jurisdiction: US

text:
 DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
 Drug Enforcement Administration
 21 CFR Part 1308
 [Docket No. DEA-382]
 Schedules of Controlled Substances: Temporary Placement of Three Synthetic Phenethylamines Into Schedule I
 AGENCY:
 Drug Enforcement Administration, Department of Justice.
 ACTION:
 Notice of Intent.
 SUMMARY:
 The Deputy Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is issuing this notice of intent to temporarily schedule three synthetic phenethylamines into the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) pursuant to the temporary scheduling provisions of 21 U.S.C. 811(h). The substances are 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethanamine (25I-NBOMe; 2C-I-NBOMe; 25I; Cimbi-5), 2-(4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethanamine (25C-NBOMe; 2C-C-NBOMe; 25C; Cimbi-82), and 2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethanamine (25B-NBOMe; 2C-B-NBOMe; 25B; Cimbi-36) [hereinafter 25I-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, and 25B-NBOMe]. This action is based on a finding by the Deputy Administrator that the placement of these synthetic phenethylamines into Schedule I of the CSA is necessary to avoid an imminent hazard to the public safety. Any final order will be published in the Federal Register and may not be issued prior to November 12, 2013. Any final order will impose the administrative, civil, and criminal sanctions and regulatory controls applicable to Schedule I substances under the CSA on the manufacture, distribution, possession, importation, exportation, research, and conduct of instructional activities of these synthetic phenethylamines.
 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
 Ruth A. Carter, Chief, Policy Evaluation and Analysis Section, Office of Diversion Control, Drug Enforcement Administration; Mailing Address: 8701 Morrissette Drive, Springfield, Virginia 22152, Telephone (202) 598-6812.
 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
 Background
 Section 201 of the CSA, 21 U.S.C. 811, provides the Attorney General with the authority to temporarily place a substance into Schedule I of the CSA for two years without regard to the requirements of 21 U.S.C. 811(b) if he finds that such action is necessary to avoid imminent hazard to the public safety. 21 U.S.C. 811(h). In addition, if proceedings to control a substance are initiated under 21 U.S.C. 811(a)(1), the Attorney General may extend the temporary scheduling for up to one year. 21 U.S.C. 811(h)(2).
 Where the necessary findings are made, a substance may be temporarily scheduled if it is not listed in any other schedule under section 202 of the CSA, 21 U.S.C. 812, or if there is no exemption or approval in effect under section 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act), 21 U.S.C. 355, for the substance. 21 U.S.C. 811(h)(1). The Attorney General has delegated his authority under 21 U.S.C. 811 to the Administrator of the DEA, who in turn has delegated her authority to the Deputy Administrator of the DEA. 28 CFR 0.100, 0.104.
 Section 201(h)(4) of the CSA, 21 U.S.C. 811(h)(4), requires the Deputy Administrator to notify the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) of his intention to temporarily place a substance into Schedule I of the CSA.1
 As 25I-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, and 25B-NBOMe are not currently listed in any schedule under the CSA, the DEA believes that the conditions of 21 U.S.C. 811(h)(1) have been satisfied. Any comments submitted by the Assistant Secretary in response to this notification shall be taken into consideration before a final order is published. 21 U.S.C. 811(h)(4).
 1 Because the Secretary of the HHS has delegated to the Assistant Secretary for Health of the HHS the authority to make domestic drug scheduling recommendations, for purposes of this Notice of Intent, all subsequent references to “Secretary” have been replaced with “Assistant Secretary.” As set forth in a memorandum of understanding entered into by HHS, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), FDA acts as the lead agency within HHS in carrying out the Assistant Secretary's scheduling responsibilities under the CSA, with the concurrence of NIDA. 50 FR 9518, Mar. 8, 1985.
 To make a finding that placing a substance temporarily into Schedule I of the CSA is necessary to avoid an imminent hazard to the public safety, the Deputy Administrator is required to consider three of the eight factors set forth in section 201(c) of the CSA, 21 U.S.C. 811(c): The substance's history and current pattern of abuse; the scope, duration and significance of abuse; and what, if any, risk there is to the public health. 21 U.S.C. 811(c)(4)-(6). Consideration of these factors includes actual abuse, diversion from legitimate channels, and clandestine importation, manufacture, or distribution. 21 U.S.C. 811(h)(3).
 A substance meeting the statutory requirements for temporary scheduling may only be placed in Schedule I. 21 U.S.C. 811(h)(1). Substances in Schedule I are those that have a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision. 21 U.S.C. 812(b)(1). Available data and information for 25I-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, and 25B-NBOMe indicate that these three synthetic phenethylamines have a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision.
 Synthetic Phenethylamines
 The 2-methoxybenzyl series of 2C phenethylamine substances, such as 25I-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, and 25B-NBOMe, has been developed over the last 10 years for use in mapping and investigating the serotonin receptors in the mammalian brain. 25I-NBOMe and 25B-NBOMe were first described by legitimate research laboratories in 2003. Subsequent studies involving these two substances appeared in the scientific literature starting in 2006. 25C-NBOMe first appeared in the scientific literature in 2011. No approved medical use has been identified for these synthetic phenethylamines, nor have they been approved by the FDA for human consumption. Synthetic 2C phenethylamine substances, of which 25I-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, and 25B-NBOMe are representative, are so-termed for the two-carbon ethylene group between the phenyl ring and the amino group of the phenethylamine and are substituted with methoxy groups at the 2 and 5 positions of the phenyl ring. Numerous blotter papers and food items have been analyzed, and combinations of one or more of 25I-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, and 25B-NBOMe have been identified as adulterants. Bulk quantities of these substances have been encountered as powders and liquid solutions.
 From November 2011 through June 2013, according to the System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence 2
 (STRIDE) data, there are 54 exhibits involving 27 cases for 25I-NBOMe; 27 exhibits involving 12 cases for 25C-NBOMe; and 3 exhibits involving 3 cases for 25B-NBOMe. From June 2011 through March 2013, the National Forensic Laboratory Information System 3
 (NFLIS) registered 689 reports containing these synthetic phenethylamines (25I-NBOMe-582 reports; 25C-NBOMe-94 reports; 25B-NBOMe-13 reports) across 33 states. No instances involving 25I-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, or 25B-NBOMe were reported in NFLIS prior to June 2011.
 2 STRIDE includes data on analyzed samples from DEA laboratories.
 3 NFLIS is a database that collects scientifically verified data on analyzed samples in state and local forensic laboratories.
 Factor 4. History and Current Pattern of Abuse
 One or more 2-methoxybenzyl analogues of the 2C compounds described here have been available over the Internet since 2010. The first identified domestic law enforcement encounter with 25I-NBOMe occurred in June 2011 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
 Information from published studies and law enforcement reports, supplemented with discussions on Internet Web sites and personal communications, document abuse of 25I-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, and 25B-NBOMe by nasal insufflation of powders, intravenous injection or nasal absorption of liquid solutions, sublingual or buccal administration of blotter papers, and consumption of food items laced with these substances. These sources also report that 25I-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, and 25B-NBOMe are often purported to be Schedule I hallucinogens like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Reports document that the abuse of these substances can cause severe toxic reactions, including death.
 According to United States Customs and Border Protection data, bulk quantities of powdered 25I-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, and 25B-NBOMe have been seized from shipments originating overseas, particularly from Asia. Given the relatively small quantity of these substances predicted to produce a hallucinogenic effect in humans, single seizures of these substances are capable of producing hundreds of thousands to millions of dosage units. Large seizures of these substances prepared on blotter papers have also been reported. Abuse of 25I-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, and 25B-NBOMe has been characterized with acute public health and safety issues domestically and abroad. In response, a number of states and foreign governments have controlled these substances.
 Factor 5. Scope, Duration and Significance of Abuse
 According to forensic laboratory reports, the first law enforcement encounter with 25I-NBOMe in the United States occurred in June 2011. According to NFLIS, 689 exhibits involving 25I-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, and 25B-NBOMe were submitted to forensic laboratories between June 2011 and March 2013 from a number of states including Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Maine, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Dakota, Nebraska, Nevada, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. The number of reports submitted to NFLIS involving 25I-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, and 25B-NBOMe has increased in each of the last five quarters where data is available. According to STRIDE, there are 84 records that identify 25I-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, and 25B-NBOMe in evidence submitted to DEA laboratories between November 2011 and June 2013.
 Factor 6. What, if Any, Risk There Is to the Public Health
 In 2012 and 2013, emergency department physicians and toxicologists published and presented numerous case reports of patients treated for exposure to 25I-NBOMe. The adverse health effects reported include tachycardia, hypertension, agitation, aggression, visual and auditory hallucinations, seizures, hyperpyrexia, clonus, elevated white cell count, elevated creatine kinase, metabolic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, and acute kidney injury.
 Medical examiner and postmortem toxicology reports from 11 states implicate some combination of 25I-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, and 25B-NBOMe in the death of at least 14 individuals. These reports suggest that 11 individuals died of acute toxicity, and 3 individuals died of unpredictable or violent behavior due to 25I-NBOMe toxicity. 25I-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, and 25B-NBOMe have each been detected in postmortem blood toxicology for cases of acute toxicity.
 Since abusers obtain these drugs through unknown sources, the identity, purity, and quantity of these substances is uncertain and inconsistent, thus posing significant adverse health risks to users. There are no recognized therapeutic uses of these substances in the United States and possible deadly drug interactions between 25I-NBOMe and FDA approved medications have been noted.
 Finding of Necessity of Schedule I Placement To Avoid Imminent Hazard to Public Safety
 Based on the above data and information, the continued uncontrolled manufacture, distribution, importation, exportation, and abuse of 25I-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, and 25B-NBOMe pose an imminent hazard to the public safety. The DEA is not aware of any currently accepted medical uses for these synthetic phenethylamines in the United States. A substance meeting the statutory requirements for temporary scheduling, 21 U.S.C. 811(h)(1), may only be placed in Schedule I. Substances in Schedule I are those that have a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision. Available data and information for 25I-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, and 25B-NBOMe indicate that these three synthetic phenethylamines have a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision. As required by section 201(h)(4) of the CSA, 21 U.S.C. 811(h), the Deputy Administrator through a letter dated September 3, 2013, notified the Assistant Secretary of the intention to temporarily place these three synthetic phenethylamines in Schedule I.
 Conclusion
 This notice of intent initiates an expedited temporary scheduling action and provides the 30-day notice pursuant to section 201(h) of the CSA, 21 U.S.C. 811(h). In accordance with the provisions of section 201(h) of the CSA, 21 U.S.C. 811(h), the Deputy Administrator considered available data and information, herein set forth the grounds for his determination that it is necessary to temporarily schedule three synthetic phenethylamines, 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethanamine (25I-NBOMe; 2C-I-NBOMe; 25I; Cimbi-5), 2-(4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethanamine (25C-NBOMe; 2C-C-NBOMe; 25C; Cimbi-82) and 2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethanamine (25B-NBOMe; 2C-B-NBOMe; 25B; Cimbi-36), in Schedule I of the CSA, and finds that placement of these synthetic phenethylamines into Schedule I of the CSA is warranted in order to avoid an imminent hazard to the public safety.
 Because the Deputy Administrator hereby finds that it is necessary to temporarily place these synthetic phenethylamines into Schedule I to avoid an imminent hazard to the public safety, any subsequent final order temporarily scheduling these substances will be effective on the date of publication in the Federal Register, and will be in effect for a period of two years, with a possible extension of one additional year, pending completion of the permanent or regular scheduling process. 21 U.S.C. 811(h)(1) and (2). It is the intention of the Deputy Administrator to issue such a final order as soon as possible after the expiration of 30 days from the date of publication of this notice. 25I-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, and 25B-NBOMe will then be subject to the regulatory controls and administrative, civil, and criminal sanctions applicable to the manufacture, distribution, possession, importation, exportation, research, and conduct of instructional activities of a Schedule I controlled substance under the CSA.
 The CSA sets forth specific criteria for scheduling a drug or other substance. Regular scheduling actions in accordance with 21 U.S.C. 811(a) are subject to formal rulemaking procedures done “on the record after opportunity for a hearing” conducted pursuant to the provisions of 5 U.S.C. 556 and 557. 21 U.S.C. 811. The regular scheduling process of formal rulemaking affords interested parties with appropriate process and the government with any additional relevant information needed to make a determination. Final decisions that conclude the regular scheduling process of formal rulemaking are subject to judicial review. 21 U.S.C. 877. Temporary scheduling orders are not subject to judicial review. 21 U.S.C. 811(h)(6).
 Regulatory Matters
 Section 201(h) of the CSA, 21 U.S.C. 811(h), provides for an expedited temporary scheduling action where such action is necessary to avoid an imminent hazard to the public safety. As provided in this subsection, the Attorney General may, by order, schedule a substance in Schedule I on a temporary basis. Such an order may not be issued before the expiration of 30 days from (1) the publication of a notice in the Federal Register of the intention to issue such order and the grounds upon which such order is to be issued, and (2) the date that notice of a proposed temporary scheduling order is transmitted to the Assistant Secretary of HHS. 21 U.S.C. 811(h)(1).
 Inasmuch as section 201(h) of the CSA directs that temporary scheduling actions be issued by order and sets forth the procedures by which such orders are to be issued, the DEA believes that the notice and comment requirements of section 553 of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), 5 U.S.C. 553, do not apply to this notice of intent. In the alternative, even assuming that this notice of intent might be subject to section 553 of the APA, the Deputy Administrator finds that there is good cause to forgo the notice and comment requirements of section 553, as any further delays in the process for issuance of temporary scheduling orders would be impracticable and contrary to the public interest in view of the manifest urgency to avoid an imminent hazard to the public safety.
 Although the DEA believes this notice of intent to issue a temporary scheduling order is not subject to the notice and comment requirements of section 553 of the APA, the DEA notes that in accordance with 21 U.S.C. 811(h)(4), the Deputy Administrator will be taking into consideration any comments submitted by the Assistant Secretary with regard to the proposed temporary scheduling order.
 Further, the DEA believes that this temporary scheduling action is not a “rule” as defined by 5 U.S.C. 601(2), and, accordingly, is not subject to the requirements of the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA). The requirements for the preparation of an initial regulatory flexibility analysis in 5 U.S.C. 603(a) are not applicable where, as here, the DEA is not required by section 553 of the APA or any other law to publish a general notice of proposed rulemaking.
 Additionally, this action is not a significant regulatory action as defined by Executive Order 12866 (Regulatory Planning and Review), section 3(f), and, accordingly, this action has not been reviewed by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB).
 This action will not have substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government. Therefore, in accordance with Executive Order 13132 (Federalism) it is determined that this action does not have sufficient federalism implications to warrant the preparation of a Federalism Assessment.
 List of Subjects in 21 CFR Part 1308
 Administrative practice and procedure, Drug traffic control, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.
 Under the authority vested in the Attorney General by section 201(h) of the CSA, 21 U.S.C. 811(h), and delegated to the Deputy Administrator of the DEA by Department of Justice regulations (28 CFR 0.100, Appendix to Subpart R), the Deputy Administrator hereby intends to order that 21 CFR Part 1308 be amended as follows:
 PART 1308—SCHEDULES OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES
 1. The authority citation for Part 1308 continues to read as follows:
 Authority:
 21 U.S.C. 811, 812, 871(b), unless otherwise noted.
 2. Section 1308.11 is amended by adding new paragraphs (h)(12), (13), and (14) to read as follows:
 § 1308.11
 Schedule I.
 (h) * * *
 (12) 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethanamine, its optical, positional, and geometric isomers, salts and salts of isomers—7538 (Other names: 25I-NBOMe; 2C-I-NBOMe; 25I; Cimbi-5)
 (13) 2-(4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethanamine, its optical, positional, and geometric isomers, salts and salts of isomers—7537 (Other names: 25C-NBOMe; 2C-C-NBOMe; 25C; Cimbi-82)
 (14) 2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethanamine, its optical, positional, and geometric isomers, salts and salts of isomers—7536 (Other names: 25B-NBOMe; 2C-B-NBOMe; 25B; Cimbi-36)
 Dated: October 4, 2013.
 Thomas M. Harrigan,
 Deputy Administrator.
 [FR Doc. 2013-24432 Filed 10-9-13; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 4410-09-P


type: caselaw

jurisdiction: EU

text:
 26.4.2008
 SL
 Uradni list Evropske unije
 C 107/10
 Predlog za sprejetje predhodne odločbe, ki ga je vložilo Sozialgericht Nürnberg 22. januarja 2008 – Josif Koupatantze proti Arbeitsgemeinschaft (ARGE) Nürnberg 900
 (Zadeva C-23/08)
 (2008/C 107/16)
 Jezik postopka: nemščina
 Predložitveno sodišče
 Sozialgericht Nürnberg
 Stranki v postopku v glavni stvari
 Tožeča stranka: Josif Koupatantze
 Tožena stranka Arbeitsgemeinschaft (ARGE) Nürnberg 900
 Vprašanja za predhodno odločanje
 1)
 Ali je člen 24(2) Direktive Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta 2004/38 z dne 29. aprila 2004 (1) skladen s členom 12 ob upoštevanju člena 39 ES?
 2)
 V primeru, da je odgovor na prvo vprašanje nikalen, ali je člen 12 ob upoštevanju člena 39 ES v nasprotju z nacionalnim predpisom, ki državljana Unije izključuje iz prejemanja socialne pomoči, če je prekoračeno najdaljše dovoljeno trajanje bivanja, določeno v členu 6 Direktive Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta 2004/38 z dne 29. aprila 2004, in tudi na podlagi drugih predpisov ne obstaja pravica do bivanja?
 3)
 V primeru, da je odgovor na prvo vprašanje pritrdilen, ali je člen 12 ES v nasprotju z nacionalnim predpisom, ki izključuje državljane države članice celo iz pravic do socialne pomoči, ki so odobrene nezakonitim priseljencem?
 (1) UL L 158, str. 77.


type: wikipedia

text:
Il-Ġnus Magħquda għażlet din is-sena bħala s-Sena tal-Kristallografija (xjenza dwar il-Kristalli), tal-bdiewa fil-familja u tal-ġżejjer żgħar.
 Jannar
 1: Il-Latvja ddaħħal l-ewro. Jispiċċaw ir-restrizzjonijiet tas-suq fuq il-Bulgarija u r-Rumanija.
 4: L-Isqof Charles Scicluna, f'intervista ma' ġurnal Taljan, jgħid li politiku Nisrani għandu dover morali li jivvota kontra l-unjoni ċivili ta' persuni omosesswali.
 7: Kesħa rekord fl-Istati Uniti tal-Amerika u fin-Nofsinhar tal-Kanada, b'temperaturi li niżlu sa -53°C f'Montana.
 22: Tiftaħ f'Montreux il-Konferenza ta' Paċi Ġinevra 2, mixtieqa min-Nazzjonijiet Magħquda biex tinstab soluzzjoni politika għall-kriżi Sirjana. F'din il-gwerra ċivili, li ilha sejra iktar minn tliet snin, inqatlu kważi 300,000 ruħ; u 3 miljun ruħ spiċċaw refuġjati.
 22: Laqgħa kbira ta’ politiċi, negozjanti kbar u ċelebritajiet f’Davos, l-Iżvizzera, imsejħa mill-World Economic Forum.
 29: L-Unjoni Ewropea taċċetta l-programm ta' ċittadinanza tal-Gvern Malti, imsejjaħ Individual Investor Programme. Dan il-programm kien qajjem kontroversja kbira f'Malta u anke fl-Ewropa.
 31: Tibda s-sena Ċiniża taż-Żiemel. Dawk iċ-Ċiniżi li jitwieldu fis-Sena taż-Żiemel huma meqjusin bħala nies mill-aħjar fis-soċjetà, iżda jista’ jkun ukoll li jkunu bla sabar.
 Dan ix-xahar mietu:
 5: Eusebio, plejer tal-futbol Portugiż;
 11: Ariel Sharon, eks Priministru Iżraeljan, li kien ilu 8 snin fi stat veġitattiv wara li sofra puplesija fl-2006;
 20: Claudio Abbado, direttur Taljan tal-orkestra;
 20: Wistin Abela, eks Deputat Priministru Malti. Huwa kien Ministru tal-Iżvilupp, Enerġija, Port u Telekomunikazzjoni, fis-snin sebgħin, u ħidmietu kienet importanti biex jitwaqqfu numru ta’ ażjendi kbar bħall-Air Malta, Sea Malta, TeleMalta li aktar tard inbidlet għal Maltacom, Enemalta, TugMalta, l-Malta Shipbuilding u Xandir Malta li illum sar PBS. Kien ukoll fi żmienu li Xandir Malta beda jxandar bil-kulur.
 Frar
 Tfaqqa' l-epidemija tal-virus Ebola fl-Afrika tal-Punent, li matul din is-sena infettat iktar minn 18,000 ruħ u qatlet mill-inqas 7,000 ruħ. L-iktar li hija kkonċentrata hija fl-Afrika tal-Punent: fil-Guinea, f'Sierra Leone u fil-Liberja.
 2: Is-Super Bowl XLVIII, il-finali tal-futbol Amerikan, jintlagħab fil-Metlife Stadium, New Jersey, l-ewwel darba li din il-finali ntlagħbet fi stadium miftuħ għall-elementi.
 7: F’Sochi, fil-Baħar l-Iswed tar-Russja, jibda bil-kbir il-Logħob Olimpiku tax-Xitwa. Minkejja li kien suċċess kbir, il-Logħob kien imdawwar b'ħafna kontroversji, fosthom allegazzjonijiet ta' korruzzjoni, preokuppazzjoni fuq is-sigurtà ta' atleti u spettaturi LGBT wara liġijiet kontriehom li għaddew fir-Russja ftit qabel, protesti min-nies ta' Circassia li qalu li fejn sar il-logħob kien seħħ ġenoċidju, u theddid minn gruppi Jihadisti marbutin mar-ribelli tal-Kawkasu.
 12: F'Malta jinqatel it-tielet raġel fi żmien ġimgħa. Dan inqatel b'żewġ tiri fil-garaxx tiegħu f'Ħaż-Żabbar. Fil-5 ta' Frar kien inqatel b'tir raġel f'karozza fil-Marsa. Fil-11 tax-xahar, raġel Serb inqatel b'daqqa f'qalbu.
 13: Il-Belġju jsir l-ewwel pajjiż fid-dinja li jdaħħal l-ewtanażja mingħajr limitu ta' età. Sitt pajjiżi biss fid-dinja għandhom l-ewtanażja legalizzata, u dawn jinsabu kollha fl-Ewropa: l-Olanda, il-Belġju, il-Lussemburgu, l-Iżvizzera, l-Estonja, u l-Albanija. Hija legali ukoll fi tliet stati fl-Amerika: Washington, Oregon u Montana, mis-sena dieħla anke fil-Quebec, fil-Kanada.
 14: Il-Prim Ministru Taljan Enrico Letta jirriżenja wara nuqqas ta' fiduċja fih mill-Partit tiegħu stess, il-Partito Democratico.
 22: Matteo Renzi, eks sindku ta' Firenze, isir Prim Ministru tal-Italja. Huwa l-iżgħar Prim Ministru tal-Italja, fl-età ta' 39 sena.
 22: Papa Franġisku jaħtar 19-il Kardinal ġdid, fosthom isqfijiet minn pajjiżi foqra bħal Chibly Langlois mill-Ħaiti u Philippe Nakellentuba Ouedraogo mill-Burkina Faso.
 26: Il-Parlament Ukren ineħħi mis-setgħa lill-President Viktor Yanukovych u jqiegħed minfloku lil Oleksandr Turchynov, wara jiem ta' protesti li ħallew mitt ruħ mejta fi Kiev.
 28: Ir-Russja tinvadi l-Krimea, reġjun awtonomu tal-Ukrajna.
 Dan ix-xahar mietu:
 2: Philip Seymour Hoffman, attur Amerikan. Huwa miet ta' 46 sena, b'intossikazzjoni ta' drogi. Fiċ-ċinema bħalissa qed jintwera l-aħħar film li ma rnexxilux iwasslu sat-tmiem: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay.
 10: Shirley Temple, attriċi Amerikana, magħrufa l-iktar għall-films li ħadmet meta kienet tifla żgħira: Bright Eyes, Curly Top u Heidi. Meta kibret, daħlet fil-politika u saret Ambaxxatriċi tal-Istati Uniti għall-Ghana u wara għaċ-Ċekoslovakkja.
 Marzu
 2: Jitħabbru r-rebbieħa tal-Academy Awards jew l-Oscars kif inhuma magħruf. L-aqwa film tas-sena kien ippremjat 12 Years A Slave. Film storiku epiku, adattament ta' bijografija tal-1853 bl-istess isem ta' Solomon Northup, iswed ta' New York State li twieled ħieles iżda nħataf f'Washington fl-1841 u nbigħ bħala lsir. Dan ħadem fi pjantaġġuni ta' Louisiana għal tnax -il sena qabel ma nħeles. Film mibni fuq storja vera u maħdum b’sengħa kbira, juri l-kefrija li l-ilsiera suwed kellhom jgħaddu minnha sakemm inħelsu tant snin wara. Kienu ipprmejati bħala l-aqwa attur: Matthew McConaughey (Dallas Buyers Club); u l-aqwa attriċi: Cate Blanchett (Blue Jasmine).
 5: Il-250 Anniversarju mit-Twelid ta' Mikiel Anton Vassalli, Missier l-Ilsien Malti.
 8: It-titjira Malaysia Airlines 370 tgħib fi vjaġġ lejn Bejing, b'227 persuna abbord. It-tfittxija għall-ajruplan kienet l-ikbar waħda u l-iktar waħda li swiet flus fl-istorja tad-dinja. Madankollu dan baqa' qatt ma nstab għalkemm huwa maħsub li jinsab f'qiegħ l-Oċean Indjan. Erba' xhur wara waqa' ajruplan ieħor tal-Malaysia Airlines, imma għax intlaqat minn missila fil-gwerra tal-Ukrajna.
 9: Kim Jong-un iġib 100% tal-voti fl-elezzjonijiet fil-Korea ta' Fuq.
 11: Il-Prim Ministru tal-Libja Ali Zeidan jitwarrab mis-setgħa mill-Parlament. Jaħrab mill-pajjiż. Iktar tard jiġi rrapurtat li kien Malta taħt il-protezzjoni tal-Gvern Malti li iżda jiċħad.
 24: Ir-Russja sospiża mill-G8 wara l-okkupazzjoni tal-Krimea.
 27: Il-Kometa Holmes, l-ikbar kometa fis-sistema solari, li f’Ottubru tas-sena 2007, wieħed seta’ jaraha mingħajr teleskopju, tasal fl-iktar naħa qrib ix-xemx.
 29: Il-Gvern Malta jiffirma ftehim ma’ dawk li se jipprovdu s-servizzi taċ-childcare b’xejn għal dawk il-ġenituri li jaħdmu. 1,800 omm mistennija jibbenifikaw minn dan is-servizz bla ħlas mill-1 ta’ April.
 29: Godfrey Farrugia jirriżenja minn Ministru tas-Saħħa wara li l-Prim Ministru ried jagħtih ministeru ieħor. Minfloku jinħatar Konrad Mizzi.
 31: Malta tfakkar 35 sena mill-ħelsien tagħha, meta spiċċat l-bażi Ingliża f'Malta fl-1979.
 23: Imut, Adolfo Suarez, l-ewwel Prim Ministru ta' Spanja demokratika wara d-dittatura ta' Franco.
 April
 3: Malta u n-Niġerja jiffirmaw ftehim ta' ripatrijazzjoi ta' immigranti Niġerjani li jaslu Malta regolarment. Dan jiġi iffirmat fi Brussel mill-Ministru George Vella u l-Ministru Niġerjan Aminu Wali.
 4: In-Nutar Marie Louise Coleiro Preca, eks Ministru tal-Familja, issir id-disa' President ta' Malta.
 5: Elezzjonijiet presidenzjali fl-Afghanistan.
 7: Elezzjonijiet fl-Indja. L-ikbar elezzjonijiet fl-istorja tad-dinja. 815 miljun ruħ imsejħa biex jivvutaw. Jirbaħ l-elezzjonijiet Narendra Modi, tal-partit tal-lemin reliġjuż Bharatiya Janata.
 14: Tgħaddi mill-Parlament Malti l-liġi tal-Unjoni Ċivili ta' Persuni tal-istess sess. L-Oppożizzjoni tastjeni.
 14: Fin-Niġerja, il-Boko Haram, moviment Iżlamista militanti, jaħtaf 276 studenta Insara. Uħud minnhom jinqatlu u oħrajn stuprati. L-oħrajn għadhom sal-lum ma nħelsux.
 16: Il-vapur Korean MV Sewol jinqaleb u jegħreq, b'iktar minn 290 ruħ mejta, ħafna minnhom studenti universitarji.
 26: L-450 sena mit-twelid ta’ William Shakespeare jiġi ċċelebrat mad-dinja kollha. Kien fis-26 ta’ April, 1564, meta John Bretchgirdle Viċi-Kappillan niżżel fir-reġistru tal-parroċċa ta’ Stratford il-magħmudija tal-poeta: “Gulielmus filius Joannes Shakespeare”. Il-festival “Globe to Globe” jibda fit-23 ta’ April. Jippreżentaw id-dramm “Hamlet” f’200 pajjiż l-istess atturi. Dan it-‘tour’ jispiċċa fit-23 ta’ April 2016 – l-400 sena mill-mewt ta’ Shakespeare.
 27: Papa Ġwanni XXIII u Papa Ġwanni Pawlu II jiġu ddikjarati qaddisin.
 29: Eklissi sħiħ tal-qamar jidher fl-Awstralja, fil-Paċifiku u fl-Amerika.
 30: Elezzjonijiet fl-Iraq.
 Dan ix-xahar mietu:
 6: Mickey Rooney, attur Amerikan.
 17: Gabriel García Márquez, awtur Kolumbjan. Meqjus bħala wieħed mill-akbar awturi tas-seklu 20 u rebaħ il-Premju Nobel għal-Letteratura fl-1982. Magħruf l-iktar għar-rumanzi tiegħu, fosthom Mitt Sena ta' Solitudni (1967), Ħarifa ta' Patrijarka (1975) u Imħabba fi żmien il-Kolera (1985). Xogħlijietu ntlaqgħu tajjeb ħafna mill-kritiċi u mill-pubbliku, l-iktar għal-istil tar-realiżmu maġiku, li juża elementi maġiċi f'sitwazzjonijiet ordinarji.
 Mejju
 1: Malta u Ċipru jfakkru l-għaxar anniversarju tas-sħubija tagħhom fl-Unjoni Ewropea.
 7: Elezzjonijiet fl-Afrika t’Isfel. Jacob Zuma jibqa’ President.
 10: Fid-Danimarka jsir il-Eurovision Song Contest. Tirbaħ il-kanzunetta tal-Awstrija Rise Like a Phoenix, interpretata minn Conchita Wurst, li hija raġel omosesswali u drag queen li tħalli l-leħja. Malta tiġi fit-23 post, bil-kanzunetta Coming Home tal-grupp Firelight fost is-26 finalisti.
 14: Jibda l-Festival tal-Films ta' Cannes. Il-Palme d'Or tingħata lill-film Tork Winter Sleep dirett minn Nuri Bilge Ceylan. Il-film jeżamina l-qasma kbira bejn is-sinjuri u l-foqra, is-setgħana u dawk bla poter fit-Turkija.
 18: Kolp ta' Stat fil-Libja. Il-Ġeneral Khalifa Haftar jibbumbardja Bengażi u jokkupa Tripli. Il-Parlament jiġi ddikjarat xolt, fost ġlied bejn il-forzi armati u l-milizzji Iżlamiċi.
 22: Kolp ta' Stat fit-Tajlandja mill-Eżerċtu, wara sitt xhur ta' kriżi politika. Il-Kmandant Prayuth Chan-ocha inħatar Prim Ministru taħt it-tmexxija ta' ġunta militari li għadha fis-setgħa b'setgħat dittatorjali.
 24: Papa Franġisku jibda żjara f'Israel, il-Ġordan u l-Palestina. B'rasu baxxuta fit-talb, u b'idu magħfusa fuq il-ħajt "tal-firda" tal-konkrit u mimli graffiti impost minn Israel, u maġenbu tifla Palestinjana żżomm bandiera f'idha, il-Papa għamel dikjarazzjoni siekta kontra simbolu ta' firda u konflitt.
 24: Elezzjonijiet għall-Parlament tal-Ewropa fi 28 pajjiż. F'Malta ż-żewġ partiti l-kbar iġibu 3 siġġijiet kull wieħed, bil-Partit Laburista iġib maġġoranza assoluta ta' voti: 53%, 33,675 vot iktar mill-Partit Nazzjonalista, li ġab 40% tal-voti. Alfred Sant, eks Prim Ministru, ikun l-iktar wieħed li jġib voti: madwar 49,000 vot.
 25: Elezzjonijiet fl-Ukrajna u Petro Oleksijovyč Porošenko isir President. Isiru ukoll elezzjonijiet għal President fil-Kolumbja u l-Malawi.
 25: Imut Wojciech Jaruzelski, li kien l-aħħar mexxej Komunista tal-Polonja. Fl-1981 kien impona l-liġi marzjali f'pajjiżu biex isikket il-movimenti favur id-demokrazija, bħal Solidarnosc. Ftit qabek miet talab li jingħata l-aħħar sagramenti minn saċerdot Kattoliku.
 Ġunju
 2: Titħabbar l-abdikazzjoni tar-Re ta' Spanjol Juan Carlos, li ħalla x-xettru f'idejn ibnu Felipe.
 3: Bashar al Assad ikkonfermat President tas-Sirja, bi gwerra ċivili għaddejja.
 11: Malta u s-Somalja jibdew relazzjoni diplomatiċi bejniethom.
 12: Id-dilettanti tal-futbol jibdew isegwu t-Tazza tad-Dinja fil-Brażil. It-tieni darba għall-Brażil li organizza t-Tazza tad-Dinja (ta' qabel kienet fl-1950) Il-goal-line technology tarma għall-ewwel darba 14-il high speed cameras biex juru tassew jekk il-ballun ikunx daħal fix-xibka. Intuża ukoll għall-ewwel darba il-vanishing foam għall-free kicks. Bdew jingħataw ukoll il-cooling breaks jekk it-temperatura taqbeż it-32 grad Celsius.
 13: L-ewwel unjoni ċivili bejn koppja omosesswali f'Malta.
 17: Tliet għaddasa barranin jegħrqu f'Għawdex: koppja Ingliża u Awstraljan, f'żewġ inċidenti separati.
 21: Fi Piana di Sibari, fil-Kalabrija, l-Italja, Papa Franġisku jikkundanna l-mafja bla tlaqliq u jgħid li l-mafjużi huma skumnikati mill-Knisja.
 25: Isir l-Isle of MTV fuq il-Fosos tal-Furjana f'Malta. Fost il-kantanti li jieħdu sehem ikun hemm Enrique Iglesias, Kiesza, u Hardwell.
 24: L-Iskoċċiżi jfakkru s-700 sena tar-rebħa tagħhom fuq l-Ingliżi fil-Battalja ta’ Bannockburn.
 28: Il-belt ta’ Sarajevo tfakkar il-100 sena minn meta ġie maqtul l-eredi tat-tron tal-Imperu Awstro-Ungeriż, l-Arċiduka Franz Ferdinand u l-mara tiegħu Sofia, Dukessa ta’ Hohenberg. Il-qtil tagħhom kien waħda mill-kawżi tal-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija.
 29: Il-grupp terroristiku ISIS (Stat Iżlamiku tas-Sirja u tal-Iraq) ħabbar it-twaqqif ta' Kaliffat mondjali u ħa l-isem ta' Stat Iżlamiku, bil-Kaliff Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi bħala l-mexxej tiegħu. Dan huwa grupp Iżlamiku estremista u jihadistista li jikkontrolla territorju fl-Iraq u s-Sirja. Jopera ukoll fil-Libja tal-Lvant, fil-Peniżola tas-Sinaj fl-Eġittu, u nħawi oħra fil-Lvant Nofsani, fl-Afrika ta' Fuq, u fl-Asja t'Isfel u tax-Xlokk. Tikser ħafna d-drittijiet tal-bniedem u t-tindif etniku li tagħmel ġie deskritt minn Amnesty International bħala wieħed fuq "skala storika".
 30: Miet Anton Cassar, ġurnalist u kittieb Malti.
 Lulju
 Lulju u Awwissu kienu ddominati mill-Ice Bucket Challenge, li fiha wieħed jitfa' barmil ilma bis-silġ fuq rasu biex iqajjem kuxjenza fuq marda jisimha "amyotrophic lateral sclerosis" (ALS) u jħeġġeġ għal donazzjonijiet għar-riċerka. Dan jiġbdu fuq film u jitfgħu fil-media soċjali. Imbagħad suppost jagħti donazzjoni lill-Assoċjazzjoni tal-Isklerożi jew xi assoċjazzjoni oħra. F'Malta għamluha eluf, fosthom il-President, il-Prim Ministru, il-Kap tal-Oppożizzjoni, l-Ispeaker, u l-Isqof Charles Scicluna.
 1: L-Italja tieħu l-Presidenza tal-Unjoni Ewropea.
 3: Peter Paul Zammit jispiċċa minn Kummissarju tal-Pulizija Maltija. Ray Zammit jinħatar Aġent Kummissarju
 5: It-Tour de France jibda f’Yorkshire, l-Ingilterra. Din hi l-101 edizzjoni tat-tellieqa tar-roti. Ir-rotta hi twila 3,600 kilometru u tispiċċa f’Pariġi.
 8: Israel tibda operazzjoni militari bl-isem ta' Operation Protective Edge fl-Istrixxa ta' Gaża mmexxija mill-Hamas. Wara seba' ġimgħat ta' bumbardamenti Israeljani, attakki bir-rockets mill-Palestinjani u ġlied fuq l-art, inqatlu iktar minn 2,200 ruħ, kważi kollha Palestinjani ta' Gaża.
 8: Il-Brażil jitilfu 7-1 fis-Semi-Finali tat-Tazza tad-Dinja kontra l-Ġermanja.
 8: It-tennista Spanjol Rafael Nadal jirbaħ id-disa' titlu tiegħu tar-Roland Garros (rekord assolut) meta rebaħ lil Novak Djokovic f'4 sets.
 9: Malta u ċ-Ċina jiffirmaw Memorandum of Understanding fuq koperazzjoni ekonomika bl-għan li jikber l-investiment Ċiniż f'Malta. Dan kien iffirmat mill-Prim Ministru Malti Joseph Muscat u dak Ċiniż Li Keqiang f'Beijing.
 9: Elezzjoni għal President fl-Indoneżja. Rebaħha l-Gvernatur ta' Jakarta, Joko Widodo.
 13: Il-Ġermanja tirbaħ it-Tazza tad-Dinja tal-Futbol, b'gowl wieħed kontra l-Arġentina. Din kienet l-ewwel darba li rebħitha wara l-unifikazzjoni tal-pajjiż.
 16: Wenzu Mintoff jinħatar Imħallef fil-Qrati Superjuri. Huwa kien Deputat Parlamentari fis-snin tmenin u wieħed mill-fundaturi tal-Alternattiva Demokratika fl-1989.
 17: It-titjira Malaysia Airlines 17 b'298 persona abbord titwaqqa' b'missila waqt li kienet għaddejja minn fuq l-Ukrajna u r-Russja.
 17: Israel jibda invażjoni fuq l-art fuq l-Istrixxa ta' Gaża biex jeqred is-sistema ta' mini tal-Palestinjani.
 21: Fil-Filippini jiftaħ l-ikbar stadium imsaqqaf “Philippine Arena” u jesa’ 55,000 ruħ.
 23: Il-Logħob tal-Commonwealth jibda fi Glasgow, l-Iskozja. Dan il-logħob ilu jsir 20 sena. L-Ingilterra tirbaħ l-ikbar numru ta' midalji.
 24: It-titjira Air Algérie 5017 tikkraxxja fil-Mali, u toqtol 116-il ruħ.
 Dan ix-xahar mietu:
 4: Giorgio Faletti, attur, kantant u awtur Taljan
 7: Eduard Shevardnadze, l-aħħar Ministru tal-Affarijiet Barranin tal-Unjoni Sovjetika, u wara President tal-Ġorġja.
 20: Gino Camilleri, imħallef u membru tal-Forum Ewropew tal-Imħallfin għall-Ambjent. Kien ukoll President tal-Kumitat Olimpiku Malti.
 30: Alexander Cachia Zammit, eks Ministru tax-Xogħol u tas-Saħħa fis-snin sittin.
 Awwissu
 1: Il-Brigata Ansar al Sharia, milizzja Iżlamika, twaqqaf emirat Iżlamiku f'Bengażi. Il-Ġenerale Haftar jitlaq lejn l-Eġittu.
 4: Jitfakkar il-100 anniversarju tal-Gwerra tal-Ingilterra kontra l-Ġermanja. Jitwaqqaf monument fil-White Cliffs ta’ Dover li jfakkar is-seba’ miljun ruħ li mietu fiż-żewġ Gwerer Dinjija.
 7: Il-mexxejja tal-Khmer Rouge, Nuon Chea u Khieu Samphan jinstabu ħatja bi krimini kontra l-umanità u jingħataw sentenzi ta' għomorhom il-ħabs.
 8: L-Istati Uniti u alleati Għarab jibdew kampanja militari fit-tramuntana tal-Iraq biex iwaqqfu lill-militanti tal-ISIS.
 9: Darren Wilson, pulizija abjad Amerikan jispara u joqtol lill-Afro-Amerikan Michael Brown f'Ferguson, Missuori. Dan wassal għal protesti vjolenti fl-inħawi li ġew imrażżna b'mod militari mill-pulizija.
 10: Elezzjonijiet fit-Turkija. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan isir President.
 14: Papa Franġisku jibda żjara fil-Korea t'Isfel.
 15: Festi f’għeluq il-mitt sena tal-Panama Canal.
 16: Madwar 3,500 atleta żgħażagħ bejn il-15 u t-18-il sena jikkompetu fil-logħob Olimpiku tas-Sajf f’Nanjing, fiċ-Ċina.
 24: Isiru l-MTV Video Music Awards f'Kalifornja fl-Istati Uniti. Il-kantanta Beyoncé u r-rapper Awstraljan Iggy Azalea kisbu 8 nominazzjonijiet kull wieħed, segwiti mir-rapper Amerikan Eminem b'sebgħa.
 25: Jinstabu fdalijiet Puniċi fil-baħar Malti li għandhom 2700 sena.
 26: Jitħabbar waqt ta' ġlied fl-Istrixxa ta' Gaża. Fuq elfejn Palestinjan inqatlu (fosthom 513 tfal) u 11,000 feruti. Inqatlu 66 suldat Israeljan u 5 Israeljani ċivili. 520,000 Palestinjan saru refuġjati f'arthom, u 485,000 minnhom kienu qegħdin imutu bil-ġuħ u 273,000 sabu kenn fid-disgħin skola tan-NM. 17,200 dar tal-Palestinjani nqerdu, u 37,650 dar saru inabitabbli. F'Israel, madwar 6,000 Israeljan kellhom iħallu djarhom minħabba l-biża' li se jiġu attakki mir-rockets.
 27: Jitfakkar il-50 anniversarju ta’ “Mary Poppins”, il-famuż film ta’ Disney.
 27: L-atturi Amerikani Angelina Jolie u Brad Pitt jaslu Malta għall-ġbid tal-film By the Sea.
 29: Tiġi inawgurata l-ewwel edizzjoni tal-Valletta International Visual Arts Festival (VIVA) 2014 bl-iżvelar ta’ tliet xogħlijiet artistiċi prinċipali, bl-iktar waħda li tqanqal kontroversja tkun "Żieme" ta’ Austin Camilleri, skultura fil-bronż ta' żiemel bi tliet saqajn.
 Dan ix-xahar mietu:
 11: Robin Williams, attur Amerikan. Huwa kiseb l-ewwel suċċess bil-karattru aljen Mork fis-serje televiżiva Mork & Mindy (1978–1982), il-bidu ta' karriera ta' suċċess bħala stand-up comedian u attur tal-films. Il-karriera tiegħu ta' films tinkludi fost l-oħrajn: Popeye (1980) li nħadem Malta u kien il-film li tah l-ispinta fil-karriera ċinematografika tiegħu, Good Morning, Vietnam (1987), Dead Poets Society (1989), Mrs. Doubtfire (1993), Jumanji (1995), Good Will Hunting (1997), Flubber (1997), Patch Adams (1998), Bicentennial Man (1999), Jakob the Liar (1999), Night at the Museum (2006), Insomnia (2002) u Happy Feet (2006). Fil-perjodu tal-Milied 2014 Williams se jerġa’ jinterpreta l-parti ta’ Teddy Roosevelt fil-film “Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb”. Il-produzzjoni ta’ dan il-film spiċċat f’Mejju, iżda l-film inħareġ għall-wiri fid-19 ta’ Diċembru. M'ilux deher ukoll f’kummiedja relatata mal-Milied bl-isem ta’ “Merry Friggin’ Christmas”. Sadanittant Williams kien qiegħed jiltaqa’ wkoll mal-kittieb David Berenbaum dwar sequel għall-film kummiedja li kisbitlu suċċess enormi fl-1993, Mrs Doubtfire.
 13: Hugh Harding, eks Prim Imħallef tal-Qrati Maltin. Miet ġurnata wara li mietet martu. Jibqa’ magħruf ukoll għall-ħidma li wettaq bħala avukat tat-Tarznari qabel ma sar Imħallef u għall-istudji storiko-legali li wettaq fiż-żmien li għamel jgħallem u jirriċerka fl-Istorja tal-Legiżlazzjoni fl-Università ta’ Malta.
 24: Richard Attenborough, attur u direttur Ingliż tal-films .
 Settembru
 6: Jegħrqu 500 immigrant Afrikan li mill-Eġittu kienu ġejjin Malta. Matul is-sena 2014 għerqu madwar 3,000 immigrant fil-Baħar Mediterran.
 16: Il-mexxejja tad-dinja jinġabru fi New York għall-Assemblea Ġenerali tal-Ġnus Magħquda. Il-Prim Ministru Malti jindirizza l-Assemblea fis-26 tax-xahar.
 18: Votazzjoni f’referendum fl-Iskozja biex jagħżlu jekk l-Iskozja tibqax parti mir-Renju Unit tal-Ingilterra. 55% tal-Iskoċċiżi jivvutaw li l-Iskozja tibqa' parti.
 18: Il-President ta' Malta tiltaqa' ma' Malala, attivista Pakistana Rebbieħa tal-Premju Nobel għall-Paċi, f'Birmingham l-Ingilterra.
 18: Il-film Serena, dirett minn Eric Lamhene mil-Lussemburgu rebaħ bħala l-aqwa film fis-sitt edizzjoni tal-Malta Short Film Festival, li kien ilu għaddej 10 ġimgħat. Ħadu sehem 1,700 film ġejjin minn 50 pajjiż.
 19: Il-Logħob tal-Asja iżanżnu s-slogan “Id-Diversità tinsab hawn” waqt il-ftuħ tal-Logħob f’Incheon fil-Korea t’Isfel.
 20: L-Amerikani jfakkru l-kant u l-mużika ta’ “The Star-Spangled Banner”, miktuba minn Francis Scott Key kif intemmet il-gwerra mal-Ingilterra ġo Fort McHenry, mitejn sena ilu.
 20: Wara l-każi ta' sparar fuq tajr protett, il-Gvern Malti ħa d-deċiżjoni li jagħlaq l-istaġun tal-kaċċa fil-ħarifa sal-10 ta' Ottubru, meta tkun spiċċat il-passa tal-għasafar protetti. L-għada fil-Belt Valletta numru ta' kaċċaturi ħarġu jipprotestaw kontra l-Gvern.
 21: Malta tfakkar il-50 sena mill-indipendenza tagħha bi spettaklu kbir fil-Port il-Kbir. Il-Prinċep William tal-Ingilterra jagħmel żjara uffiċjali f'Malta.
 21: Papa Franġisku jagħmel żjara fl-Albanija.
 22: L-Istati Uniti u alleati Għarab jibdew kampanja militari fis-Sirja.
 23: Dilettanti tal-golf mid-dinja kollha jinġabru fi Gleneagles, l-Iskozja, għar-Ryder Cup.
 26: Is-Summit Dinji tar-Rebbieħa tal-Premju Nobel għall-Paċe li kellu jsir fl-Afrika t'Isfel jiġi sospiż wara li dan il-pajjiż jiċħad li joħroġ visa lid-Dalai Lama.
 29: Il-President ta' Malta tiltaqa' mal-Papa Franġisku fil-Vatikan u tagħmillu stedina biex iżur Malta.
 Ottubru
 5: Papa Franġisku jiftaħ is-Sinodu Staordinarju tal-Isqfijiet fuq il-Familja. Ħadu sehem 253 isqof u ħafna mistidnin oħra. Iddiskutew problemi li tiffaċċja l-familja bħal l-effetti tal-gwerra, l-immigrazzjoni, il-vjolenza domestika, il-poligamija, iż-żwieġ inter-reliġjużi, il-ko-abitazzjoni, iż-żwiġijiet li jfallu, id-divorzju u dawk li jerġgħu jiżżewġu.
 10: Il-Fond Monetarju Internazzjonali u l-Bank Dinji jiltaqgħu f’Washington DC, l-Istati Uniti għal-laqgħa annwali tagħhom.
 18: Fi tmiem is-Sinodu tal-Isqfijiet, Papa Franġisku qal lill-Isqfijiet li l-Knisja trid "issib triq tan-nofs bejn ir-'riġidità ostili' u 'sens falz ta' ħniena'”.
 18: Mons. Pawlu Cremona jirriżenja minn Arċisqof ta' Malta minħabba raġunijiet ta' saħħa. L-Isqof Charles Scicluna jinħatar Amministratur tal-Arċidjoċesi sakemm jinħatar Arċisqof ġdid mill-Papa.
 19: Il-Knisja tiddikjara lil Papa Pawlu VI Beatu.
 21: Oscar Pistorius, atleta bla saqajn mill-Afrika t'Isfel, jingħata sentenza ta' ħames snin ħabs għall-qtil tal-għarusa tiegħu Reeva Steenkamp fi Frar tas-sena l-oħra.
 26: Dilma Rousseff ikkonfermata President tal-Brażil fil-ballottaġġ tal-elezzjonijiet.
 26: Malta u l-Ġordan jiffirmaw ftehim bilaterali ta' koperazzjoni.
 27: Swansea, l-Ingilterra, tfakkar il-100 sena mit-twelid tal-poeta Dylan Thomas.
 27: Karmenu Vella jirriżenja mill-Parlament Malti wara 38 sena biex isir Kummissarju Ewropew għall-ambjent, is-sajd u l-affarijiet marittimi.
 29: Jitressaq quddiem il-Parlament Malti, l-Att dwar l-Identità tal-Ġeneru, biex jagħti drittijiet lil persuni transgender.
 31: Il-President tal-Burkina Faso jirriżenja wara protesti kbar kontrieh fil-pajjiż.
 Novembru
 3: New York tiftaħ il-One World Trade Centre 13-il sena wara l-attakki terroristiċi tal-11 ta’ Settembru, 2001.
 7: F'Malta tagħmel maltempata kbira b'ċiklun qawwi u xita.
 9: Ċelebrazzjonijiet biex ifakkru l-25 anniversarju mill-waqgħa tal-ħajt ta’ Berlin.
 15: Fi Brisbane, l-Awstralja, issir il-laqgħa tal-G20, l-20 pajjiżi kbar.
 15: Isir għall-ewwel darba f'Malta l-Junior Eurovision Song Contest. Il-kantanta Maltija Federica Falzon tiġi fir-raba' post.
 17: Il-Ministru tal-Finanzi Malti jaqra l-itwal Budget fil-Parlament Malti. Huwa dam jaqrah 3 sigħat u 45 minuta.
 19: Ix-xufier tal-Ministru tal-Intern Manwel Mallia jispara żewġ tiri fuq karozza mill-karozza tal-Ministru. Il-Ministeru joħroġ stqarrija li fiha jingħad li dawn kienu warning shots u mhux tiri fuq karozza. Dan iwassal għal pressjoni mill-media għar-riżenja tal-Ministru u biex ħamest ijiem wara, il-Prim Ministru jaħtar inkjesta mmexxija minn tliet eks maġistrati.
 24: Jerġgħu jqumu irvelli kbar f'Ferguson, Missuori fl-Istati Uniti, wara li grand jury tiddeċiedi li ma tinkriminax lill-pulizija abjad li kien qatel raġel iswed f'Awwissu.
 24: Iż-żbib ta' Pantellerija isir Patrimonju tal-Umanità mill-UNESCO.
 25: Papa Franġisku jindirizza lill-Parlament Ewropew u jċanfar lill-Ewropa: "Ma rridux inħallu 'l-Mediterran isir ċimiterju kbir."
 28: Papa Franġisku jagħmel żjara fit-Turkija.
 29: L-Isqof Charles Scicluna jitlob maħfra għall-abbużi li saru minn xi saċerdoti u jħabbar proċeduri ġodda fir-rigward tal-każijiet irrapurtati.
 14: Imut, Lino Spiteri, eks Ministru tal-Finanzi u awtur.
 Diċembru
 1: Il-Ministri tal-Ambjent jiltaqgħu fil-Perù għal-laqgħa annwali tal-Ġnus Magħquda biex jiddiskutu t-tibdil fil-klima.
 6: Il-Premju Nazzjonali tal-Ktieb Malti jingħata lil Walid Nabhan għar-rumanz tiegħu "L-Eżodu taċ-Ċikonji", lil Alfred Sant għan-novelli tiegħu "Ċpar" u lil Immanuel Mifsud għall-poeżiji "Penelopi Tistenna".
 8: Wara li l-Prim Ministru Malti rċieva r-rapport tal-inkjesta fuq il-każ tax-xufier tal-Ministru tal-Intern, Ray Zammit jitneħħa minn Aġent Kummissarju u Michael Cassar jinħatar Kummissarju tal-Pulizija. Il-Ministru Manwel Mallia jintalab jirriżenja.
 9: Il-Prim Ministru ineħħi lil Mallia minn Ministru. Minfloku jinħatar l-avukat Carmelo Abela.
 10: Malala u Kailash Satyarthi jirċievu l-Premju Nobel għall-Paċi. Malala, attivista Pakistana għall-edukazzjoni, ta' 17-il sena, hija l-iżgħar rebbieħa tal-Premju Nobel. Kailash Satyarthi huwa Indjan li jikkampanja għad-drittijiet tat-tfal.
 12: Jiġi iffirmat ftehim bejn il-Ministeru għall-Enerġija ta' Malta u x-Shangai Electric. Dan kien l-akbar investiment li qatt sar f'Malta, b'total ta' €320 miljun. Il-kumpanija Ċiniża se tinvesti mitt miljun ewro fl-Enemalta u b'hekk se tkun azzjonist minoritarju bi 33.3% tal-ishma. Dan il-ftehim se jwassal biex l-Enemalta tqum fuq saqajha, u jitnaqqas id-dejn tal-istess kumpanija li barra s-sisa huwa ta' €840 miljun.
 12: Joħroġ il-film tant mistenni “The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies”, it-tielet u l-aħħar film mis-sensiela bbażata fuq The Hobbit miktub minn J. R. R. Tolkien.
 13: Malta tfakkar l-40 sena minn meta saret Repubblika b'ċelebrazzjoni spettakolari quddiem il-Palazz tal-President.
 15: l-Ministru Malti għall-Enerġija, Konrad Mizzi u l-Ministru tal-Enerġija tal-Azerbaijan, iffirmaw Memorandum of Understanding dwar koperazzjoni strateġika fil-qasam tal-enerġija. Dan sar waqt żjara fl-Azerbaijan mill-Prim Ministru ta' Malta, Joseph Muscat.
 16: It-talibani ta’ Tehrek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) jattakkaw skola f’Peshawar, immexxija mill-militar, u joqtlu 145 persuna, 132 minnhom tfal.
 17: Il-President Amerikan Barack Obama u l-President Kuban Raúl Castro ħabbru l-bidu ta' proċess biex jinnormalizzaw ir-relazzjonijiet bejn iż-żewġ pajjiżi. Il-Vatikan u Papa Franġisku għenu ħafna fil-medjazzjoni.
 31: It-truppi Amerikani mistennija jmorru lura lejn pajjiżhom għax l-International Security Force tispiċċa l-missjoni tagħha fl-Afghanistan.
 Dan ix-xahar mietu:
 3: Abraham Galea, psikjatra li ħadem ħafna biex titneħħa l-istigma tal-mard mentali f'Malta
 3: Maryrose Bonello, attriċi Maltija, magħrufa sew għall-parti tagħha ta' Rożi fil-produzzjoni televiżiva Wenzu u Rożi (1975) u bħala n-Nanna Katrin f'Simpatiċi (1999).
 7: Mango, kantant Taljan. Huwa miet ta' 60 sena b'attakk ta' qalb li tah fl-aħħar ta' kunċert li kien qed jagħti.
 10: Maurice Tanti Burlò, wieħed mill-aktar karikaturisti Maltin ta' ħila.
 18: Virna Lisi, attriċi Taljana.
 22: Joe Cocker, kantant Ingliż tar-rock.
 2014


type: contracts

text:
N. L 12/ 20 Gazzetta ufficiale delle Comunità europee 17. 1 . 80
 ACCORDO
 sotto forma di scambio di lettere che proroga l'accordo commerciale tra la
 Comunità economica europea e la Repubblica argentina
 A. Lettera da inviare alle autorità argentine
 Signor . . .,
 con riferimento all'articolo 9, paragrafo 2, dell'accordo commerciale tra la Comunità
 economica europea e la Repubblica argentina, firmato a Bruxelles 1*8 novembre 1971 , mi
 pregio di comunicarLe che la Comunità economica europea dà il suo benestare affinché il
 citato accordo venga prorogato di un anno, con decorrenza dal 1° gennaio 1980.
 Voglia credere, Signor . . ., ai sensi della mia altissima considerazione.
 A nome del Consiglio delle
 Comunità europee
 B. Lettera da inviare al presidente del Consiglio delle Comunità europee
 Signor Presidente,
 con lettera del Ella mi ha trasmesso la seguente comunicazione :
 « Con riferimento all'articolo 9, paragrafo 2, dell'accordo commerciale tra la Comunità
 economica europea e la Repubblica argentina, firmato a Bruxelles l'8 novembre 1971 ,
 mi pregio di comunicarLe che la Comunità economica europea dà il suo benestare
 affinché il citato accordo venga prorogato di un anno, con decorrenza dal 1° gennaio
 1980 ».
 A nome del governo della Repubblica argentina, mi pregio di comunicarLe che anche
 quest'ultimo dà il suo benestare affinché il citato accordo sia prorogato di un anno, con
 decorrenza dal 1° gennaio 1980 .
 Voglia credere, signor presidente, ai sensi della mia altissima considerazione.


type: legislation

text:
 Avis juridique important
 |
 31995D0067
 95/67/CE: Décision du Conseil du 6 mars 1995 concernant la conclusion de l'accord sous forme d'échange de lettres modifiant l'accord de coopération entre la Communauté économique européenne et la République arabe du Yémen
 Journal officiel n° L 057 du 15/03/1995 p. 0077 - 0077
 DÉCISION DU CONSEIL du 6 mars 1995 concernant la conclusion de l'accord sous forme d'échange de lettres modifiant l'accord de coopération entre la Communauté économique européenne et la République arabe du Yémen (95/67/CE) LE CONSEIL DE L'UNION EUROPÉENNE,vu le traité instituant la Communauté européenne, et notamment ses articles 113 et 130 Y en liaison avec son article 228 paragraphe 2 première phrase et paragraphe 3 premier alinéa,vu la proposition de la Commission (1),vu l'avis du Parlement européen (2),considérant que, en vertu de l'article 130 U du traité, la politique de la Communauté dans le domaine de la coopération au développement favorise le développement économique et social durable des pays en développement, leur insertion harmonieuse et progressive dans l'économie mondiale et la lutte contre la pauvreté de ces pays;considérant que, à la suite de l'unification de la République arabe du Yémen et de la République populaire et démocratique du Yémen en la République du Yémen, il apparaît nécessaire d'adapter l'accord de coopération entre la Communauté économique européenne et la République arabe du Yémen (3);considérant que des négociations ont eu lieu à cet effet avec la République du Yémen et ont abouti à un accord sous forme d'échange de lettres qu'il est dans l'intérêt de la Communauté d'approuver,DÉCIDE:Article premier L'accord sous forme d'échange de lettres modifiant l'accord de coopération entre la Communauté économique européenne et la République arabe du Yémen est approuvé au nom de la Communauté.Le texte de l'accord sous forme d'échange de lettres est joint à la présente décision.Article 2 Le président du Conseil est autorisé à désigner les personnes habilitées à signer l'accord sous forme d'échange de lettres visé à l'article 1er à l'effet d'engager la Communauté.Fait à Bruxelles, le 6 mars 1995.Par le ConseilLe présidentA. JUPPÉ(1) JO n° C 310 du 16. 11. 1993, p. 19.(2) JO n° C 128 du 9. 5. 1994, p. 525.(3) JO n° L 26 du 31. 1. 1985, p. 2.


text:
 10.12.2005
 FI
 Euroopan unionin virallinen lehti
 C 315/7
 YHTEISÖJEN TUOMIOISTUIMEN TUOMIO,
 (kuudes jaosto)
 20 päivänä lokakuuta 2005,
 asiassa C-505/04: Euroopan yhteisöjen komissio vastaan Ison-Britannian ja Pohjois-Irlannin yhdistynyt kuningaskunta (1)
 (Jäsenyysvelvoitteiden noudattamatta jättäminen - Direktiivi 2001/19/EY - Tutkintotodistusten, todistusten ja muiden muodollista kelpoisuutta osoittavien asiakirjojen vastavuoroinen tunnustaminen - Sairaanhoitaja, hammaslääkäri, eläinlääkäri, kätilö, farmaseutti ja lääkäri - Direktiivin määräajassa tapahtuvan täytäntöönpanon laiminlyönti - Gibraltar)
 (2005/C 315/12)
 Oikeudenkäyntikieli: englanti
 Asiassa C-505/04, jossa on kyse EY 226 artiklaan perustuvasta jäsenyysvelvoitteiden noudattamatta jättämistä koskevasta kanteesta, joka on nostettu 8.12.2004, Euroopan yhteisöjen komissio, (asiamiehenään H. Støvlbæk) vastaan Ison-Britannian ja Pohjois-Irlannin yhdistynyt kuningaskunta, (asiamiehenään S. Nwaokolo) yhteisöjen tuomioistuin (kuudes jaosto), toimien kokoonpanossa: kuudennen jaoston puheenjohtajan tehtäviä hoitava tuomari J.-P. Puissochet sekä tuomarit S. von Bahr ja A. Borg Barthet (esittelevä tuomari), julkisasiamies: A. Tizzano, kirjaaja: R. Grass, on antanut 20.10.2005 tuomion, jonka tuomiolauselma on seuraava:
 1)
 Ison-Britannian ja Pohjois-Irlannin yhdistynyt kuningaskunta ei ole noudattanut ammatillisen koulutuksen tunnustamista koskevasta yleisestä järjestelmästä annettujen neuvoston direktiivien 89/48/ETY ja 92/51/ETY sekä yleissairaanhoidosta vastaavien sairaanhoitajien, hammaslääkäreiden, eläinlääkäreiden, kätilöiden, arkkitehtien, farmasian alan ja lääkäreiden toimintaa koskevien direktiivien 77/452/ETY, 77/453/ETY, 78/686/ETY, 78/687/ETY, 78/1026/ETY, 78/1027/ETY, 80/154/ETY, 80/155/ETY, 85/384/ETY, 85/432/ETY, 85/433/ETY ja 93/16/ETY muuttamisesta 14 toukokuuta 2001 annetun Euroopan parlamentin ja neuvoston direktiivin 2001/19/EY mukaisia velvoitteitaan, koska se ei ole Gibraltarin osalta antanut tämän direktiivin noudattamisen edellyttämiä lakeja, asetuksia ja hallinnollisia määräyksiä.
 2)
 Ison-Britannian ja Pohjois-Irlannin yhdistynyt kuningaskunta velvoitetaan korvaamaan oikeudenkäyntikulut.
 (1) EUVL C 31, 5.2.2005.


text:
Pancake sorting (letterlijk: pannenkoekensorteren) is een variatie op het sorteren van een rij getallen, waarbij het alleen toegestaan is de volgorde van een zeker prefix van de rij om te keren. Een prefix bestaat uit een aantal getallen aan het begin van de rij; dat aantal mag men zelf kiezen. De methode wordt daarom ook sorting by prefix reversal genoemd (sorteren door omkeren van een prefix). Het is de bedoeling om de rij te sorteren van klein naar groot met zo weinig mogelijk omkeringen of flips.
 Probleemformulering
 Een zekere Harry Dweighter, verbonden aan The City College of the City University of New York, formuleerde in American Mathematical Monthly van december 1975 een probleem dat vrij vertaald als volgt luidt:
 Onze chef-kok is nogal slordig en als hij een stapel pannenkoeken bakt hebben ze allemaal een andere grootte. Dus, als ik ze naar een klant breng, herschik ik ze zo dat de kleinste bovenaan komt, en zo verder, tot de grootste onderaan. Ik doe dat door een bundel pannenkoeken bovenaan de stapel te nemen en die om te draaien, en dit herhaal ik (met verschillende aantallen pannenkoeken) zo vaak als nodig. Als er pannenkoeken zijn, wat is dan het maximaal aantal flips (als een functie van ) dat ik ooit zal nodig hebben om ze te rangschikken?
 Harry Dweighter was overigens een pseudoniem voor de wiskundige Jacob E. Goodman.
 Dit probleem raakte bekend als het pannenkoekenprobleem (pancake problem) en de sorteertechniek als pancake sorting of formeler als sorting by prefix reversals (sorteren door omkeren van prefixen).
 Merk op dat in de probleemformulering gesteld wordt dat alle pannenkoeken verschillend zijn. In wiskundige termen kan de stapel dan zonder verlies van algemeenheid voorgesteld worden als een rij die een permutatie is van de eerste natuurlijke getallen. Een flip is dan de volgorde omkeren van een prefix (dit zijn de eerste getallen, met dit noemt men een -flip) van die rij, met als doel de rij van klein naar groot te sorteren met zo weinig mogelijk flips. Noem dit minimumaantal Dan is het maximum van voor alle permutaties . Dit is het maximaal aantal flips dat ooit nodig zal zijn om een willekeurige permutatie van getallen te sorteren. Dit aantal is bekend voor kleine waarden van maar voor grotere is niet exact bekend. De exacte waarde van voor is : 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, ...
 Het aantal verschillende stapels pannenkoeken die met maximaal flips kunnen gesorteerd worden, is (1, 1, 1, 3, 20, 2, 35, 455, 5804, 73232, ...)
 Algoritme
 Een eenvoudig algoritme om dit probleem op te lossen is het volgende:
 zoek het grootste getal in de rij en noteer de positie daarvan, noem dit ;
 flip de eerste getallen, zodat het grootste getal vooraan komt
 flip dan de hele rij, waardoor het grootste getal achteraan staat.
 Herhaal het voorgaande met de rij van de eerste getallen, en zo verder tot de rij van de eerste twee getallen.
 Onder- en bovengrenzen
 Bovenstaand algoritme vereist hoogstens twee flips per iteratie behalve voor de laatste; als er slechts twee getallen overblijven, is hoogstens één flip nodig. Op die manier zijn er dus hoogstens flips nodig voor een willekeurige beginrij. Dit is een bovengrens voor die echter verfijnd kan worden. In 1977 gaven Michael R. Garey, David S. Johnson en Shen Lin van Bell Labs de volgende onder- en bovengrens aan voor als
 Bill Gates en prof. Christos Papadimitriou publiceerden in 1979 een efficiënter algoritme en een nieuwe bovengrens voor
 wat voor grote benaderend gelijk is aan
 Nog betere onder- en bovengrenzen werden gevonden door Hal Sudborough en medewerkers:
 Voor grote zijn deze grenzen ongeveer en
 Het probleem van de aangebrande pannenkoeken
 Een moeilijkere variatie op het pannenkoekenprobleem is het burnt pancake problem, waarin een zijde van elke pannenkoek aangebrand is. Na sortering moeten alle pannenkoeken met de aangebrande zijde naar beneden liggen.
 Dit probleem wordt ook aangeduid met signed prefix reversal. Men kan dit inderdaad voorstellen door aan elk getal een teken te geven; negatief betekent dan aangebrande kant naar boven. Bij een flip verandert het teken van alle betrokken getallen. Het doel is om de getallen gesorteerd te krijgen en geen negatieve getallen over te houden. In dit probleem is een 1-flip (alleen de bovenste pannenkoek omdraaien) mogelijk; in het normale probleem is dat een nutteloze operatie.
 Deze variante werd geïntroduceerd door Bill Gates en Papadimitriou in hun paper uit 1979. Onder- en bovengrenzen voor het maximaal aantal flips, nu aangeduid met bepaalden zij op:
 Interessant is dat het sorteren van de rij in omgekeerde volgorde in het gewone probleem triviaal is (met één flip de hele rij omkeren), maar in de aangebrande versie juist moeilijk. Om (2 1) te sorteren zijn nu niet 1 maar 3 flips nodig: een 1-flip (-2 1), een 2-flip (-1 2) en een 1-flip (1 2).
 Dit probleem werd ook onderzocht door David S. Cohen, die later als David X. Cohen een van de producenten van de animatieserie Futurama werd. Hij en Manuel Blum brachten de bovengrens van voor terug tot Zij formuleerden het vermoeden dat het moeilijkste geval dat is waarbij aanvankelijk alle pannenkoeken gesorteerd zijn naar grootte maar met de aangebrande zijde naar boven, dus in de configuratie
 Toepassingen
 Hoewel het pannenkoekensorteerprobleem in de eerste plaats een wiskundig probleem in de sfeer van de recreatieve wiskunde is, blijkt het toch een paar (potentiële) toepassingen te hebben.
 Netwerken
 Het pannenkoekenprobleem kan vertaald worden naar een netwerk van parallelle processors, waarin het een effectief routing-algoritme kan vormen tussen de verschillende processors. Zo'n netwerk heeft evenveel processors als er permutaties zijn van Elke processor heeft als label een van deze permutaties. De processors kan men beschouwen als knopen in een graaf. Twee processors gelabeld en zijn met elkaar verbonden door een ongerichte boog dan en slechts dan, als uit kan ontstaan door een flip van een prefix van ' Dergelijk netwerk of graaf noemt men een pancake graph (pannenkoekengraaf). Het is een voorbeeld van een Cayley-graaf.
 Een pannenkoekengraaf bestaat uit knopen en bogen. Het is een reguliere graaf, waarin elke knoop graad heeft. Pannenkoekengrafen zijn symmetrisch, hiërarchisch (de graaf is opgebouwd uit kopieën van ), maximaal fout-tolerant, en hebben een minimale diameter (dit is de maximale lengte van het kortste pad tussen twee knopen in de graaf), namelijk Dit maakt ze aantrekkelijk als schema om parallelle processoren te verbinden.
 Moleculaire biologie
 Sorting by prefix reversals blijkt een tegenhanger te hebben in de genetica. Veranderingen in genomen die leiden tot de evolutie van nieuwe soorten gebeuren dikwijls door transities die de volgorde van een aantal opeenvolgende genen omkeren. Dit kan men modelleren met behulp van signed prefix reversal. Het zoeken naar de snelste evolutie of het kleinst mogelijke aantal transities komt dan neer op het oplossen van dat probleem.
 Externe link
 Bibliografie van Pancake Sorting
 Sorteeralgoritme
 Combinatoriek