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Todos los días 151461
 Home Manual de Convivencia
 Lunes, 30 de Marzo de 2015 19:44 | Author: Administrador |
 DEL LICEO DIEGO PORTALES DE TALCA.
 El Liceo Diego Portales tiene como finalidad formar personas íntegras, profesionales idóneos, con las competencias necesarias y con alto sentido de responsabilidad y cumplimiento de sus deberes. Para lograr estos objetivos, el Liceo necesita la colaboración de todos los integrantes de la comunidad educativa. También es necesario recordar al apoderado, el compromiso adquirido al matricular a su pupilo(a) en nuestro Liceo.
 Este Reglamento es un conjunto de normas y disposiciones internas que deberán ser respetadas por los estudiantes, padres, apoderados y funcionarios durante el año escolar.
 ARTÍCULO 1.- DE LA PRESENTACIÓN PERSONAL.
 Los primeros responsables de la presentación personal de los alumnos son los padres y apoderados.
 a.- Todos los alumnos de 1o a 4o año de Enseñanza Media deberán asistir a clases con uniforme.
 DAMAS: jumper azul marino (largo normal o moderado), blusa blanca, calcetas azul marino, zapatos negros, chaleco azul marino, parka de un color azul marino o negro, bufanda azul marino o negra. Las alumnas están autorizadas para usar pantalones de tela color azul marino durante el año escolar.
 VARONES: pantalón gris, camisa blanca, chaqueta azul marino, chaleco azul, parka de color azul marino (sin figuras ni letras grandes, tampoco líneas de colores llamativos) o negro, bufanda azul marino o negra.
 b.- Todos los alumnos y alumnas deberán usar diariamente la corbata del Liceo.
 c.- Los alumnos y alumnas deberán respetar durante todo el período escolar, el uso del uniforme, quedando ajenas las modas que se imponen en el momento. El pantalón deberá ser recto y usarse a nivel de la cintura.
 d.- Para las clases de Educación Física, todos los alumnos y alumnas deberán usar el equipo oficial o el buzo del colegio: pantalón corto negro, polera blanca, buzo azul. El uso del equipo de Educación Física se autoriza sólo para estas clases o en actividades deportivas o extraprogramáticas del Liceo.
 e.- La presentación personal exige limpieza cuidadosa, lo que implica corte de pelo moderado en los varones, sin colas ni trenzas, afeitado. Las damas con su cabello ordenado y limpio.
 f.- No se permite el uso de colgantes, cadenas, objetos punzantes, collares, aros en los varones, ni adornos exagerados en las damas. Tampoco se permite el uso de aros en cejas, nariz u otras partes del cuerpo que no sea en las orejas de las damas.
 g.- El uso de gorro (color oscuro) estará restringido al período de invierno y sólo en patios y pasillos del establecimiento.
 h.- La supervisión de la presentación personal de los alumnos corresponde a la Unidad de Inspectoría General y al Profesor Jefe en su respectivo curso.
 i.- Todo alumno o alumna que, en forma reiterada no cumpla con la normativa y sin presentar atenuantes, se le citará apoderado. El apoderado es la única persona que puede solicitar el uso de alguna prenda ajena al uniforme escolar; lo debe justificar en Inspectoría General, unidad que dará la correspondiente autorización.
 ARTÍCULO 2.- DE LA PUNTUALIDAD Y ASISTENCIA.
 Puntualidad y asistencia: tarea ineludible del hogar, por tanto, los padres deben velar por su cumplimiento.
 a.- Los alumnos y alumnas deberán cumplir estrictamente el horario de clases y esperar al Profesor(a) o Asistente de Educación en la sala de clases.
 b.- Alumno (a) que llegue atrasado (a) al inicio de la jornada deberá pasar a Secretaría de Inspectoría General donde se registrará su atraso.
 c.- Todo alumno(a) tendrá el beneficio de llegar atrasado, hasta el término de la 1o hora de clases, sin la presencia de su apoderado, hasta tres veces en cada semestre. Cumplido esto, todo atraso, al igual que inasistencia, deberá ser justificada con la presencia del apoderado titular o suplente autorizado.
 d.- Alumnos (as) atrasados (as) en horas intermedias, deben presentarse de inmediato en Secretaría de Inspectoría General, en la cual recibirán una citación para el apoderado para que asista a justificarlo al día siguiente. Al alumno o alumna se le dará pase para ingresar a la siguiente hora de clases.
 e.- Para el ingreso a clases de alumnos(as) y profesores se tocará timbre a las 8:00 hrs.
 f.- Los pases de salida o ingreso, las citaciones y comunicaciones deben ser registrados en la agenda del Liceo. Los funcionarios no darán pases, citaciones o comunicaciones en cuadernos u otros.
 g.- En casos excepcionales como: hora médico, accidente, citaciones judiciales, entre otros, debidamente comprobados, podrán ingresar a clases sin la presencia del apoderado.
 h.- Alumnos (as) que excepcionalmente no cumplan con los requisitos mínimos de asistencia anual (85%), los padres y/o apoderados deberán presentar una solicitud a la Dirección del Establecimiento, con firma del apoderado y alumno(a), durante la 2o quincena de Noviembre para quienes cursen 4o año medio y en la 1o quincena de Diciembre para los(as) alumnos (as) de 1o a 3o medio. Esta solicitud será analizada y definida por el (la) Director (a) del Liceo.
 i.- En hora de colación, alumnos y alumnas no pueden salir del Establecimiento. Sólo pueden hacerlo con autorización de Inspectoría General, previa petición del apoderado, su registro y pase correspondiente.
 ARTÍCULO 3.- DEL COMPORTAMIENTO.
 a.- Es obligación de todo alumno o alumna cuidar el mobiliario, implementación, materiales didácticos, baños, duchas, camarines y en general, todas las dependencias del Establecimiento, haciéndose responsable por los destrozos o deterioros que cause; dando aviso al apoderado y debiendo cancelar la reparación o reposición de las especies o lugares dañados, en el plazo que Inspectoría General determine. Además deberá cumplir con las sanciones correspondientes. Si el alumno (a) no cumple con pago o reposición de lo dañado en el plazo establecido, se le enviará comunicación por escrito, exigiendo la presencia del apoderado para llegar a un acuerdo que satisfaga a ambas partes.
 b.- Ser respetuoso en su lenguaje y trato con Profesores(as), personal administrativo, de servicios menores y compañeros, dentro y fuera del establecimiento.
 c.- Todo alumno (a) que presente problemas de disciplina, dependiendo del tipo de falta cometida, debe ser tratado por Inspectoría General y Orientación, con la presencia del apoderado y profesor (a), quedando el registro del hecho y compromiso que asume tanto el alumno como el apoderado.
 d.- Frente a un conflicto en aula profesor(a)-alumno(a), éste último debe ser enviado a Inspectoría General con el Asistente del sector, donde quedará registrada la situación.. El Profesor involucrado deberá acercarse lo antes posible o durante el mismo día a Inspectoría para explicar los hechos.
 e.- Para determinar si un alumno o alumna ha cometido una falta al Reglamento, Inspectoría General deberá realizar las diligencias aclaratorias el mismo día de producidos los hechos, para establecer las causas, circunstancias y el grado de responsabilidad en la situación y aplicar las medidas correspondientes.
 ARTÍCULO 4.- DE LAS FALTAS.
 Para los efectos de aplicación de medidas disciplinarias, las faltas en que incurren los alumnos (as) serán clasificadas en: leves, graves y gravísimas.
 A: Son infracciones leves, aquellas que representan incumplimiento u omisión de obligaciones y son de fácil encauzamiento como:
 *Presentación personal descuidada.(sin afeitarse, uso de pearsing, falta de higiene)
 *Expresiones amorosas efusivas de parejas dentro de Establecimiento.
 *Ingerir alimentos u otros durante las horas de clases.
 *Uso de maquillaje recargado o accesorios exagerados.
 *Uso de vocabulario grosero, de cualquier forma que lo manifieste.
 *Uso de aparatos musicales, teléfonos celulares, computadores y otros durante el desarrollo de las clases
 *La reiteración de una falta leve, pasa a ser considerada grave.
 Los artículos requisados por docentes, administrativos o asistentes de educación, deben ser entregados en Inspectoría General y su devolución se hará efectiva con la presencia del apoderado, quien firmará conforme la recepción.
 B.- Son infracciones graves, aquellos actos que denoten una vulneración seria de las obligaciones y deberes del alumno o alumna, causando grave perjuicio al proceso educativo, a la convivencia escolar, a su formación profesional o al prestigio del Liceo como:
 *Atrasos reiterados a clases, tanto al ingreso como en horas intermedias.
 *Ingresar o salir del establecimiento por lugares no habilitados para ello.
 *Retirarse del Liceo sin autorización de Inspectoría General.
 *Ausentarse reiteradamente, sin justificación ni aviso, a clases u otras actividades programadas.
 *Destruir por negligencia o mal uso los bienes ajenos y/o mobiliario del Liceo.
 *Portar, exhibir libros, revistas o láminas de carácter pornográfico u obsceno, como también, bajar
 o subir de internet dicho material y almacenarlo.
 *Ocultar o falsear la verdad.
 *Ser sorprendido (a) copiando en una prueba o entorpeciendo el normal desarrollo de la misma.
 *No obedecer una orden o llamado de atención (cuando proceda) de un funcionario del Liceo.
 *Presentarse sin materiales de trabajo solicitados con antelación.
 *Entregar prueba en blanco más de una vez.
 *No trabajar durante la hora de clases, mostrar desinterés, no cumplir con obligaciones y tareas.
 *Interrupción de clases por parte de alumnos (as) que permanecen fuera de la sala.
 *Intercambio o envío de mensajes escritos de carácter groseros u ofensivos.
 *Pérdida o destrucción de Texto de Estudio o Libro de Asignatura.
 La reiteración de falta grave pasa a tener carácter de gravísima.
 C.- Son infracciones gravísimas aquellas que sin perjuicio de la responsabilidad penal por su naturaleza, puedan ocasionar un evidente y serio trastorno al Liceo, proceso educativo, prestigio institucional o a la comunidad. Todas estas normativas rigen para actividades programáticas y extraprogramáticas, exposiciones, salidas a terreno, giras de estudio, actividades y prácticas profesionales en las empresas o talleres.
 *Ingresar con o sin uniforme en estado de embriaguez o consumir bebidas alcohólicas en el Liceo.
 *Destruir deliberadamente equipos, instrumentos, muebles o infraestructura del Liceo o propiedad
 particular del personal.
 *Realizar filmaciones o grabaciones (imagen y/o sonido) que involucren a miembros de la comunidad
 educativa, como también subirlas a redes sociales.
 *Inducir o ejecutar actos reñidos con la ley, la moral, las buenas costumbres o el orden público.
 *Atentar contra la propiedad pública o privada en cualquiera de sus formas, dentro del
 Liceo o fuera de él cuando asista como alumno (a) del establecimiento.
 *Agredir de hecho o palabra a compañeros, funcionarios del establecimiento dentro o fuera
 de él o instar a otras personas y/o a través de terceros a la agresión.
 *Ser sorprendido vendiendo cigarrillos en el interior del Liceo.
 *Consumir drogas, estupefacientes en el Liceo, lugares de aprendizaje, centros de práctica
 o concurrir a él con síntomas evidentes de haberlos ingerido.
 *Comerciar o servir de cómplice en la internación y/o venta de drogas o alcohol dentro del Liceo.
 *Adulterar notas.
 *Ser sorprendido fumando(tabaco u otros) dentro del Liceo.(Ley del tabaco)
 *Intervenir en el manejo de documentos administrativos propios del establecimiento como:
 libros de clases, cuadernillos de asistencia, pases escolares, etc.
 *Amenazar o agredir con armas de cualquier tipo: cartoneras, cuchillo, cortaplumas, entre otras.
 *Portar o exhibir cualquier tipo de arma en el establecimiento o fuera de él, usando el
 *Cualquier manifestación de discriminación dentro o fuera del Liceo.
 *Hacer uso de redes sociales para discriminar o burlarse de alumnos(as) o funcionarios del Establecimiento.
 ARTÍCULO 5.- DE LAS MEDIDAS DISCIPLINARIAS.
 A.- Medidas Formativas:
 *Diálogo mediador entre Profesor y alumno(a) al final de la clase. Si esta medida no tiene el resultado
 esperado, se envía al alumno(a) a Orientación, quien derivará al equipo psicosocial si lo requiere.
 *Realizar trabajos de índole pedagógica, como preparar material de clase, (guiado por Profesor)
 fotocopiar material, confección diarios murales con temas formativos, etc.
 *Aviso de citación al apoderado mediante llamado telefónico. Registro de llamada.
 *Se realizará seguimiento de casos por parte de Orientador, Inspectoría General y Equipo Psicosocial.
 * Revisión mensual, por parte de Inspectoría General del registro de observaciones en libros de clases,
 como también el Profesor Jefe revisará las observaciones de su curso.
 B.- Para las faltas consideradas leves:
 *Llamado de atención por parte del profesor o quien corresponda.
 *Observación en la hoja de vida.
 C.- Para las faltas consideradas graves, las medidas disciplinarias serán aplicadas por Inspectoría
 *Registro de observación en hoja de vida del alumno en libro de clases.
 Quedar en calidad de alumno condicional, si al menos el 80% del consejo de profesores del curso
 acuerda esta medida.
 *Citación al apoderado con suspensión de clases de 2 a 5 días. Primera oportunidad 2 días,
 segunda oportunidad 3 días y en la tercera oportunidad se aplicará una suspensión de 5 días.
 *La suspensión se hará efectiva cuando el apoderado tome conocimiento de la o las faltas
 cometidas por su pupilo (a).
 * La suspensión de clases deberá cumplirse en el Liceo y el alumno o alumna realizará trabajos
 formativos y académicos en otras dependencias del Establecimiento y no en su sala de clases.
 * Si la falta está relacionada con agresión verbal o física, el estudiante será suspendido y no asistirá al
 establecimiento mientras dure la medida disciplinaria aplicada.
 D.- Para las faltas consideradas gravísimas: éstas serán revisadas e informadas al apoderado por Dirección.
 *Condicionalidad inmediata.
 *Llamado de atención en presencia del apoderado con suspensión de clases por más de 5 días.
 *A partir del mes de Noviembre, el alumno que cometa una falta gravísima como robo, agresión,
 destrucción deliberada de implementación, rayado de paredes, etc. será sancionado con suspensión
 de clases, asistiendo solamente al proceso de evaluación previa entrega de contenidos al alumno.
 *Pago monetario de daños y perjuicios ocasionados.
 *Si se incurre en dos suspensiones por falta gravísima, el liceo se reserva el derecho a exigir la
 cancelación de matrícula en forma inmediata o para el año siguiente.
 *Para cancelación se matrícula se procederá de acuerdo al protocolo vigente.
 ARTÍCULO 6.- DE LA CONDICIONALIDAD.
 *La condicionalidad está referida principalmente, al ámbito de la disciplina.
 *Para que un alumno (a) quede condicional por 1° vez, el apoderado debe haber sido informado
 previamente por Inspectoría General, de los problemas presentados por el alumno (a) y tener al menos
 registrada una suspensión de clases.
 *Un alumno (a) puede quedar condicional por inasistencias reiteradas sin justificación, por no ingresar
 a clases o salir del establecimiento sin autorización más de una vez.
 *Para que un alumno(a) quede o continúe condicional, deberá presentar una conducta que
 perturbe constantemente el desarrollo de la clase o no cumpla con las normas establecidas. Las
 observaciones deben aparecer registradas en la hoja de vida del alumno.
 *Para que un alumno (a) quede o continúe condicional debe haber al menos el 80% de los
 profesores del curso de acuerdo con la medida. Este mismo criterio se usará para levantar
 *Todo alumno (a) quedará condicional si ha sido suspendido de clases al menos dos veces
 *Un alumno (a) no podrá permanecer más de un año lectivo como condicional.
 *Un alumno (a) condicional no podrá postular a un cargo en el Centro General de Alumnos.
 *La condicionalidad debe quedar registrada en la ficha de matrícula y hoja de vida del alumno (a).
 *Inspectoría General con el consejo de profesores revisará cada semestre los casos condicionales.
 Estas medidas pueden ser solicitadas por el Consejo de Profesores, docentes directivos y técnicos.
 ARTÍCULO 7.- DE LA CANCELACIÓN DE MATRÍCULA.
 La medida de cancelación de matrícula será aplicada en forma efectiva, en los siguientes casos:
 *Estar condicional más de un año lectivo.
 *Cuando se comete una acción delictiva penada por la ley y reciba condena o esté en
 *Que realice tráfico de drogas al interior del establecimiento o induzca a otros a realizarlo.
 *Que cometa robo comprobado al interior del Liceo, empresa dual o de práctica profesional.
 * Agredir verbal o físicamente a un integrante de la unidad educativa.
 *Cuando repita por segunda vez un mismo curso.
 *No se podrá cancelar matrícula a alumnos (as) por causales que deriven exclusivamente
 de la situación socio-económica.
 ARTÍCULO 8.- DEL CONSEJO DE APELACIÓN.
 El Consejo de Apelación es una instancia a la cual puede apelar el alumno y su apoderado, cuando considere que la sanción aplicada frente a una falta gravísima lesiona sus derechos.
 *Estará integrado por: Director (a), Profesor (a) Jefe del alumno, Inspector General y Orientador (a)
 y tiene carácter resolutivo.
 *Si uno de los integrantes está directamente involucrado con el problema o el alumno, será
 reemplazado por otro docente o docente directivo según sea el caso.
 *El afectado debe presentar una solicitud por escrito, debidamente fundamentada apelando
 a la resolución, en un plazo máximo de 5 días hábiles, luego de informado o notificado de
 la cancelación de la matrícula.
 *El Consejo tiene un plazo máximo de 5 días hábiles para constituirse y resolver, contados desde
 la presentación de la apelación.
 *Durante este período, el alumno (a) estará inhabilitado (a) de concurrir a clases.
 ARTÍCULO 9.- ASPECTOS GENERALES.
 a.- A cada curso se le entrega diariamente su sala limpia, por lo tanto, es obligación del curso mantenerla aseada durante la jornada de clases con responsables asignados semanalmente.
 b.- Cada curso deberá hacer mantención de su sala cada 15 días, fuera del horario de clases. Esta mantención significa limpieza de mesas y sillas, paredes, piso, etc. Al finalizar cada semestre el curso debe realizar un aseo general.
 c.- Habrá revisión de bolsos y mochilas cuando la autoridad lo determine o por solicitud de un docente de aula o docente directivo.
 d.- Por ley se prohíbe fumar en el interior del establecimiento.
 e.- El uso y consumo de cigarrillos, alcohol o drogas dentro del Liceo se considera falta gravísima y se aplicará la normativa vigente.
 f.- En Mesón de Atención de Público, habrá un Libro de Reclamos, abierto a los alumnos y apoderados donde podrán presentar sus quejas debidamente fundamentadas, con registro de identificación del reclamante y fecha. El Equipo de Liderazgo Educativo revisará semanalmente y cuando la situación lo amerite, por el Equipo de Convivencia Escolar para dar respuesta oportuna.
 g.- Se constituirá una vez al mes una comisión de Convivencia Escolar, la cual estará integrada por un representante de cada estamento para revisar cumplimiento del protocolo de convivencia escolar.
 Estimular a través de una ceremonia de premiación semestral, a los alumnos(as) destacados (as) en las distintas áreas (rendimiento, deportes, valores, participación, actitudes positivas, identificación con Liceo, colaboración,etc) invitando a toda la comunidad liceana y con recursos asignados anualmente por Dirección para tales efectos.
 El reconocimiento a los alumnos y alumnas destacados se podrá evidenciar con observación en Hoja de vida, entrega de Diplomas, Cuadro de Honor semestral, mención en actos cívicos o Ceremonia de Premiación.
 LENKA QUINTANA TERRIZANO
 Los alumnos de 1o año realizarán desde este año 2014 un taller exploratorio para las especialidades.


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Žvaigdžių išsidėstymas palankus. Sprendimai priimti.
 Ryte besiturkšdamas duše kažkodėl išgirdau Still Alive dainelę iš Portals. Išgirdęs ją supratau, kad truks plyš, bet jau gana. Gana kas metai norėt ir nieko nedaryt. Ir taip jau kokius... 8 metus? Kiekvieną pavasarį pagalvoju kaip būtų gerai kokią parodą aplankyt. Kiekvieną vasarą pavydžiai paskaitau report’us iš jų internete. Enough is enough. Šiemet aš išvažiuoju. Truks plyš. O ir aplinkybės tam palankios.
 Games Convention Leipzig — vyks šalia mano gimtadienio. Todėl, mama (jei skaitai), žmona (žinau, kad skaitai) ir sese (įtariu, kad kartais užsuki) neklauskit manęs ko noriu šiemet dovanų. Per gimtadieni priimu vokus, pageidautinas turinys EUR, Avia bilietai (Skrist su Ryanair vis dar paniškai bijau), kambario rezervacijos patvirtinimas. Na jūs žinote, pernai neblogai pasitreniravom :).
 Taip ženklai išties palankūs. Gimtadienis šalia, sukauptų atostogų irgi turiu nemažai. Kokiom trim dienelėm tikrai galėčiau išminti. Va ir įrašas yra. Aš jo labai nesureikšminčiau, bet ekspertai iš įvairiausių asmenybės lavinimo mokymų kaip susitarę kartoja, kad svajones reik užrašyt į svajonių knygą, nes kitaip niekaip. Tai va ir rašau. Jei suveiks netrukus čia atsiras įrašai „Noriu į Tokyo Games Show“ ir „Noriu mokėt dėlioti kablelius“.
 Išėjau iš namų pakylėtas ir sužavėtas šiuo apsisprendimu. Ir ženklai buvo palankūs. Saulė švietė, buvo šilta. Įjungiau M1 kuris skaitė horoskopus. Perskaitė, kad jei aš šiandien kažką sugalvojau, tai būtinai turiu to imtis, nes būtinai pavyks iš to pasipelnyti. Aš ne prieš. Todėl iškilmingai pareiškiu, kad ieškau rėmėjų kelionei :).
 Kas dar? Ach taip. Pasibaigus horoskopams M1 pradėjo groti kažkokią tupą vokišką dainušką. Bet palaukite! Ji vadinosi Doctorspiele. Ją dainavo vokiškai. Tai irgi labai susiję su tuo apie ką visą rytą galvojau. Ir nereikia čia lialia, kad tai viso labo sutapimai. Tai be abejonės aukštesniųjų jėgų siunčiami ženklai ir aš juos užpelengavau! Greičiausiai važiuoti į GC aš net ne pats sugalvojau, o man šią mintį kažkas alfa kanalais įtransliavo tiesiai į nuo šilumos duše atsivėrusias čakras.
 Nesvarbu. Svarbu, kad signalas priimtas ir sprendimai padaryti.
 Dar sako į svajonių knygą reik kokį abrazdėlį nusipaišyt. Here it goes...
 2008-04-23 | svajoniu knyga | gairės: Industrija, Kelionės
 kaimynas2008-04-23 11:13
 Palaiminu ir aš :)
 Šiaip žinok tikrai geras dalykas rašytis ko nori, primena kai pimiršti.
 Lauksim III tomų dydžio straipsnio(gaila, kad negreit)(aišku ir tokių planų užtingėjus visad gaunasi duok die pora pastraipų, ala "buvo jėga") ir video medžiagos.
 artojelis2008-04-23 11:25
 Dėkui už palaikymą :). Važiuoti ten ir paskui nieko nerašyti būtų biški silly stuff :)
 ZZ12008-04-23 12:03
 o palmyra sake, kad si savaite labai prasta visiems zenklams. darbe nugirdau jeigu ka.
 kraugerys2008-04-23 12:30
 Vo tei tau :) Kompanjonu turi ? :D i toki stuffa ir ash mielai pasirashyciau :) tik manes greiciausiai sibiras laukia, tad ash pass :D
 artojelis2008-04-23 13:09
 To ZZ1 -> Vadinas Palmyra apsišaukėlė :)
 To Kraugerys -> Jeeez... Ką vėl prisidirbai?
 velijura2008-04-23 13:46
 nu jėga, jėga. jovaiša sakė, kad tu pamišęs ant žaidimų, tai dabar matau, kad tikra tiesa :)
 siūlau paskelbti sąskaitos nr. žiū, gal kokie pasekėjai ar buvusios sabutylnikės dovanų perves litais ;)
 artojelis2008-04-23 13:58
 Nu ar nesakiau? Jau net pasipelnymo prognozės pildosi :)
 velijura2008-04-23 14:30
 nu negi gaila geram žmogui :)
 Originalas2008-04-23 14:42
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type: wikipedia

text:
Reformace (lat. obnovení či oprava) byl rozkol v katolické církvi, který natrvalo změnil Evropu. Těžiště procesu bylo v 16. století. Cílem reformačních aktivistů byla náprava poměrů a návrat ke křesťanství nezatíženému tradicí. V průběhu reformace se vytvořily protestantské církve. Proti poměrům v církvi veřejně vystoupili již předchůdci reformace, jejich kritika však byla prohlášena za kacířství (Ockham, Viklef, Hus). S výjimkou husitských Čech neměla také důsledky politické a institucionální. Klíčovým pro spuštění reformačního procesu a hnutí se tak stalo až vystoupení Martina Luthera, zejména jeho známé přibití 95 tezí na dveře kostela Všech svatých ve Wittenbergu, což je akt, jehož historičnost je někdy zpochybňována, jisté nicméně je, že Luther 95 tezí přiložil 31. října 1517 jako přílohu k dopisu Albrechtovi Braniborskému, arcibiskupovi mohučskému. Toto datum je také dnes slaveno jako Den reformace. Německo se díky Lutherovi stalo epicentrem reformace, další významné centrum pak vzniklo ve Švýcarsku (Jan Kalvín, Ulrich Zwingli), v Anglii, kde však byla reformace spíše politickým manévrem, posléze v Nizozemsku, Skandinávii a Spojených státech.
 Podle center reformace se rozlišuje německá reformace v čele Lutherem, luteránství se stalo základem pozdější lutherské církve. Dále je to švýcarská reformace (kalvinismus), která vedla k založení reformované církve. Specifickou je česká reformace, s jejími radikálními (táborité) i umírněnými směry (utrakvismus, Jednota bratrská). Anglická reformace vyústila ve vznik anglikánské církve, z ní vzešly také puritanismus a probuzenectví, jež sehrály posléze velkou roli ve Spojených státech, stejně jako baptisté (navazující na novokřtěnce), presbyteriáni, metodismus, letniční hnutí či evangelikalismus. Společným jmenovatelem evangelických církví lutherských i reformovaných jsou 3 sola (latinsky pouze) - Sola Fide, Sola Gratia, Sola Scriptura (pouze milost, pouze víra, pouze Písmo), s rozdílnou mírou jejich důsledků v praxi. Věroučné rozdíly se vyskytují např. v otázce Svaté večeře a učení o predestinaci, přesto jsou si evangelíci myšlenkově blízcí.
 Katolická církev na reformaci reagovala protireformací. Jedním z jejích projevů bylo barokní umění.
 Příčiny
 Obecnou teologickou příčinou reformace byl rozpor mezi Biblí a tehdejší církevní praxí. Papežství ignorovalo nebo potlačovalo kritiky poměrů. K obecnějším příčinám sociálním patří koroze feudalismu a vzestup nacionalismu. Svou roli sehrál také vynález knihtisku a s ním spjatá větší dostupnost a čtenost Bible (a dalších knih).
 Bezprostřední příčinou byl spor o odpustky, které jejich kritici označovali za kupčení se spásou. V 95 tezích Luther popsal, jak odpustky odvádějí křesťany od opravdového pokání a lítosti nad hříchem, protože si lidé myslí, že se tomu lze vyhnout koupí odpustku. Odpustky navíc podle Luthera odrazují křesťany od obdarovávání chudých a dalších skutků milosrdenství, jelikož se věří, že odpustkové listiny mají větší duchovní hodnotu. I když Luther tvrdil, že jeho pozice vůči odpustkům se shoduje s papežovou, Teze zpochybnily papežskou bulu ze 14. století o tom, že papež může používat poklad zásluh a dobrých skutků minulých svatých, aby odpouštěl časné tresty za hříchy.
 Církevní nadřízení Luthera kvůli protiodpustkovému boji stíhali pro kacířství, což vyústilo na počátku ledna roku 1521 v jeho exkomunikaci. Luther později nicméně uváděl, že odpustky jsou vedlejším problémem, že klíčovým teologickým problémem, kvůli němuž bylo nutno vytvořit novou církev, byla otázka víry, spásy a svobodné vůle (debata Luthera s Erasmem Rotterdamským).
 Další významnou otázkou, otevřenou již Ockhamem, Viklefem a Husem, byla politická a ekonomická moc církve. Nákladná správa majetku církve měla svůj odraz v zavádění stále nových církevních poplatků, což se setkávalo s odporem. Někteří reformátoři šli tak daleko, že obviňovali preláty z prodeje církevních úřadů (simonie).
 Průběh
 Anglická reformace
 Kořeny protestantské tradice v Anglii se hledají u františkána Williama Ockhama, který kritizoval bohatství a moc církve a přiklonil se ke stanovisku císaře, že papež mu má být podřízen. Na něj navázal John Wycliffe (1320/1330 – 1384). Vystupoval proti moci církve, proti odpustkům, ve svých postojích důsledně vycházel z Bible. Zdůrazňuje, že hlavní křesťanskou autoritou nejsou církevní hodnostáři, ale Bible, a odmítá hospodářskou a vůbec světskou moc církve, přemíru a pompéznost obřadů apod.
 Politickou realitou se anglická reformace začala stávat ovšem až díky krokům anglického krále Jindřicha VIII. Ten žádal papeže o zrušení svého manželství (prvně roku 1527) a nebylo mu vyhověno. Jindřich následně začal pracovat na tom, aby moc papeže v Anglii zlomil. Klíčovou byla série aktů anglického parlamentu mezi lety 1532 a 1534. Mezi nimi byl i Zákon o svrchovanosti z roku 1534, který prohlásil, že král Jindřich je „nejvyšší hlavou anglické církve na zemi“. Tento titul odvrhla Marie I. v roce 1553, která chtěla autoritu papežství v Anglii obnovit, avšak Alžběta I. znovu potvrdila královskou nadvládu nad církví v roce 1559, byť přijala titul nový - "nejvyšší guvernér anglické církve". Král se stal konečnou autoritou v teologických i právních otázkách, papežství bylo zbaveno vlivu na jmenování biskupů a církevní daň přestala být placena do Říma, ale náležela nově anglické koruně. Teologie a liturgie anglické církve se za vlády Jindřichova syna Eduarda VI. stala značně protestantskou, z velké části podle linie stanovené arcibiskupem Thomasem Cranmerem. Alžběta později protestantskou linii zmírnila. O tyto otázky se pak vedly tvrdé spory, nezřídka krvavé. Do jisté míry stály i za anglickou občanskou válkou, nebo též za sesazením posledního katolického monarchy Anglie Jakuba II. Stuarta při tzv. Slavné revoluci r. 1688. Po ní se ustavila anglikánská církev jako státní církev, a tou je do značné míry dosud. Od slavné revoluce bylo praktikování katolictví v Anglii nezákonné, a to až do roku 1829, do přijetí tzv. Roman Catholic Relief Act.
 Německá reformace
 Za počátek reformačního procesu je považován 31. říjen 1517, kdy Martin Luther uveřejnil svých 95 tezí. Jeho cílem bylo vyvolat akademickou diskusi, jeho myšlenky se však velmi rychle roznesly a vzbudily obrovskou pozornost. Řím označil tyto teze za kacířské a vyzval Luthera k jejich odvolání. Jeho spisy byly páleny, Luther reagoval spálením papežské buly a vydáním dalších spisů, ve kterých odmítal autoritu papeže a koncilů a žádal církevní reformy. V roce 1521, po uvalení církevní klatby, následovalo předvolání před říšský sněm ve Wormsu, na kterém Luther odmítl své učení odvolat, pokud nebude přesvědčen svědectvím Písma. Císař Karel V. vydal Wormský edikt, který zůstal v platnosti během celého reformátorova života. Jeho obsahem je říšská klatba proti Lutherovi a zákaz jeho učení. Luther se uchýlil na hrad Wartburg, kde přeložil Bibli. Tento překlad měl zásadní vliv na vývoj němčiny.
 Pod vlivem Lutherových spisů a jeho vystoupení ve Wormsu propukly od podzimu 1521 prakticky v celém Německu náboženské nepokoje, zprvu s centrem ve Wittenbergu. Nové učení se rychle šířilo i pod vlivem Lutherova překladu Bible, která byla do té doby veřejnosti prakticky nedostupná. Němci přecházeli houfně na novou víru, mniši a jeptišky opouštěli kláštery. Proti radikálním projevům reformace (obrazoborectví a selským nepokojům) reformátor ostře vystupoval.
 Na politické úrovni došlo nejprve v roce 1526 ve Špýru k rozhodnutí, že se volba náboženství přenechává autonomii zeměpánů. Když bylo na dalším říšském sněmu 1529 toto právo opět zrušeno, evangeličtí stavové protestovali (odtud protestanti) opuštěním jednání. V roce 1530 předložili evangelíci na sněmu v Augsburgu Melanchthonovo Augsburské vyznání, pokus o přiblížení katolické straně (zdůraznění společných rysů víry) a zároveň první evangelické vyznání nové víry. Katolické stavy toto dílo odmítly a císař hrozil protestantům represemi. Evangelické stavy na svou obranu založily šmalkaldský spolek. Po porážce protestantů ve šmalkaldské válce 1546 – 1547 následovalo pronásledování protestantů. Po odstoupení císaře byl uzavřen v roce 1555 augsburský náboženský mír, jehož obsahem bylo zrovnoprávnění obou náboženství na území Německa, a znamenalo faktické uznání rozdělení církve.
 Švýcarská reformace
 Pod vedením Ulricha Zwingliho na jaře 1522 začala reformace v Curychu. Městská rada souhlasila s evangelickým kázáním, postupně došlo k odstranění nebiblických elementů v církevním životě, bylo doprovázeno i obrazoborectvím. Přes totéž východisko se teologické názory Zwingliho zčásti lišily od Lutherových. Pokus o nalezení společného stanoviska při Marburských náboženských rozhovorech v roce 1529 ztroskotalo na otázce Svaté večeře. Napjatá náboženská situace ve Švýcarsku vyústila v občanskou válku, 1531 Zwingli umírá v bitvě u Kappelu. Jeho následovník Heinrich Bullinger spolupracoval na formulování Prvního helvétského vyznání (1536).
 V roce 1533 přišel do Švýcarska Jan Kalvín, pronásledovaný ve Francii pro své protestantské názory. Své učení shrnul v publikaci Instituce (1535). Od roku 1536 působil Kalvín v Ženevě, kde zavedl radikální reformaci, která se dotýkala života všech. Nakrátko byl vypovězen, po návratu pokračoval v budování teokracie (propojení náboženství s politikou). Kalvínovo učení o predestinaci (předurčení člověka ke spáse nebo zavržení) Lutheráni neuznávali, stejně jako jeho pozici ke Svaté večeři, společné s Zwinglim. Když v roce 1549 Kalvín s Bullingerem uzavřeli společné vyznání, vznikla jednotná švýcarská reformovaná církev. V roce 1566 požádal německý reformovaný falcký kurfiřt Bullingera o zaslání vyznání, které vyšlo po podepsání teology švýcarských kantonů pod názvem Druhé helvétské vyznání. To se pak stálo základem reformovaných církví i v zahraničí.
 Česká reformace
 Reformace v českých zemích má na rozdíl od celoevropského pojetí svá specifika. Reformační proces, či alespoň jeho první část, se zde datuje již od počátku 15. století, kdy došlo k celospolečenským událostem díky působení mistra Jana Husa, které měly celoevropské důsledky. Proces probíhal již v období husitských válek i po jejich skončení, České království bylo charakterizováno jako „království dvojího lidu“, rozdělené na katolíky a utrakvisty. Reformní proces na počátku 16. století v Německu byl sledován jak utrakvisty, tak Jednotou bratrskou, která se o zásady luteránství začala opírat. Po smrti krále Ludvíka Jagellonského byl roku 1526 zvolen českým králem Ferdinand I. Habsburský, který slíbil zachovávat náboženské svobody. Došlo k dalšímu uvolnění, což přispělo ke vzniku sekty habrovanských a k příchodu novokřtěnců, zejména z Rakous a Německa. Roku 1555 byla v říši přijata zásada „čí je vláda, toho je i náboženství.“ (lat. Cuius regio, eius religio). Tyto zásady platily i na úrovni šlechtických panství, kde fary a kostely byly obsazovány kněžími té náboženské orientace, kterou vyznával majitel panství. Poddaní pak museli prakticky přijmout víru svého pána.
 V období reformace se objevila řada českých knih, které vydávaly jak reformní církve, tak i jezuité, kteří se snažili sblížit reformační směry a dovést církev ne k "reformaci," ale ke skutečné reformě. Roku 1575 byla vydána Česká konfese, která potvrzovala a upravovala náboženské záležitosti v českých zemích. Náboženské svobody byly roku 1609 upraveny vydáním Rudolfova Majestátu. Zároveň s Majestátem se evangeličtí a někteří katoličtí šlechtici usnesli na tzv. „Porovnání“, což v některých článcích odporovalo Majestátu a umožňovalo různé výklady práva. V důsledku toho vznikl spor v Broumově a v Hrobu, kde si evangeličtí měšťané německého jazyka vystavěli na statcích broumovského opata a pražského arcibiskupa dva protestantské kostely, což vyvolalo rozepře. Předáci broumovských měšťanů byli zatčeni a v únoru 1618 v Praze uvězněni. Tato událost nastartovala další nepokoje, které vyvrcholily Stavovským povstáním proti králi Ferdinandovi II., bitvou na Bílé hoře a vypuknutím třicetileté války.
 Odkazy
 Reference
 Literatura
 Související články
 Protestantismus
 Novokřtěnectví
 Rekatolizace
 Dějiny římskokatolické církve v Česku
 Reformace a protireformace (1550-1648)
 Absolutismus
 Anglikánská církev
 Externí odkazy
 Místa reformace
 Média mylně uvedla, e slovo Lotr pochází od jména Luther : Dingir, 2. 11. 2017


type: legislation

jurisdiction: US

text:
 111 SRES 183 IS: Condemning the Government of Iran’s state-sponsored persecution of its Baha’i minority and its continued violation of the International Covenants on Human Rights.
 U.S. Senate
 2021-04-28
 text/xml
 EN
 Pursuant to Title 17 Section 105 of the United States Code, this file is not subject to copyright protection and is in the public domain.
 III117th CONGRESS1st SessionS. RES. 183IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATESApril 28, 2021Mr. Wyden (for himself, Mr. Rubio, Mr. Durbin, and Mr. Boozman) submitted the following resolution; which was referred to the Committee on Foreign RelationsRESOLUTIONCondemning the Government of Iran’s state-sponsored persecution of its Baha’i minority and its continued violation of the International Covenants on Human Rights.Whereas in 1982, 1984, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2020, Congress declared that it—(1)deplored the religious persecution by the Government of Iran of the Baha’i community; and (2)would hold the Government of Iran responsible for upholding the rights of all Iranian nationals, including members of the Baha’i Faith;Whereas according to the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom’s 2017 annual report, Since 1979, [Iranian] authorities have killed or executed more than 200 Baha’i leaders, and more than 10,000 [Baha’i] have been dismissed from government and university jobs [in Iran];Whereas the United Nations General Assembly Resolution on the Situation of Human Rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran (A/RES/75/191), dated December 16, 2020, expresses serious concern about—(1)ongoing severe limitations and increasing restrictions on the right to freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief; (2)restrictions on the establishment of places of worship;(3)undue restrictions on burials carried out in accordance with religious tenets;(4)attacks against places of worship and burial; and(5)other human rights violations, including but not limited to harassment, intimidation, persecution, arbitrary arrests and detention, and incitement to hatred that leads to violence against persons belonging to recognized and unrecognized religious minorities;Whereas, on January 29, 2020, the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom condemned an Iranian court order allowing authorities to confiscate properties owned by Baha’is in the village of Ivel in Mazandaran Province; Whereas the Iran section of the Department of State’s 2019 Report on International Religious Freedom states that—(1)The government bars Baha’is from all government employment and forbids Baha’i participation in the governmental social pension system. Baha’is may not receive compensation for injury or crimes committed against them and may not inherit property. A religious fatwa from the supreme leader encourages citizens to avoid all dealings with Baha’is.;(2)Baha’is and those who advocated for their rights reported Baha’is continued to be major targets of social stigma and violence, and perpetrators reportedly continued to act with impunity. Even when arrested, perpetrators faced diminished punishment following admissions that their acts were based on the religious identity of the victim.;(3)There continued to be reports of non-Baha’is dismissing or refusing employment to Baha’is, sometimes in response to government pressure, according to [the Baha’i International Community] and other organizations monitoring the situation of the Baha’is.; and(4)According to media and NGO reports, Baha’is continued to face charges that included insulting religious sanctities,corruption on earth,propaganda against the system,espionage and collaboration with foreign entities, and actions against national security. Charges also included involvement with the Baha’i Institute for Higher Education (BIHE), a university-level educational institution offering mainly distance learning, that the government considered illegal.; Whereas, on March 11, 2020, the Department of State released the 2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, which states that Iranian authorities barred Bahai students from higher education;Whereas the Baha’i International Community documented a more than 50-percent increase in hate propaganda directed against the Baha’is in the 12-month period ending in August 2020 compared to prior years with more than 9,500 such articles, videos, or web pages appearing in Iranian government-controlled or government-sponsored media; Whereas the Government of Iran is a party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, done at New York December 19, 1966, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, done at New York December 16, 1966, and is in violation of its obligations under such covenants;Whereas section 105 of the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010 (22 U.S.C. 8514) authorizes the President to impose sanctions on individuals who are responsible for or complicit in, or responsible for ordering, controlling, or otherwise directing, the commission of serious human rights abuses against citizens of Iran or their family members on or after June 12, 2009; andWhereas the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act of 2012 (Public Law 112–158) amends and expands the authorities established under the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010 (Public Law 111–195) to sanction Iranian human rights abusers: Now, therefore, be itThat the Senate—(1)condemns the Government of Iran’s state-sponsored persecution of its Baha’i minority and its continued violation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights;(2)calls on the Government of Iran—(A)to immediately release the imprisoned or detained Baha'is and all other prisoners held solely on account of their religion;(B)to end its state-sponsored campaign of hate propaganda against the Baha’is; and(C)to reverse state-imposed policies denying equal opportunities to higher education, earning a livelihood, due process under the law, and the free exercise of religious practices;(3)calls on the President and the Secretary of State, in cooperation with responsible nations—(A)to immediately condemn the Government of Iran’s continued violation of human rights; and (B)to demand the immediate release of prisoners held solely on account of their religion; and(4)urges the President and the Secretary of State to utilize available authorities to impose sanctions on officials of the Government of Iran and other individuals directly responsible for serious human rights abuses, including abuses against the Iranian Baha’i community.