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 52013PC0769
 Togra le haghaidh RIALACHÁIN Ó PHARLAIMINT NA hEORPA AGUS ÓN gCOMHAIRLE lena leasaítear Rialachán (AE) Uimh. 525/2013 i ndáil le cur chun feidhme teicniúil Phrótacal Kyoto a ghabhann le Creat-Choinbhinsiún na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide /* COM/2013/0769 final - 2013/0377 (COD) */
 MEABHRÁN MÍNIÚCHÁIN
 1. COMHTHÉACS AN TOGRA
 Leasú Doha
 Ag Comhdháil Doha maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide
 i mí na Nollag 2012, ghlac an 192 Páirtí i bPrótacal Kyoto a ghabhann le Creat‐Choinbhinsiún
 na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide ('an Coinbhinsiún') leasú ar
 an bPrótacal sin.[1]
 Le 'Leasú Doha', mar a ghlaoitear air, leagtar síos an dara tréimhse
 gealltanais de Phrótacal Kyoto, dar tús an 1 Eanáir 2013 agus dar críoch an 31
 Nollaig 2020.
 Faoi Leasú Doha, gheall an tAontas Eorpach, a
 Bhallstáit agus an Íoslainn go ndéanfaidís a meánastaíocht bhliantúil de ghás
 ceaptha teasa (GCT) sna blianta idir 2013 agus 2020 a theorannú ag 80% dá n‐astaíochtaí
 bonnbhliana (1990 den chuid is mó).[2]
 Tá an gealltanas sin bunaithe ar na spriocanna laghdaithe astaíochta a leagadh
 síos sa phacáiste maidir le haeráid agus fuinneamh a glacadh in 2009, go
 háirithe Scéim an AE maidir le Trádáil Astaíochtaí (EU ETS) agus an Cinneadh
 maidir le Comhroinnt Díchill.[3]
 Cuirtear san áireamh agus an gealltanas á ríomh na difríochtaí raoin feidhme
 idir reachtaíocht an Aontais agus an dara tréimhse gealltanais de Phrótacal
 Kyoto.[4]
 Tá an cur chuige sin ag teacht le conclúidí na Comhairle ó Mhárta 2012, inar
 dúradh gur cheart gealltanas comhpháirteach an Aontais Eorpaigh, a Bhallstát
 agus na hÍoslainne a bheith bunaithe ar an bpacáiste maidir le haeráid agus
 fuinneamh, ach inar dúradh freisin maidir leis na hoibleagáidí laghdaithe
 astaíochta ar Bhallstáit aonair sa dara tréimhse gealltanais de Phrótacal
 Kyoto, nach sáróidís na hoibleagáidí atá comhaontaithe acu i reachtaíocht an
 AE'. Leanadh an cur chuige sin san aighneacht a rinne an tAontas Eorpach agus a
 Bhallstáit maidir lena ngealltanas faoin dara tréimhse gealltanais in
 Aibreán 2012.[5]
 Diomaite de Leasú Doha a ghlacadh, Ghlac Comhdháil
 Doha maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide roinnt cinntí freisin i dtaobh
 saincheisteanna teicniúla a bhaineann le cur chun feidhme na ngealltanas
 maolúcháin substainteacha atá liostaithe i Leasú Doha: áirítear orthu sin
 cinntí maidir le cuntasaíocht agus bainistíocht aonaid Kyoto le linn na
 hidirthréimhse idir an chéad agus an dara tréimhse ghealltanais agus don dara
 tréimhse ghealltanais (Cinneadh 1/CMP.8 agus Cinneadh 2/CMP.8)[6]. Tá sraith eile cinntí, lena
 gcríochnófar an pacáiste cur chun feidhme, á hullmhú, agus tá an tAontas
 Eorpach ag obair lena áirithiú go nglacfar ag Comhdháil Vársá maidir leis an
 Athrú Aeráide i Samhain 2013 iad.
 Comhlíonadh comhpháirteach ghealltanais
 an Aontais Eorpaigh, a Bhallstát agus na hÍoslainne
 Ligeann Airteagal 4 de Phrótacal Kyoto do
 na Páirtithe a ngealltanais faoi seach a chomhlíonadh go comhpháirteach. Bhain
 an tAontas Eorpach agus a Bhallstáit leas as an rogha sin in 2002 nuair a
 dhaingnigh siad Prótacal Kyoto agus chuir siad an chéad tréimhse ghealltanais
 de chun feidhme[7].
 Le linn na gcaiblíochtaí maidir le Leasú Doha, chuir an tAontas Eorpach agus a
 Bhallstáit in iúl go soiléir go raibh sé beartaithe acu arís a ngealltanais a
 chomhlíonadh go comhpháirteach sa dara tréimhse ghealltanais, agus i
 gcomhpháirt leis an Íoslainn freisin an uair seo.
 Meastar i dtaobh Páirtithe a chomhaontaigh a
 ngealltanais a chomhlíonadh go comhpháirteach, gur chomhlíon siad na
 gealltanais sin má bhaintear amach a ngealltanas comhpháirteach (bunaithe ar a n‐astaíochtaí
 gás ceaptha teasa comhiomlána ar feadh na tréimhse ghealltanais). Sa chás go
 dteipfeadh orthu an gealltanas comhpháirteach a bhaint amach áfach, bheadh gach
 Páirtí freagrach as a leibhéal astaíochta féin mar atá sé leagtha amach sa
 chomhaontú comhlíonta chomhpháirtigh eatarthu. I bPrótacal Kyoto, dá bhrí sin,
 ceanglaítear ar na Páirtithe i gcomhaontú comhlíonta chomhpháirtigh na leibhéil
 astaíochta atá leithdháilte do gach ball den chomhaontú comhlíonta
 chomhpháirtigh a leagan amach agus a fhógairt tráth a chuirtear isteach a n‐ionstraimí
 glactha.
 Tá téarmaí chomhlíonadh comhpháirteach
 ghealltanas an Aontais Eorpaigh, a Bhallstát agus na hÍoslainne leagtha amach
 in Iarscríbhinn I a ghabhann leis an togra le haghaidh Cinnidh ón gComhairle
 maidir le conclúid Leasú Doha ar Phrótacal Kyoto do Chreat‐Choinbhinsiún
 na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide agus comhlíonadh
 comhpháirteach na gcoinníollacha faoi sin.[8]
 Áireofar na téarmaí freisin sa chomhaontú déthaobhach leis an Íoslainn, ar mhol
 an Coimisiún don Chomhairle moladh maidir le sainordú idirbheartaíochta ina
 leith. A luaithe is a chomhaontaítear iad, ní mór fógra a thabhairt i leith na
 dtéarmaí seo, lena n‐áirítear na leibhéil astaíochta faoi seach, chuig
 Creat‐Choinbhinsiún na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide
 nuair a thaisceann an tAontas Eorpach, a Bhallstáit agus an Íoslainn a gcuid
 ionstraimí glactha le Leasú Doha.
 Cuntasaíocht astaíochtaí tar éis 2012
 Leanfaidh an dara tréimhse ghealltanais den
 Phrótacal Kyoto agus go pointe áirithe cuirfidh sí leis an gcóras cuimsitheach
 reatha do chuntasaíocht astaíochtaí chun trédhearcacht feidhmíochta Páirtithe
 agus comhlíonadh a n‐oibleagáidí a áirithiú. Ag croílár an chórais seo tá
 an ceanglas, do gach Páirtí a bhfuil gealltanas acu, méid sannta a ríomh. Is
 ionann an méid sannta sin agus an méid tonna a cheadaítear do gach Páirtí a
 astú le linn na tréimhse gealltanais, i gcoibhéis dé-ocsaíde carbóin (CO2-eq).
 Eisiatar é i bhfoirm aonad de mhéid sannta (AAUanna) i gclárlann náisiúnta gach
 Páirtí. Faoin gcomhaontú comhlíonta chomhpháirtigh atá leagtha amach in
 Iarscríbhinn II a ghabhann leis an togra le haghaidh Cinnidh ón gComhairle
 ciallaíonn sé sin go bhfuil gach ceann acu, an tAontas Eorpach, a Bhallstáit
 agus an Íoslainn freagrach as AAUanna, arb ionann iad agus a méideanna sannta
 faoi seach a eisiúint chuig an gclárlanna náisiúnta.
 Sa bhreis ar AAUanna, sna clárlanna náisiúnta
 coinneofar agus tabharfar cúiseanna le hidirbhearta in aonaid a thagann as
 úsáid sásraí solúbtha Phrótacal Kyoto. Ní hiad AAUanna amháin a áirítear iontu,
 ach laghduithe astaíochtaí deimhnithe (CERanna) freisin, le haghaidh
 tionscadal sásraí forbartha glaine, aonaid laghdaithe astaíochtaí (ERUanna) do
 thionscadail cur chun feidhme comhpháirteach, chomh maith le haonaid ionsúcháin
 (RMUanna) d'aistriú linnte. Beidh idirbhearta sna haonaid seo faoi réir
 ceanglas idirnáisiúnta amhail na critéir incháilitheachta do rannpháirteachas i
 sásraí solúbtha agus na critéir a rialaíonn cúlchiste na tréimhse gealltanais
 (CPR). Tugann na ceanglais sin cosaint in aghaidh ródhíol aonad ag Páirtí i
 gcás nach bhfuil bonn cirt leis trí laghduithe iarbhír astaíochtaí arna
 ndéanamh ag an bPáirtí sin. Ina theannta sin, ag Comhdháil Doha maidir leis an
 Athrú Aeráide, comhaontaíodh rialacha maidir leis an aistriú ón gcéad tréimhse
 ghealltanais go dtí an dara tréimhse ghealltanais, go háirithe i ndáil le
 tabhairt anonn (baincéireacht) AAUanna breise ón gcéad tréimhse ghealltanais.
 Cé nach ndéanann na rialacha nua a
 comhaontaíodh ag Kyoto, i bprionsabal, difear d'oibríocht Scéim an AE maidir le
 Trádáil Astaíochtaí (EU ETS) agus an Cinneadh maidir le Comhroinnt Díchill, ba
 cheart an t‐idirghníomhú idir córas cuntasaíochta Phrótacal Kyoto agus na
 rialacha cuntasaíochta faoi reachtaíocht an Aontais Eorpaigh a shoiléiriú, agus
 ní mór cur chun feidhme rialacha Kyoto a ailíniú leis na rialacha faoi
 reachtaíocht an AE. Sa bhreis air sin, ní mór tuilleadh rialacha teicniúla a
 tharraingt suas chun an comhaontú comhlíonta chomhpháirtigh a chur chun
 feidhme.
 Bunús dlí do chur chun feidhme teicniúil
 san Aontas Eorpach
 Le linn chéad tréimhse gealltanais Phrótacal
 Kyoto (2008 go 2012), cuireadh ceanglais a comhaontaíodh go chun feidhme tríd
 an gCinneadh maidir le Faireachán a dhéanamh[9]
 agus na Rialacháin Clárlainne is infheidhme do chéim a dó de EU ETS
 (2008-2012).[10]
 Ar na ceanglais sin áiríodh cuntasaíocht na n‐astaíochtaí agus na n‐aonad,
 comhlíonadh comhpháirteach an AE, an bhainistíocht aonad i dtaca le gealltanais
 faoi Phrótacal Kyoto agus a n‐idirghníomhaíocht le próisis bhainistíochta
 aonad faoi EU ETS. Bhí rialacha maidir le cuntasaíocht agus maidir le
 bainistíocht aonad sna Rialacháin Clárlainne chun an EU ETS a chur chun feidhme
 agus chun an chéad tréimhse ghealltanais de Phrótacal Kyoto a chur chun
 feidhme. Níl sa Rialachán Clárlainne atá i bhfeidhm faoi láthair[11] ach amháin forálacha maidir le
 bainistíocht aonad a bhaineann le cur chun feidhme agus oibriú chéim a trí den
 EU ETS agus an Cinneadh maidir le Comhroinnt Díchill. Ní rialáiltear leis
 riachtanais chuntasaíochta do chur chun feidhme teicniúil an Phrótacail tar éis
 2012.
 Chun Prótacal Kyoto a chur chun feidhme tar
 éis 2012 ní mór sraith rialacha maidir le cur chun feidhme teicniúil a
 tharraingt suas don Aontas Eorpach, dá Bhallstáit agus don Íoslainn. Sa
 Rialachán maidir le Sásra chun Faireachán[12]
 a dhéanamh, a glacadh le déanaí, níl an bunús dlí a chumasódh don Choimisiún
 amhlaidh a dhéanamh i ndáil le clárlanna náisiúnta na mBallstát. Dá thoradh sin
 tá gá leis an leasú seo ar an Rialachán maidir le Sásra chun Faireachán a dhéanamh
 chun an bunús dlí is gá a chur ar fail.
 2. cur chun feidhme teicniúil
 Phrótacal Kyoto tar éis 2012
 Le cur chun feidhme Phrótacal Kyoto a áirithiú
 san Aontas Eorpach tar éis 2012, le hoibríocht éifeachtach chomhlíonadh
 comhpháirteach ghealltanais an Aontais Eorpaigh, a Bhallstát agus na hÍoslainne
 a chumasú, agus lena ailíniú le hoibríocht EU ETS agus an Chinnidh maidir le
 Comhroinnt Díchill a áirithiú, tá gá le rialacha maidir le cur chun feidhme
 teicniúil san Aontas Eorpach. Ba cheart díriú ar roinnt saincheisteanna sna
 rialacha sin, lena n‐áirítear:
 –
 Próisis bhainistíochta aonad amhail idirbhearta
 aonaid Kyoto (eisiúint, aistriú, éadáil, cealú, scor, tabhairt anonn, athrú
 dáta athsholáthair nó éaga) laistigh de chlárlanna náisiúnta an Aontais
 Eorpaigh, a Bhallstát agus na hÍoslainne agus eatarthu;
 –
 Próisis chuntasaíochta a bhaineann leis an
 idirthréimhse idir an chéad agus an dara tréimhse ghealltanais, lena n‐áirítear
 farasbarr AAUnna, CERanna agus ERUnna a thabhairt anonn ón gcéad chuig an dara
 tréimhse ghealltanais;
 –
 Bunú agus cothabháil cúltaisce farasbairr
 réamhthréimhse agus cúltaisce tréimhse gealltanais do gach ball den chomhaontú
 comhlíonta chomhpháirtigh;
 –
 An tobhach nó 'cion na bhfáltas' a chuirtear i
 bhfeidhm maidir le heisiúint ERUanna agus an chéad aistriú AAUanna sa dara
 tréimhse ghealltanais.
 Leis an togra seo le haghaidh Rialacháin ó
 Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle tugtar an bunús chun na
 saincheisteanna teicniúla seo a chur chun feidhme san Aontas Eorpach trí
 ghníomhartha dlíthiúla a ghlacadh.
 Próisis bhainistíochta aonad
 Tá gá leis na gníomhartha tarmligthe atá
 beartaithe sa togra seo lena áirithiú go mbeidh na hidirbhearta uile d'aonaid
 Kyoto i gclárlanna náisiúnta an Aontais Eorpaigh, a Bhallstát agus na
 hÍoslainne comhsheasmhach le comhlíonadh comhpháirteach a ngealltanas. Ar na
 hidirbhearta áirítear éisiúint, aistriú, éadáil, cealú, tabhairt anonn, athrú
 dáta athsholáthair agus éaga agus scor. Is gá freisin cur chun feidhme
 éifeachtach na bpróiseas bainistíochta aonad, a bunaíodh le haghaidh
 chuntasaíocht na n‐astaíochtaí agus na n‐aonad faoi EU ETS agus an
 Cinneadh maidir le Comhroinnt Díchill , a áirithiú. Beidh tuilleadh sonraithe
 ar rialacha cur chun feidhme Kyoto ag teastáil don chomhaontú comhlíonta
 chomhpháirtigh don dara tréimhse ghealltanais.
 Thairis sin, le EU ETS agus an Cinneadh maidir
 le Comhroinnt Díchill ceadaítear úsáid theoranta aonaid Kyoto chun oibleagáidí
 a bunaíodh i reachtaíocht an AE a chomhlíonadh. Tá sé fíor-riachtanach agus
 rialacha Kyoto á gcur chun feidhme san Aontas Eorpach go ndéantar foráil maidir
 le solúbthacht iomlán atá leagtha síos i reachtaíocht an Aontais, chun gur
 féidir le hoibreoirí rochtain a fháil ar na haonaid sin i gcomhréir le
 forálacha EU ETS agus gur féidir le Ballstáit rochtain a fháil orthu i ndáil
 lena n‐oibleagáidí faoin gCinneadh maidir le Comhroinnt Díchill. Tá sé
 fíor-riachtanach freisin go gcloíonn lucht cur chun feidhme teicniúil
 cleachtais chuntasaíochta láidre ar ábhartha iad d'ailíniú le rialacha cur chun
 feidhme Kyoto le EU ETS agus leis an gCinneadh maidir le Comhroinnt Díchill.
 Airítear leis sin an gá a áirithiú go ndéanfar aonad Kyoto a eisiúint nó a scor
 do gach aonad AE gaolmhar arna chruthú nó arna úsáid le haghaidh comhlíonadh.
 Sa bhreis air sin, tá gá leis na gníomhartha
 atá beartaithe sa togra seo chun rialáil éifeachtach a dhéanamh ar scor na n‐aonad
 tar éis 2012: Beidh baint amach an chomhlíonta chomhpháirtigh ag brath ar scor
 na n‐aonad ag an Aontas Eorpach, ag gach Ballstát agus ag an Íoslainn, de
 réir a leibhéal astaíochtaí faoi seach. Ach próiseas comhtháite maidir le scor
 aonad a bheith ag an Aontas, ag na Ballstáit agus ag an Íoslainn agus
 sainaithint shoiléir a dhéanamh ar na haonaid atá le scor ag gach Páirtí,
 ráthófar gurb ionann comhlíonadh faoi reachtaíocht an Aontais agus comhlíonadh
 gealltanas faoi Phrótacal Kyoto agus a mhalairt. Thairis sin, tá gá lena
 leithéid de phróiseas le hiontaofacht na cuntasaíochta a chosaint faoi EU ETS.
 Ar an gcoinníoll go gcomhlíonann oibreoirí arna gcumhdach ag EU ETS na hoibleagáidí
 atá ann, ráthófar leis freisin nach mbeidh gá le tuilleadh aonaid Kyoto a fháil
 chun na hastaíochtaí sin a chumhdach le haghaidh comhlíonadh cheanglais
 chuntasaíochta Kyoto don dara tréimhse ghealltanais. Chun na críche sin,
 áiritheofar leis na gníomhartha tarmligthe atá beartaithe sa togra seo go
 gcomhfhreagróidh astaíochtaí arna gcumhdach ag EU ETS idir 1 Eanáir 2013 agus
 31 Nollaig 2020 do scor aonad ina dhiaidh sin ar bailí iad don dara
 tréimhse ghealltanais faoi Phrótacal Kyoto. Go bunúsach, áiritheofar leo go
 scorfar aon aonad Kyoto, ar bailí é don dara tréimhse ghealltanais, le haghaidh
 gach aonaid a thabharfar suas in EU ETS i gcás astaíochtaí ó fhoinsí atá
 liostaithe in Iarscríbhinn A a ghabhann le Prótacal Kyoto. Ar an dóigh céanna, suífear
 leo freisin go dtabharfar suas aonaid Kyoto, ar bailí iad don dara tréimhse
 ghealltanais, in aghaidh astaíochtaí agus asbhaintí Ballstát agus na hÍoslainne
 in earnálacha EU ETS, a mhéid is atá na gáis, foinsí agus linnte cumhdaithe ag
 an bPrótacal.
 Próisis chuntasaíochta a bhaineann leis
 an aistriú ón gcéad chuig an dara tréimhse ghealltanais
 I gCinneadh 13/CMP.1, ina bhfuil
 príomhrialacha cuntasaíochta Phrótacal Kyoto,[13]
 leagtar amach na forálacha chun na Páirtithe a chumasú le ERUanna, CERanna agus
 AAUanna a thabhairt anonn chuig tréimhse ghealltanais ina dhiaidh sin, tar éis
 do gach Páirtí an measúnú comhlíonta a chur i gcrích. Faoin gCinneadh seo,
 féadfar ERUanna agus CERanna a thabhairt anonn suas go teorainn ar coibhéis le
 2.5% de mhéid sannta an Pháirtí. Ní féidir aonaid ionsúcháin (RMUanna), CERanna
 sealadacha (tCERanna), CERanna fadtéarmacha (lCERanna) ná ERUanna arna dtiontú
 ó RMUanna a thabhairt anonn. I gCinneadh 1/CMP/8 deimhnítear cur i bhfeidhm na
 rialachá sin tar éis 2012 agus cuireann sé leis an ceanglas nach mór AAUanna
 arna dtabharit anonn a aistriú chuig cúlchiste farasbairr réamhthréimhse an
 Pháirtí sin.
 Déantar teorainn an chéatadáin ar thabhairt
 anonn CERanna agus ERUanna a chur i bhfeidhm ar bhonn méid shannta, agus
 coimeádtar CERanna agus ERUanna atá bailí don chéad tréimhse ghealltanais arna
 húsáid do chomhlíonadh i gcéim a trí EU ETS (2013-2020) i gClárlann an Aontais.
 Ar na chúiseanna sin, beidh sé fíor-riachtanach an teorainn ar fud an Aontais
 Eorpaigh agus a Bhallstát a chur i bhfeidhm i gcaoi inar féidir na haonaid sin
 a thabhairt anonn le haghaidh scoir ina dhiadh sin. Ina theannta sin,
 ceanglaíonn EU ETS go mbeidh cuntais oscailte agus cothabháilte ní hé amháin
 ag na Páirtithe, agus ag einitis phríobháideacha freisin. A mhéid is a áirítear
 CERanna agus ERUanna sna cuntais seo, beidh sé tábhachtach rialacha
 comhsheasmhacha a bhunú lena gcumasófar cur chun feidhme barrmhaith na rialacha
 maidir le tabhairt anonn. Coimeádtar AAUanna arb ionann iad agus liúntais arna
 dtaisceadh idir céim a dó agus céim a trí de EU ETS i gClárlann an Aontais Ba
 cheart dá bhrí sin rialacha maidir le cur i bhfeidhm rialacha maidir le
 tabhairt anonn i dtaca le AAUanna a bhunú sna gníomhartha tarmligthe lena n‐áirithiú
 go n‐ailíneofar cur chun feidhme chóras cuntasaíochta Kyoto leis an gcur
 chun feidhme faoi EU ETS agus faoin gCinneadh maidir le Comhroinnt Díchill.
 Bunú agus cothabháil cúltaisce tréimhse
 gealltanais agus cúltaisce farasbairr réamhthréimhse do gach ball den
 chomhaontú comhlíonta chomhpháirtigh;
 Sna gníomhartha tarmligthe atá beartaithe don
 tréimhse seo ní mór a shonrú freisin oibríocht an chúltaisce tréimhse
 gealltanais i gclárlanna náisiúnta an Aontais Eorpaigh, a Bhallstát agus na
 hÍoslainne. Is cuid den chúram atá ar gach Páirtí a mhéid sannta a bhainistiú
 agus cuntasaíocht a dhéanamh air an ceanglas idirnáisiúnta maidir le cúltaisce
 tréimhse gealltanais a bhunú agus a chothabháil. De réir cinntí idirnáisiúnta,
 is ionann an cúltaisce tréimhse gealltanais agus níos lú ná 90% de mhéid sannta
 tosaigh Páirtí nó 100% den fhardal is deireanaí dá chuid a ndearnadh
 athbhreithniú air, iolraithe faoi 8. Tá feidhm ag an cúltaisce tréimhse
 gealltanais maidir le gach ball den chomhaontú comhlíonta chomhpháirtigh ar
 bhonn indibhiúil. Ós rud é nach gcumhdaíonn méid sannta na mBallstát agus na
 hÍoslainne ach earnálacha neamh ETS agus go gcumhdaíonn méid sannta an Aontais
 na hearnálacha ETS, tá gá leis na gníomhartha tarmligthe a bheartaítear sa
 togra seo chun cur chuige comhtháite a chinneadh ionas go ríomhfar go beacht
 chúltaiscí tréimhse gealltanais an Aontais Eorpaigh, a Bhallstát agus na
 hÍoslainne faoi seach, agus go dtuairisceofar go trédhearcach orthu.
 Le Cinneadh 1/CMP.8 ceanglaítear ar gach
 Páirtí cuntas cúltaisce farasbairr réamhthréimhse (PPSR) a bhunú ina chlárlann
 náisiúnta agus bunaítear leis rialacha comhghaolmhara maidir leis an gcúltaisce
 farasbairr réamhthréimhse mar seo a leanas: féadtar aonaid a aistriú idir
 cuntais PPSR; féadfaidh gach Páirtí na haonaid atá ina PPSR féin a aistarraingt
 suas go dtí an leibhéal faoina sáraíonn astaíochtaí sa dara tréimhse
 ghealltanais an méid sannta. agus féadfaidh Páirtí aonaid a fháil suas go
 2 % dá mhéid sannta sa réamhthréimhse ghealltanais ó PPRS Páirtí eile. Tá
 an tAontas Eorpach, a Bhallstáit agus an Íoslainn freagrach as PPSR a bhunú
 agus a chothabháil i gcomhréir le rialacha arna gcomhaontú go hidirnáisiúnta
 agus le téarmaí an chomhlíonta chomhpháirtigh. Is gá scóip gach PPSR a shainiú
 de bhun shainiú na leibhéal astaíochtaí atá leagtha amach in Iarscríbhinn I a
 ghabhann leis an gCinneadh molta ón gComhairle. Is gá freisin comhrialacha a
 bhunú maidir leis an iarmhéid tosaigh,[14]
 agus maidir le húsáid agus éadáil aonad i PPSRanna an Aontais Eorpaigh, a
 Bhallstát agus na hÍoslainne.
 Cion na bhfáltas arna gcur i bhfeidhm ar
 AAUanna agus ar ERUanna
 Le Cinneadh 1/CMP.8 bionn an chead
 aistriú AAUanna agus eisiúint ERUanna faoi réir cion 2 % thobhach na
 bhfáltas. A mhéid is atá feidhm ag an tobhach seo maidir le heisiúint ERUanna,
 beidh sé seo faoi chúram gach Ballstáit agus na hÍoslainne. Mar sin féin, a
 mhéid is gá iarmhéideanna AAU a chothabháil lena n‐áirithiú gur féidir
 aonad Kyoto bailí a aistarraingt do gach aonad a úsáidtear chun an Cinneadh
 maidir le Comhroinnt Díchill a chomhlíonadh, tá gá leis na gníomhartha
 tarmligthe atá beartaithe sa togra seo lena n‐áirithiú go mbeadh an
 chuntasaíocht do chur i bhfeidhm thobhach chion na bhfáltas ag luí le ceanglais
 reachtaíocht an Aontais Eorpaigh.
 3. Gnéithe Dlíthiúla An Togra
 Leis an togra seo leasaítear an bunús dlí, atá
 sa Rialachán maidir le Sásra chun Faireachán a dhéanamh, rud a chumasaíonn an
 Coimisiún gníomhartha neamhreachtacha a ghlacadh lena mbunaítear rialacha
 maidir le heilimintí neamhriachtanacha sa chuntasaíocht aonaid Kyoto tar éis
 2012 i ndlí an AE. Tá na heilimintí fíor-riachtanacha maidir le gealltanais an
 Aontais Eorpaigh, a Bhallstát agus na hÍoslainne, a gcur chun feidhme agus a
 gcomhlíonadh comhpháirteach leaga síos i roinnt ionstraimí dlíthiúla,lena n‐áirítear
 an togra ar leith do chinneadh ón gComhairle. Díreofar orthu freisin sa
 chomhaontú déthaobhach leis an Íoslainn agus áirítear iad i gComhaontú Doha
 agus sna cinntí a ghabhann le Comhdháil na gComhpháirtithe atá ag fónamh mar
 chruinniú na gComhpháirtithe do Phrótacal Kyoto, agus sa Rialachán maidir le
 Sásra chun Faireachán a dhéanamh agus sna gníomhartha tarmligthe agus cur chun
 feidhme faoi sin.
 Roimhe seo, faoi na Rialacháin Clárlainne,
 glacadh na rialacha sin faoi nós imeachta coiste rialála lena ngabhann
 grinnscrúdú. Bhí siad bunaithe ar bhunús dlí a bhí sa Chinneadh maidir le Sásra
 chun Faireachán a dhéanamh. An bunús dlí lena gcumasaíodh cur chun feidhme
 saincheisteanna teicniúla maidir le bainistiú aonad sa chéad tréimhse
 ghealltanais de Phrótacal Kyoto trí ghlacadh na Clárlainne, bhí sé in Airteagal 3(3)
 agus in Airteagal 6(1), den Chinneadh maidir le Sásra chun Faireachán a
 dhéanamh. Thagair sé, inter alia, don ghá atá le forálacha coisteolaíochta cur
 chun feidhme a ghlacadh i dtaca le tuarascálacha ar fhaisnéis ón gclárlann
 náisiúnta, maidir le heisiúint, sealúchas, aistriú, sealbhú, cealú,
 aistarraingt agus tabhairt anonn aonad de mhéid sannta, aonad ionsúcháin, aonad
 laghdaithe astaíochtaí agus laghduithe astaíochtaí deimhnithe le linn na bliana
 roimhe. Rinneadh foráil ann freisin maidir le bearta coisteolaíochta a ghlacadh
 i dtaca le ceanglas an Chomhphobail agus a Bhallstát, chun 'clárlanna a bhunú
 agus a chothabháil le cuntasaíocht bheacht a áirithiú ar eisiúint, sealúchas,
 aistriú, sealbhú, cealú agus aistarraingt aonad de mhéid sannta, aonad
 ionsúcháin, aonad laghdaithe astaíochtaí agus laghduithe astaíochtaí deimhnithe
 agus tabhairt anonn aonad de mhéid sannta, aonad laghdaithe astaíochtaí agus
 laghduithe astaíochtaí deimhnithe'.
 Aisghaireadh an Cinneadh maidir le Sásra chun
 Faireachán a dhéanamh agus cuireadh Rialachán maidir le Sásra chun Faireachán a
 dhéanamh ina ionad, a tháinig i bhfeidhm an 8 Iúil 2013. Tagraíonn an
 Rialachán maidir le Sásra chun Faireachán a dhéanamh don chóras clárlanna a
 chumasaíonn cur chun feidhme teicniúil Phrótacal Kyoto i dtaca le bainistiú
 aonad i gclárlanna náisiúnta ina Airteagal 10 ('Clárlanna a bhunú agus a
 oibriú') Tá an eilimint fhíor-riachtanach den cheanglas idirnáisiúnta don
 Aontas Eorpach agus do na Ballstáit 'clárlanna a bhunú agus a chothabháil chun
 cuntas beacht a dhéanamh d’eisiúint, sealúchas, aistriú, sealbhú, cealú, scor,
 tabhairt anonn, athsholáthar nó athrú ar an dáta éaga, de réir mar a bheidh
 ábhartha, na AAUanna, RMUanna, ERUanna, CERanna, tCERanna agus ICERanna'. In Airteagal 10(4)
 freisin tá bunús dlí maidir le gníomh tarmligthe a ghlacadh lena gcuirtear chun
 feidhme eilimintí neamhriachtanacha cur chun feidhme Phrótacal Kyoto maidir le
 bainistiú aonad i gclárlanna náisiúnta, a chuirtear in ionad iar-Airteagal 6(1)
 den Chinneadh maidir le Sásra chun Faireachán a dhéanamh. Mar sin féin, cé go
 raibh feidhm ag Airteagal 6(1) den Chinneadh maidir le Sásra chun
 Faireachán a dhéanamh i dtaca le saincheisteanna uile bainistithe aonad i
 'gclárlanna an Chomhphobail agus a Bhallstát', laghdaíodh raon feidhme an
 fhoráil seo sa Rialachán maidir le Sásra chun Faireachán a dhéanamh. Níl feidhm
 ag an mbunús dlí le haghaidh glacadh gníomhartha tarmligthe ach maidir le
 'bunú' (seachas bunú agus cothabháil) 'Chlárlann an Aontais' (seachas
 clárlanna an Aontais agus Ballstát).
 D'fhonn córas
 éifeachtach clárlanna a bhunú lena gcuirtear chun feidhme ceanglais nua maidir
 le bainistiú aonad sa dara tréimhse gealltanais de Phrótacal Kyoto, is gá dá
 bhrí sin Airteagal 10 den Rialachán maidir le Sásra chun Faireachán a
 dhéanamh a leasú. Ní mór an raon feidhme dá chur chun feidhme a leathnú chun
 saincheisteanna uile cur chun feidhme theicniúil a áireamh i dtaca le bainistiú
 aonad i gclárlanna náisiúnta mar a cheanglaítear i bPrótacal Kyoto, i Leasú
 Doha agus i gcinntí a glacadh fúthu don dara tréimhse ghealltanais de Phrótacal
 Kyoto.
 Bunaithe ar ábhar na rialacha ar gá iad a
 ghlacadh sna gníomhartha tarmligthe dá bhforáiltear sa togra seo i gcomhréir
 leis an méid thuas, ní mór na gníomhartha dlíthiúla seo a ghlacadh de bhun Airteagal 290,
 CFAE, ar an mbealach céanna agus a fhoráiltear dóibh in Airteagal 10(4),
 den Rialachán maidir le Sásra chun Faireachán a dhéanamh.
 Le gníomh tarmligthe forlíontar na rialacha
 fíor-riachtanacha trí a shubstaint a shonrú agus tuilleadh mionsonraithe a
 rialáil. Tá sé difriúil ó ghníomh cur chun feidhme de bhun Airteagal 291
 CFAE ina bhforáiltear do choinníollacha aonfhoirmeacha i gcur chun feidhme
 reachtaíocht an Aontais ag na Ballstáit. Mar a léirítear thuas, ní eascraíonn
 na ceanglais chuntasaíochta atá le cur chun feidhme tar éis 2012 as
 reachtaíocht an AE amháin, ach tá siad bunaithe den chuid is mó ar rialacha a
 comhaontaíodh go hidirnáisiúnta. Chomh maith leis sin, ní hiad na Ballstáit
 amháin a chuireann chun feidhme iad, ach tá feidhm acu maidir leis an Aontas
 Eorpach féin ar an mbealach céanna, rud a chuireann oibleagáid ar institiúidí
 an AE. Mar a fhoráiltear in Airteagal 290 CFAE, ní dhéanfadh na
 gníomhartha tarmligthe atá beartaithe sa togra seo cur chun feidhme aon
 rialacha fíor-riachtanacha atá ann cheana a chomhchuibhiú, ach ina ionad sin
 leagtar amach iontu tuilleadh mionsonraithe teicniúla sonracha maidir le cur
 chun feidhme Phrótacal Kyoto tar éis 2012.
 2013/0377 (COD)
 Togra le haghaidh
 RIALACHÁIN Ó PHARLAIMINT NA hEORPA AGUS
 ÓN gCOMHAIRLE
 lena leasaítear Rialachán (AE) Uimh. 525/2013
 i ndáil le cur chun feidhme teicniúil Phrótacal Kyoto a ghabhann le Creat‐Choinbhinsiún
 na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide
 (Téacs atá ábhartha maidir leis an LEE)
 TÁ PARLAIMINT NA hEORPA AGUS
 COMHAIRLE AN AONTAIS EORPAIGH,
 Ag féachaint don Chonradh ar Fheidhmiú an
 Aontais Eorpaigh, agus go háirithe Airteagal 192(1) de,
 Ag féachaint don togra ón gCoimisiún Eorpach,
 Tar éis dóibh an dréachtghníomh reachtach a chur
 chuig na parlaimintí náisiúnta,
 Ag féachaint don tuairim ó Choiste Eacnamaíoch
 agus Sóisialta na hEorpa[15],
 Ag féachaint don tuairim ó Choiste na Réigiún[16],
 Ag gníomhú dóibh i gcomhréir leis
 an ngnáthnós imeachta reachtach,
 De bharr an méid seo a leanas:
 (1) Ghlac an Chomhairle Cinneadh
 [...] maidir le Leasú Doha ar Phrótacal Kyoto a ghabhann le Creat‐Choinbhinsiún
 na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide a thabhairt i gcrích agus an
 comhlíonadh comhpháirteach faoi sin.[17]
 Leis an gCinneadh sin tugtar i gcrích Leasú Doha ar Phrótacal Kyoto a ghabhann
 le Creat‐Choinbhinsiún na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide
 (XXXXXX), bunaítear an dara tréimhse gealltanais, thar ceann an Aontais, agus
 leagtar amach na téarmaí faoina gcomhlíonfar go comhpháirteach gealltanais an
 Aontais, a Bhallstát agus na hÍoslainne i gcomhréir le hAirteagal 4 de
 Phrótacal Kyoto.
 (2) Mar gheall ar thabhairt i
 gcrích Leasú Doha, ar chur chun feidhme cinntí tionlacan ó Chomhdháil na
 bPáirtithe ag feidhmiú mar chruinniú Pháirtithe Phrótacal Kyoto agus ar
 théarmaí an chomhlíonta chomhpháirtigh san Aontas, ina Bhallstáit agus san
 Íoslainn, ní mór rialacha a leagan síos le cur chun feidhme teicniúil Phrótacal
 Kyoto san Aontas tar éis 2012 a áirithiú, le hoibriú éifeachtach a chumasú
 maidir le comhlíonadh comhpháirteach ghealltanas an Aontais, a Bhallstát agus
 na hÍoslainne, agus lena n‐áirithiú go bhfuil sé ailínithe le hoibriú
 Scéim an AE maidir le Trádáil Astaíochtaí (EU ETS) a bunaíodh le Treoir 2003/87/CE
 ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle[18]
 agus Cinneadh 406/2009/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle.[19]
 (3) Le linn an chéad thréimhse
 gealltanais de Phrótacal Kyoto, rinneadh na ceanglais a aontaíodh go
 hidirnáisiúnta maidir le cuntasaíocht agus bainistíocht astaíochtaí agus aonad
 agus comhlíonadh comhpháirteach an Aontais agus a Bhallstát a chur chun feidhme
 faoi Chinneadh Uimh. 280/2004/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón
 gComhairle[20]
 agus na rialacháin a nglaoitear na Rialacháin Clárlainne[21]orthu. Cuireadh Rialachán (AE) Uimh. 389/2013
 ón gCoimisiún in ionad na Rialachán Clárlainne a bhí ann roimhe, agus tá
 forálacha sa rialachán sin anois maidir le bainistíocht aonad agus oibriú EU
 ETS agus Chinneadh 406/2009/CE[22].[23] I Rialachán (AE) Uimh. 525/2013
 ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle[24]
 a glacadh le déanaí, níl an bunús dlí is gá ann le reachtaíocht tharmligthe a
 ghlacadh chun na rialacha don dara tréimhse gealltanais a chur chun feidhme.
 (4) I gcás an dara tréimhse
 gealltanais, baineann an méid atá sannta don Aontas le hastaíochtaí gás ceaptha
 teasa ó fhoinsí atá cumhdaithe ag EU ETS, sa mhéid go bhfuil siad cumhdaithe ag
 Prótacal Kyoto, ach baineann na méideanna atá sannta do na Ballstáit agus don
 Íoslainn faoi seach le gach astaíocht eile de gháis cheaptha teasa ó na foinsí
 agus aistriú le linnte atá liostaithe in Iarscríbhinn A a ghabhann le
 Prótacal Kyoto.
 (5) Leasaítear le
 Cinneadh 1/CMP.8[25]
 na rialacha maidir le hincháilíocht a shuí i ndáil le bheith rannpháirteach sna
 meicníochtaí solúbtha faoi Phrótacal Kyoto. Sainítear leis freisin
 teorainneacha a bhaineann le haonaid arna n‐aistriú ón gcéad chuig an
 dara tréimhse gealltanais, lena náirítear an ceanglas ar gach Páirtí cúltaisce
 farasbairr réamhthréimhse (PPSR) a chur ar bun. Thairis sin, déantar foráil sa
 Chinneadh sin maidir le cion 2% den fháltas a ghearradh ar na chéad aistrithe
 idirnáisiúnta d'aonaid den mhéid sannta (AAUnna) agus maidir le haonaid
 laghdaithe astaíochtaí (ERUnna) a eisiúint le haghaidh tionscadal cur chun
 feidhme comhpháirteach nuair a athrófar AAUnna nó aonaid ionsúcháin (RMUnna) a
 bhí i seilbh na bPáirtithe roimhe sin go ERUnna Tá tuilleadh rialacha maidir le
 cur chun feidhme an dara tréimhse gealltanais de Phrótacal Kyoto á gcaibidliú
 faoi láthair.
 (6) Chun rialacha comhsheasmhacha
 a leagan síos le cur chun feidhme teicniúil Phrótacal Kyoto san Aontas tar éis
 2012 a áirithiú, le hoibriú éifeachtach a chumasú maidir le comhlíonadh
 comhpháirteach ghealltanas an Aontais, a Bhallstát agus na hÍoslainne, agus
 lena n‐áirithiú go bhfuil sé ailínithe le hoibriú Scéim an AE maidir le
 Trádáil Astaíochtaí agus an Cinneadh maidir le Comhroinnt Díchill, ba cheart an
 chumhacht a thabhairt don Choimisiún gníomhartha tarmligthe a ghlacadh i
 gcomhréir le hAirteagal 290 de CFAE. Ba cheart don Choimisiún, agus
 gníomhartha tarmligthe á n‐ullmhú agus á dtarraingt suas aige, a áirithiú
 go bhfuil na gníomhartha sin comhsheasmhach le ceanglais chomhaontaithe
 idirnáisiúnta cuntasaíochta, le téarmaí an chomhlíonta chomhpháirtigh atá
 leagtha amach i gCinneadh [...] agus reachtaíocht ábhartha an Aontais.
 TAR ÉIS AN RIALACHÁN SEO A GHLACADH:
 Airteagal 1
 Leasaítear
 Rialachán (UE) Uimh. 525/2013 mar seo a leanas:
 1. cuirtear pointe (13a) agus
 pointe (13b) le hAirteagal 3 mar a leanas:
 "(13a) ciallaíonn 'cúltaisce tréimhse
 gealltanais' nó 'CPR' an cúltaisce arna bhunú de bhun na hIarscríbhinne a
 ghabhann le Cinneadh 11/CMP.1 nó cinntí ábhartha eile de chuid an
 Choinbhinsiúin maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide nó chomhlachtaí Phrótacal Kyoto;
 (13b) ciallaíonn 'cúltaisce farasbairr
 réamhthréimhse' nó 'PPSR' an cúltaisce arna bhunú de bhun
 Chinneadh 1/CMP.8 nó cinntí ábhartha eile de chuid an Choinbhinsiúin
 maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide nó chomhlachtaí Phrótacal Kyoto;"
 2. Leasaítear Airteagal 10
 mar seo a leanas:
 (a) cuirtear an fhomhír seo a leanas le hAirteagal 10(1):
 "Is mar chion den fháltas ó eisiúint ERUnna
 agus tar éis an chéad aistrithe idirnáisiúnta de AAUnna a thabharfaidh an
 tAontas agus na Ballstáit cuntas, ina gclárlanna, ar an aistriú aonad a
 cheanglaítear de réir Phrótacal Kyoto, Chinneadh 1/CMP.8 nó cinntí ábhartha
 eile de chuid an Choinbhinsiúin maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide nó chomhlachtaí
 Phrótacal Kyoto."
 (b) cuirtear an mhír 5 seo a leanas le hAirteagal 10:
 "5. Cumhachtófar don Choimisiún
 gníomhartha tarmligthe a ghlacadh i gcomhréir le hAirteagal 25 le cur chun
 feidhme teicniúil Phrótacal Kyoto a áirithiú, trí chlárlanna an Aontais agus na
 mBallstát, le hoibriú éifeachtach a chumasú maidir le comhlíonadh
 comhpháirteach ghealltanais an Aontais, a Bhallstát agus na hÍoslainne, agus
 lena n‐áirithiú go bhfuil sé ailínithe le hoibriú Threoir 2003/87/CE
 agus Chinneadh 406/2009/CE, lena n‐áirítear an méid seo a leanas:
 (a)
 próisis bhainistíochta aonad amhail idirbhearta AAUnna,
 CERanna, lena náirítear CERanna agus tCERanna, ERUnna agus RMUnna (eisiúint,
 aistriú, éadáil, cealú, scor, tabhairt anonn, athrú dáta athsholáthair nó éaga)
 laistigh de chlárlanna náisiúnta an Aontais agus a Bhallstát agus na hÍoslainne
 agus eatarthu;
 (b)
 próisis chuntasaíochta a bhaineann leis an idirthréimhse
 idir an chéad agus an dara tréimhse gealltanais, lena n‐áirítear
 farasbarr AAUnna, CERanna agus ERUnna a thabhairt anonn ón gcéad chuig an dara
 tréimhse ghealltanais;
 (c)
 bunú agus cothabháil cúltaisce farasbairr
 réamhthréimhse agus cúltaisce tréimhse gealltanais don Aontas agus do na
 Ballstáit;
 (d)
 an chuntasaíocht don chion d'fháltas dá
 bhforáiltear i mír 1 den Airteagal seo.
 Agus na gníomhartha tarmligthe dá dtagraítear sa
 chéad fhomhír á nglacadh aige, áiritheoidh an Coimisiún go ndéanfar na
 ceanglais a aontaíodh go hidirnáisiúnta maidir le cuntasaíocht a chur chun
 feidhme go comhleanúnach, bharrfheabhsóidh sé an trédhearcacht agus áiritheoidh
 sé an cruinneas maidir leis an gcuntasaíocht ar aonaid Kyoto a dhéanfaidh an
 tAontas agus na Ballstáit, agus íoslaghdóidh sé an t‐ualach riaracháin
 agus costais."
 Airteagal 2
 Tiocfaidh an Rialachán seo i bhfeidhm ar
 an bhfichiú lá tar éis lá a fhoilsithe in Iris Oifigiúil an
 Aontais Eorpaigh.
 Arna dhéanamh sa Bhruiséil,
 Thar ceann Pharlaimint na hEorpa Thar
 ceann na Comhairle
 An tUachtarán An
 tUachtarán
 [1] Cinneadh 1/CMP.8 a ghlac Comhdháil na bPáirtithe ag
 feidhmiú mar chruinniú Pháirtithe Phrótacal Kyoto, FCCC/KP/CMP/2012/13/Add.1
 [2] Don chéad tréimhse gealltanas, bhí bonnbhlianta thíortha
 an AE mar a leanas: i gcás CO2, CH4 agus N2O
 úsáideann na Ballstáit uile 1990 mar bhonnbhliain cé is moite de: an Bhulgáir –
 1988; an Ungáir – meán na mblianta idir 1985 agus 1987; an tSlóivéin – 1986; an
 Pholainn – 1988; an Rómáin – 1989. i gcás na ngás fluairínithe úsáideann na
 Ballstáit uile 1995 mar bhonnbhliain cé is moite de: an Ostair, an Fhrainc, an
 Iodáil agus an tSlóvaic – 1990; agus an Rómáin – 1989.
 [3] Le reachtaíocht a glacadh an 23 Aibreán 2009, lena
 náirítear Treoir 2009/29/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle
 lena leasaítear Treoir 2003/87/CE chun scéim trádála liúntais an
 Chomhphobail um astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa a fheabhsú agus a shíneadh agus
 Cinneadh Uimh. 406/2009/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an
 23 Aibreán 2009 maidir le hiarrachtaí na mBallstát a gcuid astaíochtaí gás
 ceaptha teasa a laghdú d'fhonn gealltanais an Chomhphobail suas go dtí 2020 a
 chomhlíonadh i ndáil le hastaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa a laghdú, IO L 140, 5.6.
 2009.
 [4] Tá an difríocht raoin feidhme sin mínithe go grinn sa
 doiciméad inmheánach oibre de chuid an Choimisiúin 'Cuspóir Cainníochtaithe
 Teorannaithe nó Laghdaithe Astaíochtaí an AE a ullmhú bunaithe ar phacáiste an
 AE maidir le haeráid agus fuinneamh', Doiciméad Inmheánach Oibre (2012) 18
 críochnaitheach an 13.2.2012.
 [5] Aighneacht a rinne an Danmhairg agus an Coimisiún
 Eorpach thar ceann an Aontais Eorpaigh agus a Bhallstát an 19 Aibreán 2012
 maidir le 'Faisnéis faoi chuspóirí cainníochtaithe teorannaithe nó laghdaithe
 astaíochtaí don dara tréimhse ghealltanais faoi Phrótacal Kyoto',
 FCCC/KP/AWG/2012/MISC.1.
 [6] Fonóta 1 thuas.
 [7] Cinneadh 2002/358/CE ón gComhair an 25 Aibreán 2002
 maidir le formheas, thar ceann an Aontais Eorpaigh, Phrótacal Kyoto a ghabhann
 le Creat‐Choinbhinsiún na Náisiún Aontaithe maidir leis an Athrú Aeráide
 agus an comhlíonadh comhpháirteach faoi sin, IO L 130/1, 15.5.2002, lch. 1.
 [8] COM(2013) 768 final.
 [9] Cinneadh Uimh. 280/2004/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa
 agus ón gComhairle an 11 Feabhra 2004 maidir le sásra chun faireachán a
 dhéanamh ar gháis cheaptha teasa Comhphobail agus chun Prótacal Kyoto a chur
 chun feidhme, IOJ L 49, 19.2.2004, lch. 1.
 [10] Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 2216/2004 ón gCoimisiún an 21
 Nollaig 2004 maidir le córas clárlanna caighdeánaithe agus slándálaithe de bhun
 Threoir 2003/87/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle agus
 Chinneadh Uimh.280/2004/CE ón gComhairle agus ón gCoimisiún, IO L 386,
 29.12.2004, lch. 1 agus Rialachán ón gCoimisiún (AE) Uimh. 920/2010 an 7
 Deireadh Fómhair 2010 maidir le córas caighdeánaithe agus slándálaithe
 clárlanna de bhun Threoir 2003/87/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón
 gComhairle agus Cinneadh Uimh. 280/2004/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón
 gComhairle, IO L 270, 14.10.2010, lch. 1.
 [11] Rialachán ón gCoimisiún (AE) Uimh. 389/2013 an 2
 Bealtaine 2013 lena mbunaítear Clárlann Aontais de bhun Threoir 2003/87/CE
 ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle, Cinntí Uimh. 280/2004/CE agus
 Uimh. 406/2009/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle agus lena n‐aisghairtear
 Rialacháin ón gCoimisiún Uimh. 920/2010 agus Uimh.1193/2011, IO L 122,
 3.5.2013, lch. 1.
 [12] Rialachán (AE) Uimh. 525/2013 ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa
 agus ón gComhairle an 21 Bealtaine 2013 maidir le sásra chun faireachán agus
 tuairisciú a dhéanamh ar astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa agus chun faisnéis eile
 atá ábhartha don athrú aeráide a thuairisciú ar an leibhéal náisiúnta agus ar
 leibhéal an Aontais agus lena n‐aisghairtear Cinneadh
 Uimh. 280/2004/CE, IO L 165, 18.6.2013, lch. 13.
 [13] Cinneadh 13/CMP/1 maidir le Modúlachtaí le haghaidh
 na cuntasaíochta méideanna sannta faoi Airteagal 7(4), de Phrótacal Kyoto,
 in: FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/8/Add.2.
 [14] Go príomha, is éard a bheidh in iarmhéid tosaigh PPRS an
 Aontais Eorpaigh, atá le bunú i gClárlann an Aontais, AAUanna arna sealbhú i
 gClárlann an Aontais i gcomhréir le hAirteagal 56 de
 Rialachán 920/2010/CE a dhéanann ionadaíocht do liúntais EU ETS arna
 dtaisceadh i gcomhréir le hAirteagal 57 de Rialachán 920/2010/CE. Is éard
 a bheidh in iarmhéid tosaigh gach PPSR de chuid na mBallstát agus na hÍoslainne
 AAUanna arna dtabhairt anonn i ngach clárlann náisiúnta.
 [15] IO C , , Lch. .
 [16] IO C , , Lch. .
 [17] IO L , , lch. .
 [18] Treoir 2003/87/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón
 gComhairle an 13 Deireadh Fómhair 2003 lena mbunaítear scéim i ndáil le trádáil
 lamháltas i gcomhair astaíochtaí gáis cheaptha teasa laistigh den Chomhphobal
 agus lena leasaítear Treoir 96/61/CE ón gComhairle (IO L 275/32,
 25.10.2003).
 [19] Cinneadh Uimh. 406/2009 ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus
 ón gComhairle an 23 Aibreán 2009 maidir le hiarrachtaí na mBallstát a gcuid
 astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa a laghdú d'fhonn gealltanais an Chomhphobail suas
 go dtí 2020 a chomhlíonadh i ndáil le hastaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa a laghdú
 (IO L 140, 5.6. 2009).
 [20] Cinneadh Uimh. 280/2004/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa
 agus ón gComhairle an 11 Feabhra 2004 maidir le sásra chun faireachán a
 dhéanamh ar gháis cheaptha teasa an Chomhphobail agus chun Prótacal Kyoto a
 chur chun feidhme, IO L 49, 19.2.2004, lch. 1.
 [21] Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 2216/2004 ón gCoimisiún an 21
 Nollaig 2004 maidir le córas caighdeánaithe agus daingnithe clárlann de bhun Threoir 2003/87/CE
 ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle agus Chinneadh
 Uimh. 280/2004/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle (IO L 386,
 29.12.2004, lch. 1) agus Rialachán Uimh. 920/2010 ón gCoimisiún an 7
 Deireadh Fómhair 2010 maidir le córas caighdeánaithe agus daingnithe clárlann
 de bhun Threoir 2033/87/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle agus
 Chinneadh Uimh. 280/2004/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle (IO
 L 270, 14.10.2010, lch.1).
 [22] Rialachán ón gCoimisiún (AE) Uimh. 389/2013 an 2
 Bealtaine 2013 lena mbunaítear Clárlann Aontais de bhun Threoir 2003/87/CE
 ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle, Cinntí Uimh. 280/2004/CE agus
 Uimh. 406/2009/CE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle agus lena n‐aisghairtear
 Rialacháin ón gCoimisiún Uimh. 920/2010 agus Uimh.1193/2011, IO L 122,
 3.5.2013, lch. 1.
 [23] Cinneadh Uimh. 406/2009 ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus
 ón gComhairle an 23 Aibreán 2009 maidir le hiarrachtaí na mBallstát a gcuid
 astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa a laghdú d'fhonn gealltanais an Chomhphobail suas
 go dtí 2020 a chomhlíonadh i ndáil le hastaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa a laghdú
 (IO L 140, 5.6. 2009, lch. 136.).
 [24] Rialachán (AE) Uimh. 525/2013 ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa
 agus ón gComhairle an 21 Bealtaine 2013 maidir le sásra chun faireachán agus
 tuairisciú a dhéanamh ar astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa agus chun faisnéis eile
 atá ábhartha don athrú aeráide a thuairisciú ar an leibhéal náisiúnta agus ar
 leibhéal an Aontais agus lena n‐aisghairtear Cinneadh
 Uimh. 280/2004/CE, IO L 165, 18.6.2013, lch. 13.
 [25] Cinneadh 1/CMP.8 a ghlac Comhdháil na bPáirtithe ag
 feidhmiú mar chruinniú Pháirtithe Phrótacal Kyoto, FCCC/KP/CMP/2012/13/Add.1.


type: contracts

jurisdiction: EU

text:
 Avis juridique important
 |
 11992M/PRO/CC/00
 Treaty on European Union - Protocol on the convergence criteria referred to in Article 109 J.of the Treaty establishing the European Community
 Official Journal C 191 , 29/07/1992 P. 0085
 PROTOCOL on the convergence criteria referred to in Article 109j of the Treaty establishing the European Community THE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES, DESIRING to lay down the details of the convergence criteria which shall guide the Community in taking decisions on the passage to the third stage of economic and monetary union, referred to in Article 109j(1) of this Treaty, HAVE AGREED upon the following provisions, which shall be annexed to the Treaty establishing the European Community:


type: wikipedia

text:
Tibetas ( Bod, tarimas: /phøː˩/; – „Vakarų lobynas“) – istorinis-kultūrinis regionas, esantis Tibeto plynaukštėje, didesnė dalis 4000 ir daugiau metrų virš jūros lygio, į šiaurę nuo Himalajų. Šiuo metu didžiuma priklauso Kinijai kaip Tibeto autonominis regionas. Istorinė sostinė – Lasa.
 Geografija
 Istorinis Tibetas apima ne tik Tibeto autonominį rajoną, bet ir kitas namažas teritorijas Kinijoje: Činghai provinciją, Vakarinį Sičuaną. Taip pat istorinis Tibetas užima Nepalo šiaurines sritis, Indijos Arunačal Pradešo ir Sikimo valstijas, Kašmyro regioną Ladaką, Butano valstybę.
 Visos šios sritys senovėje priklausė Tibeto kultūrinės įtakos sferai ir sudaro vientisą istorinį darinį. Nepaisant etninės ir kultūrinės įvairovės, čia gyvenusias bendruomenes iki pat dabar sieja Tibeto budizmas, tibetiečių kalba, kuri naudojama kaip lingua franca, ir kiti kultūriniai bruožai. Šis faktas kai kurioms valstybėms tapo pagrindu reikšti teritorines pretenzijas. Pvz., Kinijos Liaudies Respublika, kontroliuojanti Tibetą, nori iš Indijos perimti Arunačal Pradešo teritoriją, kuri vadinama „Pietiniu Tibetu“, ir nuo seno priklausė Tibeto valstybei.
 Istorinis Tibetas beveik sutampa su Tibeto plokščiakalniu, todėl didžiąją Tibeto dalį užima kalnai. Šiaurėje Tibetą nuo Rytų Turkestano skiria Kunlunas, pietuose nuo Indijos subkontinento – Himalajai, Vakaruose – Karakorumas. Teritorija užima apie 3,1 mln. kv. km ir vidutiniškai yra 3660 m virš jūros lygio. Aukščiausia viršūnė – Džomolungma (Everestas), kuri priklauso ir Nepalui.
 Tibeto teritorijoje prasideda daugelis didžiųjų upių, toliau tekančių kitų tautų gyvenamosiomis teritorijomis ir pasaulyje žinomos tų šalių gyventojų duotais vardais, o ne pavadinimais tibetiečių kalba. Tai Brahmaputra, Geltonoji upė, Jangdzė, Indas, Mekongas.
 Regionas ribojasi su Nepalu, Butanu, Indijos valstijomis Džamu ir Kašmyru, Himačal Pradešu, Utarakhandu, Sikimu, Arunačal Pradešu. Kinijoje ribojasi su Kinijos istoriniais regionais Rytų Turkestanu (šiaurėje), Heši koridoriumi (šiaurės rytuose), Istorine Kinija (rytuose), Junaniu (pietryčiuose).
 Istorinės-geografinės sritys
 Šalies suskaldymas kalnų grandinėmis, nevienodos gamtinės sąlygos, nuo seno lėmė tam tikrų istorinių – geografinių sričių susidarymą. Į jas iš dalies atsižvelgta formuojant dabartinio Tibeto autonominio regiono administracinį suskirstymą.
 Tibeto plynaukštėje išsidėstęs Tibetas geografiškai-kultūriškai dalijamas į šiuos regionus:
 U-cangas – istoriškai reikšmingiausias istorinio Tibeto regionas, kuriame prasidėjo šalies civilizacija. Jis skaidomas į mažesnius kultūrinius regionus:
 Jarlungas – Pietuose esanti teritorija, kurioje prasidėjo Tibeto valstybė ir iš kur kilo pirmoji dinastija. Dabartinė Lhokha provincija.
 U – teritorija aplink Tibeto sostinę Lasą (sostine tapo VII a.), besidriekianti ties Cangpo (Bramaputra) upe. Šiuolaikinė Lasa provincija.
 Cangas – teritorija Cangpo upės slėnyje į vakarus nuo U, su didžiausiu miestu Šigace, dabartinė Shigatse provincija.
 Khamas – rytinė Tibeto teritorija, užimanti dabartinę Čamdo prefektūrą ir dvi prefektūras vakariniame Sičuane bei šiaurės Junane.
 Amdas – šiaurės rytų Tibetas, dalinai atitinkantis dabartinę Činghai provinciją
 Čangtangas – dykuminės ir beveik negyvenamos sritys Tibeto šiaurėje, šiaurės Vakaruose. Šiuo metu sudaro dalį TAR.
 Ngaris – vakarinės Tibeto sritys į vakarus nuo Cango.
 Ladakas – į vakarus nuo Ngario esanti teritorija (Kašmyre), dabar priklausanti Indijai.
 Istorinio (kultūrinio) Tibeto dalimi neretai laikomos ir šios teritorijos (šiuo metu priklauso ne Kinijai):
 Aukštieji Himalajai – dabartinės Indijos, Nepalo teritorijoje. Nederlinguose kalnų slėniuose egzistavo izoliuotos Tibeto kultūros paveiktos bendruomenės, kurių viena žymiausių yra Mustango karalystė dab. Nepalo teritorijoje.
 Sikimas – teritorija tarp Butano ir Nepalo
 Butanas – šiuo metu administruojamas kaip atskira valstybė
 Monjulas – šiuo metu administruojamas kaip Indijos valstija Arunačal Pradešas (vakarinė jos dalis).
 Baltijulas – vakariausias Tibeto kampas, esantis Pakistano valstybėje. Čia Tibeto budizmą yra pakeitęs Islamas.
 Demografija
 Tibeto plynaukštės gyventojai tibetiečiais vadinami tik kultūrine prasme, tačiau etniškai ir ligvistiškai jie skaidosi į daug skirtingų tautų, kalbančių skirtingomis kalbomis, turinčių skirtingą gyvenseną. Dauguma istoriniame Tibete naudojamų kalbų priklauso Tibetiečių-birmiečių kalboms. Be etninių tibetiečių, kurie gyvena U-Cango, Khamo, Ladako ir Amdo regionuose ir kalba keturiais skirtingais tibetiečių kalbos variantais, čia gyvena ir kitos tautos, kurių įvairovė ypač didelė istorinio Tibeto pakraščiuose.
 Rytiniame Tibeto pakraštyje (Sičuano provincijos vakaruose) gyvena gyerungai, danbai, mujai, horpai, ersu, žabai, pumi ir kt. Pietiniame Tibeto pakraštyje (Nepale, Indijoje ir Butane) gyvena monai, bhotijai (susiskaidę į keliasdešimt tautelių, gyvenančių atskiruose slėniuose). Vakariausiame Tibeto kampe (Pakistane) gyvena baltai, šinai, burušai.
 Istorija
 Archeologiniai tyrinėjimai rodo, kad Tibete pavienės žmonių grupės gyveno jau neolito laikotarpiu, prieš maždaug 20–30 tūkst. metų, ir būdavo susitelkę netoli geotermiškai aktyvių vietų, kuriose būdavo nutirpęs tuo metu Tibetą dengęs ledynas. Nėra aišku, ar to meto gyventojai buvo susiję su šių laikų tibetiečiais, nes archeologiniai duomenys gan riboti. Gali būti, kad dabartiniai tibetiečiai į Tibetą atvyko vėlesniais laikotarpiais.
 Pirmieji rašytiniai istoriniai šaltiniai Tibete pasirodė VIII a. pabaigoje ir jų yra nedaug, todėl trūksta patikimos informacijos apie ankstyvąją Tibeto istoriją. Tradicinė Tibeto mitologija teigia, kad tibetiečiai kilo iš mitinės pabaisos ir beždžionės palikuonių, tarp kurių vėliau išsiskyrė tautą valdę karaliai – Jarlungų dinastija. Seniausias Tibeto istorijos šaltinis Senieji Tibeto analai aprašo to meto karalių kovas dėl valdžios, sąjungas su vietos genčių vadais ir Tibeto teritorijos plėtrą. Kinijos istoriniai šaltiniai patvirtina Tibeto istoriografiją, todėl sutariama, kad maždaug VII a. pradėjo formuotis vieningas politinis darinys – Tibeto imperija. Prie šalies vienijimo ir artimesnių santykių su gretimomis valstybėmis mezgimo daug prisidėjo VII a. valdęs karalius Songcenas Gampo ir vėlesni jo įpėdiniai. Pavyzdžiui, 641 m. jis susituokė su Tangų dinastijai priklausiusia princese Vengčeng bei nepaliečių princese Bhrikuti, taip įtvirtindamas Tibeto ryšį su Kinija ir Nepalu. Karalius Songcen Gampo taip pat vykdė politines reformas, palaikė budizmo plėtrą Tibete.
 VII–VIII a. Tibetas sugebėjo suvienyti visas kalnuotoje srityje buvusias gentines valstybes ir keletą kartų įsiveržti į Tang dinastijos valdomą Kiniją. 763 m. trumpam net užėmė Tangų sostinę Čanganą (dabartinis Sianas). VIII a. taip pat matoma sparti budizmo plėtra, sulaukusi karalių palaikymo. Su budizmu Tibeto kultūrai nemažą įtaką darė Indija, nes buvo verčiami ir naudojami iš Indijos atvežti ne tik budistiniai, bet ir moksliniai, grožinės literatūros ir kitokie tekstai. Tuo pačiu metu vyko vietinės šamanizmo tradicijos nykimas, ją išstumiant budizmui, ypač elito sluoksniuose.
 Kariniai konfliktai tarp Kinijos ir Tibeto kuriam laikui nurimo 821–823 m. pasirašius taikos sutartis. Jos patvirtino demarkacijos liniją tarp abiejų šalių ir užtikrino, kad nei viena pusė nesiųs armijos į kitos teritoriją. Nepaisant taikesnio laikotarpio, vidiniai konfliktai Tibete dėl valdžios IX a. antroje pusėje suskaidė šalį ir ji subiro į daug smulkių valstybinių junginių. Tačiau tai nesustabdė budizmo plėtros ir įtakos augimo. Budistų vienuolių dėka buvo mezgami ir išlaikomi ryšiai su aplinkinėmis šalimis.
 XIII a. Tibetas, kaip daugelis to meto Azijos valstybių, atsidūrė Mongolų imperijos sudėtyje. Šioje imperijoje tibetiečiams buvo suteiktas ypatingas statusas: vienos budistinės sektos, vadinamos Sakya, vienuoliai tapo mongolų valdovų mokytojais. Todėl mongolai priėmė Tibeto budizmą, o mongolų valdomoje Juan dinastijos Kinijoje pastatyta daug tibetietiško stiliaus šventyklų. Tibetas buvo vasalinė Juan imperijos sritis, kurioje valdžia buvo sutelkta Sakya vienuolyno rankose.
 XIV a., nugalėjus Sakya diktatūrą ir sykiu atkūrus šalies valstybingumą, į valdžią atėjo Phagmodų dinastija, tačiau vis labiau stiprėjo religinės grupuotės, tarp kurių vyko aršios kovos. XV a. valdžią galutinai paėmė nauja, Gelug („Geltonkepurių“) sekta, kurioje pradėta dalai lamų institucija. Dalai lamos gana greitai tapo faktiniais Tibeto valdovais. XVII a. pabaigoje, Tibete valdant VI Dalai lamai Canjan Džamcui, Kinijoje iškilo mandžiūrai, įkūrę Čingų dinastiją. Dalai lama 1652 m. susitiko su naujuoju imperatoriu Šunži ir užmezgė formalius ryšius.
 XVIII a. pradžioje Čingų dinastija ėmė aktyviau kištis į Tibeto valdymą įkurdindama ten savo atstovybę (amban) ir dalindamasi valdžią su Dalai lamomis. Neretai Kinijos įtaka buvo simbolinė, nes pagridinius sprendimus priimdavo tibetiečių lyderiai. Ypač tai išryškėjo XIX a., kada Kinija išgyveno nuosmukį ir vidinį susiskaidymą.
 Po Kinijos revoliucijos, 1911 m. žlugus Čing dinastijai, Tibete valdant Dalai Lamai XIII, Kinija išvedė savo kariuomenę iš Tibeto. Tai sudarė prielaidas paskelbti de facto nepriklausomybę. Pakeista administracija, įvesta savo valiuta („tamkai“). 1930–1932 m. vykusio Kinijos-Tibeto karo metu Tibeto armija pralaimėjo Kinijai, tačiau nebuvo okupuota ir išlaikė savo atskirumą.
 Po Kinijos Liaudies Respublikos įsikūrimo 1949 m., Mao Dzedungas nusprendė perimti Tibeto kontrolę ir į jo teritoriją 1950 m. išsiuntė armijos pajėgas. Tibetas nesulaukė tarptautinės paramos ir turėjo pripažinti Kinijos viršenybę. Kurį laiką Tibete nebuvo vykdomos žymios reformos, Dalai Lama XIV išlaikė savo valdžią, tačiau 1959 m. prasidėjusios represijos privertė Dalai Lamą pasitraukti į Indiją ir ten įkurti Tibeto vyriausybę tremtyje. Ypač sudėtingas laikotarpis buvo Kultūrinės revoliucijos metais (1966–1976), kada buvo skatinamas tradicinės kultūros naikinimas. Manoma, kad per tą dešimtmetį dėl konfiskuoto derliaus sukelto bado bei politinių persekiojimų mirė keli šimtai tūkstančių tibetiečių.
 2008 metų kovo mėn. Tibete kilus neramumams ir riaušėms žuvo apie 100 tibetiečių. Tai sukėlė pasaulio visuomenės susirūpinimą ir protestus Vakarų Europoje bei JAV. Prancūzijos prezidentas pareiškė, kad nedalyvaus Olimpinių žaidynių atidaryme Pekine (vėliau šio pažado neįvykdė), o protestuotojai Londone, Paryžiuje, San Franciske bandė sulaikyti olimpinės ugnies nešimo ceremoniją.
 Kultūra
 Tibetas turi labai savitą kultūrą, kurioje darniai susipynę vietinės ir užsienio tradicijos. Tai savita pasaulio civilizacija.
 Tibetas nemažai perėmė iš kaimyninių Kinijos ir Indijos civilizacijų, tačiau vyraujanti buvo indų tradicija: iš Indijos atėjo budizmas, indų raštų sistemos pagrindu sukurtas tibetiečių raštas. Nemažai tradicijų perimta iš šiaurinių kaimynų, Didžiosios stepės tautų: tiurkų, uigūrų, mongolų, mandžiūrų. Teigiama, kad iš jų buvo perimta administravimo, valdymo patirtis.
 Pritaikant kitų šalių patirtį susiformavo savitas, Tibeto budizmas, Tibeto architektūra, Tibeto medicina, Tibeto muzika, Tibeto šokiai čamas, Tibeto teatras, Tibeto tapyba tanka.
 Taip pat skaitykite
 Tibeto kulinarija
 Tibeto šventės
 Šaltiniai
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Until January 1, 2007 Nyborg Municipality was a municipality (Danish: kommune) in the former Funen County, on the east coast of the island of Funen, in central Denmark. The municipality covered an area of 83.57 km2, and had a total population of 19,134 (2006). Its last mayor was Jørn Terndrup, who was a member of the Venstre party.
 Nyborg Municipality bordered Ullerslev Municipality to the north and northwest, and Ørbæk Municipality to the south and southwest. After the construction of the Great Belt Bridge in 1998, the municipality also connected to Korsør Municipality. Until then Korsør and Nyborg had been connected through ferries.
 The municipality ceased to exist as the result of Kommunalreformen 2007 (the Municipality Reform of 2007). It was merged with Ørbæk and Ullerslev municipalities to form a new Nyborg municipality. The new municipality belongs to Region of Southern Denmark.
 History
 Nyborg Castle was built in 1170, and the city built up around the castle around that time. Nyborg Municipality as an administrative region has existed since the rule of Valdemar II of Denmark, who granted Nyborg the rights of a market town (Danish: Købstad). A royal charter from 1193 indicates that the city has been granted the status of a market town even earlier. Nyborg Castle became the seat of the Danish Court (Danish: Danehof), giving the town numerous unique privileges. Among those privileges were the fact that the merchants of Vindinge Hundred had to go to Nyborg to sell their wares. In 1410, the market town of Nyborg was given the same privileges as that of Odense, an even older market town. The privileges were expanded in 1446, where the merchants of Gudme Hundred also had to go to Nyborg with their wares. Harbours between Kerteminde, Svendborg and Slipshavn were also outlawed, and Nyborg was given permission to arrange a large yearly market. The year after the privileges of 1446, artisans from Vindinge Hundred were told to move to the market towns, expanding the importance of the market town of Nyborg. With the king visiting regularly, due to Nyborg's central location and the castle being the seat of the Danehof, Nyborg was given many additional privileges over the years.
 In 1662, Denmark's administrative divisions were changed. Fiefs (Danish: Len) were dissolved and the country split into several amts. Nyborg County was created, and besides the market town of Nyborg, it included the hundreds of Vindinge Hundred, Sunds Hundred, Gudme Hundred, Sallinge Hundred and the eastern part of Bjerge Hundred. It also included ten birks: Hindsholm, Holckenhavn, Ravnholt, Glorup, Hesselager, Brahetrolleborg, Holstenshuus, Vantinge, Avernakø and Strynø. In 1793, Nyborg County was dissolved and merged with Tranekær County to become a part of Svendborg County, with its seat in Svendborg. This changed again in the 1970 Danish Municipal Reform, where Svendborg Country and Odense County were merged to form Funen County.
 The hundreds, market towns and birks were dissolved in the municipal reform of 1970 and split Denmark into 277 municipalities. Nyborg Municipality was formed of the market town of Nyborg, and its parishes, as well as the two parish municipalities of Avnslev-Bovense and Vindinge.
 In the Municipality Reform of 2007 Nyborg Municipality was merged with Ørbæk and Ullerslev Municipality to form a new Nyborg Municipality.
 It was in 2005 suggested that Nyborg should not only be merged with Ørbæk and Ullerslev, but also with the municipalities of Munkebo, Langeskov and Kerteminde to create one large Eastern Funen municipality. The reason was that the new Kerteminde Municipality would have too small of a population to function properly. In the end, Nyborg and Kerteminde weren't merged and became two separate municipalities.
 Historical divisions
 Towns
 The municipality was centered around Nyborg, which was by far the largest settlement in the municipality. More than 80% of the municipality's population lived in the city of Nyborg. Half of the remaining fifth of the population lived in rural areas with the rest living in the smaller towns and villages of Aunslev, Hjulby and Vindinge. Smaller villages in the municipality included Frydenlund, Bovense, Nordenhuse, Skaboeshuse, Regstrup, Skalkendrup, Korkendrup, Sulkendrup and Kogsbølle.
 Nyborg was located in the eastern part of the municipality. The municipality's town hall was located here, and is still in use by the new Nyborg Municipality. The town hall originate from 1586, though most of the building is newer. Much of it originate from 1803, where the town hall was being rebuilt after a fire. Another floor and other modifications were added in 1862. The building went through additional modifications in 1899, 1931-36 and the 1970s.
 Below are the populations from 2006 of the four larger settlements of the municipality.
 Politics
 Municipal council
 Below are the municipal council elected since the municipality's creation in 1970 and until 2001, which was the last election before the municipality was dissolved.
 Mayors
 Since the creation of the municipality in 1970 and until it was dissolved in 2007, the mayors of Nyborg Municipality were:
 Parishes
 The municipality consisted of four parishes and six churches.
 Aunslev Parish (Aunslev Church)
 Bovense Parish (Bovense Church)
 Nyborg Parish (Hjulby Church, Nyborg Church, Steengårds Church)
 Vindinge Parish (Vindinge Church)
 Symbols
 The coat of arms of Nyborg Municipality originates from the 14th century. The star and moon's origins are unknown, though believed to originate from Nyborg Church, which is dedicated to Virgin Mary. They are also symbols of eternity. The castle represents Nyborg Castle. The head began appearing in the 15th century and its origins are unknown.
 References
 Former municipalities of Denmark