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Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2000, 72, 3-18
 UDK 631.435:631.416.8
 SUNKIŲJŲ METALŲ KIEKIO SUNKIOS GRANULIOMETRINĖS SUDĖTIES DIRVOŽEMIUOSE IR JŲ SMULKIADISPERSĖJE FRAKCIJOJE PALYGINAMIEJI TYRIMAI
 Jonas MAŽVILA, Antanas ANTANAITIS
 1995-1999 metais skirtinguose Lietuvos fiziniuose-geografiniuose rajonuose įvertinus dirbamų laukų dirvožemių ir jų smulkiadispersės frakcijos užterštumą sunkiaisiais metalais (SM) nustatyta, kad jų bendras kiekis priklauso nuo dirvodarinės uolienos ir jos granuliometrinės sudėties, dirvožemio genezės, jame esančios smulkiadispersės frakcijos kiekio ir jo naudojimo būdo. Daugialaukės sėjomainos laukų dirvožemiuose, nepriklausomai nuo jų rajono ir grupės, yra natūralus gamtinis sunkiųjų metalų bendras kiekis, nekeliantis aplinkos ir augalų užterštumo pavojaus. Intensyviai ir ilgai naudojant chemines augalų apsaugos priemones iš esmės padidėjo vario bei cinko bendras kiekis panašios granuliometrinės sudėties sodų dirvožemiuose, tačiau leistino dirvožemio užterštumo sunkiaisiais metalais lygio (DLLn ) nepasiekė.
 Sunkios granuliometrinės sudėties limnoglacialinėse dirvodarinėse uolienose susidariusių glėjiškųjų rudžemių (CMg; VG1j), kuriuose intensyviai sodininkaujama ir naudojami cheminiai augalų apsaugos preparatai, smulkiadispersėje frakcijoje visų tirtų toksiškųjų sunkiųjų metalų, palyginus su jų bendru kiekiu pačiame dirvožemyje, susikaupia dvigubai ir dar daugiau kartų, tačiau leidžiamų užterštumo rodiklių (DLLn) neviršija.
 Dirvožemio smulkiadispersė frakcija ypač aktyviai sorbuoja cinką, chromą ir nikelį.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: dirvožemis, smulkiadispersė frakcija, užterštumas, sunkieji metalai.
 Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2000, 72, 3-18
 COMPARATIVE INVESTIGATIONS OF THE CONTENT OF HEAVY METALS IN HEAVY-TEXTURED SOILS AND THEIR FINE-DISPERSED FRACTION
 A. Motuzas, R. Vaisvalavičius, J. Mažvila, A. Antanaitis
 Investigations of pollution with heavy metals of the heavy textured soils and their fine-dispersed fraction (< 0.005 mm) were carried out in different geographical regions of Lithuania in 1995-1999.
 The estimation in arable soils and their fine-dispersed fraction showed that their total amount depends on parent rock and its textured composition, soil genetic group, existing in it fine-dispersed fraction amount and soil utilization method. Under conventional utilization conditions in crop rotation soils, irrespective of their region and group, there is a natural (background) total amount of heavy metals which does not cause any contamination danger to the environment and plants. In arable heavy-textured soils, formed in glacial lacustrine deposits clays the total natural amount of heavy metals is relatively by 2-3 times greater than that in sandy loam, light medium loam soils, formed in moraine deposits. Many years’ intensive use of plant protection means has essentially increased the total amount of copper and zinc in soils of uniform textured composition, however, did not reach the permissible level of soil contamination with heavy metals.
 In the fine-dispersed fraction of crop rotation fields, irrespective of their genetic group and textured composition, total amount of heavy metals in numerical expression is greater than their amount in the whole soil, in separate cases up to 1.5 times, however, according to statistical criteria these differences are not essential and do not reach permissible soil contamination with heavy metals level. Fine-dispersed fraction of Gleyic Cambisols, formed in heavy textured glacial lacustrine deposits parent rock where intensive gardening is carried out and chemical plant protection products are used, all investigated toxic heavy metals, in comparison with their total amount in the whole garden soil, accumulate 2 and more times, however, do not exceed the permissible contamination indices. Such an increase in the total amount of heavy metals in fine-dispersed fraction is essential. This fraction sorbs zinc, chrome and nickel particularly actively.
 Key words: soil, fine-dispersed fraction, soil pollution with heavy metals.
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2000, 72, 19-33
 UDK 633.16:631.559:581.192:631.41
 MIEŽIŲ DERLIAUS IR KOKYBĖS RYŠYS SU DIRVOŽEMIO SAVYBĖMIS IR TRĘŠIMU
 Straipsnyje analizuojama dirvožemio savybių ir tręšimo įtaka vasarinių miežių derliui ir azoto, fosforo bei kalio koncentracijai grūduose. Bandymas vykdytas 1997-1999 metais Dotnuvoje velėniniame glėjiškame lengvo ant lengvo ir vidutinio priemolio dirvožemyje, kurio pH svyravo 7,2-7,6, humusingumas – 2,3-3,0 %, azotingumas – 0,11-0,20 %, fosforingumas – 113-230, kalingumas 86-163 mg/kg ribose.
 Nustatyta, kad miežių derlius ir jo cheminė sudėtis priklauso nuo meteorologinių sąlygų ir bendro augalų mitybos lygio. Grūdų derliaus ir cheminės sudėties ryšys su dirvožemio rūgštumu, humusingumu, azotingumu, fosforingumu ir kalingumu yra išreikštas regresijos lygtimis. Jos rodo, kad bandymo laukų dirvožemio agrocheminių savybių kitimo įtaka derliui ir jo cheminei sudėčiai yra nedidelė, tačiau dėsninga.
 Bandymuose miežių derlius didėjo iš esmės, didėjant dirvožemio pH iki 7,4-7,5, fosforingumui – iki 200 mg/kg, kalingumui – 120 mg/kg, azotingumui – 0,26 %, humusingumui – 3,0 %.
 Grūdų azotingumas šiek tiek didėjo didėjant dirvožemio pH iki 7,4, fosforingumui – 190, kalingumui – 120-150 mg/kg, azotingumui – 0,2 %, o humusingumui – iki 2,5-2,9 %.
 Grūdų fosforingumas nežymiai didėjo didėjant dirvožemio pH iki 7,3, fosforingumui – 198 mg/kg. Kalingumo, azotingumo, humusingumo kitimas grūdų fosforingumui beveik neturėjo įtakos.
 Didžiausias grūdų kalingumas buvo esant dirvožemio pH apie 7,2, mažiausias – 7,5. Grūdų kalingumas didėjo didėjant dirvožemio fosforingumui iki 220 mg/kg, o kalingumui – iki 120 mg/kg. Didėjant dirvožemio azotingumui ir humusingumui, grūdų kalingumas mažėjo.
 Trąšų efektyvumas buvo nedidelis, o jų įtaka derliaus cheminėms savybėms buvo nežymi.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: miežių derlius, grūdų cheminė sudėtis, koreliaciniai ir regresiniai ryšiai, dirvožemio agrocheminės savybės.
 Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2000, 72, 19-33
 BARLEY YIELD AND QUALITY IN RELATION TO SOIL PROPERTIES AND FERTILISATION
 The present paper provides an analysis of the effect of soil properties and fertilisation on the spring barley yield and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentration in grain. The experiment was conducted in 1997-1999 in Dotnuva on a sod gleyic light soil on light and medium loam, with a pH value of 7.2-7.6, humus content – 2.3-3.0 %, nitrogen content – 0.11-0.20 %, phosphorus content – 113-230, potassium content 86-163 mg/kg.
 Experimental findings suggest that barley yield and its chemical composition depend on meteorological conditions and general level of crop nutrition. The relationship of grain yield and chemical composition with soil acidity, humus, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content is expressed by regression equations. They show that the effect of the variation of soil agrochemical properties of experimental fields on the yield and its chemical composition is not marked but consistent.
 The yield of barley significantly increased with an increase in soil pH to 7.4-7.5, phosphorus content to 200 mg/kg, potassium content to 120 mg/kg, nitrogen content to 0.26 %, humus content to 3.0 %.
 Nitrogen content in grain increased a little with an increase in soil pH to 7.4, phosphorus content to 190, potassium content to 120-150 mg/kg, nitrogen content – 0.2 %, and humus content to 2.5-2.9 %.
 Phosphorus content in grain slightly increased with an increase in soil pH to 7.3, phosphorus content – 198 mg/kg. The variation of potassium, nitrogen, and humus content practically had no effect on the content of phosphorus in grain.
 The highest potassium content in grain was determined at a soil pH value around 7.2, while the lowest at 7.5. Potassium content in grain increased with an increase in soil phosphorus content to 220 mg/kg, and potassium content to 120 mg/kg. An increase in soil nitrogen and humus content resulted in the reduction of potassium content in grain.
 Fertiliser efficiency was low, and their effect on the chemical properties of yield was negligible.
 Key words: barley yield, grain chemical composition, correlation and regression, soil agrochemical properties.
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2000, 72, 34-45
 UDK 631.8:631.582:631.417.2
 SKIRTINGŲ SĖJOMAINŲ TRĘŠIMO SISTEMŲ ĮTAKA HUMUSO KIEKIUI IR JO KOKYBINEI SUDĖČIAI VELĖNINIAME JAURINIAME PRIESMĖLIO DIRVOŽEMYJE
 El.paštas: vokefil@takas.lt
 Lietuvos žemdirbystės instituto Vokės filiale velėniniame jauriniame priesmėlio dirvožemyje tręšimo sistemų palyginimo įvairiose sėjomainose stacionarinis bandymas įrengtas 1979 m. Straipsnyje pateikiami 1991-1996 m. (trečia sėjomainos rotacija) tyrimų duomenys apie pašarų (kaupiamieji sudarė 67 %), javų (javų – 83 %) ir lauko (javų – 50 %) sėjomainose naudotų tręšimo sistemų (organinės, organinės-mineralinės, mineralinės) poveikį humuso kiekiui ir jo kokybinei sudėčiai.
 Pašarų sėjomainoje, įterpiant 1 mėšlo normą (52 t/ha) kasmet arba 2 mėšlo normas kas antri metai kaitaliojant su mineralinėmis trąšomis ar be jų, dirvožemis tapo humusingas (humuso – 3,05-3,21 %). Mažiau humuso susikaupė įterpiant 1 mėšlo normą kas antri metai kaitaliojant su mineralinėmis trąšomis ar be jų (2,60-2,64 %). Visos tręšimo sistemos gerino humuso kokybinę sudėtį: iš esmės sumažėjo fulvorūgščių ir „agresyviosios” jų frakcijos (0,1 N H2SO4 ištrauka) santykinis kiekis, huminių rūgščių sudėtyje padidėjo Ca humatų (HR-2) ir sumažėjo laisvųjų huminių rūgščių (HR-1) kiekis. Visos tręšimo sistemos didino huminių ir fulvorūgščių santykį (CHR : CFR>1) ir humuso susidarymo tipas tapo fulvinis-huminis.
 Javų ir lauko sėjomainose humuso susikaupė daugiau (2,15-2,59 %) taikant organinę-mineralinę tręšimo sistemą. Vien mineralinės trąšos humuso dirvožemyje negausino (1,79-1,86 %; netręšiant – 1,87-1,97 %). Įterpus mėšlą su mineralinėmis trąšomis, abiejose sėjomainose humuso sudėtyje padidėjo huminių rūgščių ir sumažėjo fulvorūgščių. Huminių rūgščių sudėtyje padaugėjo Ca humatų. Huminių ir fulvorūgščių santykis lauko sėjomainoje buvo 0,95-0,96, javų sėjomainoje – 0,85-0,87. Vien mineralinės trąšos turėjo mažesnę įtaką humuso kokybinei sudėčiai: huminių ir fulvorūgščių santykis buvo artimesnis šiam santykiui netręštame bandymo variante (lauko sėjomainoje atitinkamai 0,77 ir 0,75, javų sėjomainoje – 0,68 ir 0,62).
 Mėšlas mažino humuso sudėtyje judriųjų humuso medžiagų kiekį, mineralinės trąšos – didino.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: sėjomainos, trešimo sistemos, humusas, judriosios humuso medžiagos, huminės rūgštys, fulvorūgštys.
 Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2000, 72, 34-45
 THE EFFECT OF FERTILIZATION SYSTEMS IN DIFFERENT CROP ROTATIONS ON HUMUS AMOUNT AND QUALITATIVE COMPOSITION ON A SODDY-PODZOLIC SANDY LOAM SOIL
 The effect of fertilization systems (organic, organic-mineral, mineral) on humus amount and qualitative composition was studied in the stationary experiment of fodder (67 % row crops), field (50 % cereal) and cereal (83 % cereal) crop rotations, established in 1979 on a soddy-podzolic sandy loam soil in the Vokė Branch of the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture. This article reports data of investigations over 1991-1996 (third crop rotation). In the treatments of the experiment of the fodder crop rotation where one rate of manure (52 t/ha) was applied every year or two rates of manure every second year alternating it with mineral fertilizers or without them increased humus content in the soil (3.05-3.21 %). In the treatments where one rate of manure was applied every second year alternating it with mineral fertilizers or without them the amount of humus in soil was lower (2.60-2.64 %). All the fertilization systems improved the qualitative composition of humus: the amount of fulvic acids and its fraction extracted in 0.1 N H2SO4 decreased, in the constituent of humic acids increased the amount of humic acids bound with calcium and that of free humic acids decreased. All fertilization systems increased the ratio of humic and fulvic acids (CHA : CFA > 1) and humus formation type became fulvic-humic.
 A larger amount of humus in the cereal and field crop rotations was in the treatments of the experiment with the organic-mineral systems of fertilization (2.15-2.59 %). Mineral fertilizers (N600P271K595) alone did not increase humus amount in soil (1.79-1.86 %; without fertilization – 1.87-1.97 %). A better humus composition was in both mentioned crop rotations in the treatments where manure was applied alternating with mineral fertilizers. The amount of humic acids increased and that of fulvic acids decreased. The ratio of humic and fulvic acids was in the field rotation – 0.95-0.96, in the cereal rotation – 0.85-0.87. In the treatments with mineral fertilizers humus qualitative indices were close to those in the control treatments (field crop rotation: CHA : CFA = 0.77 and 0.75, cereal crop rotation: CHA : CFA = 0.68 and 0.62).
 Key words: crop rotations, systems of fertilization, humus, mobile humus matter, humic acids, fulvic acids.
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2000, 72, 46-56
 Miežių lokalinis tręšimas kompleksinėmis trąšomis GLĖJIŠKAME VELĖNINIAME JAURINIAME LENGVO PRIEMOLIO DIRVOŽEMYJE
 Straipsnyje apibendrinti 1996-1998 m. Lietuvos žemdirbystės instituto Vėžaičių filiale atliktų trijų lauko bandymų duomenys. tyrimai atlikti pakalkintame (pHKCl 5,9-6,9) glėjiškame velėniniame jauriniame lengvo priemolio dirvožemyje. Tręšiant miežius kompleksinių trąšų N60P30K30 ir N90P45K45 normomis pakrikai, vidutiniškai gautas 3,78 bei 4,40 t/ha grūdų derlius, o įterpiant tas pačias normas lokaliai, gautas 0,18-0,21 t/ha grūdų derliaus padidėjimas. Kompleksinės trąšos neturėjo esminio pranašumo prieš vienanares trąšas (amonio salietrą, granuliuotą superfosfatą, kalio chloridą), išbertas ekvivalentiniais kiekiais pagal maisto medžiagas. Miežių tręšimas kompleksinėmis trąšomis lokaliai buvo 1,2 karto pelningesnis ir davė papildomai 110 Lt/ha grynojo pelno, palyginus su pakriku.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: miežiai, kompleksinės trąšos, lokalinis tręšimas, derliaus priedas.
 Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2000, 72, 46-56
 UDK 631.821.1.
 PLACEMENT FERTILIZATION OF BARLEY WITH COMPLEX FERTILIZERS ON A GLEYIC SOD-PODZOLIC SOIL
 This paper presents the summarized results of the three field trials carried out in the Vėžaičiai Branch of the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture during the 1996-1998 period. Investigations were carried out on a limed (pHKCl 5.9-6.9) gleyic sod-podzolic light loam soil. Broadcast barley fertilization with complex N60P30K30 and N90P45K45 fertilizer rates ensured 3.78 and 4.40 t/ha grain yield. placement fertilization with some fertilizer rates ensured 0.18-0.21 t/ha additional yield. Complex fertilizers had no essential advantage comparing to one – component fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, granulated superphosphate, potassium chloride) when fertilizers were applied at equivalent amounts according to nutrients. Barley placement fertilization with complex fertilizers was 1.2 times more profitable and ensured 110 Lt/ha net profit comparing with broadcast fertilization.
 Key words: barley, complex fertilizers, placement fertilization, additional yield.
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2000, 72, 57-77
 UDK 633.1:631.8:631.58:631.559
 SKIRTINGŲ ŽEMĖS DIRBIMO SISTEMŲ IR TRĘŠIMO ĮTAKA JAVŲ DERLIUI IR JO STRUKTŪROS ELEMENTAMS VAKARŲ LIETUVOS KALVOTOSE DIRVOSE
 Tyrimai vykdyti 1995-1998 metais Kaltinėnų bandymų stotyje. Skirtinguose reljefo elementuose (kalvos viršūnėje, šlaite ir pašlaitėje) buvo įrengti 3 bandymai. Šis straipsnis skiriamas biometrinių duomenų analizei, juos lemiančių tarpusavio ryšių paieškoms ir aptarimui. Tyrimų išvados yra tokios: 1. Javų vystymosi intensyvumas, derliaus struktūros elementai ir derlingumas priklausė nuo reljefo. Pašlaitėje visi javai užaugino ilgiausius šiaudus ir varpas (šluoteles), subrandino daugiausiai grūdų varpose (šluotelėse). Didžiausia žieminių kviečių ir avižų 1000 grūdų masė nustatyta pašlaitėje. 2. Meteorologinių sąlygų ekstremumai sąlygojo javų vystymąsi bei derlingumą ir pakoregavo reljefo įtaką šiems rodikliams. Nepalankios žiemojimo sąlygos "išretino" kviečių pasėlį pašlaitėje ir tai nulėmė mažiausią jų tankumą ir derlių šioje reljefo dalyje. 3. Tradicinio žemės dirbimo pakeitimas supaprastintu (seklus arimas ir priešsėjinis akėjimas peilinėmis akėčiomis), vidutiniškai tręšiant, pirmajam sėjomainos grandies augalui – žieminiams kviečiams gali būti taikomas kalvos viršūnėje ir pašlaitėje. Silpnai nuardytame šlaite tik gausesnis tręšimas pateisintų tokios žemės dirbimo sistemos naudojimą. Auginant miežius po kviečių, žemės dirbimo ekstensyvinimas nuardytuose šlaite ir kalvos viršūnėje, o pašlaitėje – visos netradicinės žemės dirbimo sistemos pasiteisino, tik gausiau tręšiant. Intensyvų žemės dirbimą trečiajam sėjomainos grandies augalui – avižoms kalvotame reljefe visai pagrįstai galima keisti ekstensyviu ir tai neturi neigiamų pasekmių derlingumui.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: javai, tręšimas, žemės dirbimo sistemos, derlius.
 Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2000, 72, 57-77
 THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT SOIL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ON CEREAL PRODUCTIVITY ON HILLY SOILS OF WESTERN LITHUANIA
 Experiments were carried out at the Kaltinėnai Research Station during the period 1995-1998. Three field experiments were set up on different landscape positions: on the top of the hill, slope and foot of the hill. This paper provides the results of biometrical data analysis and discusses the interrelation among individual biometrical indices. It was revealed that: 1) Landscape position defined the intensity of crop development, biometrical indices and the yield. Straw and ear length and the number of grain in an ear were recorded to be the highest on the foot of the hill. 1000-grain weight of winter wheat and oats was also the highest at the same landscape position. 2) Extreme meteorological conditions influenced development of crops on different landscape positions. Unstable overwintering conditions reduced the amount of w. wheat on the foot of the hill. This had a negative effect on the yield. 3) Conventional soil tillage replacement by a less intensive one (shallow ploughing and presowing cultivation with a rotary knife harrow) could be used for the first course of the rotation, i.e. winter wheat on the top and foot of the hill when moderate rates of mineral fertilisers had been applied. Only higher rates of fertilisers would justify such reduction of tillage intensity. When the second course of the rotation, i.e. spring barley was sown, a less intensive soil tillage was approved as a suitable one only if greater rates of fertilisers had been used. All methods of the reduction of soil tillage intensity may be used for oats production (third course of the rotation) and in all the landscape positions too.
 Key words: cereals, fertilisation, tillage systems, yield.
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2000, 72, 78-90
 PAGRINDINIO IR PRIEŠSĖJINIO SUNKAUS PRIEMOLIO DIRVOS DIRBIMO BŪDAI VASARINIAMS MIEŽIAMS
 El. paštas: lzi_joniskelio@post.omnitel.net
 LŽI Joniškėlio bandymų stotyje 1994-1998 m. atlikti tyrimai, siekiant nustatyti, kaip paruošus dirvą iš rudens bei kokiais priešsėjinio žemės dirbimo padargais arba jų deriniais galima tinkamiausiai suformuoti sėklos guolį vasariniams miežiams velėniniame karbonatiniame sunkaus priemolio ant sunkaus molio dirvožemyje.
 Rudenį artoje ir pavasarį valkiuotoje bei rudenį artoje, valkiuotoje ir grubiai kultivuotoje dirvoje tirti įvairūs priešsėjinio žemės dirbimo būdai, naudojant padargus su pasyviomis ir aktyviomis darbinėmis dalimis. Nustatyta, kad miežių derlius labiau priklausė nuo pagrindinio, o ne nuo priešsėjinio žemės dirbimo. Rudenį kompleksiškai įdirbtoje dirvoje lengviau suformuoti tinkamesnį sėklos guolį vasariniams miežiams, nes taip paruošus galima panaudoti įvairaus tipo priešsėjinio dirbimo padargus.
 Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2000, 72, 78-90
 METHODS OF PRIMARY AND PRE-SOWING TILLAGE OF CLAY LOAM SOIL FOR SPRING BARLEY
 Experiments were carried out over the period 1994-1998 at the Joniškėlis Reseach Station of the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture on a sod-calcari clay loam soil with a view to elucidating possibilities to prepare a better seedbed for spring barley. Different means of pre-sowing soil tillage using agricultural implements with passive and active working parts, i.e. a cultivator with „C” and „S” type tines, tine harrow, knife harrow and swing harrow, rotovator, combined spring tine harrow implement and different combinations of these implements were studied on the differently tilled soil (ploughing in autumn – levelling in spring and ploughing, levelling and rough tilling in the autumn) in autumn.
 Experimental findings show that the state of clay loam soil conditions for crop growing and productivity depended greatly on the soil tillage methods and tillage intensity. When reducing tillage intensity in spring, i.e. when the soil had been ploughed, levelled and roughly tilled in the autumn, the total porosity, soil moisture content increased, soil structural pattern improved crustification and clod content decreased and a higher (8.6 % or 0.31 t/ha ) grain yield of spring barley was obtained, as compared with soil levelling in spring. Structural pattern decreased and crustification increased when the soil had been tilled by the implemens with active grinding or cutting working parts than in the case of tillage by a cultivator with active grinding or cutting working parts.
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2000, 72, 91-102
 UDK 633.16”321”:636.085.2
 VASARINIŲ MIEŽIŲ SAUSŲJŲ MEDŽIAGŲ IR APYKAITOS ENERGIJOS DERLIAUS KAUPIMOSI DINAMIKA
 El. paštas: vpilip@nora.lzua.lt
 Tyrimai atlikti 1997-1999 m. LŽŪU. Jų tikslas – išaiškinti skirtingu laiku nuimamų vasarinių miežių derliaus kaupimosi dinamiką ir nustatyti optimalų derliaus nuėmimo atžvilgiu javų augimo tarpsnį. Auginti vasariniai miežiai ‘Roland’, kurių derlius nuimtas bamblėjimo, plaukėjimo, pieninės brandos pradžioje, pieninės, pieninės-vaškinės, vaškinės ir kietosios brandos tarpsniuose. Kiekviename augimo tarpsnyje nustatytas nuimtų vasarinių miežių sausųjų medžiagų ir jų sudėtinių dalių (žalių proteinų, žalios ląstelienos, žalių riebalų, žalių pelenų) kiekis. Nustačius vasarinių miežių sausųjų medžiagų organinės dalies virškinamumą in vitro metodu (duomenys nepateikiami), apskaičiuota pašaro energetinė vertė – apykaitos energijos derlius.
 Trejų metų duomenimis, pašarams skirtus vasarinius miežius palankiausia nuimti pieninės brandos pradžioje, pieninės ar pieninės-vaškinės brandos tarpsniuose, kai gaunamas didžiausias sausųjų medžiagų, jų sudėtinių dalių ir apykaitos energijos derlius.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: vasariniai miežiai, augimo tarpsniai, sausosios medžiagos, apykaitos energija.
 Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2000, 72, 91-102
 DYNAMICS OF SPRING BARLEY DRY MATTER AND METABOLIC ENERGY YIELD ACCUMULATION
 The trials were carried out over the period of 1997-1999 at the Lithuanian University of Agriculture. The aim of the trials was to determine accumulation dynamics of spring barley yield and to ascertain the optimum harvesting time depending on cereal growth stage.
 The trials involved a spring barley variety ‘Roland’ which was harvested at the stem elongation, heading, early milk, medium milk, late milk-early dough, dough and caryopsis hard maturity stages. The yield of spring barley dry matter and its components (crude protein, crude fibre, crude fat and crude ash) was determined. After determination of digestibility of organic part of spring barley dry matter using in vitro method (the data are not included) we calculated energy value of fodder – yield of metabolizable energy.
 According to the trials’ data of 3 years spring barley used for fodder may be harvested at the early milk, medium milk or late milk-early dough maturity stages when the highest yield of dry matter, its components and metabolizable energy.
 Key words: spring barley, growth stages, dry matter, metabolizable energy.
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2000, 72, 103-117
 UDK 633.853.494 «324»:631.559
 SĖJOS LAIKO IR SĖKLOS NORMOS ĮTAKA ŽIEMINIŲ RAPSŲ SĖKLŲ DERLIUI LENGVUOSE PRIEMOLIUOSE
 Robertas MONTVILAS, Vitalijus MITTAS
 El. paštas: robertas@lzi.lt
 1991-1997 metais Lietuvos žemdirbystės institute lengvo priemolio dirvožemyje, kurio pH 6,8-7,2, judriųjų P2O5 ir K2O atitinkamai 130-170 ir 150-180 mg/kg dirvožemio, buvo atlikti tyrimai, kurių tikslas – nustatyti sėjos laiko ir sėklos normos įtaką žieminių rapsų (Brassica napus L. spp. oleifera biennis Metzg.) vystymuisi, žiemojimui, jų sėklų derliui bei kokybei. Pasėjus rugpjūčio 5-10 dienomis 2-8 kg/ha rapsų sėklos, buvo gautas 30,9 % didesnis sėklų derlius, palyginus su rugpjūčio 30 dieną sėtais rapsais. Vėlinant sėją, didesnę įtaką sėklų derliui turėjo didesnės sėklos normos. Pasėjus rugpjūčio 15 dieną 2 kg/ha rapsų sėklos, buvo gautas 6,04 % mažesnis sėklų derlius, palyginus su rugpjūčio 5 dienos sėja. Pasėjus rugpjūčio 20 dieną, derliaus sumažėjimas buvo gautas tik išsėjus 2-4 kg/ha sėklos. Beriant 6-8 kg/ha sėklos, derlius iš esmės sumažėjo tik pasėjus rapsus rugpjūčio 30 dieną. Geriausiai (53,8-68,2 % ) žiemojo rugpjūčio 5-10 dienomis pasėti, iki žiemojimo pradžios 431,9-455,0° C aktyviųjų (aukštesnių nei +5° C) temperatūrų sumą gavę rapsai. Suvėlinus rapsų sėją iki rugpjūčio 30 dienos, rapsų peržiemojimas iš esmės blogėjo. Sėklos normos didinimas augalų peržiemojimui didesnės įtakos neturėjo.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: žieminiai rapsai, sėjos laikas, sėklos norma, derlius, žiemojimas, aktyviosios temperatūros.
 Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2000, 72, 103-117
 THE EFFECT OF SOWING TIME AND SEED RATE ON WINTER RAPE SEED YIELD ON LIGHT LOAM
 R. Montvilas, V. Mittas
 Investigation of sowing time and seed rate effect on winter rape development, overwinter survival, seed yield and its quality was carried out over the period 1991-1997 at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture on soddy gleyic weakly podzolized light loam containing pH 6.8-7.2, available P2O5 and K2O 130-170 and 150-180 mg/kg of soil respectively. Sown on August 5-10 at the rate of 2-8 kg/ha winter rape produced by 30.9 % higher seed yield as compared with August 30 sowing term. When delaying sowing seed rates had a higher effect. When sowing on August 15 at a rate of 2 kg the seed yield was by 6.04 % lower than that sown on August 5. When sown on August 20 a yield reduction was obtained only at a seed rate 2-4 kg/ha. At the 6-8 kg/ha seed rate the yield declined only when winter rape had been sown on August 30. The highest (53.8-68.2 %) overwinter survival was shown by winter rape sown on August 5-10, which accumulated 431.9-455.0° C active temperatures in autumn. Later, before August 30 sown winter rape showed a significantly lower overwinter survival. The seed rate effect on this indicator was insignificant.
 Key words: winter rape, sowing time, seed rate, yields, overwinter survival, active temperatures.
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2000, 72, 118-135
 UDK 633.853.494«321»:631.559:581.19
 VASARINIŲ RAPSŲ SĖKLŲ DERLIAUS BEI BALTYMŲ IR RIEBALŲ IŠEIGOS PRIKLAUSOMUMAS NUO AZOTO, FOSFORO IR KALIO KIEKIO AUGALUOSE SKIRTINGAIS VYSTYMOSI TARPSNIAIS
 Lauko bandymai su vasariniais rapsais (Brassica napus) ‘Star’ vykdyti 1993-1997 metais Lietuvos žemdirbystės institute Dotnuvoje velėniniame glėjiniame lengvo priemolio dirvožemyje, turint tikslą išsiaiškinti azoto, fosforo ir kalio koncentracijos augaluose 4-5 lapų vystymosi tarpsnyje, žydėjimo pradžioje ir pabaigoje bei sėklų brendimo tarpsnyje įtaką sėklų derliui bei baltymų ir riebalų išeigai iš hektaro. Tyrimai rodo, kad kuo didesnė esti azoto koncentracija augaluose jų vegetacijos metu, tuo didesnis sėklų derlius ir baltymų bei riebalų išeiga. Fosforo koncentracijos kitimas augaluose 4-5 lapų vystymosi tarpsnyje bei žydėjimo tarpsnio pradžioje patikimos įtakos vasarinių rapsų derliui neturėjo. Žydėjimo tarpsnio pabaigoje didėjant fosforo koncentracijai augaluose mažėjo vasarinių rapsų sėklų derlius bei baltymų ir riebalų išeiga, tačiau sėklų brendimo tarpsnyje didėjanti fosforo koncentracija jau didino minėtus rodiklius. Kalio koncentracijos didėjimas augaluose, nepriklausomai nuo jų išsivystymo laipsnio, didino ar turėjo tendenciją didinti vasarinių rapsų sėklų derlių ir baltymų bei riebalų išeigą. Tačiau tyrimai rodo, kad kalio koncentracijos įtaka minėtiems rodikliams, priešingai negu fosforo, labiau pasireiškė augalams esant 4-5 lapų vystymosi tarpsnyje ir žydėjimo tarpsnio pradžioje. Augalams augant kalio įtaka mažėjo. Vasarinių rapsų sėklų derliaus bei baltymų ir riebalų išeigos iš hektaro prognozavimui labiausiai tiktų pagal skirtingus augalų vystymosi tarpsnius straipsnyje pateikiamos daugianarės regresijos lygtys.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: vasariniai rapsai, sėklų derlius, baltymų ir riebalų išeiga, azoto, fosforo ir kalio koncentracija, augalų vystymosi tarpsniai.
 Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2000, 72, 118-135
 THE INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM CONTENT IN SPRING OILSEED RAPE (BRASSICA NAPUS) PLANTS AT DIFFERENT GROWTH STAGES ON SEED, PROTEIN AND FAT YIELD
 Field trials were conducted at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture in Dotnuva on a light loamy soddy-gleyic soil in 1993-1997. Spring oilseed rape cv. ‘Star’ was seeded with the aim to investigate the effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in plants at 4-5 leaf stage, at the start and end of flowering and at the seed development stage on the seed, protein and fat yield. It was found that the increase of nitrogen content in the plants during the vegetative growth period increased the spring oilseed rape seed, protein and fat yield. The content of phosphorus at 4-5 leaf stage and at the start of flowering did not have dependable influence on spring oilseed rape yield. However, at the end of flowering stage the increase of phosphorus content in the plants declined the seed, protein and fat yield but at the seed development stage the increase the phosphorus content increased the yield. In spite of the growth stage, the increase of potassium content in the plants increased or tended to increase the spring oilseed rape seed, protein and fat yield. The investigation showed that the influence of potassium content in the plants was more obvious at the 4-5 leaf stage and at the start of flowering. With the growth of plants the influence of potassium content was getting less obvious. For the prognosis of spring oilseed rape seed, protein and fat yield the most suitable should be multiple regression equations presented in the paper.
 Key words: spring oilseed rape, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content, seed, protein, fat yield.
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2000, 72, 136-147
 UDK 633.491:631.563:581.19
 SKIRTINGOS LAIKYMO TEMPERATŪROS ĮTAKA BULVIŲ CHEMINĖS SUDĖTIES KITIMUI, LAIKYMO NUOSTOLIAMS IR PERDIRBTŲ PRODUKTŲ KOKYBEI
 Sabina SIRTAUTAITĖ, Elvyra TREČIOKAITĖ
 1997-1999 m. LŽŪU atlikti tyrimai įvertinant skirtingos laikymo temperatūros poveikį ‘Vokė’, ‘Mirta’, ‘Vilnia’, ‘Aistės’, ‘Gloria’, ‘Fresco’ ir ‘Planta’ veislių bulvių stiebagumbių cheminės sudėties kitimui, išsilaikymui bei pagamintų iš jų traškučių ir gruzdžių kokybei.
 Nustatyta, kad po 7 mėn. laikymo 3-4°C temperatūroje sausųjų medžiagų nuostoliai svyravo nuo 2,48 iki 3,15 procentinio vieneto, o krakmolo nuostoliai – nuo 1,58 iki 2,40 procentinio vieneto. 7-8°C temperatūroje bulvės neteko sausųjų medžiagų nuo 2,87 iki 6,83, o krakmolo – nuo 2,77 iki 3,94 procentinio vieneto. Minėtų medžiagų nuostoliai 9-10°C temperatūroje buvo atitinkamai 6,12-6,82 ir 3,85-4,88 procentinio vieneto. Bendrojo ir redukuojančių cukrų kiekiui didelės įtakos turėjo veislės savybės. Laikymo pabaigoje mažiausias bendrojo cukraus kiekis buvo nustatytas ‘Vilnia’ veislės bulvėse visuose tirtuose laikymo režimuose. Mažiausias redukuojančių cukrų kiekis buvo 3-4°C temperatūroje laikomose bulvėse ‘Vokė’, o bulvėse ‘Aistės’ – laikomose 7-8°C ir 9-10°C temperatūrose. Intensyviausia solanino sintezė po 7 laikymo mėnesių bulvėse buvo nustatyta 9-10°C temperatūroje. Nei vienoje iš tirtų bulvių veislių solaninas neviršijo normos, leistinos perdirbimui. Nustatyta, kad laikymo pabaigoje tarp solanino ir redukuojančių cukrų kiekio, taip pat tarp solanino bei traškučių skonio buvo vidutinis koreliacinis ryšys, o minėto glikoalkaloido kiekis traškučių skonį blogino atitinkamai 17,2-46,9 % bei 26,0-40,7 %. Natūralūs masės nuostoliai ir daigų masė, taip pat ir bendri laikymo nuostoliai, kylant laikymo temperatūrai, visų veislių bulvėse didėjo. Visuose laikymo režimuose po 7 mėnesių didžiausi laikymo nuostoliai susidarė veislės ‘Fresco’ bulvėse, o mažiausi – bulvėse ‘Mirta’. Tyrimai rodo, kad, išlaikius bulves iki kito sezono, t.y. gegužės pradžios, labai geros ir geros kokybės traškučius galima pagaminti iš ‘Vokė’, ‘Mirta’ ir ‘Aistės’, o gruzdes – iš ‘Vokė’, ‘Aistės’, ‘Vilnia’, ‘Planta’ ir ‘Gloria’ veislių bulvių.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: bulvės, laikymo temperatūra, cheminė sudėtis, laikymo nuostoliai, traškučiai, gruzdės, koreliacija.
 Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2000, 72, 136-147
 THE INFLUENCE OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE ON THE CHANGES OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF POTATO TUBERS, STORAGE LOSSES AND QUALITY OF PROCESSED PRODUCTS
 S. Sirtautaitė, E. Trečiokaitė
 In 1997-1999 investigation of the effect of storage temperature on the productivity of potato tubers, chips and French fries was carried out at the Lithuanian University of Agriculture. We investigated seven potato varieties ‘Vokė’, ‘Mirta’, ‘Glorija’, ‘Fresco’, ‘Planta’, ‘Vilnia’ and ‘Aistės’. Content of dry matter, starch, total and reducing sugars, solanine in potato tubers, storage losses were established depending on variety characteristics and storage temperature. The losses of dry matter after 7 storage months at 3-4°C temperature fluctuated from 2.48 to 3.15 and the losses of starch – from 1.58 to 2.40 percentage units. At the 7-8°C storage temperature the losses of dry matter were reduced by 2.87-6.83 and the losses of starch – by 2.77-3.94 percentage units. At the 9-10°C storage temperature the same losses fluctuated between 6.12-6.82 and 3.85-4.88 percentage units correspondingly. After 7 storage months a significantly small amount of reducing sugars was determined in the variety of ‘Vokė’ at the 3-4° C temperature and in the variety ‘Aistės’ stored at 7-8°C and 9-10°C temperature regimes. The increase of solanine was more intensive at the highest storage temperature in ‘Mirta’ potato tubers. A medium correlation was determined between the amount of solanine and the amount of reducing sugars and a medium correlation between the amount of solanine and taste of chips after 7 storage months. A considerable difference for the highest amount of total storage losses in all storage temperatures had the ‘Fresco’ variety. After 7 storage months for processing of good quality chips we recommend ‘Vokė’, ‘Mirta’, ‘Aistės’ potato varieties and for French fries – ‘Vokė’, ‘Mirta’, ‘Aistės’ and ‘Gloria’.
 Key words: potato tubers, storage temperature, chemical composition, correlation, storage losses, quality of chips and French fries.
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2000,72, 148-159
 UDK 633.521:581.19
 AZOTO, FOSFORO IR KALIO KONCENTRACIJA SĖMENINIŲ LINŲ DERLIUJE
 Cheminės sėmeninių linų sėmenų, stiebelių ir pelų sudėties tyrimai buvo atlikti sėmeninių linų tręšimo bandyme 1995-1997 m. Upytės bandymų stotyje.
 Sėmeninių linų ‘LU 5’ sėmenų derlius sudarė 26,5-30,7 % nuo bendro derliaus, stiebelių derlius – 43,7-55,7 %, pelai – 16,2-29,6 %.
 Tyrimų duomenimis, sėmeninių linų ‘LU 5’ sėklose bendrojo azoto koncentracija buvo 3,06-3,93 %, fosforo – 0,50-0,84 %, kalio – 0,75-0,95 %, taigi iš hektaro dirvožemio į sėklų derlių pateko 44,3-64,3 kg bendrojo azoto, 7,2-12,7 kg fosforo, 10,8-15,5 kg kalio.
 Sėmeninių linų ‘LU 5’ stiebeliuose bendrojo azoto koncentracija buvo 0,39-0,84 %, fosforo – 0,04-0,13 %, kalio – 0,66-1,41 %, taigi iš hektaro dirvožemio į stiebelių derlių pateko 10,2-18,0 kg bendrojo azoto, 1,2-3,0 kg fosforo, 17,8-32,4 kg kalio.
 Šių linų peluose rasta 1,34-2,15 % bendrojo azoto, 0,30-0,36 % fosforo, 0,42-2,26 % kalio, taigi iš hektaro į pelus pateko vidutiniškai 11,5-28,1 kg bendrojo azoto, 2,7-5,1 kg fosforo, 3,7-31,1 kg kalio.
 Sėmeniniai linai (sėmenys, stiebeliai, pelai) iš hektaro dirvožemio sukaupė 69,1-97,6 kg bendrojo azoto, 35,2-73,7 kg kalio, 13,0-17,4 kg fosforo, t.y. daugiau bendrojo azoto bei kalio ir kur kas mažiau fosforo.
 Dėsningos tręšimo įtakos maisto medžiagų koncentracijai sėmeniniuose linuose bei į derlių patenkantiems jų kiekiams bandyme nenustatyta.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: stiebeliai, sėmenys, pelai, sėmeniniai linai, tręšimas, maisto medžiagos, koncentracija, sukaupimas.
 Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2000, 72, 148-159
 CONCENTRATION OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM IN THE SEED, STEMS AND CHAFF OF THE LINSEED VARIETY ‘LU 5’ AND THEIR AMOUNTS REMOVED WITH THE YIELD
 In 1995 the linseed variety ‘LU 5’ (German origin) was included in the Catalogue of Recommended Varieties of Plants to be grown in Lithuania, in 1996 – another variety of linseed (‘Blue Chip’). Thus the need to investigate the technology of linseed growing has arisen. In one of the trials we investigated chemical composition of linseed var. ‘LU 5’ seed, stem and chaff.
 The fertilising trial was carried out in 1995-1997 at the Upytė Research Station and the rates of individual fertilisers (N30P40K60) and different combinations were investigated.
 Linseed was grown in a 7 field rotation after cereals. The soil type was soddy gleyic drained loam. Depth of the arable layer – 30 cm.
 Agrochemical soil characteristics were fluctuating as follows: pH – 7.2± 0.10-7.6± 0.17, content of total nitrogen – 0.103± 0.0123-0.147± 0.0441 %, content of mineral nitrogen in nitrate form (N-NO3) – 5.80± 0.351-8.02± 0.783 mg/kg, content of mineral nitrogen in ammonium form (N-NH4) – 2.31± 0.630-4.70± 1.100 mg/kg, content of total mineral nitrogen (Nmin) – 8.45± 0.742-11.25± 3.341 mg/kg, humus content – 1.70± 0.638-3.34± 0.979 %, content of available phosphorus – 97± 11.3-190± 33.9 mg/kg, content of available potassium – 97± 12.1-206± 51.3 mg/kg of the soil.
 The seed yield of linseed var. ‘LU 5’ accounted for 26.5-30.7 % of the total yield, the yield of stem – 43.7-55.7 %, chaff – 16.2-29.6 %.
 The amount of total nitrogen, found in the seed of the linseed var. ‘LU 5’ was 3.06-3.93 %, of phosphorus – 0.50-0.84 %, of potassium – 0.75-0.95 %, so with seed yield there were removed 44.3-64.3 kg of total nitrogen, 7.2-12.7 kg of phosphorus, 10.8-15.5 kg of potassium from one hectare of the soil.
 The amount of total nitrogen, found in the stems of the linseed var. ‘LU 5’ was 0.39-0.84 %, of phosphorus – 0.04-0.13 %, of potassium – 0.66-1.41 %, so with stem yield there were removed 10.2-18.0 kg of total nitrogen, 1.2-3.0 kg of phosphorus, 17.8-32.4 kg of potassium from one hectare of the soil.
 The amount of total nitrogen, found in the chaff of the linseed var. ‘LU 5’ was 1.34-2.15 %, of phosphorus – 0.30-0.36 %, of potassium – 0.42-2.26 %, so with chaff there were removed 11.5-28.1 kg of total nitrogen, 2.7-5.1 kg of phosphorus, 3.7-31.1 kg of potassium from one hectare of the soil.
 The yield of linseed (seed, stem and chaff) removed from the soil 69.1-97.6 kg/ha of total nitrogen, 35.2-73.7 kg/ha of potassium, 13.0-17.4 kg/ha of phosphorus, i.e. a lower amount of phosphorus, than the total nitrogen and potassium.
 Key words: chaff, concentration, fertilising, nutrients removal, linseed, seed, stems.
 IV skyrius. SELEKCIJA
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2000, 72, 160-169
 BALTŲJŲ DOBILŲ VEISLĖ ‘NEMUNIAI’
 Baltųjų dobilų (Trifolium repens L.) veislė ‘Nemuniai’ (f. giganteum x hollandicum) – tai sudėtinga hibridinė populiacija, sukurta polikroso ir atrankos metodais iš 10 dobilų veislių augalų sėklų, išlikusių po dirbtinės dobilų vėžio (Sclerotinia trifoliorum Erikss.) infekcijos. Naujosios veislės selekcinio darbo pradžia 1981 m., Valstybiniam veislių tyrimui perduota 1999 m.
 Keturių bandymų vidutinis dobilų ‘Nemuniai’ sausųjų medžiagų derlius 8,85 t/ha, sėklų – 174,4 kg/ha, o tai standartinę veislę ‘Atoliai’ viršija atitinkamai 10,2 ir 53,6 %. Gerai konkuruoja mišiniuose su varpinėmis žolėmis. Veislė vidutinio ankstyvumo, tolerantiška dobilų vėžiui, todėl geriau žiemoja. Lapuotumas – 60,0-80,0 %. Sėklos smulkios, 1000 sėklų masė – 0,60-0,80 g.
 Chapter 4. BREEDING
 Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2000, 72, 160-169
 THE WHITE CLOVER VARIETY ‘NEMUNIAI’
 In 1999 a new white clover (Trifolium repens L.) variety ‘Nemuniai’ (f. giganteum x hollandicum) was developed at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture and submitted to the Lithuanian State Variety Testing Center. The variety ‘Nemuniai’ is a hybrid population, developed by a pollycross method from ten other varieties, that survived after artificial cancer infection (Sclerotinia trifoliorum Erikss.).
 The new variety is of medium earliness, it has fast regrowth after cutting, tolerant to cancer, as a result is characterised by a good winter hardiness. The average dry matter yield of ‘Nemuniai’ is 8.85 t/ha, seed yield – 174.4 kg/ha according to the data of four trials conducted during eight years, i.e. the new variety exceeds the standard variety ‘Atoliai’ by 10.2 and 53.6 % respectively. ‘Nemuniai’ demonstrates a good competitiveness in the mixtures with grasses. Leafiness – 60.0-80.0 %. 1000 seed weight – 0.60-0.80 g.
 Key words: white clover, variety, breeding and seed production.
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2000, 72, 170-181
 UDK [633.22+633.265]:631.527.8:581.143.6
 DAUGIAMEČIŲ SVIDRIŲ IR PAPRASTŲJŲ ŠUNAŽOLIŲ PRADINĖS SELEKCINĖS MEDŽIAGOS KŪRIMAS IZOLIUOTŲ AUDINIŲ KULTŪROS METODU
 Eduardas LEMEŽIS
 El. paštas: romas@lzi.lt
 1993-1999 metais Lietuvos žemdirbystės institute daryti tyrimai su daugiametėmis svidrėmis ir paprastosiomis šunažolėmis, siekiant izoliuotų audinių kultūros metodu sukurti pradinę selekcinę medžiagą, pasižyminčią vertingomis ūkinėmis savybėmis. Bandymuose buvo tiriami elitiniai klonai, atrinkti iš paprastųjų šunažolių veislių ‘Norwestern’ (Kanada) ir ‘Holstenkamp’ (Vokietija) bei du daugiamečių svidrių elitiniai klonai, atrinkti iš selekcinių numerių (LŽI kat. Nr.1401 ir 1406). Kaliaus indukcijai buvo naudoti augimo kūgeliai, esantys II-III organogenezės tarpsniuose. Augalų regenerantų genetinio kintamumo sustiprinimui kalius buvo šaldytas skirtingose (-6, -9, -12, -15, -18, -21 ir -24oC) temperatūrose.
 Tyrimų rezultatai parodė, kad atrinktų augalų kalius geriau grūdinosi ant terpės su padidinta (12 %) sacharozės koncentracija. Didžiausia augalų regenerantų išeiga buvo gauta iš kaliaus, šaldyto – 6oC temperatūroje. Regenerantų išeiga sumažėjo po kaliaus šaldymo žemesnėse temperatūrose (-9, -12, -15 ir -18oC). Regenerantų visai nebuvo gauta, kai kalius buvo grūdintas ant maitinimo terpės su 2 % sacharozės koncentracija ir šaldytas -21 ir -24oC temperatūrose.
 Daugiamečių svidrių regenerantų tyrimai klonų augyne parodė gana žemą jų genetinį kintamumą pagal tokius svarbius selekcijai požymius, kaip žolės derlius, augalų aukštis ir plaukėjimo laikas. Dėl šios priežasties per dvejus tyrimo metus atrinkti perspektyvių formų selekcijai nepavyko.
 Paprastųjų šunažolių regenerantai, priešingai daugiametėms svidrėms, parodė didelį šių, selekcijai svarbių, požymių polimorfizmą.
 Selekcinio darbo eigoje buvo atrinkti 4 genotipai, iš kurių sukurta sintetinė populiacija (LŽI kat. Nr.1447, veislė ‘Regenta’), kuri 1998 m. perduota į Valstybinius veislių tyrimus. Pagal 1999 m. Kauno Valstybinio veislių tyrimo centro duomenis, ši perspektyvi veislė, sukurta ląstelių kultūros metodu, žolės derliumi lenkė standartinę veislę ‘Asta’ 32,5 %, o sėklos derliumi – 11,5 %.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: augalai regenerantai, somakloniniai variantai, kalius, išgyvenimas po šaldymo, variacijos koeficientas.
 Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2000, 72, 170-181
 DEVELOPING OF INITIAL BREEDING MATERIAL OF PERENNIAL RYEGRASS AND COCKSFOOT BY THE METHOD OF ISOLATED TISSUE CULTURE
 E. Lemežis
 In 1993-1999 at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture investigations of perennial ryegrass and cocksfoot were conducted with the aim to develop the initial breeding material distinguishing by valuable characteristics by the method of cell culture. Two elite clones of cocksfoot varieties ‘Norwestern’ (Canada) and ‘Holstenkamp’ (Germany) and two clones of perennial ryegrass LIA catalogue No.1401 and 1406 were studied. Shoot apices in the 2nd and 3rd stage of organogenesis were used as explants for callus initiation. To initiate higher variability of plants regenerants the callus was frozen at (-6, -9, -12, -15, -18, -21 and -24oC temperatures.
 The results of investigations showed that callus of both species acclimated better on the nutrient medium with a higher (12 %) sucrose concentration. The highest number of regenerants was obtained from callus frozen at -6oC temperatures. Freezing temperatures lower than -9,-12,-15 and -18oC firmly reduced a number of regenerated plants. There were not obtained regenerants from callus acclimated on the nutrient medium with 2 % sucrose concentration and frozen at -21 and -24oC temperatures. Very low freezing temperatures and after acclimation of callus on the nutrient medium with higher (12 %) sucrose concentration were not useful because single and weak regenerants were obtained.
 The investigations of perennial ryegrass regenerants at clonal nursery showed a relatively low variation according to such important characteristics for breeding as green grass yield, plant height, heading time. Therefore selection of promising forms was unsuccessful.
 Regenerants of cocksfoot contrarily to the ones of perennial ryegrass showed a great polymorphism according to plant height, heading time and especially green grass yield.
 In later stages of breeding work 4 genotypes were selected and a synthetic population (LIA cat. No.1447 ‘Regenta’) was developed and in 1998 passed to the State Variety Testing Centre. After the first year of testing this promising variety outyielded the standard variety ‘Asta’ in green grass yield by 32.5 % and in seed yield by 11.5 %
 Key words: plants regenerants, somaclonal variants, callus, survival after freezing, coefficient of variance.
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2000, 72, 182-195
 UDK 633.2 /. 3:581.55
 LIETUVOS DAUGIAMEČIŲ ŽOLIŲ LAUKINIAI EKOTIPAI – GENETINĖS KOLEKCIJOS SUDARYMUI IR SELEKCIJAI
 Nijolė LEMEŽIENĖ, Juozas KANAPECKAS
 Lietuvos pašarinių ir vejų žolių selekcininkai, ieškodami vietinės kilmės pradinės selekcinės medžiagos bei suprasdami, kad įstatymais neapsaugotose natūraliose augimvietėse augantys laukiniai ekotipai gali negrįžtamai dingti, įsijungė į kompleksinę genetinių išteklių išsaugojimo programą. Buvo sudarytas saugotinų rūšių žolių, turinčių didžiausią reikšmę Lietuvos žemės ūkiui, sąrašas.
 1997-1999 m. ekspedicijų metu po 143 įvairias Lietuvos vietoves buvo surinktos 24 rūšių varpinės ir 17 rūšių ankštinės žolės. Daugiausia (apie 70 %) buvo renkami selekcionuojamų pašarui ir vejoms žolių rūšių pavyzdžiai. Daugiamečių žolių sėklų ar augalų pavyzdžių iš viso buvo surinkta 557, iš jų varpinių – 423 ir ankštinių – 134.
 Tyrimai rodo, kad galima kaupti daugiamečių žolių laukinių ekotipų genofondą, nes dalis 1995-1997 m. Šilutės, Kėdainių, Panevėžio, Kaišiadorių, Trakų, Vilniaus bei Varėnos rajonų įvairiose natūraliose augimvietėse surinktų genotipų pasižymėjo didele morfologinių požymių bei ūkiškai naudingų savybių įvairove rūšies viduje; išaiškintos natūralios augimvietės, kur susiformavo genetiniu požiūriu įdomiausi genotipai.
 Įvairių daugiamečių žolių rūšių laukiniai ekotipai nevienodai perspektyvūs selekciniu požiūriu: tarp pievinių miglių, tikrųjų eraičinų, paprastųjų šunažolių, pašarinių motiejuku, avinių bei raudonųjų eraičinų, baltųjų dobilų rūšių yra labai perspektyvių (derlingesnių, atsparesnių ligoms, įvairaus ankstyvumo) genotipų. Daugiamečių svidrių genotipai perspektyvumu nepasižymėjo – buvo nepakankamai produktyvūs, o atsparumo žiemojimui nepavyko išaiškinti dėl švelnių žiemų tyrimo metais.
 Pašarinių žolių genetinę kolekciją šiuo metu sudaro 423 sėklų pavyzdžiai, iš jų 156 – laukiniai.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: pašarinės ir vejų žolės, laukiniai ekotipai, natūralios augimvietės, genetinė kolekcija.
 Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2000, 72, 182-195
 LITHUANIAN WILD ECOTYPES OF PERENNIAL GRASSES FOR THE GENETICAL COLLECTION AND FOR BREEDING
 N. Lemežienė, J. Kanapeckas
 Lithuanian forage and lawn grass breeders searching for the initial breeding material of local origin and being aware of the fact that wild ecotypes growing in natural habitats unprotected by law can be irreversibly lost, have joined the complex programme of the genetical resources conservation.
 During the expeditions carried out between 1997-1999 in 143 areas of Lithuania 24 species of forage grasses and 17 specees of forage legumes were collected in various natural habitats. About 70 % of the collected samples were herbage species bred for forage and lawns. Altogether 557 accessions of perennial herbage seed or plants were collected, including 423 samples of forage and turf grasses and 134 of legumes.
 Our investigations have shown that there are a real grounds to accumulate genetical resources of wild ecotypes of perennial grasses and legumes, as the genotypes collected in 1995-1997 in Šilutė, Kėdainiai, Panevėžys, Kaišiadorys, Trakai, Vilnius and Varėna regions have distinguished themselves by a great diversity of morphological characters and agronomic properties within the genus. We have ascertained natural habitats where the most interesting from the view point of genetics genotypes have formed.
 Wild ecotypes of various perennial grass species differ in their value for breeding. There are very promising genotypes (higher yielding, more disease resistant and differing in earliness) the following species: Poa pratensis L., Festuca pratensis Huds., Dactylis glomerata L., Phleum pratense L., Festuca ovina L., Festuca rubra L., Trifolium repens L. Genotypes of Lolium perenne L., were not promising by their value for breeding purposes, they were insufficiently productive and their overwinter survival was not ascertained due to mild winters of the experimental period.
 The genetical collection of forage grasses currently consists of 423 seed samples, including 156 wild ones.
 Key words: forage and turf grasses, wild ecotypes, natural habitats, genetical collection.
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2001, 72, 196-212
 UDK 633.2/.3:631.559:551.5
 DAUGIAMEČIŲ VARPINIŲ ŽOLIŲ I PJŪTIES SAUSŲJŲ MEDŽIAGŲ DERLIAUS PRIKLAUSOMUMAS NUO KLIMATINIŲ VEIKSNIŲ
 Nijolė LEMEŽIENĖ, Juozas KANAPECKAS,
 Pavelas TARAKANOVAS, Steponas NEKROŠAS
 Straipsnyje pateikta veislių bandymuose tirtų 6 rūšių pašarinių varpinių daugiamečių žolių I pjūties I ir II žolių naudojimo metų sausųjų medžiagų derliaus bei jį įtakojančių klimatinių veiksnių 1989-1999 m. analizė.
 Nustatyta, kad iš 6 tirtų žolių rūšių pašarinių motiejukų I pjūties sausųjų medžiagų derlius labiausiai priklausė nuo efektyvių oro temperatūrų sumos. I naudojimo metais nustatytas stiprus (r = 0,748), o II – vidutinis (r = 0,554) koreliacinis ryšys, visoms kitoms rūšims šis ryšys buvo silpnas arba jo iš viso nebuvo. Kitų žolių rūšių (tikrųjų eraičinų, paprastųjų šunažolių, daugiamečių svidrių, svidrių ir eraičinų hibridų, pievinių miglių) sausųjų medžiagų derlius labiausiai priklausė nuo kritulių kiekio – koreliacija buvo stipri ir vidutinė.
 Nustatytas I pjūties sausųjų medžiagų derliaus variacijos koeficientas atskiroms rūšims 1989-1999 tyrimo metais rodo, kad I ir II žolių naudojimo metais pašariniai motiejukai ir tikrieji eraičinai šiuo požiūriu buvo stabiliausi. Pirmais žolių naudojimo metais nestabiliausios buvo pievinės miglės, o II – daugiametės svidrės.
 Išanalizavus daugiamečius I pjūties sausųjų medžiagų derliaus vidurkius nustatyta, kad iš esmės derlingiausi yra pašariniai motiejukai bei svidrių ir eraičinų hibridai. Jų I pjūties vidutinis dvejų naudojimo metų derlius, tręšiant N150, buvo atitinkamai 7,9 ir 6,9 t/ha. Nederlingiausios buvo daugiametės svidrės ir pievinės miglės (5,43 ir 4,21 t/ha), o vidutiniškai derlingos – paprastosios šunažolės bei tikrieji eraičinai (5,52 ir 5,84 t/ha).
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: daugiametės žolės, sausųjų medžiagų derlius, žolių naudojimo metai, oro efektyvių temperatūrų ir kritulių suma, koreliaciniai ryšiai.
 Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2001, 72, 196-212
 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DRY MATTER YIELD OF THE FIRST CUT OF PERENNIAL GRASSES AND CLIMATIC FACTORS
 N. Lemežienė, J. Kanapeckas, P. Tarakanovas, S. Nekrošas
 This article provides an analysis of herbage yield of 6 forage grasses of the first cut in the first and second years of use as well as average dry matter yield in relation to climatic factors during the period 1989-1999.
 It was determined that of the 6 investigated grasses the dry matter yield of the first cut of timothy was mostly dependent on the sum of effective air temperatures. In the first year of use a strong correlation (r = 0.748) was established, in the second year – medium (r = 0.554), in the other species this correlation was weak or not present at all. The dry matter yield of the other species (common timothy, cock's foot, perennial ryegrass, festulolium hybrids, smooth-stalked meadow grass) was mostly dependent on the amount of precipitation, the correlation was strong and medium.
 Coefficient of variance of the dry matter yield of the first cut established for individual species during the experimental period 1989-1999 showed that in the first and second years of herbage utilisation common timothy and meadow fescue were most stable in this respect. The least stable in the first year of herbage utilisation was smooth -stalked meadow grass and in the second year – perennial ryegrass.
 Analysis of many years' dry matter yield averages of the first cut showed that the highest and stable yields were produced by common timothy and festulolium hybrids.
 Average yield of two years of use of the first cut of these species at N150 fertilisation level was 7.9 and 6.9 t/ha. The least productive were perennial ryegrass and smooth -stalked meadow grass (5.43 and 4.21 t/ha) and medium productive species were cock's foot and meadow fescue (5.52 and 5.84 t/ha).
 Key words: perennial grasses, dry matter yield, year of use of herbage, sum of effective air temperatures and precipitation, correlation.
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2001, 72, 213-220
 UDK 633.416:631.527
 PAŠARINIŲ RUNKELIŲ SELEKCIJA LIETUVOJE
 Rima TAMOŠIŪNIENĖ, Juozas MOCKAITIS
 El. paštas: rima @lzi.lt
 Pašarinių runkelių selekcija Lietuvoje buvo pradėta 1933 metais. Pirmasis darbo etapas – nuo 1933 iki 1972 m. Šiuo laikotarpiu buvo sukurtos pašarinių runkelių veislės ‘Dotnuvos Bares I’ ir ‘Dotnuvos Bares’ bei puscukrinių runkelių veislės ‘Puscukriniai raudonieji’, ‘Puscukriniai oranžiniai’ ir ‘Puscukriniai baltieji’ (jos nebuvo perduotos valstybiniam veislių tyrimui) bei veislė ‘Puscukriniai baltieji’, kuri ir dabar įrašyta į Tinkamiausių Lietuvoje auginti augalų veislių sąrašą. Produktyviausiai buvo dirbama 1972-1996 metais. Šiuo laikotarpiu buvo sukurta pradinė medžiaga vienasėkliams pašariniams runkeliams. Poliploidijos, tarpveislinės hibridizacijos ir atrankos metodais buvo sukurti hibridai Dotnuvos vienasėkliai, Dotnuvos geltonieji ir Raudoniai.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: pašariniai runkeliai, selekcijos metodai: atranka, tarpveislinė hibridizacija, poliploidija.
 Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2001, 72, 213- 220
 FODDER BEET BREEDING IN LITHUANIA
 R. Tamošiūnienė, J. Mockaitis
 The fodder beet breeding programme was started in Lithuania in 1933. The most productive work was done at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture during 1972-1996.
 During 1973-1980 the initial monogerm material of fodder beets was developed by the methods of hybridisation and selection.
 The promising monogerm diploid hybrids were developed by the methods of intervarietal hybridisation and selection. In 1981-1985 a monogerm diploid hybrid Dotnuvos vienasėkliai was developed and tested in the Official State Trials. After trials it was entered in the Official List of Varieties.
 Perspective multigerm triploid hybrid was developed by the methods of polyploidization, intervarietal hybridisation and selection in 1981-1985. After testing it in the Official State Trials the hybrid was not registered in Lithuania. It was registered in Russia (Saint-Petersburg and Smolensk regions, Mari Republic and Cherson region of the Ukraine). After repeatedly testing in the Official Trials, in 1997 it was registered in Lithuania and now is in the Official List of Varieties.
 Also in 1989 a new monogerm fodder beet hybrid was developed, tested in the Official State Trials and in 1994 it was entered in the Official List of Varieties.
 Key words: fodder beets, methods of selection: selection, inervarietal hybridisation, polyploidisation.
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2000, 72, 221-228
 UDK 633.426:631.527
 PAŠARINIŲ GRIEŽČIŲ SELEKCINĖS MEDŽIAGOS ĮVERTINIMAS
 Pašarinių griežčių selekcija Lietuvoje pradėta 1936 m. Dotnuvoje. Nuo 1968 m. dirbama Žemdirbystės instituto Vėžaičių filiale. Ilgą laiką Lietuvoje registruota pašarinių griežčių veislė ‘Dotnuvos baltieji’ (1952-1998 m.) vis mažiau auginama.
 Sukryžminus 1969 m. griežčių veisles ‘Bangholmo’ ir ‘Kuusiku’ ir taikant atranką, sukurta derlinga pašarinių griežčių veislė ‘Vėžaičiai’, kuri 1989 m. registruota Lietuvoje. Veislė ‘Lobiai’ prasidėjo nuo veislės ‘Vėžaičiai’ (‘Bangholm’ x ‘Kuusiku’) populiacijos. Po daugkartinės atrankos hibridas Nr.32/4 tirtas 1990-1992 m. konkursiniuose veislių bandymuose. Vidutiniais duomenimis, naujasis hibridas davė 7,8 % didesnį šakniavaisių ir 31,2 % didesnį lapų derlių už standartą ‘Dotnuvos baltieji’. Jis buvo pavadintas veisle ‘Lobiai’, kuri po dvejų metų Valstybinių tyrimų, 1995 m. buvo įrašyta į Tinkamiausių Lietuvoje auginti augalų veislių sąrašą /6/.
 1987-1989 m. kolekcijoje su standartu ‘Dotnuvos baltieji’ tirtos 9 griežčių veislės. Didžiausią šakniavaisių derlių 13,5 ir 13,2 % išaugino ‘Ruta Otofte’ ir ‘Niko’ veislės, o šakniavaisių sausųjų medžiagų 4,6 % daugiau už standartą davė ‘Ruta Otofte’ ir ‘Dr. Sator’ veislės. Vertingiausios veislės naudotos naujai selekcinei medžiagai kurti.
 1996-1998 m. kontroliniame augyne su standartu ir pradine veisle ‘Ruta Otofte’ tirti šios linijos 9 numeriai. Atrinkti ‘Ruta Otofte’ linijos derlingiausi numeriai – 32/4, 23/25, 23/40 ir 23/6 išaugino 21,2-16,0 % didesnį šakniavaisių derlių už standartą ‘Dotnuvos baltieji’ ir 6,2-3,1 % didesnį šakniavaisių sausųjų medžiagų derlių. Nauji ‘Vėžaičiai’ x ‘Dotnuvos baltieji’ hibridai Nr.11B, 17/23, 17/17 ir 34/1 davė 28,5-18,0 % didesnį šakniavaisių derlių. ‘Viko’ x ‘Niko’ hibridas Nr.51/10, palyginus su standartu, išaugino 24 % didesnį derlių. Atrinktųjų perspektyvių hibridų šakniavaisiai išaugino neilgas (29-54 mm) kerpes lengvai išraunamas rankomis, tinkančias ir mechanizuotai nuimti.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: pašariniai griežčiai, selekcija, veislės, hibridai.
 Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2000, 72, 221-228
 ESTIMATION OF THE FODDER SWEDE BREEDING MATERIAL
 In Lithuania fodder swede (Brassica napus L. rapifera Metzger) breeding was started in 1936 in Dotnuva. Since 1968 fodder swede breeding has been carried out at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture’s Vėžaičiai Branch. Productive and suitable for mechanical leaf cutting new varieties ‘Vėžaičiai’ and ‘Lobiai’ have been developed there.
 Over the period 1987-1989 9 swede varieties, including ‘Dotnuvos baltieji’ as a standard were tested in the field trials’ collection. The highest root yield (higher by 13.5-13.2 % than the standard) was obtained from the varieties ‘Ruta Otofte’ and ‘Niko’.
 Over the recent years valuable numbers 23/4, 23/25, 23/40 and 23/6 have been selected of the variety ‘Ruta Otofte’. Their root yield was by 21.2-16.0 % higher and root dry matter yield by 3.1-6.2 % , than the standard ‘Dotnuvos baltieji’. The highest root yield (28.5-18.0 % ) was obtained from the new hybrids No 11/3, 17/23, 17/17 and 34/1 ‘Vėžaičiai’ x ‘Dotnuvos baltieji’. The hybrid ‘Viko’ x ‘Niko’ No 51/10 produced a higher root yield by on average 24 % .
 Promising swede hybrids have short crowns, are easy to pull by hands and are suitable for mechanical leaf cutting.
 Key words: fodder swede, breeding, varieties, hybrids.
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2000, 72, 229-238
 UDK 631.523(474.5)
 LIETUVOS AUGALŲ GENOFONDAS IR JO IŠSAUGOJIMAS
 Alma BŪDVYTYTĖ
 El. paštas: almabud@lzi.lt
 Lietuvoje nacionalinė augalų genetinių išteklių (AGI) programa pradėta vykdyti 1994 metais, kai aštuonioms Lietuvos mokslo ir mokymo įstaigoms pradėjus įgyvendinti programą „Kultūrinių augalų resursai”, kuri 1998 metais peraugo į valstybinę mokslo programą „Genofondas”, buvo paruoštas bendras veiklos planas ir strategija, unifikuotos AGI tyrimo ir saugojimo metodikos. Per penkerius programos vykdymo metus atlikta turimos medžiagos inventorizacija, atnaujinti iki šių dienų išlikę lietuviškos kilmės genofondo pavyzdžiai ir pradėta naujų paieška. Paskutiniu metu Lietuvoje kasmet genofondo kolekcijos pasipildo 200-300 naujais lietuviškos kilmės pavyzdžiais. Didžioji dalis sėklomis besidauginančių pavyzdžių padėti į genų banką ilgalaikiam saugojimui. Vegetatyviškai besidauginančių augalų genetiniai ištekliai pradėti saugoti specialiai įrengtose genofondo lauko kolekcijose ar in vitro būdu. Augalų genetinei įvairovei tirti įsisavinami modernesni metodai – izofermentų variacijos nustatymas ir net DNR tyrimais paremtos technologijos.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: genetiniai ištekliai, saugojimas.
 Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2000, 72, 229-238
 LITHUANIAN PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES CONSERVATION
 A. Būdvytytė
 In 1994 the National Plant Genetic Resources (PGR) programme was initiated in Lithuania. Eight educational and research institutions, holding PGR collections, joined the programme. Within several years was completed inventorization and rejuvenation of the available in the ex situ collections material, most of the accessions were characterized and evaluated according to IPGRI descriptor lists. PGR collections are constantly replenished with new material, developed by breeders and geneticists or collected in natural habitats. Every year approximately 200-300 new accessions of local origin supplement long-term seed storage and PGR field collections. The main requirements for the accessions to be included in the national PGR collections is determined genetic value, checked uniqueness of the sample, local origin or very good adaptation to local growing conditions. Few institutes in the republic measure isozyme variation or apply DNA based technologies in order to examine genetic diversity of PGR.
 Key words: genetic resources, conservation.
 V skyrius. METODIKA
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2000, 72, 239-251
 UDK 633:631.55:636.085.2
 DERLIAUS ENERGETINIO ĮVERTINIMO SKAIČIAVIMO METODŲ PALYGINIMAS
 El. paštas: jb41@is.lt
 Bandymų duomenų ir gamybiniuose plotuose užaugintos laukininkystės produkcijos pagrindu įvertinti šeši būdai derliaus energetinei vertei apskaičiuoti. Energetinio derliaus vertinimo rezultatų tapatumas ir suderinamumas patikrintas pagal T. Tamulio analizių duomenis (N1), modifikuotą Akselsono formulę (N2), K. Neringo-L.I. Zinčenko (N3), Baltarusijos, Lietuvos, Latvijos ir Estijos gyvulininkystės institutų (N4), G.A. Bogdanovo (N5) ir straipsnio autorių (N6) siūlomas lygtis. Nustatyta, kad penkiais tirtais metodais (N1, N2, N3, N5, ir N6) gauti rezultatai susieti labai glaudžiais koreliaciniais ryšiais (R2 = 0,9-0,99), o N4 metodu skaičiuoti duomenys su visais kitais koreliuoja silpniau (R2 = 0,49-0,79), todėl šis metodas naudoti nerekomenduotinas. Tuo pagrindu pateiktos regresijos lygtys, įgalinančios vienu iš tirtų metodų apskaičiuotus rezultatus bendrąja ir apykaitos energija modifikuoti kitam metodui.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: žieminiai rugiai, miežiai, avižos, bulvės, dobilai, motiejukai, eraičinai, šunažolės, šiaudai, derlius, vertinimas, energija.
 Chapter 5. METHODICS
 Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2000, 72, 239-251
 COMPARISON OF THE METHODS FOR THE CALCULATION OF FOOD ENERGY VALUE
 B. Jankauskas., G. Jankauskiene, A. Švedas
 Six methods for the calculation of food energy value were evaluated on the basis of research data from field experiments and production areas. Calculation of gross and metabolizable (available) energy content was done using the analytical data of Tamulis T. (N1), modified formula of Axelson (N2), and equations of: Nering K.-Zincenko L.I. (N3), Cattle-breeding Institutes of Belorussia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia (N4), Bogdanova G.A. (N5) and authors of this publication (N6). There was established identity, compatibility and a very close correlaton of results by the methods N1, N2, N3, N5 and N6 (R2 = 0.94-0.99). Correlation of results calculated by the method N4 was not so close (R2 = 0.48-0.79) therefore this method was not recommended for the calculation of food energy value. There were suggested equations for recalculation results of gross and metabolizable energy from one to other investigated methods.
 Key words: winter rye and wheat, spring barley, oat, potato, clover timothy, festuca, orchard-grass, straw, yield, evaluation, food energy value.
 VI skyrius. MIKROBIOLOGIJA
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2000, 72, 252-267
 UDK 631.58:631:461:631.465
 DIRVOŽEMIO MIKROORGANIZMŲ PAPLITIMO IR HIDROLAZIŲ AKTYVUMO KITIMAS SKIRTINGOSE ŽEMDIRBYSTĖS SISTEMOSE GLĖJIŠKAME IŠPLAUTŽEMYJE
 Daiva BALTRAMAITYTĖ, Vida RUTKOVIENĖ
 El. paštas: EK@nora.lzua.lt
 Aldona SVIRSKIENĖ
 El. paštas: inform_sk@lzi.lt
 Dirvožemio mikrobiologiniai tyrimai skirtingose žemdirbystės sistemose – ekologinėje, tausojančiojoje ir intensyviojoje – vykdyti Lietuvos žemės ūkio universiteto Bandymų stotyje priemolio karbonatingajame sekliai glėjiškame išplautžemyje 1997-1999 metais. Bandymai daryti dviejuose dirvožemio fonuose – dirvožemyje su nepastorintu ir pastorintu humusingais horizontais. Tirta dirvožemio mikroorganizmų pagrindinių fiziologinių grupių paplitimas ir kai kurių mikromicetų gentinė sudėtis bei dirvožemio hidrolazių aktyvumas, priklausomumas nuo žemdirbystės sistemų, humusingo horizonto storio bei auginamų žemės ūkio augalų ir jų priešsėlių.
 Dirvožemyje su nepastorintu humusingu horizontu ekologinėje žemdirbystės sistemoje biologinio dirvožemio aktyvumas ir bendrasis mikroorganizmų paplitimas turėjo tendenciją didėti, ypač „išlyginamųjų augalų” tyrimų metais. Visose žemdirbystės sistemose dirvožemyje su pastorintu humusingu horizontu nustatytas didesnis biologinis aktyvumas nei dirvožemyje su nepastorintu humusingu horizontu. Dirvožemyje su pastorintu humusingu horizontu (esant geresnėms dirvožemio sąlygoms) mažiau išryškėjo skirtingų žemdirbystės sistemų įtaka dirvožemio mikrobiologiniams bei biocheminiams rodikliams, nei dirvožemyje su nepastorintu humusingu horizontu.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: žemdirbystės sistemos, dirvožemio mikroorganizmai, hidrolazių aktyvumas.
 Chapter 6. MICROBIOLOGY
 Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2000, 72, 252-267
 CHANGES OF SOIL MICROORGANISM CENOZE COMPOSITION AND ENZYMIC ACTIVITY IN DIFFERENT FARMING SYSTEMS ON CALC(AR)I–EPIGLEYIC LUVISOL SOIL
 D. Baltramaitytė, V. Rutkovienė, A. Svirskienė
 Research on soil microbiology in different farming systems ecological, integrated and conventional was carried out at the Experimental Station of the Lithuanian University of Agriculture on Calc(ar)i – Epigleyic Luvisol soil in 1997-1999. The experiments were done under two soil conditions: normal and with an extra-deep topsoil. The spread of soil microorganisms in soil, composition of microbe cenoze and activity of enzymes, as well as their dependence on different farming systems, fertility of soil, and grown crops and pre-crops were investigated.
 In the soil with normal topsoil (lower soil fertility, especially lower humus content) increase tendency of biological activity of soil and total spreading of soil microorganisms in the ecological farming system were observed. These two parameters especially were revealed in the „testing crop” growing year. The biological activity of soil with an extra – deep topsoil (in better soil conditions) was higher in all farming systems, no significant differences among farming systems were observed.
 Key words: farming systems, soil microorganisms, enzymic activity.
 VII skyrius. BITININKYSTĖ
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2000, 72, 268-280
 UDK 638.142
 ĮVAIRIŲ TIPŲ AVILIŲ TINKAMUMAS LIETUVOJE
 El. paštas: bitinsk@lzi.lt
 Norint įvertinti naujai gaminamus ir į Lietuvą įvežamus naujų konstrukcijų avilius, 1996-1999 m. Lietuvos žemdirbystės instituto Bitininkystės skyriuje ištirti keturių tipų aviliai.
 Nustatyta, kad pirmo pavasarinio tikrinimo metu daugiausia perų prisiaugindavo aukštarėmiuose aviliuose laikomos bitės. Vasarą skirtumas tarp įvairiuose variantuose turėtų perų sumažėjo, bet aukštarėmiuose ir daugiaaukščiuose jų būdavo 36 % daugiau negu kontroliniuose Dadano tipo aviliuose, jos geriau išnaudojo ir pavasarinį medunešį. Per metus daugiausia medaus surinkta patobulintuose (su dviem meduvėmis) Dadano aviliuose – 32,6 kg, (155,55 %), daugiaaukščiuose – 30,3 kg (144,29 %), aukštarėmiuose – 28,8 kg (136,95 %). Geriausiai peržiemodavo, t.y. daugiausiai žiemoti nuėjusių bičių sulaukdavo pavasario aukštarėmiuose aviliuose – 6,28 tarprėmių (127,22 %). Įvertinus avilių eksploatacines išlaidas ir papildomai surinktą medų, didžiausią ekonominį priedą davė bitės laikomos patobulintuose Dadano aviliuose –148,85 Lt (158,08 %), daugiaaukščiuose – 124,25 Lt (148,49 %), o aukštarėmiuose – 105,25 Lt (141,14 %).
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: avilių tipai, perų kiekis, medaus produkcija, bičių žiemojimas.
 Chapter 7. APICULTURE
 Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2000, 72, 269-280
 UDK638.142
 SUITABILITY OF VARIOUS HIVE TYPES FOR LITHUANIA
 With a view to assessing the newly produced and imported in Lithuania beehives of new design, four types of beehives were investigated at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture's Department of Apiculture between 1996-1999.
 It was determined that during the first check-up in spring the highest number of brood was found in the high-framed hives. In summer the difference between the investigated treatments declined, however the number of brood in the high-framed and multiple-storey hives was by 36 % higher than in the check treatment which involved Dadant type hives, and the bees utilised the spring honey flow better. The highest annual amount of honey was collected in the improved (with two supers) Dadant type hives 32.6 kg, (155.55 %), in the multiple-story hives 30.3 kg (144.29 %), in the high-framed hives 28.8 kg (136.95 %). The best overwinter survival of bees was determined in the high-framed hives with 6.28 seams (127.22 %). Having estimated depreciation costs of hives and extra honey collected, the greatest economic benefit gave the bees kept in the improved Dadant type hives – 148.85Lt (158.08 %), in the multiple-storey hives – 24.25 Lt (148.49 %), and in the high-framed hives – 105.25 Lt (141.14 %).
 Key words: hive types, amount of brood, honey production, overwinter survival of bees.
 Žemdirbystė. Mokslo darbai, 2000, 72, 281-287
 UDK 638.154
 BIČIŲ AMERIKINIO PUVINIO PLITIMO YPATUMAI
 Akademija, Dotnuvos sen. Kėdainių rajonas
 El. paštas: zilvinas@lzi.lt
 Lietuvoje iš bičių užkrečiamų ligų detaliau tyrinėta tiktai varaozė. Apie kitas bičių ligas mūsų šalyje mokslinių duomenų nėra.
 Ištyrus 1997-1999 m. Lietuvoje 3 961 bičių šeimas, nustatyta, kad 3,6 % sirgo amerikiniu puviniu. Per tą laikotarpį ištyrus medaus mėginius iš šių bičių šeimų, nustatyta, kad 16,9 %, iš jų 13,3 % be klinikinių amerikinio puvinio požymių, turėjo Bacillus larvae sporų meduje. Amerikinio puvinio sirgimo atvejų ir Bacillus larvae surasto sveikų šeimų meduje pagausėjimas nustatytas 1999 metais.
 Reikšminiai žodžiai: bitės, bičių perų ligos, amerikinis puvinys, medus, Bacillus larvae.
 Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2000, 72, 281-287
 PECULIARITIES OF THE OCCURENCE OF AMERICAN FOULBROOD
 Ž. Šolys
 Investigations of 3961 bee colonies in 1997-1999 showed that 3.6 % of the bee colonies were infected with American foulbrood. Analyses of honey samples from 3961 bee colonies revealed that 16.9 % of the bee colonies had clinical symptoms of American foulbrood of which 13.3 % had spores of Bacillus larvae in honey. A higher incidence of American foulbrood and Bacillus larvae was detected in 1999.
 Key words: honey bees, infections in brood, American foulbrood, Bacillus larvae honey.


type: legislation

jurisdiction: EU

text:
 27.7.2016
 RO
 Jurnalul Oficial al Uniunii Europene
 L 201/11
 REGULAMENTUL DE PUNERE ÎN APLICARE (UE) 2016/1220 AL COMISIEI
 din 26 iulie 2016
 privind autorizarea substanței L-treonină produse de Escherichia coli ca aditiv pentru hrana tuturor speciilor de animale
 (Text cu relevanță pentru SEE)
 COMISIA EUROPEANĂ,
 având în vedere Tratatul privind funcționarea Uniunii Europene,
 având în vedere Regulamentul (CE) nr. 1831/2003 al Parlamentului European și al Consiliului din 22 septembrie 2003 privind aditivii din hrana animalelor (1), în special articolul 9 alineatul (2),
 întrucât:
 (1)
 Regulamentul (CE) nr. 1831/2003 prevede autorizarea aditivilor destinați utilizării în hrana animalelor și stabilește motivele și procedurile de acordare a unei astfel de autorizații. Articolul 10 din regulamentul respectiv prevede reevaluarea aditivilor autorizați în temeiul Directivei 82/471/CEE a Consiliului (2).
 (2)
 Substanța L-treonină a fost autorizată fără limită de timp, în conformitate cu Directiva 82/471/CEE, prin Directiva 88/485/CEE a Comisiei (3) și a fost ulterior înscrisă în Registrul aditivilor pentru hrana animalelor ca produs existent, în conformitate cu articolul 10 alineatul (1) din Regulamentul (CE) nr. 1831/2003.
 (3)
 În conformitate cu articolul 10 alineatul (2) coroborat cu articolul 7 din Regulamentul (CE) nr. 1831/2003, au fost depuse cereri pentru reevaluarea substanței L-treonină ca aditiv pentru hrana tuturor speciilor de animale. În conformitate cu articolul 7 din regulamentul respectiv, au fost, de asemenea, introduse cereri pentru autorizarea substanței L-treonină pentru toate speciile de animale. Cererile au fost însoțite de informațiile și de documentele necesare în temeiul articolului 7 alineatul (3) din Regulamentul (CE) nr. 1831/2003.
 (4)
 Cererile se referă la autorizarea substanței L-treonină produse de Escherichia coli DSM 25086, Escherichia coli FERM BP-11383, Escherichia coli FERM BP-10942, Escherichia coli NRRL B-30843, Escherichia coli KCCM11133P, Escherichia coli DSM 25085, Escherichia coli CGMCC 3703 sau Escherichia coli CGMCC 7.58 ca aditiv pentru hrana tuturor speciilor de animale, urmând a fi clasificată în categoria „aditivilor nutriționali”.
 (5)
 Autoritatea Europeană pentru Siguranța Alimentară (denumită în continuare „autoritatea”) a concluzionat în avizele sale din 9 iulie 2013 (4), 29 ianuarie 2014 (5), 9 septembrie 2014 (6), 9 septembrie 2015 (7), 1 decembrie 2015 (8) și 19 aprilie 2016 (9) că, în condițiile de utilizare propuse, substanța L-treonină produsă de Escherichia coli DSM 25086, Escherichia coli FERM BP-11383, Escherichia coli FERM BP-10942, Escherichia coli NRRL B-30843, Escherichia coli KCCM11133P, Escherichia coli DSM 25085, Escherichia coli CGMCC 3703 și Escherichia coli CGMCC 7.58 nu are un efect advers asupra sănătății animalelor, asupra sănătății oamenilor sau asupra mediului și că este considerată o sursă eficace de aminoacid treonină/aminoacizi pentru hrana animalelor; pentru ca L-treonina administrată ca supliment să fie pe deplin eficace pentru rumegătoare, ar trebui să fie protejată contra degradării în rumen. Autoritatea nu consideră că sunt necesare cerințe specifice pentru monitorizarea ulterioară introducerii pe piață. Ea a verificat, de asemenea, raportul referitor la metoda de analiză a aditivului în hrana pentru animale, prezentat de laboratorul de referință înființat în temeiul Regulamentului (CE) nr. 1831/2003.
 (6)
 În avizele sale, autoritatea și-a exprimat preocuparea cu privire la siguranța L-treoninei pentru speciile-țintă în cazul administrării prin intermediul apei de băut. Cu toate acestea, autoritatea nu propune niciun conținut maxim pentru L-treonină. Astfel, în cazul administrării L-treoninei prin intermediul apei de băut, este recomandabil să fie avertizat utilizatorul de necesitatea de a lua în considerare aportul tuturor aminoacizilor esențiali din regimul alimentar.
 (7)
 Evaluarea substanței L-treonină arată că sunt îndeplinite condițiile de autorizare prevăzute la articolul 5 din Regulamentul (CE) nr. 1831/2003. În consecință, ar trebui autorizată utilizarea substanței respective în conformitate cu specificațiile din anexa la prezentul regulament.
 (8)
 Deoarece niciun motiv de siguranță nu impune aplicarea imediată a modificărilor condițiilor de autorizare a L-treoninei, este oportun să se prevadă o perioadă de tranziție pentru a permite părților interesate să se pregătească pentru a îndeplini noile cerințe care decurg din autorizare.
 (9)
 Măsurile prevăzute în prezentul regulament sunt conforme cu avizul Comitetului permanent pentru plante, animale, produse alimentare și hrană pentru animale,
 ADOPTĂ PREZENTUL REGULAMENT:
 Articolul 1
 Autorizare
 Substanța specificată în anexă, aparținând categoriei „aditivi nutriționali” și grupului funcțional „aminoacizi, sărurile acestora și produsele analoage”, este autorizată ca aditiv pentru hrana animalelor în condițiile prevăzute în anexă.
 Articolul 2
 Măsuri tranzitorii
 (1) L-treonina autorizată prin Directiva 88/485/CEE și preamestecurile care o conțin pot fi introduse pe piață până la 16 mai 2017, în conformitate cu normele aplicabile înainte de 16 august 2016, și utilizate până la epuizarea stocurilor existente.
 (2) Materiile prime destinate hranei pentru animale și hrana combinată pentru animale care conțin substanța menționată la alineatul (1) pot fi introduse pe piață până la 16 august 2017, în conformitate cu normele aplicabile înainte de 16 august 2016, și utilizate până la epuizarea stocurilor existente, dacă sunt destinate animalelor de la care se obțin alimente.
 (3) Materiile prime destinate hranei pentru animale și hrana combinată pentru animale care conțin substanța menționată la alineatul (1) pot fi introduse pe piață până la 16 august 2018, în conformitate cu normele aplicabile înainte de 16 august 2016, și utilizate până la epuizarea stocurilor existente, dacă sunt destinate animalelor de la care nu se obțin alimente.
 Articolul 3
 Intrarea în vigoare
 Prezentul regulament intră în vigoare în a douăzecea zi de la data publicării în Jurnalul Oficial al Uniunii Europene.
 Prezentul regulament este obligatoriu în toate elementele sale și se aplică direct în toate statele membre.
 Adoptat la Bruxelles, 26 iulie 2016.
 Pentru Comisie
 Președintele
 Jean-Claude JUNCKER
 (1) JO L 268, 18.10.2003, p. 29.
 (2) Directiva 82/471/CEE a Consiliului din 30 iunie 1982 privind anumite produse folosite în hrana animalelor (JO L 213, 21.7.1982, p. 8).
 (3) Directiva 88/485/CEE a Comisiei din 26 iulie 1988 de modificare a anexei la Directiva 82/471/CEE a Consiliului privind anumite produse utilizate în alimentația animalelor (JO L 239, 30.8.1988, p. 36).
 (4) EFSA Journal 2013; 11(7):3319.
 (5) EFSA Journal 2014; 12(2):3564.
 (6) EFSA Journal 2014; 12(10):3825.
 (7) EFSA Journal 2015; 13(9):4236.
 (8) EFSA Journal 2016; 14(1):4344.
 (9) EFSA Journal 2016; 14(5):4470.
 ANEXĂ
 Numărul de identificare al aditivului
 Numele deținătorului autorizației
 Aditivul
 Compoziția, formula chimică, descrierea, metoda analitică/de analiză
 Speciile sau categoriile de animale
 Vârsta maximă
 Conținutul minim
 Conținutul maxim
 Alte dispoziții
 Sfârșitul perioadei de autorizare
 mg/kg de hrană completă pentru animale cu un conținut de umiditate de 12 %
 Categoria aditivilor nutriționali. Grup funcțional: aminoacizi, sărurile acestora și produse analoage
 3c410
 —
 L-treonină
 Compoziția aditivului:
 Pulbere cu minimum 98 % L-treonină (raportat la substanța uscată)
 Caracterizarea substanței active:
 L-treonină produsă prin fermentare cu Escherichia coli DSM 25086 sau
 Escherichia coli FERM BP-11383 sau
 Escherichia coli FERM BP-10942 sau
 Escherichia coli NRRL B-30843 sau
 Escherichia coli KCCM11133P sau
 Escherichia coli DSM 25085 sau
 Escherichia coli CGMCC 3703 sau
 Escherichia coli CGMCC 7.58.
 Formula chimică: C4H9NO3
 Număr CAS: 72-19-5
 Metode analitice/de analiză
 (1):
 Pentru determinarea L-treoninei în aditivul furajer:
 —
 Codexul substanțelor chimice din alimente (Food Chemical Codex) „L-threonine monograph”; și
 —
 cromatografie prin schimb ionic cuplată cu derivatizare postcoloană și detecție fotometrică (IEC-UV/FD) – EN ISO 17180.
 Pentru determinarea treoninei în preamestecuri:
 —
 cromatografie prin schimb ionic cuplată cu derivatizare postcoloană și detecție fotometrică (IEC-UV/FD) – EN ISO 17180; și
 —
 cromatografie cu schimb de ioni cuplată cu derivatizare postcoloană și cu detecție fotometrică (IEC-UV) – Regulamentul (CE) nr. 152/2009 al Comisiei (2) (anexa III, partea F).
 Pentru determinarea treoninei în preamestecuri, în furajele combinate, în materiile prime pentru furaje și în apă:
 —
 metoda cromatografiei prin schimb ionic cu derivatizare postcoloană și detecție fotometrică (IEC-UV): Regulamentul (CE) nr. 152/2009 (anexa III, partea F).
 Toate speciile
 —
 —
 —
 1.
 L-treonina poate fi introdusă pe piață și utilizată ca aditiv sub formă de preparat.
 2.
 Pentru utilizatorii aditivului și preamestecurilor, operatorii din sectorul hranei pentru animale stabilesc proceduri operaționale și măsuri organizatorice pentru a aborda riscurile potențiale în caz de inhalare. În cazul în care aceste riscuri nu pot fi eliminate sau reduse la minimum prin astfel de proceduri și măsuri, aditivii și preamestecurile se utilizează cu echipamente de protecție individuală, inclusiv cu echipamente de protecție respiratorie.
 3.
 L-treonina poate fi utilizată, de asemenea, în apa de băut.
 4.
 Declarații care trebuie menționate pe eticheta aditivului:
 Conținutul de apă.
 5.
 Declarații care trebuie menționate pe eticheta aditivului și a preamestecurilor:
 „În cazul în care aditivul este administrat prin intermediul apei de băut, ar trebui să se evite excesul de proteine.”
 16.8.2026
 (1) Detalii ale metodelor analitice sunt disponibile la următoarea adresă a Laboratorului de referință: https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/eurl/feed-additives/evaluation-reports
 (2) Regulamentul (CE) nr. 152/2009 al Comisiei din 27 ianuarie 2009 de stabilire a metodelor de eșantionare și analiză pentru controlul oficial al furajelor (JO L 54, 26.2.2009, p. 1).


type: other

text:
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