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J. Mažvila, T. Adomaitis, L. Eitminavičius. Lietuvos dirvožemių rūgštumo pokyčiai jų nebekalkinant
 T. Adomaitis, Z. Vaišvila, J. Mažvila, S. Grickevičienė, L. Eitminavičius. Azoto junginių (NO3-, NH4+, NO2-) koncentracija lizimetrų vandenyje skirtingai tręštuose smėlingų priemolių dirvožemiuose
 D. Janušauskaitė, G. Šidlauskas. Azoto trąšų efektyvumo žieminiuose kviečiuose priklausomumas nuo meteorologinių sąlygų Vidurio Lietuvoje
 D. Janušauskaitė, V. Mašauskas. Žieminių ir vasarinių kviečių derliaus ir grūdų kokybės priklausomumas nuo azoto trąšų normų
 D. Janušauskaitė, V. Mašauskas. Žieminių rugių derliaus ir grūdų kokybės priklausomumas nuo azoto trąšų ir optimalios jų normos
 D. Ožeraitienė, D. Jovaiša. Įvairių organinių trąšų poveikis dirvožemio cheminėms ir fizikinėms savybėms intensyvioje linų sėjomainoje
 I. Kinderienė. Supaprastinto žemės dirbimo bei augalų masės įterpimo naudojimo įtaka dirvožemio vandeninei erozijai
 A. Arlauskienė, S. Maikštėnienė. Priešsėlių ir organinių trąšų poveikis vienamečių piktžolių plitimui skirtingose agrosistemose
 I. Petrovienė. Mechaninių ir cheminių priemonių derinių tyrimai bulvių pasėlių piktžolėtumui mažinti
 V. Seibutis, A. Magyla. Žieminių kviečių ir vasarinių miežių pasėlių agrofitocenozės pokyčiai trumpų rotacijų sėjomainose
 Z. Jankauskienė. Visuotinio veikimo herbicido raundapo panaudojimo linų brandai paankstinti tyrimai
 I. Gaurilčikienė. Žieminių kviečių lapų ligų kontrolė naudojant sumažintas triazolų normas
 R. Vaičiulytė, R. Bačėnas. Natūralių ir sėtų žolynų laikinai nenaudojamose žemėse priežiūros būdų tyrimai
 E. Lapinskas, D. Ambrazaitienė. Rytinių ožiarūčių sėklų inokuliavimo bakterijų (Rhizobium galegae) preparatais terminai ir būdai
 L. Piaulokaitė Motuzienė, E. Lapinskas, D. Čiuberkienė. Dirvožemio rūgštumo ir mineralinių trąšų įtaka amonifikuojančių bei mineralinį azotą asimiliuojančių mikroorganizmų paplitimui
 J. Mažvila, T. Adomaitis, L. Eitminavičius. Changes in the acidity of Lithuania’s soils as affected of not liming
 T. Adomaitis, Z. Vaišvila, J. Mažvila, S. Grickevičienė, L. Eitminavičius. Concentration of nitrogen (NO3-, NH4+, NO2-) compounds in lysimeter water of a differently fertilized sandy loam soil
 D. Janušauskaitė, G. Šidlauskas. Nitrogen fertilizer efficacy in winter wheat in relation to weather conditions in Central Lithuania
 D. Janušauskaitė, V. Mašauskas. Grain yield and quality of winter and spring wheat in relation to nitrogen fertilizers rates
 D. Janušauskaitė, V. Mašauskas. Winter rye yield and grain quality in relation to nitrogen fertilizers and their optimal rates
 D. Ožeraitienė, D. Jovaiša. Effect of different organic fertilizers on soil chemical and physical properties in an intensive flax rotation
 I. Kinderienė. Effects of reduced soil tillage and plant mass incorporation on water erosion of soil
 A. Arlauskienė, S. Maikštėnienė. The effects of preceding crops and organic fertilizers on the occurrence of short-lived weeds in different agrosystems
 I. Petrovienė. Investigation of mechanical and chemical means for the reduction of weed infestation in potato crops
 V. Seibutis, A.Magyla. Changes in the agrophytocenoses of winter wheat and spring barley crops in short crop rotations
 Z. Jankauskienė. Testing of the non-selective herbicide roundup application for flax maturity acceleration
 I.Gaurilčikienė. Application of reduced doses of triazoles for the control of winter wheat leaf diseases
 R. Vaičiulytė, R. Bačėnas. Investigation of management of methods of natural and sown swards on temporarily abandoned land
 Chapter 5. MIKROBIOLOGY
 E. Lapinskas, D. Ambrazaitienė. Terms and methods of goat’s rue seed inoculation with bacteria (Rhizobium galegae) preparations
 L. Piaulokaitė Motuzienė, E. Lapinskas, D. Čiuberkienė. The effects of soil aciduty and mineral fertilizers on the occurrence of ammonifying and mineral nitrogen assimilating microorganisms in the soil
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2004, 4, 88, 3-20
 UDK 631.415(474.5)
 LIETUVOS DIRVOŽEMIŲ RŪGŠTUMO POKYČIAI JŲ NEBEKALKINANT
 El. p. dirvotyra@agrolab.lt
 Dirvožemio agrocheminio tyrimo 27 administracinių rajonų 241-ame ūkyje (1986- 2000 m.) ir agromonitoringo 15-kos dirvožemio rajonų apie 200 ha dydžio 75 objektuose (1993-2002 m.) duomenimis, anksčiau intensyviai kalkintos dirvos rūgštėja, o jų pHKCl iš lėto grįžta į būklę, buvusią prieš intensyvų kalkinimą. Sąlygiškai rūgščių (pHKCl £ 5,5) dirvožemių plotai padidėjo atitinkamai 1,7 % ir 6,3 %, iš jų: Vakarų Lietuvoje – 3,6 % ir 14,4 %, Rytų – 1,3 % ir 4,9 %, Vidurio – 0,8 % ir 1,6 %. Labiausiai rūgštėja dirvožemiai Vakarų Lietuvoje, kur prieš kalkinimą buvo daugiausiai labai ir vidutiniškai rūgščių dirvožemių plotų ir vyksta intensyvūs išplovimo procesai. Dirvožemio amonitoringo, kurio objektuose dirvožemio rūgštėjimas žymiai ryškesnis, tyrimais Žemaitijos Vakarų Kuršo aukštumoje (Telšių, Plungės, Šilalės ir dalis Kelmės bei Mažeikių rajonų) rūgščių dirvožemių (pH £5,5) padaugėjo 20,6 %, Pajūrio žemumos ir Nemuno deltos lygumoje (Šilutės r.) – 17,3 %, Vakarų Žemaitijos plynaukštėje (Skuodo, Kretingos, Klaipėdos ir dalis Tauragės r.) – 14,9 %.
 Dirvožemio pasotinimas bazėmis, nustatytas Kapeno-Hilkovico ir FAO metodais, žymiai daugiau skiriasi anksčiau intensyviai kalkintuose, o šiuo metu rūgštėjančiuose ariamų laukų negu nekalkintuose miškų dirvožemiuose. Ariamų laukų dirvožemiai, net ir labai rūgštūs (anksčiau kalkinti) pagal Kapeną-Hilkovicą yra labai mažai ir mažai pasotinti, pagal FAO – pasotinti, o panašaus rūgštumo miškų dirvožemiai dažniausiai – nepasotinti bazėmis.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: dirvožemio pH, mainų ir hidrolizinis rūgštumas, sorbuotos bazės, bazėmis pasotinimo laipsnis.
 Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2004, 4, 88, 3-20
 CHANGES IN THE ACIDITY OF LITHUANIA’S SOILS AS AFFECTED OF NOT LIMING
 According to the data of soil agrochemical research (1986-2000) performed on 241 farms in 27 administrative regions of Lithuania as well as in 75 objects of about 200 ha plots of agromonitoring 15 soil regions, earlier intensively limed arable lands are becoming acidic and their pH gradually returns to the level before itensive liming. The area of conditionally acidic (pH £ 5.5) soils increased by 1.7 and 6.3 % accordingly, of this: in Western Lithuania – 3.6 and 14.4, in Eastern – 1.3 and 4.9, meanwhile in Central Lithuania – 0.8 and 1.6 %. Most often the soils become acidic in Western Lithuania, where there was the greatest amount of high and medium acidity soils before liming and where intensive leaching processes are still taking place. Research of soil monitoring performed in the objects with more considerable acidity suggests that the amount of acidic soils (pH £ 5.5) in Žemaitija West Kuršas eminence (Telšiai, Plungė, Šilalė and part of Kelmė and Mažeikiai districts) increased by 20.6 %, in the plain of Sea-coast lowland and the Nemunas delta – by 17.3, in the plateau of West Žemaitija (Skuodas, Kretinga, Klaipėda and part of Tauragė district) – by 14.9 %.
 Base saturation of soil determined by the Kapen-Hilkovic and FAO methods differs considerably more in previously intensively limed, but at present becoming acidic arable land, compared with the unlimed forest soils. The soils of arable land, though being very acidic according to Kapen-Hilkovic, are very little and little base - saturated, while according to FAO – base - saturated. Forest soils of similar acidity are mostly base - unsaturated.
 Keywords: soil pH, exchangeable and hydrolytic acidity, total absorbed bases, base saturation.
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2004, 4, 88, 21-33
 UDK 631.421.3:631.84'5'3
 AZOTO JUNGINIŲ (NO3-, NH4+, NO2-) KONCENTRACIJA LIZIMETRŲ VANDENYJE SKIRTINGAI TRĘŠTUOSE SMĖLINGŲ PRIEMOLIŲ DIRVOŽEMIUOSE
 Tomas ADOMAITIS, Zigmas VAIŠVILA, Jonas MAŽVILA, Silvija GRICKEVIČIENĖ, Leonas EITMINAVIČIUS
 Ilgalaikiame sėjomaininiame bandyme, įrengtame 1971 m. smėlingame lengvo priemolio sekliai karbonatingame giliau glėjiškame rudžemyje (Epicalcari – Endohypogleyic Cambisol), tirta sistemingo žemės ūkio augalų (daugiamečių žolių, žieminių kviečių, cukrinių runkelių, vasarinių miežių, vienamečių mišinių) tręšimo skirtingomis azoto, fosforo ir kalio normomis ir jų deriniais bei meteorologinių sąlygų (hidroterminio režimo ) įtaka azoto junginių koncentracijai lizimetrų vandenyje.
 Tyrimais nustatyta, kad nitratų (NO3-) koncentracija lizimetrų vandenyje labiausiai priklauso nuo išberto azoto trąšų kiekio. Vidutiniais 27 metų duomenimis, patręšus žemės ūkio augalus 114 kg ha-1 azoto norma fosforo ir kalio trąšų fone, 40 cm gylyje įrengtų lizimetrų vandenyje nitratų koncentracija padidėjo 66,8 mg l-1, o padidinus azoto trąšų normą iki 228 kg ha-1 – 144,1 mg l-1 ir siekė atitinkamai 159,1 ir 300,8 mg l-1. Amonio (NH4+) koncentracijai lizimetrų vandenyje mineralinių trąšų poveikis nežymus: netręšto laukelio 40 cm gylyje amonio nustatyta vidutiniškai 0,32 mg l-1, patręšus mažesnėmis (N114P96K96) įvairių derinių azoto, fosforo ir kalio normomis – 0,28-0,4, didesnėmis (N228P192K192) – 0,32 - 0,44, o 80 cm gylyje – atitinkamai 0,29; 0,35; 0,29-0,38 mg l-1.
 Nitratų koncentracija lizimetrų vandenyje nuo azoto trąšų labiau didėjo, kai žemės ūkio augalai buvo netręšti fosforu. Jų koncentracija su išbertu azoto trąšų kiekiu statistiškai patikimiau koreliavo, kai bandymo plote augo javai (η = 0,65-0,67), cukriniai runkeliai ir vienametės žolės (η = 0,63).
 Su vegetacijos periodo meteorologinėmis sąlygomis (hidroterminiu režimu) nitratų koncentracija vandenyje patikimai koreliavo tik auginant cukrinius runkelius bei vienametes ir daugiametes žoles, o amonio – žieminius kviečius, vienametes žoles ir miežius. Daugiau nitratų buvo išplaunama, kai buvo auginami kasmetinės sėjos augalai, o mažiau – daugiametės žolės.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: NPK trąšos, augalai, hidroterminis koeficientas, lizimetriniai vandenys, NO3-, NH4+, NO2- koncentracija.
 Agriculture. Scientific Articles, 2004, 4, 88, 21-33
 CONCENTRATION OF NITROGEN (NO3-, NH4+, NO2-) COMPOUNDS IN LYSIMETER WATER OF A DIFFERENTLY FERTILIZED SANDY LOAM SOIL
 T. Adomaitis, Z. Vaišvila, J. Mažvila, S. Grickevičienė, L. Eitminavičius
 Effects of regular fertilization of agricultural crops (perennial grasses, winter wheat, sugar beet, spring barley, annual mixtures), and climatic conditions (hydro-thermal regime) on the concentration of nitrogen compounds in lysimeter water were studied in a long-term crop-rotation experiment, established in 1971 on epicalcari-endohypogleyic cambisol.
 Experimental exidence suggests that nitrate (NO3-) concentration in lysimeter water depended mainly on nitrogen fertilizer application rate. Averaged data from 27 years indicate that due to fertilization of agricultural crops with 114 kg ha-1of nitrogen (on the background of potassium and phosphorus fertilization), nitrate concentration in water of lysimeters at 40 cm depth increased by 66.8 mg l-1 to 159.1 mg l-1, when the nitrogen fertilisation rate was 228 kg ha-1, nitrate concentration increased by 144.1 mg l-1 to 300.8 mg l-1. The influence of mineral fertilizers on ammonia (NH4+) concentration in lysimeter water was insignificant: on the average there was 0.32 mg l-1 of ammonia at 40 cm depth in not fertilized plot; 0.28 – 0.4 mg l-1 when the plot was fertilized with lower rates of various combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium; 0.32-0.44 mg l-1 when the aforementioned rates were higher. For the 80 cm depth, the numbers are 0.29; 0.35; 0.29-0.38 mg l-1, respectively.
 An increase of nitrate concentration in lysimeter water in response to nitrogen fertilization was more substantial, when agricultural crops were not fertilized with phosphorus. The correlation between nitrate concentration and applied amount of nitrogen fertilizers was more significant when cereals (η = 0.65 - 0.67), sugar beet and annual grasses (η = 0.63) were cultivated on the experimental field.
 The correlation between nitrate concentration in water and climatic conditions (hydro-thermal regime) during the growing season was significant only when sugar beet, annual and perennial grasses were cultivated. The correlation between ammonia and climatic conditions was significant when winter wheat, annual grasses and barley were cultivated. Larger amounts of nitrates were leached from soil during summer - autumn and winter - spring periods when annual plants were cultivated, compared to perennial grasses.
 Key words: NPK fertilizers, plants, hydro-thermal coefficient, lysimeter water, NO3-, NH4-, NO2- concentration.
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2004, 4, 88, 34-47
 UDK 633.11<324>:631.84:551.5
 AZOTO TRĄŠŲ EFEKTYVUMO ŽIEMINIUOSE KVIEČIUOSE PRIKLAUSOMUMAS NUO METEOROLOGINIŲ SĄLYGŲ VIDURIO LIETUVOJE
 Daiva Janušauskaitė1, 2, Gvidas ŠIDLAUSKAS2
 1Lietuvos žemės ūkio konsultavimo tarnyba
 El. p. daiva.janusauskaite@lzukt.lt
 El. p. gvidas@lzi.lt
 1990-1993 m., 1998-2001 m. Lietuvos žemdirbystės institute, Dotnuvoje lengvo priemolio giliau karbonatingame sekliai glėjiškame rudžemyje – Endocalcari - Epihypogleyic Cambisols daryti žieminių kviečių lauko bandymai. Siekiant įvertinti trąšų efektyvumą ir nustatyti grūdų derliaus bei grūdų kokybės rodiklių ryšį su Vidurio Lietuvoje vyraujančiomis meteorologinėmis sąlygomis, aštuonerių metų tyrimų duomenys analizuoti taikant koreliacijos ir regresijos metodus. Nustatyta, kad azoto trąšų efektyvumas tyrimų metais buvo nevienodas ir labai priklausė nuo pavasario-vasaros periodo drėgmės ir šilumos sąlygų. N trąšos efektyviausios buvo drėgnais metais, normalaus drėgnumo metais jų efektyvumas sumažėjo 30-46 %, o sausais – 35-62 %. Skirtingai nei grūdų derliaus, mažiausiai glitimo (13,1-22,4 %) kviečiai sukaupė drėgnais metais, daugiausiai (22,9-35,8 %) vidutiniškai drėgnais.
 Straipsnyje išanalizuotas grūdų derliaus, glitimo bei derliuje sukaupto bendrojo azoto ryšys su meteorologiniais veiksniais – kritulių kiekiu, aktyvių temperatūrų, aukštesnių už 5°C (ATS>5°C) ir 10°C (ATS>10°C), suma, saulės apšvitos trukme ir HTK skirtingais kviečių augimo laikotarpiais.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: žieminiai kviečiai, derlius, N trąšų efektyvumas, glitimas, derliuje sukauptas bendrasis azotas, krituliai, aktyvių temperatūrų suma, saulės apšvitos trukmė, hidroterminis koeficientas.
 Agriculture. Scientific Articles, 2004, 4, 88, 34-47
 NITROGEN FERTILIZER EFFICACY IN WINTER WHEAT IN RELATION TO WEATHER CONDITIONS IN CENTRAL LITHUANIA
 D. Janušauskaitė, G. Šidlauskas
 Field experiments with winter wheat were conducted over the period 1990-1993 and 1998-2001 at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture in Dotnuva on an Endocalcari - Epihypogleyic Cambisol. The aim of the experiments was to estimate fertilizer efficacy and to identify the relationship between grain yield and quality indicators and the meteorological conditions prevalent in Central Lithuania. The experimental findings from eight years were analysed using correlation and regression methods. Experimental evidence suggests that nitrogen fertilizer efficacy was diverse during the experimental period and significantly depended on the moisture and warmth conditions of the spring-summer period. N fertilizer was found to be most efficient in wet years, in the years of normal moisture its efficacy declined by 30-46 %, and in dry years by 35-62 %. Unlike grain yield the lowest gluten content in wheat grain (13.1-22.4 %) was recorded in wet years, while the highest content (22.9-35.8 %) was recorded in the normally wet years.
 The article analyses grain yield, gluten content and total nitrogen content in relation to meteorological factors – amount of precipitation, accumulated effective temperatures above 5°C (ATS>5°C) and 10°C (ATS>10°C), length of solar irradiance and HTC at different periods of wheat growth.
 Key words: winter wheat, yield, N fertilizer efficacy, gluten, total nitrogen accumulated in the yield, precipitation, effective accumulated temperatures, length of solar irradiance, hydrothermal coefficient.
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2004, 4, 88, 48-64
 UDK 633.11 : 631.84 : 631.559 : 581.19
 ŽIEMINIŲ IR VASARINIŲ KVIEČIŲ DERLIAUS IR GRŪDŲ KOKYBĖS PRIKLAUSOMUMAS NUO AZOTO TRĄŠŲ NORMŲ
 Daiva JANUŠAUSKAITĖ1,2, Vytas MAŠAUSKAS2
 Lietuvos žemdirbystės institute ir jo padaliniuose 1998-2001 m. daryti žieminių ir vasarinių kviečių lauko bandymai bei laboratoriniai cheminės sudėties ir kokybės tyrimai, kurių tikslas – įvertinti grūdų kokybės rodiklių priklausomumą nuo azoto trąšų bei jų paskirstymo ir nustatyti optimalias normas. Bandymai daryti lengvo priemolio karbonatingame glėjiškame rudžemyje (RDg8-k2), sunkaus priemolio karbonatingame glėjiškame rudžemyje (RDg4-k2), lengvo priemolio karbonatingame glėjiškame išplautžemyje (IDg4-k) ir lengvo priemolio nepasotintajame balkšvažemyje (JIn2).
 Azoto trąšų efektyvumas beveik visuose javų bandymuose buvo didelis, tačiau nevienodas atskirais metais ir skirtinguose dirvožemiuose. Daugeliu atvejų jį ribojo nepalankios meteorologinės sąlygos arba nepakankamas augalų apsaugos priemonių naudojimas palankiais ligoms ir kenkėjams plisti metais. Dėl skirtingų dirvožemio ir meteorologinių sąlygų, lėmusių derliaus duomenų įvairovę tyrimų metais, vienodame tręšimo azotu lygyje nustatyta didelė – 20,1-34,1 % žieminių kviečių ir maža arba vidutinė – 3,0-18,0 % vasarinių kviečių derliaus duomenų variacija.
 Straipsnyje pateikiamos iš regresijos lygties, atitinkančios derliaus duomenų ryšį su azoto normomis, apskaičiuotos optimalios azoto trąšų normos, nuo kurių būtų pasiekiamas didžiausias žieminių bei vasarinių kviečių derlius. Taip pat nustatytas koreliacinis ryšys tarp azoto normų ir grūdų kokybės rodiklių bei kokybės rodiklių tarpusavio koreliaciniai ryšiai.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: žieminiai ir vasariniai kviečiai, derlius, azoto trąšos, baltymai, glitimas, glitimo deformacijos indeksas (GDI), kritimo skaičius, sedimentacija.
 Agriculture. Scientific Articles, 2004, 4, 88, 48-64
 D. Janušauskaitė, V. Mašauskas
 Field experiments and laboratory tests of chemical composition and quality of winter and spring wheat were carried out at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture and its subdivisions during the period of 1998-2001. The objective of the experiments was to estimate grain quality parameters in relation to nitrogen fertilizers and their distribution and identify optimal rates. The trials were conducted on the five types of the soil: Endocalcari-Epihypogleyic Cambisols (CMg-p-w-can) light loam, Endocalcari-Epihypogleyc Cambisols (CMg-n-w-can) heavy loam, Calc(ar)i-Endohypogleyic Luvisols (LVg-n-w-cc) light loam, Orthidystric Albeluvisols (ABd-o) light loam.
 Nitrogen fertilizer efficacy was high almost in all the experiments, however, it differed between years and soil types. In most cases fertilizer efficacy was limited by unfavourable weather conditions or insufficient use of plant protection measures in the years conducive to the spread of diseases and pests. The different soil and weather conditions determined a great diversity of yield data during the experimental years. At the same nitrogen fertilisation level a high variation of 20.1-34.1 % of winter wheat yield data and a low or medium variation of 3.0-18.0 % of spring wheat yield data were identified.
 The article presents optimal nitrogen fertilizer rates, securing the maximum winter and spring wheat yield, calculated from the regression equation describing the relatioship between yield data and nitrogen fertilizer rates. A correlation between nitrogen rates and quality indicators, as well as a correlation between quality parameters were identified.
 Key words: winter and spring wheat, yield, nitrogen fertilizers, protein gluten, gluten deformation index, falling number, sedimentation.
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2004, 4, 88, 65-74
 UDK 633.14:631.84
 ŽIEMINIŲ RUGIŲ DERLIAUS IR GRŪDŲ KOKYBĖS PRIKLAUSOMUMAS NUO AZOTO TRĄŠŲ IR OPTIMALIOS JŲ NORMOS
 Lietuvos žemdirbystės institute Dotnuvoje 1998 ir 1999 m. daryti žieminių rugių lauko bandymai bei laboratoriniai cheminės sudėties ir kokybės tyrimai, kurių tikslas – įvertinti Lietuvoje auginamų rugių veislių derliaus bei grūdų kokybės rodiklių priklausomumą nuo azoto trąšų ir nustatyti optimalias šių trąšų normas. Dirvožemis giliau karbonatingas sekliai glėjiškas rudžemis (RDg8-k2). Agrocheminiai rodikliai: humusas – 2,1-2,5 %, pHKCl – 5,6-6,8, Nmin. – 42 kg ha-1, P2O5 – 146-150 mg kg-1, K2O – 123-146 mg kg-1.
 Trąšos veikė efektyviai, tačiau nustatyti trąšų efektyvumo skirtumai atskirose veislėse. Tiek derliaus dydį, tiek trąšų efektyvumą riboja nepakankamas augalų apsaugos priemonių naudojimas palankiais ligoms plisti metais. Derliaus duomenų variacija, kurią lėmė skirtingos tyrimų metų sąlygos, buvo nedidelė arba vidutinė – 5,4-15,1 %.
 Vidutiniais duomenimis, žieminių rugių grūdų derlius didėjo azoto normą didinant iki 119 kg ha-1, o didžiausią pagal antros eilės parabolę apskaičiuotą pelną rugiai būtų davę patręšti 91 kg ha-1 azoto norma.
 Vidutiniais duomenimis, baltymingumas didėjo tręšiant didesnėmis nei N60 normomis: nuo N90 ir N120 pasiektas atitinkamai 9,6±0,37 % ir 9,8±0,34 % grūdų baltymingumas, arba 1,1 ir 1,3 proc. vnt. priedas. Grūdų kokybei turėjo įtakos meteorologinės sąlygos tyrimų metais.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: žieminiai rugiai, derlius, tręšimas, azoto normos, baltymai, kritimo skaičius.
 Agriculture. Scientific Articles, 2004, 4, 88, 65-74
 WINTER RYE YIELD AND GRAIN QUALITY IN RELATION TO NITROGEN FERTILIZERS AND THEIR OPTIMAL RATES
 Winter rye field experiments and laboratory tests of grain chemical composition and quality were conducted at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture in Dotnuva during the period 1998-2000. The objective of the study was to estimate the relationship between grain yield and quality indicators of the Lithuania-grown rye varieties and nitrogen fertilizers and their distribution and to identify optimal nitrogen rates. The soil Endocalcari-Epihypogleyic Cambisols (CMg-p-w-can), agrochemical characteristics were as follows: humus 2.3±0.29 % (V% = 12.3), pHKCl 6.2±0.64 (V% = 10.3), Nmin – 42±2.8 kg ha-1 (V% = 6.7), P2O5 – 164±39.2 mg kg-1 (V% = 23,9), K2O – 153±56.8 mg kg-1 (V% = 37.1).
 In general, the fertilizers were effective, however, differences in fertilizer efficacy were observed for individual varieties. Both, the size of yield and fertilizer efficacy were limited by the insufficient use of plant protection means in the years conducive to the disease occurrence. Average yield data variation, which was determined by different years' conditions, ranged from 5.4 to 15.1%.
 Averaged data suggest that winter rye grain increased while increasing nitrogen rate up to 119 kg ha-1, and the highest income calculated using parabola of the second line could have been produced by barley fertilized with 91kg ha-1 nitrogen rate.
 Averaged data suggests that protein content increased while fertilizing with higher than N60 rates: application of N90 and N120 resulted in 9.6-0.37 % and 9.8-0.34 % grain protein content, respectively, or in an increase of 1.1 and 1.3 percentage units. The weather conditions had a greater effect on the variation of falling number, compared with the effect of nitrogen fertilizers.
 Key words: winter rye, yield, fertilization, nitrogen rates, proteins, falling number.
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2004, 88 75-89
 UDK 633.521:631.582:631.86:631.41
 ĮVAIRIŲ ORGANINIŲ TRĄŠŲ POVEIKIS DIRVOŽEMIO CHEMINĖMS IR FIZIKINĖMS SAVYBĖMS INTENSYVIOJE LINŲ SĖJOMAINOJE
 Danutė OŽERAITIENĖ, Darius JOVAIŠA
 El. p. danuteo@takas.lt
 Straipsnyje apibendrinti LŽI Vėžaičių filiale atliktų lauko ir laboratorinių tyrimų duomenys 1996-2002 m. laikotarpiu. Dirvožemis – vidutiniškai sukultūrintas nepasotintasis balkšvažemis, turintis mažą dumblinių dalelių (< 0,002 mm) kiekį – 12-14 %, neturtingas humuso – 1,57-1,87 %, rūgštokos ar neutralokos reakcijos, fosforingas ir didelio kalingumo. Tirtas sėjomainos augalų ir skirtingų organinių medžiagų (mėšlo, šiaudų ir žaliosios trąšos) poveikis dirvožemio cheminėms ir fizikinėms savybėms.
 Gauti tyrimų duomenys rodo, kad dirvožemio savybių pokyčiai keturlaukėje linų sėjomai-noje, įterpus skirtingų organinių trąšų, buvo neesminiai, nustatytos tik jų kitimo tendencijos. Daugiausiai organinės medžiagos (4,3 %), humuso (1,9 %), vandenyje patvarių struktūrinių agregatų (64 %) ir mažiausias tankis dirvožemio 0-5cm armens sluoksnyje (1,21 Mg m-3) buvo užarus augalų liekanas ir kraikinį mėšlą. Dirvožemio praturtinimo humusu ir esamos struktūros išsaugojimo bei pagerinimo atžvilgiu išryškėjo daugiau lignino ir celiuliozės bei ilgesnį mineralizacijos laiką turinčių organinių trąšų – mėšlo ir šiaudų pranašumas prieš žaliąją trąšą.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: linų sėjomaina, organinės trąšos, dirvožemio cheminės ir fizikinės savybės
 Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2004, 88, 75-89
 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON SOIL CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES IN AN INTENSIVE FLAX ROTATION
 D. Ožeraitienė, D. Jovaiša
 Field and laboratory trials were carried out at the Vėžaičiai Branch of the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture during 1996-2002. The soil of the experimental site is moderately cultivated Dystric Albeluvisol (Abd) on light textured morain loam with a low content of clay (< 0.002 mm) 12-14 %, humus 1.57-1.87, of acid and neutral reaction, with high contents of phosphorus and potassium.
 The effect of the crop rotation plants and different organic fertilizers (manure, straw, and green manure) on topsoil organic matter content, humus and soil physical properties was studied.
 It was revealed that the changes in the organic matter, humus content, and physical properties of morain loam moderately cultivated soil in the flax crop rotation with incorporation of different organic fertilizers (manure, straw and green manure) were not essential. The trend of this properties' variation was established. In terms of enrichment of soil by humus and conservation of soil structure manure and straw were superior to green manure.
 Key words: flax crop rotation, organic fertilizers, soil chemical and physical properties
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2004, 4, 88, 90-101
 UDK 631.44:551.435.446]: 631.51:631.872:631.459
 SUPAPRASTINTO ŽEMĖS DIRBIMO BEI AUGALŲ MASĖS ĮTERPIMO NAUDOJIMO ĮTAKA DIRVOŽEMIO VANDENINEI EROZIJAI
 Priemonės nuo dirvožemio erozijos tirtos 1997-2002 metais Lietuvos žemdirbystės instituto Kaltinėnų bandymų stotyje 7-8o statumo pietryčių ir 7-9o statumo pietų krypties kalvų šlaituose. Viršutinėse šlaitų dalyse dirvožemis buvo vidutiniškai nuardytas pradžiažemis, vidutinio sunkumo ir sunkus priemolis, o apatinėse – menkai nuardytas pasotintas balkšvažemis, dulkiškas lengvas priemolis.
 Nustatyta, kad konservuojamasis rudeninis žemės dirbimas – smulkintų šiaudų mulčias ir herbicidas raundapas 3 l ha-1 piktžolėms atžėlus, sulaikė erozijos procesus šlaite.
 Neverstuvinis rudeninis dirvos dirbimas – lėkščiavimas, kai prieš lėkščiuojant, po derliaus nuėmimo praėjus 3-4 savaitėms purkšta raundapu 3 l ha-1, palyginus su giliu arimu, dirvožemio nuostolius nuo vandeninės erozijos sumažino 77,6 %, raundapo naudojimas ir smulkintų šiaudų įterpimas lėkščiuojant – 81,8 %, o gilus purenimas, šiaudų įterpimas ir tarpinių posėlinių augalų, baltųjų garstyčių (Sinapis alba L.), įsėjimas – 80,4 %.
 Matematinė duomenų analizė rodo, kad dirvožemio nuostoliai rudenį tik suartose ir nespėjusiose susigulėti bei augalais neužimtose dirvose labiausiai priklausė nuo kritulių kiekio rudenį (r=0,99), taip pat nuo rudens ir žiemos suminio kritulių kiekio (r = 0,82).
 Didžiausi metiniai dirvožemio nuostoliai dėl vandeninės erozijos šlaite buvo gauti rudenį intensyviai dirbtose – lėkščiuotose su šiaudais, purkštose raundapu, po to giliai artose (6,4 m3 ha-1) bei giliai artose be šiaudų (5,0 m3 ha-1) ir su jais (5,6 m3 ha-1), dirvose.
 Nustatyta, kad dirvožemio nuostoliai dėl erozijos šlaite didėjo, didėjant lietingų dienų skaičiui metuose su > 10 mm (r = 0,97) ir >20 mm (r = 0,84) kritulių per parą.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: šlaitai, žemės dirbimo būdai, smulkinti šiaudai, kritulių kiekis, dirvožemio nuostoliai.
 Agriculture. Scientific Articles, 2004, 4, 88, 90-101
 EFFECTS OF REDUCED SOIL TILLAGE AND PLANT MASS INCORPORATION ON WATER EROSION OF SOIL
 I. Kinderienė
 Erosion-preventive practices were investigated during the period 1997-2002 at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture’s Kaltinėnai Research Station on the slopes with an inclination of 7-8o with a south easterly aspect and on the slopes with an inclination of 7-9o with a southerly aspect.The soil on the top parts of the slopes was moderately eroded Orthieutric Regosol, medium and heavy loam, while the bottom parts – weakly eroded Eutric Albeluvisol, silty loam.
 The experimental findings suggest that reduced (conservation) autumn tillage – chopped straw mulch and Roundup 3 l ha-1 sprayed on sprouted weeds suppressed erosion processes on the slope.
 Non-reversible soil tillage – discing with Roundup 3 l ha-1 application before disking, 3-4 weeks after harvesting, compared with deep ploughing reduced soil losses through water erosion on the slope by 77.6 %, discing in combination with Roundup application and chopped straw incorporation by 81.8 %, deep loosening, straw incorporation and catch crops (Sinapis alba L.) undersowing by 80.4 %.
 The statistical analysis of results shows that the total lost soil volume in freshly ploughed soils that had not settled yet and without a plant cover was largely determined by the amount of precipitation in the autumn (r = 0.99) and its sum total during the autumn and winter period (r = 0.82).
 The greatest soil losses per year resulting from water erosion on the slope were identified when intensive soil tillage – discing, straw incorporation, Roundup 3 l ha-1 application and deep ploughing had been used (6.4 m3 ha-1), also deep ploughing without straw (5.0 m3 ha-1) and with straw (5.6 m3 ha-1) had been employed.
 Soil losses through water erosion increased with an increase in the number of days per year with a precipitation rate of over 10 mm (r = 0.97) and over 20 mm (r = 0.84).
 Key words: hillslopes, soil tillage methods, chopped straw, amount of precipitation, soil losses.
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2004, 4, 88, 102-116
 UDK 633.1:632.51:[631.584+631.86]
 PRIEŠSĖLIŲ IR ORGANINIŲ TRĄŠŲ POVEIKIS VIENAMEČIŲ PIKTŽOLIŲ PLITIMUI SKIRTINGOSE AGROSISTEMOSE
 Lietuvos žemdirbystės instituto Joniškėlio bandymų stotyje 1997-2002 m. atlikti kompleksiniai lauko tyrimai siekiant nustatyti ankštinių augalų – raudonųjų dobilų (Trifolium pratense L.), margažiedžių liucernų (Medicago sativa L.), vikių ir avižų mišinio (Vicia sativa L., Avena sativa L.), kaip priešsėlių, jų biomasės, įterptos žaliajai trąšai, ir mėšlo įtaką piktžolių plitimui javų agrosistemose. Po visų ankštinių priešsėlių javų agrosistemose didžiąją vienamečių piktžolių populiacijos dalį sudarė kibieji lipikai (Galium aparine L.), vijokliniai pelėvirkščiai (Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Love), raudonžiedės notrelės (Lamium purpureum L.), dirvinės našlaitės (Viola arvensis Murr.), bekvapiai šunramuniai (Tripleurospermum perforatum (Mėrat.) M. Laiz.) ir kt. Pirmais metais po jų auginant javus, daugiausiai piktžolių sudygo po liucernų, t.y. 27,6 % daugiau negu po dobilų, antraisiais – po liucernų ir vienamečio mišinio. Trečiais javų auginimo metais pasėliai piktžolėtumo požiūriu iš esmės nesiskyrė. Javų piktžolėtumą iš esmės didino jų atsėliavimas ir organinės trąšos – labiau mėšlas negu žaliosios trąšos. Iš žaliųjų trąšų, su kuriomis į dirvožemį patenka ir piktžolių sėklos, labiau javų piktžolėtumą didino vienamečio mišinio negu daugiamečių ankštinių žolių įterpta biomasė. Po vikių ir avižų mišinio retesniuose, mažai aprūpintuose maisto medžiagomis pasėliuose, antroje vasaros pusėje atsiradusiose ekologinėse nišose padidėjo piktžolėtumas. Piktžolių biomasės pokyčius lėmė priešsėlių suformuotos dirvožemio sąlygos, lėmusios pasėlio produktyvumą, tręšimas, javų pasėlio tankumas, piktžolių rūšinė sudėtis.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: piktžolėtumas, ankštiniai augalai ir jų biomasė žaliajai trąšai, javų grandys.
 Agriculture. Scientific Articles, 2004, 4, 88, 102-116
 THE EFFECTS OF PRECEDING CROPS AND ORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON THE OCCURRENCE OF SHORT-LIVED WEEDS IN DIFFERENT AGROSYSTEMS
 A series of complex field experiments was carried out at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture’s Joniškėlis Experimental Station during the period 1997-2002 with a view to identifying the impact of legume crops – red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), bastard lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), vetch and oats mixture (Vicia sativa L., Avena sativa L.) as preceding crops and their biomass incorporated in the soil as green manure, as well as the effect of farmyard manure on the occurence of weeds in cereal agrocenoses. Experimental evidence suggests that in a cereal agrocenosis after all preceding crops the following dicotyledonous weed provaided: galium aparine L., fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Love, Lamium purpureum L., Viola arvensis Murr., Tripleurospermum perforatum (Mėrat) M. Laiz. In the first year, when cereals were grown, the greatest number of weeds emerged after lucerne as a preceding crop, i.e. 27.6 % more than after clover, in the second year – after lucerne and mixture. In the third year of cereals cultivation the difference between the preceding crops was inappreciable. Continuous cultivation of cereals and organic fertilisers tended to increase weed incidence in cereals. Farmyard manure had a greater effect on weeds than green manure. Of the tested green manures the biomass of annual mixture had a greater effect on weed incidence increase in cereals compared with the biomass of perennial legumes. After vetch and oats mixture the ecological niches that appeared in the crops poorly supplied with nutrients in the second half of summer were infested with weeds. The variation in air-dry weight of weeds was determined by the soil conditions created by the preceding crops, fertilization, stand density of cereals and number of weeds.
 Key words: weed infestation, legume crops and their biomass as green manure, cereals sequence.
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2004, 4, 88, 117-129
 UDK 633.491:632.51
 MECHANINIŲ IR CHEMINIŲ PRIEMONIŲ DERINIŲ TYRIMAI BULVIŲ PASĖLIŲ PIKTŽOLĖTUMUI MAŽINTI
 Irena PETROVIENĖ
 El. p. irena.petroviene@voke.lzi.lt
 1997-1999 m. Lietuvos žemdirbystės instituto Vokės filiale paprastajame priesmėlio ant karbonatingo žvyro išplautžemyje tirtas herbicidų zenkoro (250 g ha-1 ir 500 g ha-1), titus (25 g ha-1 ir 50 g ha-1), zenkoro 250 g ha-1 derinio su 25 g ha-1 ir 50 g ha-1 titus bei su 1,0 l ha-1 zeleko super veiksmingumas piktžolėms bulvių ‘Mirta’ pasėlyje, mažinant agrotechnikos priemonių naudojimą. Zenkoras purkštas prieš bulvių sudygimą vietoj antrojo kaupimo-akėjimo. Titus ir zeleku super sudygusios bulvės apdorotos vietoj pirmojo kaupimo.
 Nustatyta, kad varputėtoje dirvoje bendrą bulvių piktžolėtumą geriausiai (54 %) mažino zenkoras 250 g ha-1 derinant su 1,0 l ha-1 zeleku super, tarpueilius įdirbant du kartus. Purškiant išnyko net 93 % varpučių šakniastiebių. Tokioje dirvoje nupurškus vien zenkoru 250 g ha-1 ar 500 g ha-1 ir tarpueilius kaupiant tik vieną ar du kartus, vienamečių dviskilčių piktžolių sumažėjo 45-67 %, tačiau išplito paprastieji varpučiai. Sudygusiose bulvėse trijų tarpueilių dirbimo fone išpurkštas titus 50 g ha-1 išnaikino iki 79 % varpučių ir 42 % vienamečių dviskilčių piktžolių. Vyraujantiems vijokliniams pelėvirkščiams tirti herbicidai bei jų deriniai nebuvo efektyvūs. Baltųjų balandų nuo zenkoro 250 g ha-1 ir 500 g ha-1 sumažėjo atitinkamai 73 % ir 83 %. Nuo tirtų herbicidų, išskyrus zenkorą 250 g ha-1, ar jų derinių, naudotų mažinant tarpueilių dirbimų skaičių iki 1-3 kartų, bulvių gumbų derlius padidėjo iš esmės, t. y. 11,1-17,6 %.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: bulvės, piktžolės, herbicidai, tarpueilių dirbimas.
 Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2004, 4, 88, 117-129
 INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL MEANS FOR THE REDUCTION OF WEED INFESTATION IN POTATO CROPS
 I. Petrovienė
 A series of tests was conducted at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture’s Vokė Branch during the period 1997-1999 on sandy loam lying on calcareous gravel eluviated soil. The experimental objective was to test the efficacy of the herbicides Sencor (250 and 500 g ha-1), Titus (25 and 50 g ha-1), combination of Sencor 250 g ha-1 with 25 and 50 g ha-1 Titus and with 1.0 l ha-1 Zellek super against weeds in the potato crop of cv. ‘Mirta’ as affected by reduced use of crop and soil management practices. Sencor was sprayed pre-emergence of potatoes instead of the second earthing-up – harrowing. Titus and Zellek super were applied on emerged potato crops instead of the first earthing-up.
 Our experimental findings suggest that in the couch grass- infested soil Sencor 250 g ha-1 applied in combination with 1.0 l ha-1 Zellek super gave the best total weed control (54 %) in the potato crop when interrows were earthed-up twice. As much as 93 % of couch grass rhizomes were killed under the effect of the spray application. When the soil was sprayed with only 250 or 500 g ha-1 Sencor and interrows were earthed – up once or twice the content of annual dicotyledonous weeds declined by 45-67 %, however, an increase occurred in the number of couch grass. On the background of three earthings-up of interrows the application of 50 g ha-1 of Titus on the emerged potatoes killed up to 79 % of couch grass and 42 % of annual dicotyledonous weeds. The tested herbicides and their combinations were not effective against the dominating black bindweed. Under the effect of Sencor 250 and 500 g ha-1 the content of white goosefoot declined by 73 and 83 %, respectively. Application of the tested herbicides (except for Sencor 250 g ha-1) or their combinations and reduced number of earthings-up to 1-3 times gave a significant potato tuber yield increase of 11.1-17.6 %.
 Key words: potatoes, weeds, herbicides, interrow tillage.
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2004, 4, 88, 130-144
 UDK [633.11<324>+633.16<321>]:631.582
 ŽIEMINIŲ KVIEČIŲ IR VASARINIŲ MIEŽIŲ PASĖLIŲ AGROFITOCENOZĖS POKYČIAI TRUMPŲ ROTACIJŲ SĖJOMAINOSE
 1997-2003 m. stacionariniame bandyme Dotnuvoje giliau karbonatingame, giliau glėjiškame lengvo priemolio rudžemyje tirtos sėjomainų rotacijų trumpinimo, optimalių priešsėlių parinkimo galimybės, įvertinant piktžolių paplitimą.
 Taikant trumpų rotacijų sėjomainas, žieminiuose kviečiuose piktžolių sumažėja tik tada, kai rotacijos grandyje bent vienas narys yra kaupiamasis augalas. Trumpos sėjomainos, kuomet žiemkenčių priešsėlis yra žirniai ar žieminiai rapsai, nėra palankios piktžolėtumui mažinti. Kviečius auginant po žirnių, žieminių rapsų ir žieminių kviečių, piktžolių rotacijos pabaigoje pavasarį buvo atitinkamai 21 %, 67 % ir 38 % daugiau negu juos auginant po miežių.
 Miežius auginant sukultūrintose dirvose ir tinkamai naudojant herbicidus, trumpų rotacijų sėjomainoje piktžolėtumas nepadidėja septynerius metus. Cukriniai runkeliai, kaip priešsėlis miežiams, ir miežių atsėliavimas skatino piktžolių skaičiaus didėjimą. Pavasarį, miežius pasėjus po minėtų priešsėlių, piktžolių buvo atitinkamai 61,9 % ir 23,3 % daugiau, nei juos pasėjus po kviečių. Miežių, augintų po kviečių, vidutinis piktžolėtumas pasėlyje brendimo metu buvo atitinkamai 18 % ir 68 % didesnis, negu augintų po cukrinių runkelių ar monopasėlyje.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: žieminiai kviečiai, vasariniai miežiai, sėjomaina, priešsėliai, piktžolėtumas.
 Agriculture. Scientific articles 2004,4, 88, 130-144
 CHANGES IN THE AGROPHYTOCENOSES OF WINTER WHEAT AND SPRING BARLEY CROPS IN SHORT CROP ROTATIONS
 Over the period 1997-2003 a series of field experiments was conducted in Dotnuva on an Endocalcari-Endohypogleyic Combisol with the aim of testing the possibilities of shortening of crop rotations, choice of optimal preceding crops in relation to weed incidence in the crops.
 Shortening of crop rotations could only secure a satisfactory control of weeds in winter wheat crops when at least one course in the rotation sequence was a row crop. Shortening of rotations when a preceding crop of winter cereals was pea or winter oilseed rape was not conducive to weed control. When wheat was grown after barley, the content of weeds in spring in different experimental years was by on average 21, 62 and 32 % lower, compared with wheat grown after peas, winter rape and winter wheat.
 When barley was grown on a properly cultivated soil, and timely and appropriate herbicide application strategy was employed, shortening of rotations did not result in any marked increase in weed incidence during the seven-year period. Sugar beet as preceding crop of barley and continuous cultivation of barley encouraged an increase in weed population. In spring, when barley was drilled after the aforementioned preceding crops, the weed incidence was recorded to be by 61.9 and 23.3 % higher compared with barley crops sown after wheat. The average weed infestation at maturity stage in the barley crops grown after wheat was by 18 and 68 % higher than that in barley crops grown after sugar beets or in monoculture.
 Key words: winter wheat, spring barley crop rotation, preceding crops, weed infestation.
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2004, 4, 88, 145-155
 UDK 632.954:633.521:631.559
 VISUOTINIO VEIKIMO HERBICIDO RAUNDAPO PANAUDOJIMO LINŲ BRANDAI PAANKSTINTI TYRIMAI
 El. p. soja@upyte.lzi.lt
 Upytės bandymų stotyje tirta skirtingų raundapo (veikl. medž. glifosatas 360 g l-1) normų (2 l ha-1, 3 l ha-1 ir 4 l ha-1 preparato), išpurkštų ant linų žaliosios brandos pabaigoje, ankstyvojoje geltonojoje ir geltonojoje brandoje įtaka pluoštinių linų stiebelių ir sėmenų drėgnumui, derliui bei jo kokybei.
 Linų priešsėlis – žieminiai kviečiai. Dirvožemis – giliau karbonatingas giliau glėjiškas rudžemis (RD).
 Trejų metų vidutiniais duomenimis, nupurškus raundapu, linų stiebelių drėgnumas iš esmės sumažėjo, išskyrus linus, kur purkšta 2 l ha-1 žaliosios brandos pabaigoje. Stiebelių drėgnumas, purškiant linus žaliosios brandos pabaigoje, sumažėjo vidutiniškai 10-30 %, purškiant ankstyvosios geltonosios brandos pradžioje – 25-28 %, o purškiant geltonosios brandos pradžioje – 36-40 %. Didėjančios raundapo normos neturėjo įtakos stiebelių drėgnumui.
 Vidutiniais trejų metų duomenimis, sėmenys buvo iš esmės smulkesni, purškiant linus raundapu žaliosios brandos pabaigoje ar ankstyvosios geltonosios pradžioje 3 l ha-1 arba 4 l ha-1, sumažėjo jų dygimo energija.
 Purškiant raundapu, stiebelių, ilgo pluošto derliaus dydis ir jo kokybė bei morfologiniai stiebelių rodikliai iš esmės nepakito.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: branda, drėgnumas, pluoštas, pluoštiniai linai, raundapas, sėmenys, stiebeliai.
 Agriculture. Scientific Articles, 2004, 4, 88, 145-155
 TESTING OF THE NON-SELECTIVE HERBICIDE ROUNDUP APPLICATION FOR FLAX MATURITY ACCELERATION
 A field trial was carried out during 1998-2000 at the Upytė Research Station with the aim of testing the impact of Roundup application (2. 3 or 4 l ha-1) on flax stands at the end of green maturity, beginning of early yellow and yellow maturity stages on moisture content of stems and flaxseed, yield and its quality.
 Flax was grown in a 7-field rotation after cereals. The soil type was Endocalcari-Endohypogleyc Cambisol with a pH level of 7.2-7.6, content of total nitrogen 0.13-0.16 %, humus 2.2-2.8 %, mobile phosphorus 162-254 mg kg-1, mobile potassium 143-185 mg kg-1, mobile boron 0.82-1.74 mg kg-1, mobile zinc 0.7-2.25 mg kg-1 soil.
 According to the averaged data of three years, flax moisture content after Roundup application reduced significantly. When Roundup was applied at the end of flax green ripeness, the moisture content of flax stems decreased by 10-30 %, when Roundup was applied at the beginning of early-yellow ripeness, the moisture content of flax stems decreased by 25-28 %, and when Roundup was applied at the beginning of yellow ripeness, the moisture content of flax stems decreased by 36-40 %. The difference between the influence of different rates of Roundup on stem moisture content was not significant.
 Experimental treatments sprayed with 3 or 4 l ha-1 of Roundup at the end of green ripeness or at the beginning of yellow ripeness produced smaller seed compared with the untreated plots. The germination power was lower, too.
 No significant influence of Roundup application on stem, long fibre yield, its quality and morphological indicators was identified.
 Key words: moisture content, fiber, flax, ripening, Roundup, seed, stem.
 Agriculture. Scientific Articles, 2004, 4, 88, 156-169
 UDK 633.11.324>:632.4:632.952
 APPLICATION OF REDUCED DOSES OF TRIAZOLES FOR THE CONTROL OF WINTER WHEAT LEAF DISEASES
 Akademija, Dotnuva, Kėdainiai distr., Lithuania
 E-mail. irenag@lzi.lt
 The efficacy of reduced doses of six triazole fungicides on winter wheat cv. Zentos was estimated over the period 1999-2000. The spread of powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis (DC) Spear.) in winter wheat in 1999 at the early milk stage was intensive, but in 2000 at water ripe the disease occurrence was weak. The full and reduced to 1⁄2 and 3⁄4 doses of triazoles provided a good control against mildew, especially on flag leaf of winter wheat. Septoria leaf blotch (Septoria spp.) and tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici repentis (Died.) Drechs.) occurred on winter wheat annually. Against Septoria leaf blotch full and reduced dosages of triazoles were highly effective till the early milk stage, especially on a flag leaf. At late milk the efficacy of reduced doses of the fungicides was lower than that of full doses. Against tan spot the full doses of fungicides provided a good control, however, the efficacy of reduced doses was low. Full and reduced doses of fungicides provided excellent control of brown rust (Puccinia recondita).
 Due to the full and 3⁄4 reduced dosages of the fungicides a sufficient yield increase was obtained annually. The yield increase through reduced to 1⁄2 dose was low and insufficient. The yield increase was obtained due to an increase in 1000 grain weight.
 Key words: winter wheat, triazole fungicide, doses, leaf diseases, grain yield
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2004, 4, 88, 156-169
 ŽIEMINIŲ KVIEČIŲ LAPŲ LIGŲ KONTROLĖ NAUDOJANT SUMAŽINTAS TRIAZOLŲ NORMAS
 I.Gaurilčikienė
 Šešių triazolų grupės fungicidų sumažintų normų veiksmingumo nuo lapų ligų tyrimai žieminių kviečių ‘Zentos’ pasėlyje atlikti 1999-2000 m. Miltligė (Blumeria graminis (DC) Spear.) žieminiuose kviečiuose gausiai išplito 1999 m., bet 2000 m. reiškėsi silpnai. Visos ir sumažintos iki 1⁄2 ir 3⁄4 fungicidų normos gerai kontroliavo miltligės išplitimą ir intensyvumą, ypač ant viršutinių augalų lapų. Septoriozė (Septoria spp.) ir kviečių dryžligė (Pyrenophora tritici repentis (Died.)Drechs.) žieminiuose kviečiuose plito kasmet. Nuo septoriozės visos ir sumažintos fungicidų normos buvo labai veiksmingos iki ankstyvos pieninės brandos, ypač gerai saugojo viršutinius augalų lapus. Vėlyvos pieninės brandos metu nuo septoriozės sumažintos fungicidų normos buvo mažiau veiksmingos nei visos. Nuo kviečių dryžligės buvo veiksmingos tik visos fungicidų normos, sumažintų normų efektyvumas buvo menkas. Tiek visos, tiek sumažintos fungicidų normos buvo labai veiksmingos nuo rudųjų rūdžių (Puccinia recondita). Esminis žieminių kviečių derliaus padidėjimas buvo gautas nuo visų ir sumažintų iki 3⁄4 fungicidų normų vartojimo. Derliaus padidėjimas nuo iki 1⁄2 sumažintų normų buvo nedidelis ir neesminis. Derliaus priedas naudojant fungicidus buvo gautas padidėjus 1000 grūdų masei.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: žieminiai kviečiai, triazolų grupės fungicidai, normos, lapų ligos, grūdų derlius.
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2004, 4, 88, 170-182
 UDK 633.2.03:631.582.9
 NATŪRALIŲ IR SĖTŲ ŽOLYNŲ LAIKINAI NENAUDOJAMOSE ŽEMĖSE PRIEŽIŪROS BŪDŲ TYRIMAI
 Rožė VAIČIULYTĖ, Raimundas BAČĖNAS
 El. p. algis.nedzinskas@voke.lzi.lt
 1998-2003 metais Lietuvos žemdirbystės instituto Vokės filiale tirta natūralių ir sėtų žolių priežiūros būdų įtaka jų botaninei sudėčiai, organinių medžiagų kaupimuisi ir dirvožemio agrocheminiams rodikliams.
 Rytų Lietuvos paprastąjį išplautžemį (Idp) tręšiant mineralinėmis trąšomis, sėtas žolynas sausųjų medžiagų sukaupia 14,69 t ha-1, o netręštas natūralus ir sėtas žolynai – žymiai mažiau, - atitinkamai 5,34-5,43 ir 6,06-6,62 t ha-1. Netręštą natūralų ir sėtą žolyną deginant vegetacijos pradžioje, taip pat žolę pjaunant birželio pradžioje ir masę pašalinant arba paliekant, žolių produktyvumas iš esmės nekito.
 Natūraliame ir sėtame netręštame žolyne vyravo varpinės ir įvairiažolės, o tręštame sėtame žolyne – ankštinės ir varpinės žolės.
 Po penkerių tyrimų metų nuo minėtų priemonių dirvožemis parūgštėjo, bendro azoto ir humuso sumažėjo. Tręšiant didėjo judriojo fosforo ir kalio, o be trąšų jų kiekis sumažėjo.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: natūralus ir sėtas žolynai, priežiūra, botaninė sudėtis, produktyvumas, azoto sukaupimas, dirvožemio savybės.
 Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2004, 4, 88, 170-182
 UDK 633.203:631.582.9
 INVESTIGATION OF MANAGEMENT OF METHODS OF NATURAL AND SOWN SWARDS ON TEMPORARILY ABANDONED LAND
 R. Vaičiulytė, R. Bačėnas
 The effects of natural and sown swards management techniques on the botanical composition of swards, organic matter accumulation and changes in soil agrochemical parameters were investigated at the Vokė Branch (LIA) during the period 1998-2003.
 Under east Lithuania’s conditions on a Haplic Luvisol a sown sward applied with mineral fertilizers accumulated the largest amount of total phytomass (14.69 t ha-1 dry matter), while unfertilized natural and sown swards accumulated a much smaller amount of phytomass 5.34-5.43; 6.06-6.62 t ha-1 dry matter, respectively. Burning of unfertilized natural and sown sward at the beginning of the growing season as well as herbage cutting at the beginning of June and either removal or leaving the mass did not have any significant effect on the herbage productivity.
 Natural and sown unfertlized swards were dominated by grasses and forbs, while fertilized sown swards were dominated by legumes and grasses.
 After five experimental years the tested sward management techniques resulted in soil acidification and reduction in total nitrogen and humus contents. Fertilization increased the amount of available phosphorus and potassium, whereas in the treatments without fertilizers their contents declined.
 Key words: natural and sown sward, management, botanical composition, productivity, nitrogen accumulation, soil properties.
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2004, 4, 88, 183-197
 UDK 576.851.155: 633.37
 RYTINIŲ OŽIARŪČIŲ SĖKLŲ INOKULIAVIMO BAKTERIJŲ (RHIZOBIUM GALEGAE) PREPARATAIS TERMINAI IR BŪDAI
 Edmundas LAPINSKAS, Dalia AMBRAZAITIENĖ
 El. p.: filialas@vezaiciai.lzi.lt; daliambr@hotmail.com; ekokat@gmf.ku.lt
 1997-2002 m. atliktais laboratoriniais ir lauko bandymais nustatyti nitragino gamybos bei rytinių ožiarūčių inokuliavimo pagrindiniai parametrai.
 Dirvožemis – nepasotintasis giliau glėjiškas balkšvažemis (JI4-n), kurio pHKCl 5,4-5,8, humuso – 1,81-1,87 %, judriųjų P2O5 ir K2O – atitinkamai 135-148 mg kg-1 ir 122-140 mg kg-1 dirvožemio.
 Tyrimais nustatyta, kad nitragino ir sėklos inokuliavimo kokybę lemia paruošto preparato ir bakterizuotos sėklos laikymo sąlygos bei trukmė, taip pat sėklos inokuliavimo derinimas su apsauginėmis medžiagomis. Gerą nitragino preparatą, nepriklausomai nuo laikymo temperatūros (+4oC ar +26oC), galima išsaugoti ne ilgiau kaip dvi savaites. Ilgesnis preparato ar Rhizobium biomasės, skirtos nitraginui gaminti, laikymas yra rizikingas. Laikant bakterizuotą sėklą, tinkamas titras išsilaiko savaitę, inokuliuojant su 10 % cukraus tirpalu – dvi savaites.
 Nitraginas buvo veiksmingiausias ožiarūčių pirmais ir antrais naudojimo metais, inokuliuojant sėjos dieną ir iki septynių dienų prieš sėją. Inokuliuotą sėklą apdorojus 10 % cukraus tirpalu simbiozės efektyvumas nepadidėjo.
 Tarp Rhizobium efektyvumo ir augalo gumbelių skaičiaus bei sudėtingų gumbelių formavimosi nustatyti vidutinio stiprumo ryšiai (r = 0,65 ir h = 0,71**).
 Visi inokuliavimo deriniai ekonominiu požiūriu buvo naudingi ir per dvejus žolių naudojimo metus grynosios pajamos siekė iki 391,7 Lt ha-1.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: Rhizobium, ožiarūčiai, nitraginas, inokuliavimas, inokuliavimo terminai ir būdai.
 Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2004, 4, 88, 183-197
 TERMS AND METHODS OF GOAT’S RUE SEED INOCULATION WITH BACTERIA (RHIZOBIUM GALEGAE) PREPARATIONS
 E.Lapinskas, D.Ambrazaitienė
 Major parameters of nitragine production and goat’s rue inoculation were estimated in the laboratory and field experiments during the period 1997-2002.
 The soil of the experimental site is classed as Dystri-Endohypogleyic Albeluvisol (JI4-n), with a pHKCl value of 5.4-5.8, humus content 1.81-1.87 %, available P2O5 and K2O 135-148 and 122-140 mg kg-1 soil, respectively.
 Our experimental evidence suggests that the quality of nitragine and seed inoculation is affected by the storage conditions and period of the preparation and bacteria-treated seed as well as by the combination of seed inoculation with protective materials. Regardless of the storage conditions (+4oC or +26oC), high efficacy of nitragine preparation can be maintained for no longer than two weeks. Longer storage of the preparation or Rhizobium biomass, intended for nitragine production, is risky. When storing bacteria-treated seed, the proper bacterial titre persists for a week, and while inoculating with 10 % sugar solution –for two weeks.
 The highest efficacy of nitragine was identified in the first and second year of use of goat’s rue when the seed was inoculated on the sowing day and up to 7 days before sowing. Treatment of inoculated seed with 10 % sugar solution did not contribute to the enhancement of the symbiosis efficiency.
 A medium strong correlation was identified between Rhizobium efficacy and number of plant nodules, and formation of complex nodules (r = 0.65 and h = 0.71**).
 All inoculation combinations were economically useful. During the two years of swards use net profit totalled up to 391.7 Lt ha-1.
 Key words: Rhizobium, goat’s rue, inoculum (nitragin), inoculation, inoculation terms and methods.
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2004, 4, 88, 198-205
 UDK 631.415.1+631.82]:631.461
 DIRVOŽEMIO RŪGŠTUMO IR MINERALINIŲ TRĄŠŲ ĮTAKA AMONIFIKUOJANČIŲ BEI MINERALINĮ AZOTĄ ASIMILIUOJANČIŲ MIKROORGANIZMŲ PAPLITIMUI
 Loreta PIAULOKAITĖ-MOTUZIENĖ, Edmundas LAPINSKAS,
 Dalija ČIUBERKIENĖ
 2001-2002 m. Lietuvos žemdirbystės instituto Vėžaičių filiale tirtas dirvožemio amonifi-kuojančių bei mineralinį azotą asimiliuojančių mikroorganizmų paplitimas. Bandymo dirvožemis glėjiškas nepasotintas balkšvažemis (JI2) – Dystrict Albeluvisol (ABd) (velėninis jaurinis glėjiškas JP1v) – lengvas ant vidutinio sunkumo priemolis. Dirvožemio ėminiai mikrobiologinėms analizėms imti keturių dirvožemio pHKCl lygių (< 4,7; 4,7-5,2; 5,2-5,7; > 6,7) ir trijų tręšimo lygių (be trąšų; 1 NPK norma, 3 NPK normos), iš 0-20 cm armens sluoksnio pavasarį, prasidėjus vegetacijai, ir rudenį, vegetacijos pabaigoje.
 Rezultatai rodo, kad amonifikuojantys ir mineralinį azotą asimiliuojantys mikroorganizmai labiausiai paplitę mažo rūgštumo (pHKCl 5,2-5,7) ir viena NPK trąšų norma tręštame dirvožemyje. Organinių medžiagų mineralizacija intensyviausia buvo artimame neutraliam (pHKCl > 6,7) dirvožemyje, patręšus trimis NPK trąšų normomis.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: mikroorganizmai, amonifikuojantys, mineralinį azotą asimiliuojantys, paplitimas, dirvožemio rūgštumas, mineralinis tręšimas.
 Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2004,4, 88, 198-205
 THE EFFECTS OF SOIL ACIDUTY AND MINERAL FERTILIZERS ON THE OCCURRENCE OF AMMONIFYING AND MINERAL NITROGEN ASSIMILATING MICROORGANISMS IN THE SOIL
 L. Piaulokaitė Motuzienė, E. Lapinskas, D. Čiuberkienė
 The occurrence of ammonifying and mineral nitrogen assimilating microorganisms was studied at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture’s Vėžaičiai Branch over the period 2001-2002. The soil of the experimental site is characterised as (JI2) dystrict albeluvisol (ABd) (sod podzolic gleyic JP1v) light on medium heavy loam. For microbiological analyses the soil was sampled at 4 soil pHKCl levels (< 4.7; 4.7-5.2; 5.2-5.7; > 6.7) and 3 fertilization levels (no fertilizers, 1 NPK rate, 3 NPK rates) at the 0-20 cm ploughlayer in the spring after the resumption of vegetative growth and in the autumn at the end of growing season.
 Our experimental evidence suggests that the highest occurrence of ammonifying and mineral nitrogen assimilating microorganisms was found in the soil with a low acidity (pHKCl 5.2-5.7), fertilized with one NPK rate. The abundance of microorganisms was determined by both soil acidity and mineral fertilization. The most intensive mineralisation was identified in the soil close to neutral (pHKCl > 6.7) aplied with three NPK rates.
 Key words: microorganisms, ammonifying, mineral nitrogen assimilating, occurrence, soil acidity, mineral fertilization.


text:
OLG Celle, 19.05.1994 - 4 W 350/93 - dejure.org
 https://dejure.org/1994,3408
 OLG Celle, 19.05.1994 - 4 W 350/93 (https://dejure.org/1994,3408)
 OLG Celle, Entscheidung vom 19.05.1994 - 4 W 350/93 (https://dejure.org/1994,3408)
 OLG Celle, Entscheidung vom 19. Mai 1994 - 4 W 350/93 (https://dejure.org/1994,3408)
 Tipp: Um den Kurzlink (hier: https://dejure.org/1994,3408) schnell in die Zwischenablage zu kopieren, können Sie die Tastenkombination Alt + R verwenden - auch ohne diesen Bereich zu öffnen.
 Parabolantenne als bauliche Veränderung; Anspruch auf Zustimmung der Miteigentümer; Beschluss der Wohnungseigentümerversammlung; Interessenabwägung; Neubescheidung des Antrags
 AG Hannover - 70 II 53/93
 LG Hannover, 11.11.1993 - 1 T 127/93
 NJW 1994, 2160 (Ls.)
 NJW-RR 1994, 977
 Die Errichtung einer Parabolantenne stellt - unabhängig von einem Eingriff in die Gebäudesubstanz - eine bauliche Veränderung dar (OLG Celle NJW-RR 1994, 977, 978;... Bärmann/Pick, WEG, 17. A., § 22 Rz. 5;... Palandt/Bassenge, BGB, 65. A., § 22 WEG Rz. 2f.;... Bärmann/Pick/Merle, WEG, 9. A., § 22 Rz. 79f.).
 Im Falle der beabsichtigten Errichtung einer Satellitenantenne kann sich aus der Informationsfreiheit gemäß Art. 5 Abs. 1 S. 1 GG ein Anspruch des einzelnen Wohnungseigentümers auf Zustimmung ergeben (OLG Celle NJW-RR 1994, 977, 978; Hogenschurz MietRB 2003, 19, 20).
 In Rechtsprechung und Literatur ist die Ansicht herrschend, es sei regelmäßig zumutbar, die Kabelanlage statt einer Satellitenempfangsanlage zu nutzen, wenn auf diese Weise Zugang zu mehreren Programmen in der Sprache des Heimatlandes des Wohnungseigentümers oder Mieters besteht (BGH, NJW 2006, 1062 = MDR 2006, 741; BGH ZMR 2005, 436, 437; BGH NJW 2004, 937, 939; OLG Celle NJW-RR 1994, 977; LG Ellwangen DWE 2000, 146; AG Hamburg-Wandsbek WE 2006, 138; AG Hamburg-Harburg WE 2006, 130;... Palandt/Weidenkaff, BGB, 65. A., § 535 Rz. 23;... Bärmann/Pick/ Merle, WEG, 9. A. § 14 Rz. 34;... Weitnauer/Lüke, WEG, 9. A., § 22 Rz. 12;... Müller, Praktische Fragen des Wohnungseigentums, 4. A., Rz. 476;... Bärmann/Pick, WEG, 16. A., § 13 Rz. 23).
 BayObLG, 28.10.1994 - 2Z BR 77/94
 Zum Interesse eines im Ausland geborenen Wohnungseigentümers, der die deutsche ...
 Dies entspricht allgemeiner Meinung in der Rechtsprechung (vgl. BayObLGZ 1991, 296/298; OLG Zweibrücken NJW 1992, 2899 ; OLG Düsseldorf WuM 1994, 162; OLG Celle NJW-RR 1994, 977).
 Bei einem Ausländer hat die Rechtsprechung der Wohnungseigentumsgerichte im Rahmen der erforderlichen Abwägung ein besonderes Interesse des betroffenen Wohnungseigentümers an Informationen aus seinem Heimatland angenommen (vgl. OLG Düsseldorf NJW 1993, 1274 ; WuM 1994, 162; OLG Celle NJW-RR 1994, 977).
 d) Diese Grundsätze müssen auch im wohnungseigentumsrechtlichen Verfahren bei der im Rahmen des § 22 Abs. 1 in Verbindung mit § 14 Nr. 1 WEG vorzunehmenden Abwägung des Interesses des einzelnen Wohnungseigentümers an der Anbringung einer Parabolantenne und des Interesses der übrigen Wohnungseigentümer an der Abwehr von Beeinträchtigungen des gemeinschaftlichen Eigentums angewendet werden (ebenso OLG Celle NJW-RR 1994, 977/978).
 Daran knüpft die deutliche Kritik des Oberlandesgerichts Celle (NJW-RR 1994, 977) an der verfassungsgerichtlichen Rechtsprechung an, "daß zwar sämtliche überhaupt denkbaren Gesichtspunkte und Interessen in die Erwägung einbezogen worden sind, jedoch mit Ausnahme der Frage, ob das berechtigte Bemühen um Einzelfallgerechtigkeit noch zu Ergebnissen führt, die auch nur einigermaßen praktikabel sowie dem Vermieter und der Wohnungseigentümergemeinschaft unter dem Gesichtspunkt des Zeitaufwands und des Kostenrisikos zumutbar sind".
 Neuere Entscheidungen orientieren sich dagegen weitgehend an den in der mietrechtlichen Rechtsprechung entwickelten Grundsätzen (vgl. OLG Celle, NJW-RR 1994, S. 977 [978];... LG Heilbronn, NJW-RR 1993, S. 588 [589]).
 Es gibt auch keine tragfähigen und sachgerechten Kriterien für eine Ungleichbehandlung von Mietern und Eigentümern innerhalb einer Wohnungsanlage (vgl. OLG Celle NJW-RR 1994, 977, 978).
 Bei einem dauerhaft in Deutschland lebenden Ausländer ist bei der Interessenabwägung als ein Faktor das besondere Interesse des Ausländers zu berücksichtigen, sich mittels der Programme seines Heimatlandes über das dortige Geschehen zu unterrichten und die kulturelle und sprachliche Verbindung aufrechtzuerhalten; diese Möglichkeit eröffnet in der Regel nur eine Satellitenempfangsanlage (vgl. BVerfG NJW 1995, 1665, NJW 1994, 2143; BayObLG NJW 1995, 337; OLG Stuttgart WuM 1996, 177; OLG Celle NJW-RR 1994, 977; OLG Düsseldorf NJW 1993, 1274, 1275; OLG Karlsruhe NJW 1993, 2815).
 OLG München, 06.11.2007 - 32 Wx 146/07
 Pflicht der Wohnungseigentümer zur Duldung der Anbringung einer Parabolantenne ...
 - die Installation auf Kosten des betreffenden Wohnungseigentümers durch einen Fachmann erfolgt, um eine Beschädigung oder eine erhöhte Reparaturanfälligkeit des Gemeinschaftseigentums zu vermeiden (...BGH aaO.; OLG Celle NJW-RR 1994, 977; OLG Düsseldorf FGPrax 1995, 228 f.).
 OLG Frankfurt, 10.07.2003 - 20 W 466/02
 Wohnungseigentumsverfahren: Geschäftswert und Beschwer bei Streit über die ...
 Für eine Unterschreitung des Regelsatzes besteht aber im Hinblick auf die in der tatsächlichen Auswirkung für das Nutzungsrecht vergleichbaren Sachverhalte, die der Anfechtung von Beschlüssen über die Nichtgestattung von Parabolanlagen oder von Beseitigungsanträgen zu Grunde liegen und für die ein Geschäftswert von 5.000,00 DM für angemessen erachtet worden ist (OLG Celle NJW-RR 1994, 977, 979), keine Veranlassung.
 AG Hamburg-Blankenese, 23.01.2019 - 539 C 10/18
 Vergleichsangebote: Wann entbehrlich und wie zu prüfen?
 Das Gericht hat einen gewissen Beurteilungs- bzw. Ermessensspielraum der Eigentümer zu akzeptieren (vgl. Riecke/Schmidt/Elzer, 4. Aufl., 2006 "Die erfolgreiche Eigentümerversammlung", Rn. 565 unter Hinweis auf OLG Celle NJW-RR 1994, 977).
 OLG Düsseldorf, 02.08.1995 - 3 Wx 174/95
 Beseitigungsanspruch der Miteigentümergemeinschaft bei eigenmächtig ...
 Denn bei der typischen Spannungslage zwischen dem Grundrecht des einzelnen Wohnungseigentümers auf Informationsfreiheit und den Eigentümerinteressen der übrigen Miteigentümer ist der Eigentümerversammlung jedenfalls im Zusammenhang mit der Art und Weise der Installation einer solchen Parabolantennenanlage ein gewisses Direktionsrecht und Beurteilungsermessen zuzubilligen (vgl. auch OLG Celle NJW-RR 1994, 977 ff.), um sicherstellen zu können, daß die Antenne selbst und die Kabelzuführung möglichst unauffällig und für die übrigen Miteigentümer schonend angebracht werden.
 OLG Hamm, 09.10.1997 - 15 W 245/97
 Installation einer Parabolantenne auf dem Dach einer Wohnungseigentumsanlage; ...


type: legislation

jurisdiction: US

text:
 116 SJ 23 IS: Relating to the disapproval of the proposed sale to the Government of the Czech Republic of certain defense articles and services.
 U.S. Senate
 2019-05-14
 text/xml
 EN
 Pursuant to Title 17 Section 105 of the United States Code, this file is not subject to copyright protection and is in the public domain.
 IIA116th CONGRESS1st SessionS. J. RES. 23IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATESMay 14, 2019Mr. Paul introduced the following joint resolution; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Foreign RelationsJOINT RESOLUTIONRelating to the disapproval of the proposed sale to the Government of the Czech Republic of certain
 defense
 articles and services.That the issuance of a letter of offer with respect to any of the following proposed sales to the Government of the Czech Republic (described in the certification Transmittal No. 19–34, sent to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate pursuant to section 36(b)(1) of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2776(b)(1)) on May 6, 2019), is hereby prohibited:(1)The proposed sale of Four (4) AH–1Z Attack Helicopters (Transmittal Numbered 19–34).(2)The proposed sale of Eight (8) T700–GE–701D Engines (installed) (Transmittal Numbered 19–34).(3)The proposed sale of Eight (8) Honeywell Embedded Global Positioning Systems with Navigation (EGI) and Precise Positioning Service (PPS) (installed) (Transmittal Numbered 19–34).(4)The proposed sale of Fourteen (14) AGM–114 Hellfire Missiles (Transmittal Numbered 19–34).(5)The proposed sale of communication equipment, electronic warfare systems, M197 20mm machine guns, Target Sight System, support equipment, spare engine containers, spare and repair parts, tools and test equipment, technical data and publications, personnel training and training equipment, U.S. government and contractor engineering, technical, and logistics support services, and other related elements of logistics and program support (Transmittal Numbered 19–34).


type: contracts

jurisdiction: EU

text:
 10.6.2010
 RO
 Jurnalul Oficial al Uniunii Europene
 L 143/16
 DECIZIA NR. 23/2010 A COMITETULUI MIXT AL SEE
 din 12 martie 2010
 de modificare a anexei II (Reglementări tehnice, standarde, încercări și certificare) la Acordul privind SEE
 COMITETUL MIXT AL SEE,
 având în vedere Acordul privind Spațiul Economic European, astfel cum a fost modificat prin Protocolul de adaptare a Acordului privind Spațiul Economic European, denumit în continuare „acordul”, în special articolul 98,
 întrucât:
 (1)
 Anexa II la acord a fost modificată prin Decizia nr. 18/2010 a Comitetului mixt al SEE din 1 martie 2010 (1).
 (2)
 Decizia nr. 137/2007 a Comitetului mixt al SEE din 26 octombrie 2007 (2) a încorporat Regulamentul (CE) nr. 852/2004 al Parlamentului European și al Consiliului (3) în acord și a abrogat Directivele 96/3/Euratom, CECO, CE (4), 98/28/CE (5) și 2004/4/CE (6) ale Comisiei, astfel cum au fost rectificate în JO L 81, 19.3.2004, p. 92, în conformitate cu acordul.
 (3)
 În conformitate cu articolul 17 alineatul (3) din Regulamentul (CE) nr. 852/2004, Directivele 96/3/Euratom, CECO, CE, 98/28/CE și 2004/4/CE rămân în vigoare până la înlocuirea acestora cu deciziile adoptate în conformitate cu acel regulament sau cu Regulamentul (CE) nr. 178/2002 al Parlamentului European și al Consiliului (7). Astfel de decizii nu au fost adoptate încă.
 (4)
 Prin urmare, Directivele 96/3/Euratom, CECO, CE, 98/28/CE și 2004/4/CE trebuie reîncorporate în acord.
 (5)
 Prezenta decizie nu se aplică Principatului Liechtenstein,
 DECIDE:
 Articolul 1
 În anexa II la acord, capitolul XII se modifică după cum urmează:
 1.
 La punctul 54j se adaugă următorul text (eliminat):
 „31996 L 0003: Directiva 96/3/Euratom, CECO, CE a Comisiei din 26 ianuarie 1996 de instituire a unei derogări de la anumite dispoziții ale Directivei 93/43/CEE a Consiliului privind igiena produselor alimentare în ceea ce privește transportul maritim al uleiurilor și grăsimilor lichide în vrac (JO L 21, 27.1.1996, p. 42), astfel cum a fost modificată prin:
 —
 32004 L 0004: Directiva 2004/4/CE a Comisiei din 15 ianuarie 2004 (JO L 15, 22.1.2004, p. 25), astfel cum a fost rectificată în JO L 81, 19.3.2004, p. 92.”
 2.
 După punctul 54zzzze (Decizia 2008/654/CE a Comisiei) se inserează următorul punct:
 „54zzzzf.
 31998 L 0028: Directiva 98/28/CE a Consiliului din 29 aprilie 1998 de derogare de la anumite dispoziții ale Directivei 93/43/CEE privind igiena produselor alimentare în ceea ce privește transportul maritim al zahărului brut în vrac (JO L 140, 12.5.1998, p. 10).”
 Articolul 2
 Textele Directivelor 96/3/Euratom, CECO, CE, 98/28/CE și 2004/4/CE în limbile islandeză și norvegiană, care urmează să fie publicate în suplimentul SEE la Jurnalul Oficial al Uniunii Europene, sunt autentice.
 Articolul 3
 Prezenta decizie intră în vigoare la data intrării în vigoare a Deciziei nr. 137/2007 a Comitetului mixt al SEE din 26 octombrie 2007, cu condiția să se fi efectuat toate notificările prevăzute la articolul 103 alineatul (1) din acord către Comitetul mixt al SEE (8). Prezenta decizie se aplică provizoriu de la data adoptării până la intrarea sa în vigoare.
 Articolul 4
 Prezenta decizie se publică în secțiunea SEE și în suplimentul SEE ale Jurnalului Oficial al Uniunii Europene.
 Adoptată la Bruxelles, 12 martie 2010.
 Pentru Comitetul mixt al SEE
 Președintele
 Alan SEATTER
 (1) A se vedea pagina 4 din prezentul Jurnal Oficial.
 (2) JO L 100, 10.4.2008, p. 53.
 (3) JO L 139, 30.4.2004, p. 1.
 (4) JO L 21, 27.1.1996, p. 42.
 (5) JO L 140, 12.5.1998, p. 10.
 (6) JO L 15, 22.1.2004, p. 25.
 (7) JO L 31, 1.2.2002, p. 1.
 (8) Nu au fost semnalate obligații constituționale.


type: caselaw

text:
 23.10.2017
 BG
 Официален вестник на Европейския съюз
 C 357/4
 Жалба, подадена на 9 август 2017 г. — Чешка република/Европейски парламент, Съвет на Европейския съюз
 (Дело C-482/17)
 (2017/C 357/06)
 Език на производството: чешки
 Страни
 Жалбоподател: Чешка република (представители: M. Smolek, O. Serdula и J. Vláčil)
 Ответници: Европейски парламент, Съвет на Европейския съюз
 Искания на жалбоподателя
 —
 да се отмени Директива (ЕС) 2017/853 на Европейския парламент и на Съвета от 17 май 2017 година за изменение на Директива 91/477/ЕИО на Съвета относно контрола на придобиването и притежаването на оръжие (1);
 —
 да се осъди Европейския парламент и Съвета да заплатят съдебните разноски.
 При условията на евентуалност жалбоподателят иска от Съда да:
 —
 отмени член 1, параграф 6 от обжалваната директива, в частта му, с която добавя член 5, параграф 3 и втората подточка на член 6, параграф 6 в Директива 91/477/ЕИО (2);
 —
 отмени член 1, параграф 7 от обжалваната директива, в частта му, с която добавя член 7, параграф 4a в Директива 91/477/ЕИО;
 —
 отмени член 1, параграф 19 от обжалваната директива, в частта му, с която:
 —
 добавя точки 6, 7 и 8 в Категория А от част II на приложение I към Директива 91/477/ЕИО;
 —
 изменя Категория Б от част II на приложение I към Директива 91/477/ЕИО;
 —
 добавя точка 6 в Категория В от част II на приложение I към Директива 91/477/ЕИО;
 —
 изменя част III на приложение I към Директива 91/477/ЕИО;
 —
 да се осъди Европейския парламент и Съвета да заплатят съдебните разноски.
 Основания и основни доводи
 Първото основание е изведено от нарушение на принципа на предоставената компетентност. Обжалваната директива е приета на основание член 114 от Договора за функционирането на Европейския съюз, макар че не преследва целта за отстраняване на пречките пред вътрешния пазар, а само целта за предотвратяване на престъпността и тероризма. Законодателят на Съюза обаче няма правомощие да приема мерки за хармонизация в тази област.
 Второто основание е изведено от нарушение на принципа на пропорционалност. Законодателят на Съюза не е разгледал въпроса за пропорционалността на приетите мерки и умишлено не е събрал достатъчно информация (например чрез извършване на оценка на въздействието), за да прецени адекватно съобразяването с този принцип. Поради липсата на такава оценка законодателят на Съюза е приел явно непропорционални мерки, изразяващи се в забраната на определени видове полуавтоматични огнестрелни оръжия, които обаче не се използват в Европейския съюз за извършване на терористични актове, като е направил по-стриктна регламентацията за някои минимално опасни оръжия (исторически реплики или оръжия, за които е установено, че са необратимо дезактивирани), и е предвидил санкция за притежаването на някои пълнители.
 Третото основание е изведено от нарушение на принципа на правна сигурност. Новоопределените категории забранени оръжия (A7 и A8), както и разпоредбата, предвиждаща санкция за притежаването на пълнители над лимита, са като цяло неясни от гледна точка на правната сигурност, и следователно не позволяват на засегнатите лица да разберат недвусмислено своите права и задължения. Освен това член 7, параграф 4a от Директива 91/477/ЕИО, след изменението му с обжалваната директива (т. нар. „grandfathering clause“), действително принуждава държавите членки да приемат национално законодателство с обратно действие.
 Четвъртото основание е изведено от нарушение на принципа за недопускане на дискриминация. Изключението във втората подточка на параграф 6 от член 6 от Директива 91/477/ЕИО, след изменението му с обжалваната директива, несъмнено създава впечатлението за неутрална на пръв поглед мярка, но всъщност условията за нейното прилагане са определени по такъв начин, че са спазени само от швейцарската система за съхранение на оръжия след приключване на военната служба, което не е обективно обосновано с оглед на целите на обжалваната директива.
 (1) ОВ L 137, 2017 г., стр. 22.
 (2) ОВ L 256, 1991 г., стр. 51; Специално издание на български език, 2007 г., глава 13, том 10, стр. 233.


type: wikipedia

text:
Charles Benedict Davenport (1 de junio de 1866 – 18 de febrero de 1944), prominente biólogo y eugenista estadounidense, destacado líder e impulsor de la eugenesia en Estados Unidos que condujo a la esterilización de 60.000 norteamericanos y proporcionó fundamentos para el Holocausto en Europa.
 Biografía
 Charles Benedict Davenport nació en Stamford (Connecticut), hijo de Amzi Benedict Davenport (un abolicionista de raíces puritanas) y de su esposa Jane Joralemon Dimon (de ascendencia inglesa, holandesa e italiana), obtuvo el PhD en biología por Harvard en 1892, donde enseñaría zoología. Se casó en 1894 con Gertrude Crotty y falleció de neumonía con 77 años.
 Davenport llegó a ser uno de los más prominentes biólogos norteamericanos de su época, pionero en el desarrollo de métodos cuantitativos en taxonomía. Respetaba enormemente las originales aproximaciones biométricas a la evolución por parte de Francis Galton y Karl Pearson y formó parte del comité editorial de la revista Biometrika fundada por Galton y Pearson junto con Walter Weldon. Sin embargo, tras el redescubrimiento en 1900 de las Leyes de Mendel pasó a ser un estricto converso y destacado miembro de la escuela mendeliana.
 En 1910 se convirtió en director del Laboratorio de Cold Spring Harbor, donde fundó la Eugenics Record Office (Oficina de Registro de Eugenesia). Comenzó a estudiar la genética humana y más tarde redirigió gran parte de sus esfuerzos a promover la eugenesia. En 1911 publicó su libro más conocido: Heredity in Relation to Eugenics (La herencia en relación a la eugenesia) que se usó como texto universitario durante muchos años. El año siguiente a la publicación fue elegido miembro de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias.
 Davenport y su ayudante Morris Steggerda intentaron desarrollar un enfoque cuantitativo global sobre el mestizaje en humanos. El trabajo resultante, Race Crossing in Jamaica (Cruce de razas en Jamaica), se publicó en 1929 y pretendía proporcionar evidencias estadísticas de la degradación biológica y cultural consecuencia de la mezcla de las poblaciones blanca y negra. Hoy en día es considerado un ejemplo de racismo científico que fue criticado ya en su tiempo por extraer conclusiones más allá (y a veces en contra) de los datos presentados. El movimiento eugenesista americano, basándose en suposiciones racistas y elitistas y usando métodos criticados como anticientíficos incluso por eugenesistas británicos, se propuso demostrar la incapacidad de amplios sectores de la población que Davenport y sus seguidores calificaban como "degenerados".
 Davenport estuvo en contacto con instituciones y publicaciones de la Alemania Nazi antes y durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, lo cual ha sido documentado por Stefan Kühl. Por ejemplo, mantuvo relación editorial con dos influyentes publicaciones alemanas, ambas fundadas en 1935, y en 1939 escribió una contribución para el homenaje a Otto Reche, que sería una figura importante en el plan para "desplazar" del este de Alemania las poblaciones consideradas "inferiores".
 Credo eugenésico
 "Creo en la lucha por elevar la raza humana al más alto plano de organización social, de trabajo cooperativo y de esfuerzo efectivo."
 "Creo que soy el administrador del plasma germinal que porto, que ha llegado a mí a través de miles de generaciones antes de mí y que sería desleal (puesto que ese plasma germinal es bueno) si mis actos pusieran en peligro sus excelentes potencialidades o si, a causa de conveniencias personales, limitara indebidamente mi descendencia."
 "Creo que, habiendo tomado cuidadosamente la decisión del matrimonio, nosotros los esposos debemos intentar tener de cuatro a seis hijos, con el fin de que nuestro plasma germinal, tan cuidadosamente seleccionado, se reproduzca en un grado conveniente y que este patrimonio privilegiado no sea disuelto por aquellos fruto de una selección menos cuidadosa."
 "Creo en la selección de los inmigrantes a fin de que nuestro plasma germinal nacional no sea adulterado con rasgos de inadaptación social."
 "Creo en la represión de mis instintos cuando seguirlos pudiera perjudicar a la próxima generación."
 Selección de obra
 Observations on Budding in Paludicella and Some Other Bryozoa (1891)
 On Urnatella Gracilis (1893)
 Experimental Morphology (1897-99)
 Statistical Methods, with Special References to Biological Variation (1899; 2a ed. 1904)
 Introduction to Zoölogy, con Gertrude Crotty Davenport (1900)
 Inheritance in Poultry, Carnegie Institution Publication, No, 52 (Washington, 1906)
 Inheritance of Characteristics in Domestic Fowl, Carnegie Institution Publication, No. 121 (Washington, 1909)
 Heredity in Relation to Eugenics (1911)
 Heredity of Skin-Color in Negro-White Crosses, Carnegie Institution Publication, No. 188 (1913)
 1914
 Skin Color of Mulattoes, Jour. Hered. 5:556-558.
 1915
 Inheritance of Temperament, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 12:182.
 The Feebly Inhibited. I. Violent Temper and Its Inheritance, Jour. Nerv. Mental Dis. 42:593-628. Also, Eugenics Record Office Bull. No. 12.
 The Feebly Inhibited: (A). Nomadism or the Wandering Impulse With Special Reference to Heredity. (B). Inheritance of Temperament, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. 236, 158 p. 89 fig.
 Field Work an Indispensable Aid to State Care of the Socially Inadequate, lectura de 42a Sesión Anual de Nat. Conf. of Charities and Corrections, mayo 15, 16-19.
 The Racial Element in National Vitality. Pop. Sci. Mo. 86:331-333.
 A Dent in the Forehead, Jour. Hered. 6:163-164.
 The Heredity of Stature, Science, 42 :495.
 Hereditary Fragility of Bone (Fragilitas Osseus, Osteopsathyrosis), Eugenics Record Office Bull. No. 14, 31 p. (con H. S. Conard.)
 How to Make a Eugenical Family Study. Eugenics Record Office Bull, No. 13, 35 p. 4 gráficos y 2 tablas (con H. H. Laughlin.)
 1916
 Heredity of Albinism. Jour. Hered., 7:221-223.Introduction in "The Jukes in 1915" de Arthur H. Estabrook. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. 240.
 Heredity of Stature. (Abstract), Proc. XIX Internat. Congress of Americanists.
 1917
 The Effect of Race Intermingling, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 56 :364-368.
 1919
 A Comparison of White and Colored Troops in Respect to Incidence of Disease, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 5:58-67 (con A. G. Love.)
 1920
 Heredity of Constitutional Mental Disorders, Psychol. Bull. 17 :300-310. Reprinted as Eugenics Record Office Bull. No. 20. 11 p.
 1921
 Comparative Social Traits of Various Races, School and Society, 14:344-348.
 1922
 Multiple Sclerosis from the standpoint of geographic distribution and race. Arch Neur Psych. 1922;8(1):51-58
 1923
 Comparative Social Traits of Various Races, Second Study. Jour. Applied Psychol., 7:127-134 (con Laura T. Craytor.)
 The Deviation of Idiot Boys From Normal Boys in Bodily Proportions, Proc. 47th Ann. Session Amer. Assoc. for Study of Feeble-minded: 8 p. (con Bertha E. Martin.)
 Hereditary Influence of the Immigrant, Jour. Nat. Inst. Soc. Sci., 8 :48-49.
 1925
 What Proportion of Feeblemindedness Is Hereditary? Investigation and Reports, Assoc. Res. Nerv. Mental Dis., 3 :295-299.
 Notes on Physical Anthropology of Australian Aborigines and Black-White Hybrids, Amer. Jour. Phys. Anthrop., 73-94.
 1926
 Human Metamorphosis, Amer. Jour. Phys. Anthrop.. 9 :2O5-232.
 Notes Sur l'Anthropologie des Aborigines Australiens et des Metis Blancs et Noirs (tradujo de Mile. M. Renaud.) Bull. de la Societe d'Etude des formes humaines. Annee 4 :3-22.
 The Skin Colors of the Races of Mankind, Nat. Hist. 26 :44-49.
 A Remarkable Family of Albinos, Eugenical News, 11 :5o-52 (con Grace Allen.)
 1927
 Heredity of Human Eye Color, Bibliographica Genetica, 3:443-463.
 1928
 Control of Universal Mongrelism. How a Eugenist Looks at the Matter of Marriage, Good Health, 10-11 (junio).
 Crime, Heredity and Environment, Jour. Hered., 19 :307-313.
 Nasal Breadth in Negro x White Crossing, Eugenical News, 13:36-37 (con Morris Steggerda.)
 Race Crossing in Jamaica, Sci. Mo., 27 :225-238.
 Are There Genetically Based Mental Differences Between the Races? Science, 68 :628.
 1929
 Do Races Differ in Mental Capacity? Human Biol. 1.
 Laws Against Cousin Marriages; Would Eugenicists Alter Them? Eugenics, 2 122-23.
 Race Crossing in Jamaica, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. 395. IX -f- 516 p. 29 planchas (con Morris Steggerda.)
 1930
 The Mingling of Races, Chap. XXIII in "Human Biology and Racial Welfare," ed. de E. V. Cowdry, 553-565.
 Intermarriage Between Races; A Eugenic or Dysgenic Force? Eugenics, 3:58-61. (discusión de C. B. D., Hrdlicka, Newman y Herskowitz.)
 Interracial Tests of Mental Capacity, In Proc. and Papers of 9th International Congress of Psychology.
 Some Criticisms of "Race Crossing in Jamaica", Science, 72:501-502.
 1934
 The Value of Genealogical Investigation to the Promotion of the Welfare of Our Families and Our Nation, Am. Pioneer Records, 2:143-144.
 Better Human Strains, 25th Annual Report Board of Visitors, Letchworth Village, 49-51.
 How Early in Ontogeny Do Human Racial Characters Show Themselves? Eugen Fischer-Festband, Zeitschr. f. Morph. u. Anthrop. 34 :76-78.
 1935
 Influence of Economic Conditions on the Mixture of Races, Zeitschrift fir Rassenkunde, 1 :17-19.
 1937
 An Improved Technique for Measuring Head Features, Growth, 1 :3~5.
 1938
 Genetics of Human Inter-Racial Hybrids, Current Science. Special Number on "Genetics" (marzo) 34-36.
 1939
 The Genetical Basis of Resemblance in the Form of the Nose, in Kultur and Rasse, Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag Otto Reaches, p. 60–64. J. F. Lehmann's Verlag München/Berlin.
 1940
 Developmental Curve of Head Height/Head Length Ratio and Its Inheritance, Amer. Jour. Phys. Anthrop. 26:187-190.
 1944
 Dr. Storr's Facial Type of the Feeble-Minded, Amer. Jour. Men. Def. 48:339-344.
 Referencias
 Enlaces externos
 NAS Biographical Memoir of Charles Benedict Davenport de Oscar Riddle
 A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Charles Davenport en www.pbs.org
 Edwin Black, War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America’s Campaign to Create a Master Race'', (New York / London: Four Walls Eight Windows, 2003);
 Elof Axel Carlson, "Times of triumph, Times of Doubt, science and the battle for the public trust", (Cold Spring Harbor; Cold Spring Harbor Press, 2006) ISBN 0-87969-805-5
 International Eugenics
 8. La conexión nazi (PDF; 376 kB)
 Biólogos de Estados Unidos del siglo XX
 Genetistas de Estados Unidos
 Eugenistas
 Estadísticos de Estados Unidos
 Etnocentrismo
 Racismo
 Segregación
 Escritores de divulgación científica
 Alumnado de la Universidad de Harvard
 Miembros de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Estados Unidos
 Miembros de la Leopoldina
 Fallecidos por neumonía
 Eugenesia en los Estados Unidos
 Nacidos en Stamford (Connecticut)


text:
9.6.2007
 IT
 Gazzetta ufficiale dell'Unione europea
 C 129/10
 Ricorso presentato il 3 aprile 2007 — Commissione delle Comunità europee/Repubblica italiana
 (Causa C-190/07)
 (2007/C 129/18)
 Lingua processuale: l'italiano
 Parti
 Ricorrente: Commissione delle Comunità europee (rappresentante: C. Cattabriga, agente)
 Convenuta: Repubblica italiana
 Conclusioni
 —
 constatare che la Repubblica italiana, non adottando le disposizioni legislative, regolamentari ed amministrative necessarie per conformarsi al1a direttiva 2004/117/CE del Consiglio (1), del 22 dicembre 2004, che modifica le direttive 66/401/CEE, 66/402/CE, 2002/54/CE, 2002/55/CE e 2002/57/CE per quanto riguarda gli esami eseguiti sotto sorveglianza ufficiale e l'equivalenza delle sementi prodotte in paesi terzi, o comunque non avendo comunicato tali disposizioni alla Commissione, è venuta meno agli obblighi ad esso incombenti ai sensi dell'art. 8 di tale direttiva;
 —
 condannare la Repubblica italiana alle spese.
 Motivi e principali argomenti
 Il termine per la trasposizione della direttiva 2004/117/CE è scaduto il 1 ottobre 2005.
 (1) GU 2005, L 14, p. 18.