the August 20 hearing expressly reopened the July 26 hearing, and amended its earlier order. Judge Jacobson stated at the second hearing that he was not convinced that Helinski had caused Jackie's sexual injury. The court declared it did not know the source of Jackie's injuries. It described Rosenberg's testimony as "very potent." Judge Jacobson then suspended the father's visitation rights and ordered that he be evaluated by a psychologist. The judge largely adopted Rosenberg's recommendations as to future steps. The court noted that some danger to the child existed, and that it could not predict whether Helinski would be permitted to reestablish a parental relationship with the girl. These many factors reveal a trial court judge searching prudently and even-handedly for the truth. They hardly represent a judicial finding of innocence.
 In sum, the parts of the hearing which Rosenberg did not address were of little or no consequence to the defamatory import of his statements to the T.V. camera. His choices regarding what to say and what to leave unsaid were those "reasonably to be expected in abbreviation" of the entire proceeding. Pulvermann v. A.S. Abell Co., 228 F.2d 797, 803 (4th Cir.1956). His synopsis of the hearing was fair in that "the overall impression created by the summary was no more defamatory than that created by the original." Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. v. Jacobson, 713 F.2d 262, 270 (7th Cir.1983). As we see it, a fuller report would not have somehow evened the score between harm and rehabilitation materially affecting Helinski's reputation. Rosenberg accurately and fairly reported his witness testimony.
 C. The self-reported statement exception
 The Restatement commentary adds one final reservation to the fair reporting privilege: "A person cannot confer this privilege upon himself by making the original defamatory publication himself and then reporting to other people what he had stated. This is true whether the original publication was privileged or not." Restatement (Second) of Torts § 611, comment c. At first blush, this comment would appear to apply to Rosenberg's situation, and defeat his claim to the privilege. Upon closer analysis of the pertinent authorities, however, we find that this exception does not apply in the instant case.
 The question of privileged self-reported statements is one of first impression in this Court.[5] The Restatement offers no case law in support of its blanket denial of the privilege to those persons who report their own defamatory statements made during a court proceeding. The commentary quoted above does not appear in either of the two tentative draft versions of § 611 produced before the current, published text. See Restatement (Second) of Torts § 611 (Tentative Draft No. 20, 1974) and id. (Tentative Draft No. 21, 1975). The decision to include the commentary was made after a brief discussion at a meeting of the American Law Institute, during which one participant called the proposed comment "a flat contradiction of the black letter" law as set forth in § 611. See 52 A.L.I. Proceedings 188 (1976).
 The commentators and cases interpret § 611 as conferring protection upon any persons who do not act maliciously by commencing judicial proceedings in bad faith and then later repeating their own defamatory statements under the aegis of privilege. Professors Harper, James and Gray put it succinctly:
 "The privilege should certainly not be recognized when the occasion for invoking it appears to have been fabricated. The defamer who makes the original statement in a privileged setting should not be shielded by a reporting privilege in repeating it himself outside that setting. Nor should the privilege be recognized for the reporting of statements that were made in spurious circumstances, devised primarily to provide a pretext for the claim of the privilege."
 2 Harper et al., Law of Torts at 207-08. See also Elder, Fair Report Privilege at 171. We think this to be the better interpretation of the Restatement; the privilege will be forfeited only if the defamer illegitimately fabricated or orchestrated events so as to appear in a privileged forum in the first place. That is the true danger against which the self-reported statement exception must guard.
 This view is consistent with the relatively few cases dealing with self-reported statements. The Court of Appeals of New Mexico has observed that the exception is obviously intended to prevent abuse of the fair report privilege by, for example, a person who brings suit not with the aim of pursuing the purported legal objective, but to cause harm to another by pleading or announcing defamatory matter in court and then using the protective shield of the privilege to republish the defamatory matter to the world. Stover v. Journal Pub. Co., 105 N.M. 291, 731 P.2d 1335, 1339 (1985), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 897, 108 S. Ct. 230, 98 L. Ed. 2d 189 (1987). The Supreme Court of Arizona has held that this exception to the fair report privilege envisions "the speaker who by design uses the privilege to republish defamation he previously made during the public proceeding." Green Acres Trust v. London, 141 Ariz. 609, 688 P.2d 617, 626 (1984) (emphasis added). The Court of Appeals of New York has determined that the state's statutory privilege does not protect a person who maliciously institutes a judicial proceeding alleging defamatory charges and then circulates a press release or other communication based thereon. Williams v. Williams, 23 N.Y.2d 592, 298 N.Y.S.2d 473, 477, 246 N.E.2d 333, 337 (1969).
 It is clear that the exception made for self-reported statements aims to deter those persons who, acting out of a corrupt defamatory motive, abuse the privilege accorded to fair and accurate reports of judicial proceedings. There is not the remotest indication in the record that Dr. Rosenberg sought in bad faith to testify at the domestic hearing with some perverse wish to harm Mr. Helinski afterwards by trumpeting defamatory matter to a television audience. To the contrary, he was engaged as an expert witness in the field of child psychology. He testified in that capacity, bound by his professional obligations to offer his best judgment. He had no personal stake in the outcome of the hearing. As he left the courthouse, he was approached by a T.V. news reporter and, in response to her questions, he then accurately and fairly recounted the substance of his testimony in court. In these circumstances, to deny the privilege to a witness reporting his own testimony, while the privilege is available to any other court spectator later recounting that same testimony, would defy logic.
 IV
 It should be acknowledged once more that Rosenberg's remarks to the television camera were defamatory in nature. However, those remarks conveyed a substantially fair and accurate report of the judicial hearing in which the psychologist had taken part as a witness. His statements thus enjoyed a qualified or special privilege protecting him from liability. For the reasons we have delineated, the law permits Rosenberg to tell others what happened in court that day. The public's right to know the business of its courts takes precedence in this case.
 JUDGMENT REVERSED. COSTS IN THIS COURT AND IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS TO BE PAID BY RESPONDENT.
 NOTES
 [1] The domestic litigation between Mr. and Mrs. Helinski continued almost three more years, with issues not relevant here twice reaching the Court of Special Appeals for resolution in unreported opinions.
 [2] Rosenberg stated in his deposition that he and Judge Jacobson left the courthouse together. He recounted that Judge Jacobson responded to the journalist's questions by saying, "No, I can't speak, but the doctor can" before the two men parted company.
 [3] Petitioner Rosenberg's brief in this Court contains a purported written transcription of the news story as broadcast by WJZ. A video copy of the news story is included in the record as an exhibit, which we have viewed, and compared to Rosenberg's version as outlined in his brief. Rosenberg's transcription fails to indicate that the news report clearly identified both Mrs. and Mr. Helinski by name. By suggesting that the parties remained anonymous in the newscast, the transcript portrays a far more benign injury to the father's reputation than actually materialized. In reality, the newscast depicted Mr. Helinski's appearance via the artist's sketch and broadcast his full name in connection with child sex abuse charges.
 [4] It should be noted that the record does not suggest whether Rosenberg touched on these additional matters in his conversation with WJZ's Ann Kellan. All that survives is the final videotape of the news story as broadcast. Any other statements preserved on tape presumably wound up on the editing room floor.
 [5] The Court came near to this question in the case of Adams v. Peck, supra, 288 Md. at 1, 415 A.2d 292. There, the defendant-psychiatrist sent a letter to a lawyer litigating a domestic dispute; the letter stated the psychiatrist's opinion that the plaintiff-father had abused one of his children and urged that all visitations stop. The letter to the attorney was deemed to be directly related to a judicial proceeding, and thus absolutely privileged. The Court then alluded to an allegation that the defamatory statement was published again in a nonprivileged forum. Id. at 9, n. 2, 415 A.2d 292. Concluding that the issue of the second publication was not properly preserved for appellate review, we did not reach it.


text:
Odločba o razveljavitvi sodbe Vrhovnega sodišča : Uradni list RS, št. 85/07 Odločba o razveljavitvi sodbe Vrhovnega sodišča (Uradni list RS, št. 85/07) Odločba o razveljavitvi sodbe Vrhovnega sodišča (Uradni list RS, št. 85/07)
 Datum objave 21.09.2007
 SOP 2007-01-4283
 Številka: Up-2195/06-14
 Ustavno sodišče je v postopku odločanja o ustavni pritožbi Hasibe Hopić iz Bosne in Hercegovine, ki jo zastopa mag. Matevž Krivic iz Spodnjih Pirnič, ter Renate Hopić in Sabine Hopić iz Bosne in Hercegovine, ki ju po pooblastilu njune zastopnice Hasibe Hopić zastopa mag. Matevž Krivic iz Spodnjih Pirnič, na seji 11. septembra 2007
 Sodba Vrhovnega sodišča št. I Up 1323/2006 z dne 27. 9. 2006 se razveljavi in se zadeva vrne Vrhovnemu sodišču v novo odločanje.
 1. Ministrstvo za notranje zadeve (v nadaljevanju MNZ) je v rednem postopku zavrnilo prošnjo za azil pritožnic, ker je ugotovilo, da ne izpolnjujejo pogojev za pridobitev statusa begunca in statusa subsidiarne zaščite. Upravno sodišče je ugodilo pritožbi pritožnic in zadevo vrnilo v novo odločanje. MNZ je zoper sodbo Upravnega sodišča vložilo pritožbo. Vrhovno sodišče je pritožbi ugodilo in sodbo Upravnega sodišča spremenilo tako, da je tožbo pritožnic zavrnilo.
 2. Pritožnice zatrjujejo kršitev 22., 23. in 25. člena Ustave. Navajajo, da je sodba Vrhovnega sodišča nelogična in »očitno zgrešena«, zato je arbitrarna. Pritožnice nasprotujejo stališču Vrhovnega sodišča, da se v upravnem in sodnem azilnem postopku stabilno psihično stanje stranke predpostavlja in da se te domneve ne da izpodbiti zgolj z izjavo stranke. Pritožnice menijo, da takšno stališče v azilnih zadevah ne drži. Iz 33. člena Zakona o azilu (Uradni list RS, št. 41/99 in nasl. – v nadaljevanju ZAzil) naj bi izhajalo, da je zakonodajalec v azilnih zadevah določil višje procesne standarde, ki bi morali biti spoštovani v upravni in sodni praksi. Ker naj bi bila verodostojnost prosilca za azil bistvenega pomena za izid postopka, bi lahko pridobitev ali nepridobitev izvedenskega mnenja o psihičnih zmožnostih prosilca za azil vplivala na korektno in zakonito presojo verodostojnosti prosilca za azil. Upravni organi bi morali na podlagi 33. člena ZAzil po uradni dolžnosti ugotoviti resnično stanje stvari in v ta namen preveriti vsa dejstva, ki so pomembna za zakonito in pravilno odločbo. Pritožnice menijo, da je tako treba obravnavati tudi vprašanje psihičnih sposobnosti prosilca. Izpodbijana sodba Vrhovnega sodišča naj bi sodbo Upravnega sodišča, ki je ugodila tožbi pritožnic, spremenila v zavrnilno sodbo, ne da bi navedla kakršenkoli dokaz o zatrjevani nepravilnosti sodbe Upravnega sodišča. Vrhovno sodišče naj bi v izpodbijani sodbi iskalo »za lase privlečene in skrajno nelogične izgovore« za ravnanje MNZ, ki v rednem postopku ni ponovno zaslišalo strank, temveč se je oprlo na že izvedeno zaslišanje v prvotnem postopku. Ker naj bi bilo Vrhovno sodišče v vseh azilnih zadevah izrazito pristransko pri odločanju in naj bi nekritično sledilo pritožbam MNZ, naj bi bil s tem kršen tudi 23. člen Ustave (pravica do poštenega sojenja). Vrhovno sodišče naj bi tudi kršilo pravico iz 25. člena Ustave (pravica do pravnega sredstva), ker ob »diametralno nasprotni oceni pravnih in včasih tudi dejanskih vprašanj« brez javne obravnave samo spremeni sodbo Upravnega sodišča in s tem prikrajša pritožnike za pravico do učinkovite pritožbe. S tem naj bi postala odločba MNZ takoj pravnomočna in naj bi omogočala takojšen policijski izgon ali privedbo v »postojnski pripor za tujce«. Pritožnice še navajajo, da naj pristojni organi ne bi ločevali med nekonsistentnostjo in kontradiktornostjo izjav prosilcev za azil na eni strani ter lažnostjo njihovih izjav na drugi strani.
 3. Senat Ustavnega sodišča je s sklepom št. Up-2195/06 z dne 9. 1. 2007 ustavno pritožbo sprejel v obravnavo in odločil, da se do končne odločitve Ustavnega sodišča zadrži izvršitev odločbe MNZ. Ustavna pritožba je bila v skladu s 56. členom tedaj veljavnega Zakona o Ustavnem sodišču (Uradni list RS, št. 15/94) poslana Vrhovnemu sodišču v odgovor, ki pa nanjo ni odgovorilo. MNZ je na poziv Ustavnega sodišča poslalo svoja stališča o navedbah v ustavni pritožbi. Meni, da je ustavna pritožba neutemeljena.
 5. Ustava v 22. členu določa, da je vsakomur zagotovljeno enako varstvo njegovih pravic v postopku pred sodiščem in pred drugimi državnimi organi, organi lokalnih skupnosti in nosilci javnih pooblastil, ki odločajo o njegovih pravicah, dolžnostih ali pravnih interesih. Sestavni del pravice do enakega varstva pravic iz 22. člena Ustave je pravica stranke, da se v kontradiktornem postopku izjavi tako glede pravnih kot glede dejanskih vprašanj, pomembnih za odločitev.
 6. V obravnavanem primeru je bila pritožnicam prošnja za azil najprej zavrnjena v t. i. pospešenem postopku, po katerem pristojni organ odloča, če ugotovi katerega od razlogov, izrecno določenih v zakonu. V takem primeru pristojni organ takoj odloči o stvari in prošnjo za azil kot očitno neutemeljeno zavrne. V tem postopku pristojni organ preverja, ali so izpolnjene okoliščine, iz katerih glede na zakonske pogoje, določene v drugem odstavku 35. člena ZAzil,1 izhaja, da je prošnja očitno neutemeljena.
 7. Pritožnice so prošnjo za azil vložile 1. 10. 2004. MNZ je z odločbo št. 236-735/2004 (1352-10) z dne 22. 10. 2005 prošnjo pritožnic v pospešenem postopku zavrnilo kot očitno neutemeljeno z obrazložitvijo, da naj bi prošnja temeljila na namernem zavajanju ali zlorabi, ker naj bi pritožnice lažno predstavile razloge, na katere se sklicujejo. V navedenem postopku je bilo odločeno na podlagi vsebine prošnje za azil, ki vključuje tudi izjavo prosilca, ter zaslišanja prosilk. Upravno sodišče je s sodbo št. U 2436/2005 z dne 7. 12. 2005 tožbo zavrnilo. Vrhovno sodišče je s sodbo št. I Up 174/2006 z dne 15. 2. 2006 pritožbi pritožnic ugodilo, odpravilo odločbo MNZ in vrnilo zadevo v ponoven postopek. V obrazložitvi je sprejelo stališče, da je MNZ s tem, ko je zaslišalo pritožnice, začelo redni azilni postopek, zato MNZ ne bi smelo odločiti v skrajšanem postopku. MNZ bi moralo glede na zatrjevane bolezni tožnic sprejeti odločbo na podlagi izvedenega rednega azilnega postopka, torej na podlagi dejanskega stanja, ugotovljenega v rednem azilnem postopku, in z njo odločiti, ali pritožnice izpolnjujejo pogoje za humanitarni azil. Ob tem je Vrhovno sodišče navedlo, da ni presojalo pritožbenih navedb tožečih strank, ampak jih bodo te lahko uveljavljale v ponovnem rednem postopku, ki ga bo do konca izvedlo MNZ.
 8. V ponovljenem postopku je MNZ izvedlo redni azilni postopek, vendar v tem postopku ni ponovno zaslišalo pritožnic, temveč se je pri odločitvi oprlo na zaslišanje, izvedeno v pospešenem postopku. Prošnjo za azil je zavrnilo z obrazložitvijo, da utemeljeno dvomi v resničnost izjav (prve) prosilke in da prosilka ni dokazala splošne verodostojnosti. Ker naj bi bile izjave prosilke kontradiktorne in nekonsistentne glede subjektivnih okoliščin in razlogov za zapustitev matične države, naj pristojnemu organu ne bi bilo treba pridobivati nadaljnjih dokazil za ugotavljanje objektivnih okoliščin v izvorni državi. Menilo je, da subjektivnega strahu pritožnic ni mogoče objektivno konkretizirati. Zaradi splošne neverodostojnosti naj prosilke ne bi izkazale utemeljenega strahu, kot pogoja za priznanje azila. Iz enakih razlogov naj prosilke ne bi izpolnjevale pogojev za subsidiarno zaščito.2
 9. Upravno sodišče je ugodilo tožbi pritožnic. V obrazložitvi je pojasnilo, da MNZ ni ravnalo po navodilih Vrhovnega sodišča. Navaja, da bi MNZ moralo ugotavljati pogoje za subsidiarno zaščito ob upoštevanju bolezni pritožnic in drugih okoliščin. Opozori tudi, da je pooblaščenec pritožnic predlagal pridobitev izvedenskega mnenja zaradi psihofizičnega stanja prve pritožnice.
 10. Vrhovno sodišče je na podlagi pritožbe MNZ spremenilo sodbo Upravnega sodišča in tožbo zavrnilo. Menilo je, da je sodba Upravnega sodišča nepravilna. V obrazložitvi je zapisalo, da je MNZ v ponovljenem postopku na novo ocenilo navedbe pritožnice z vidika drugega odstavka 1. člena ZAzil. Pravilno naj bi zaključilo, da izjave pritožnice niso verodostojne. Prav tako naj bi bila odločitev MNZ pravilna v delu, ki se nanaša na subsidiarno zaščito. Glede navedb pritožnice o slabem psihičnem stanju pa ugotavlja, da se stabilno psihično stanje v upravnem in sodnem postopku predpostavlja. To domnevo naj bi bilo možno ovreči le s predložitvijo relevantnih dokazov. Takšnih dokazov pa naj pritožnice ne bi predlagale niti naj jih ne bi zatrjevale.
 11. Ustavno sodišče je v svojih odločitvah že večkrat poudarilo razliko med rednim in t.i. pospešenim azilnim postopkom. Medtem ko se v pospešenem azilnem postopku ugotavlja le dejstva, na podlagi katerih se nato presodi, ali so izpolnjeni pogoji za pospešen postopek, se v rednem azilnem postopku ugotavlja dejstva o izpolnjenosti pogojev za pridobitev statusa begunca in podrejeno za pridobitev statusa subsidiarne zaščite. Povsem jasno torej je, da je njun namen povsem različen. Navedeno lahko pripelje le do sklepa, da mora pristojni organ v rednem azilnem postopku ugotavljati tudi druga dejstva, ki v pospešenem postopku niso bila ugotovljena. MNZ je odločitev v novem (rednem) postopku sprejelo na podlagi dejanskega stanja, ugotovljenega v pospešenem postopku, torej le na podlagi vsebine prošnje za azil ter zaslišanja pritožnic, izvedenega v tem postopku. Ker MNZ v rednem azilnem postopku pritožnic ni zaslišalo, jim je s tem kršilo pravico do izjave iz 22. člena Ustave. S tem jih je namreč prikrajšalo za možnost, da se izjavijo o dejstvih, ki so ključna za odločitev v rednem azilnem postopku, tj. o dejstvih, ki so pomembna za odločitev, ali pritožnice izpolnjujejo pogoje za status begunk oziroma podrejeno za status subsidiarne zaščite. Ker je Vrhovno sodišče takšno odločitev MNZ ocenilo za pravilno, je tudi samo kršilo pravico pritožnic do izjave iz 22. člena Ustave.
 12. Sestavni del pravice do enakega varstva pravic iz 22. člena Ustave je pravica stranke, da sodišče obravnava, ovrednoti in obrazloženo sprejme ali zavrne njene trditve in stališča, če niso očitno pravno nepomembni. Ustavno jamstvo se mora odražati tudi v dokaznem postopku. To sicer ne pomeni, da ima stranka pravico do izvedbe vseh dokazov, ki jih predlaga. Če sodišče razumno oceni, da nekateri predlagani dokazi oziroma dejstva, ki naj se ugotovijo z njimi, za odločitev v sporu niso odločilni, nadaljnjih dokazov ni dolžno izvajati, mora pa zavrnitev dokaznega predloga stranke ustrezno obrazložiti. V nasprotnem primeru gre za kršitev pravice do enakega varstva pravic iz 22. člena Ustave.
 13. V azilnem postopku je ugotavljanje dejanskega stanja najbolj zahteven del postopka. Prosilci za azil težko sami dokazujejo vse svoje trditve in navedbe in v določenih primerih to bistveno lažje stori pristojni organ. Zato pristojni organ ni vezan samo na navedbe stranke, temveč mora tudi sam po uradni dolžnosti ugotoviti pravilno dejansko stanje. Pritožnice navajajo, da bi morali biti prosilci za azil v zvezi s svojim psihičnim zdravjem »pozitivno diskriminirani« v primerjavi s strankami v drugih upravnih postopkih. Pri tem se sklicujejo na 33. člen ZAzil, ki ureja ugotavljanje dejanskega stanja v azilnem postopku. V drugem in tretjem odstavku 33. člena ZAzil je tudi posebej urejena možnost postavitve izvedenca. Določeno je, da pristojni organ mora pridobiti izvedensko mnenje, kadar to zahteva prosilec za azil.
 14. Pooblaščenec pritožnic je v tako v tožbi kot v pritožbi opozarjal na slabo psihično stanje prosilke in predlagal postavitev izvedenca. Ustavno sodišče je že v odločbi št. Up-771/06 z dne 15. 6. 2006 (Uradni list RS, št. 66/06 in OdlUS XV, 89) navedlo, da zaradi morebitnih psihičnih zdravstvenih težav pritožnik pri vložitvi prošnje za azil in zaslišanju morda ne bi mogel ustrezno pojasniti vseh okoliščin, ki so pomembne za odločitev v tem postopku. Dodalo je še, da nepovezane in nekredibilne izjave pritožnika, brez ustrezne ugotovitve dejanskega stanja in razlogov za takšno prosilčevo ravnanje, same po sebi ne morejo pomeniti zavajanja in zlorabe azilnega postopka. Morebitne psihične zdravstvene težave pritožnika bi lahko vplivale na odgovore pritožnika pri vložitvi prošnje za azil in pri zaslišanju. Zato Ustavno sodišče ugotavlja, da je vprašanje psihičnega zdravja pritožnika lahko relevantno za odločitev o pravilnosti izpodbijane odločbe MNZ.
 15. Vrhovno sodišče je v pritožbenem postopku samo odločilo o tožbi pritožnic, zato bi bilo dolžno v obrazložitvi sodbe odgovoriti ne samo na pritožbene navedbe MNZ, temveč tudi na vse relevantne tožbene očitke pritožnic ter se opredeliti do predloga pooblaščenca o postavitvi izvedenca. Vrhovno sodišče pa ni samo zavrnilo tožbenih navedb o psihičnih težavah pritožnice, do predloga pooblaščenca o postavitvi izvedenca se sploh ni opredelilo. S tem pa je pritožnicam kršilo njihovo pravico do enakega varstva pravic iz 22. člena Ustave.
 16. Ker je bilo z izpodbijano sodbo kršeno ustavno jamstvo o enakem varstvu pravic iz 22. člena Ustave, je Ustavno sodišče sodbo Vrhovnega sodišča razveljavilo in zadevo vrnilo Vrhovnemu sodišču v novo odločanje. Ker je Ustavno sodišče ustavni pritožbi ugodilo že iz navedenih razlogov, se ni spuščalo v presojo drugih zatrjevanih kršitev.
 17. Ustavno sodišče je sprejelo to odločbo na podlagi prvega odstavka 59. člena Zakona o Ustavnem sodišču (Uradni list RS, št. 64/07 – ur. p. b. – ZUstS) in prve alineje drugega odstavka 46. člena Poslovnika Ustavnega sodišča (Uradni list RS, št. 93/03 in 98/03 – popr.) v sestavi: predsednik dr. Janez Čebulj ter sodnice in sodniki dr. Zvonko Fišer, dr. Franc Grad, Lojze Janko, mag. Marija Krisper Kramberger, Milojka Modrijan, dr. Ciril Ribičič, dr. Mirjam Škrk in Jože Tratnik. Odločbo je sprejelo soglasno.
 1 Drugi odstavek 35. člena ZAzil določa: » Pristojni organ takoj odloči o stvari in prošnjo za azil kot očitno neutemeljeno zavrne, če:
 2 Med postopkom je bil ZAzil spremenjen. Namesto azila iz humanitarnih razlogov je uvedel institut subsidiarne zaščite (3. odstavek 1. člena).