text: b' Department of the Interior\n Office of Inspector General\n\n\n\n\n AUDIT REPORT\n\n\n U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\n Federal Assistance Grants Issued\n to the State of North Dakota,\n Game and Fish Department,\n From July 1, 2003 Through June 30, 2005\n\n\n\n\nReport No. R-GR-FWS-0006-2006 January 2007\n\x0c United States Department of the Interior\n OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL\n 12030 Sunrise Valley Drive, Suite 230\n Reston, Virginia 20191\n\n January 4, 2007\n\n AUDIT REPORT\nMemorandum\n\nTo: Director\n U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\n\nFrom: Christina M. Bruner\n Director of External Audits\n\nSubject: Audit on the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Federal Assistance Grants\n Issued to the State of North Dakota, Game and Fish Department,\n From July 1, 2003 Through June 30, 2005 (No. R-GR-FWS-0006-2006)\n\n This report presents the results of our audit of costs incurred by the state of North Dakota\n(State), Game and Fish Department (Department), under Federal Assistance grants awarded by\nthe U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). The audit included total reported outlays of\napproximately $16.8 million on 27 FWS grants that were open during state fiscal years (SFYs)\nended June 30 of 2004 and 2005 (see Appendix 1). The audit also covered Department\ncompliance with applicable laws, regulations, and FWS guidelines, including those related to the\ncollection and use of hunting and fishing license revenues and the reporting of program income.\n\n We found that the Department complied, in general, with applicable grant accounting and\nregulatory requirements. We also identified issues that require FWS attention, including\nprogram income from barter transactions, in-kind contributions, and drawdowns.\n\n We provided a draft of the report to FWS and the Department for comment. We\nsummarized the FWS and Department responses after each recommendation, as well as our\ncomments on the responses. FWS stated they will consider the Department\xe2\x80\x99s comments when\npreparing the corrective action plan. We listed the status of each recommendation in\nAppendix 3.\n\n Please respond in writing to the findings and recommendations included in this report by\nApril 4, 2007. Your response should include information on actions taken or planned, targeted\ncompletion dates, and titles of officials responsible for implementation.\n\n If you have any questions regarding this report, please contact the audit team leader, Mr.\nLawrence Kopas, at 703-487-5358 or me at 703-487-5345.\n\ncc: Regional Director, Region 6, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\n\x0c Introduction\n\nBackground\nThe Pittman-Robertson Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act and the Dingell-Johnson Federal\nAid in Sport Fish Restoration Act (Acts) 1 authorize FWS to provide Federal Assistance grants to\nstates to enhance their sport fish and wildlife restoration programs. The Acts provide for FWS to\nreimburse the states up to 75 percent of the eligible costs incurred under the grants. They also\nspecify that state hunting and fishing license revenues cannot be used for any purpose other than\nthe administration of the state\xe2\x80\x99s fish and game department.\n\nObjectives\nOur audit objectives were to determine whether the Department:\n\n \xe2\x80\xa2 claimed the costs incurred under Federal Assistance grants in accordance with the Acts\n and related regulations, FWS guidelines, and the grant agreements;\n\n \xe2\x80\xa2 used state hunting and fishing license revenues solely for Department fish and wildlife\n program activities; and\n\n \xe2\x80\xa2 reported and used program income in accordance with federal regulations.\n\nScope\nAudit work included outlays totaling approximately $16.8 million on 27 FWS grants that were\nopen during SFYs 2004 and 2005 (see Appendix 1). We performed our audit at Department\nheadquarters locations in Bismarck, North Dakota, and visited five regional offices, six wildlife\nmanagement areas, and one shooting range (see Appendix 2). This audit was performed to\nsupplement, not replace, the audits required by the Single Audit Act of 1984, as amended, and\nthe Office of Management and Budget Circular A-133.\n\nMethodology\nWe performed our audit in accordance with the \xe2\x80\x9cGovernment Auditing Standards\xe2\x80\x9d issued by the\nComptroller General of the United States. We tested records and performed other auditing\nprocedures that we considered necessary under the circumstances. Our tests and procedures\nincluded:\n\n \xe2\x80\xa2 examining the evidence supporting selected expenditures charged to the grants by the\n Department;\n\n1\n As amended 16 U.S.C. \xc2\xa7\xc2\xa7 669 and 777, respectively.\n\n\n 2\n\x0c \xe2\x80\xa2 interviewing Department employees to ensure that personnel costs charged to the grants\n were supportable;\n\n \xe2\x80\xa2 reviewing transactions and supporting documentation related to purchases, other direct\n costs, drawdowns of reimbursements, in-kind contributions, and program income;\n\n \xe2\x80\xa2 conducting site visits to review equipment and other property; and\n\n \xe2\x80\xa2 determining whether the Department used hunting and fishing license revenues solely for\n its sport fish and wildlife program purposes.\n\nTo the extent possible, we relied on the work of the Office of the State Auditor that performed\nthe SFYs 2003-2004 Single Audit, to avoid duplication of audit effort.\n\nWe also identified the internal controls over transactions recorded in the labor and license fee\naccounting systems and tested their operation and reliability. Based on the results of initial\nassessments, we assigned a level of risk to these systems and selected a judgmental sample of\ntransactions for testing. We did not evaluate the economy, efficiency, or effectiveness of\nDepartment operations nor project the results of tests to the total population of recorded\ntransactions.\n\nPrior Audit Coverage\nOn September 10, 2002, we issued \xe2\x80\x9cAdvisory Report on Costs Claimed by the State of North\nDakota, Game and Fish Department, under Federal Aid Grants from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife\nService from July 1, 1997 To June 30, 1999,\xe2\x80\x9d Report No. 2002-E-0011. We followed up on the\nreport recommendations and found that they had been resolved and implemented.\n\nThe state operates on a biennial (2-year) budget, currently SFYs 2005-2006. We reviewed the\nState\xe2\x80\x99s most recent Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for SFYs 2003-2004 and the Single\nAudit report for SFYs 2003-2004. Our review of the Single Audit report found that the\nDepartment\xe2\x80\x99s Federal Assistance Programs for Sport Fish and Wildlife Restoration grants were\nconsidered major programs and assessed a low risk. In addition, the North Dakota Office of the\nState Auditor is required to perform an audit of each state agency every 2-year period; the most\nrecent audit for the Department was SFYs 2003-2004. These reports did not include any\nfindings regarding the Department\xe2\x80\x99s Federal Assistance grants or programs.\n\n\n\n\n 3\n\x0c Results of Audit\n\nAudit Summary\nWe found that the Department complied, in general, with applicable grant agreement provisions\nand requirements of the Acts, regulations, and FWS guidance and that state hunting and fishing\nlicense revenues were used solely for the Department\xe2\x80\x99s fish and wildlife program activities.\nHowever, we identified the findings listed below and discuss them in more detail in the Findings\nand Recommendations section.\n\n Unreported Program Income From Barter Transactions. The Department did not\n report program income generated from barter transactions on lands within the wildlife\n management areas (WMA) managed and maintained with Federal Assistance funds.\n\n Inadequate Support for In-Kind Contributions. Volunteer instructor hours claimed as\n in-kind state match under the Hunter Education and Aquatic Education grants were not\n consistently certified by each instructor.\n\n Drawdowns Made for Federal Reimbursements Without Adequate State Matching\n Share. On grants where the Department anticipated using in-kind contributions to\n provide all or part of its matching share of costs, the Department drew down (requested\n for reimbursement) its total expenditures to date without determining whether it had\n obtained the necessary in-kind match.\n\nFindings and Recommendations\n\nA. Barter Income\n\n The Department did not report program income generated from barter transactions on\n lands within the WMA managed and maintained with Federal Assistance funds. The\n Department issues 50 permits each year in which farmers who lease tillable acreage of\n the WMA agree to leave a portion of their crop in the field for the benefit of wildlife, in\n lieu of paying for the use of the land. Since the crops serve as payment for use of the\n land, their value should be reported and accounted for as program income.\n\n The Code of Federal Regulations (Title 43 \xc2\xa7 12.65(b)) defines program income as gross\n income received by the grantee or sub-grantee directly generated by a grant\n supported activity, or earned only as a result of the grant agreement during the grant\n period. Section 12.65(g) states that, ordinarily, program income shall be deducted\n from total allowable costs to determine the net allowable costs. Federal agency\n regulations or the grant agreement may specify another alternative or combination of\n alternatives to account for program income. Also, as specified in FWS Director\xe2\x80\x99s Order\n 168, Exhibit 1, program income includes income generated during the grant period from\n\n\n\n 4\n\x0cthe harvest of assets\xe2\x80\x94such as timber or hay\xe2\x80\x94that contribute to grant objectives on lands\npurchased or managed with Federal Assistance funds.\n\nA Department official told us that he did not report the value of the crops as program\nincome because he was not aware that the barter arrangements were to be treated as\nprogram income. He also stated that he did not know how to value and report the income\non the Financial Status Report (SF 269), which summarizes expenditure activity over the\ngrant period. In addition, the Department does not have procedures to identify the barter\ntransactions, including anticipated program income, or the appropriate accounting and\nreporting of this arrangement.\n\nWe believe that the value of the crops should be reported as program income since the\nDepartment receives crops in lieu of lease payments and lease payments are required to\nbe reported as program income. Additionally, the FWS Director\xe2\x80\x99s Order considers\nharvest of assets, which we believe would include crops, to be considered income. The\nDepartment has contacted the Office of the State Auditor and the State Office of\nManagement and Budget for assistance in resolving and implementing the issue of\nunreported program income from barter transactions.\n\nRecommendations\n\nWe recommend that FWS:\n\n1. resolve the issue of the unreported program income from the barter transactions that\n occurred during the audit period and\n\n2. coordinate with the Department to establish procedures to (a) identify the barter\n transactions, including anticipated program income, along with the appropriate\n accounting and reporting of this arrangement, in the grant application; and (b) report\n the value of the crops received as program income on the SF 269.\n\nDepartment Response\n\nThe Department estimated that the amount of unreported program income from barter\ntransactions during the audit period was immaterial. However, it stated that it is\ndeveloping a spreadsheet to document barter income. It intends to use the spreadsheet to\nrecord barter income during the next field season (2007) on the SF-269 and anticipated\nbarter income in future grant applications.\n\nFWS Response\n\nFWS indicated they will consider the Department\xe2\x80\x99s comments when preparing the\ncorrective action plan.\n\n\n\n\n 5\n\x0c OIG Comments\n\n Based on the FWS response, we consider the recommendations unresolved. Information\n is needed in the corrective action plan concerning the specific actions taken or planned to\n resolve and implement the recommendations and verifying that FWS reviewed and\n approved the actions planned by the Department. The plan should also include targeted\n completion dates and titles of officials responsible for implementation.\n\nB. Inadequate Support for In-Kind Contributions\n\n The Department claims volunteer instructor hours as in-kind contributions for the state\n matching share of costs on the Hunter Education and Aquatic Education grants. These\n hours are not certified by the instructors on a consistent basis. Therefore, all hours\n claimed as in-kind match may not be adequately supported.\n\n Title 2 C.F.R. 225.55 C1(j), which outlines basic guidelines on cost principles, states that\n for a cost to be allowable under federal awards, the cost must be adequately documented.\n In addition, Title 43 C.F.R. \xc2\xa7 12.64 (b)(6), which outlines requirements for matching or\n cost sharing records, states that, to the extent feasible, volunteer services will be\n supported by the same methods that the organization uses to support the allocability of\n regular personnel costs. Volunteer services may be counted as an in-kind state match.\n\n Department officials were not aware of the requirement that the method used to allocate\n regular personnel costs also applied to its volunteer instructors. As such, they did not\n have procedures requiring that the instructor hours be certified by each individual\n instructor, as regular personnel hours are documented. The Department instead\n documented their volunteer instructor hours on forms titled Final Report (Hunter\n Education) and Event Reporting Form (Aquatic Education). These forms provide for the\n signature of the Chief Instructor and a listing of the individual volunteer instructors\n assisting in the course. Department officials said that the chief volunteer instructor\n certifies all instructor hours for his or her class and is aware of instructor hours through\n visual observation and discussions. The Department feels the hours claimed are accurate\n and were properly certified. Department officials said if FWS requires each volunteer\n instructor to certify their hours, the Department will comply.\n\n A significant portion of the volunteer instructor hours claimed as in-kind match under the\n Hunter Education and Aquatic Education grants were not adequately supported by each\n volunteer, attesting to the hours spent. The Department claimed in-kind match totaling\n $169,983 for the Hunter Education Grants (W-83-E-32, 33, and 35) and $121,789 for the\n Aquatic Education Grants (F-41-E-17, 18, and 19). Tests of two of the Hunter Education\n grants found that 358 of the 440 hours claimed (81 percent) did not have the volunteer\n instructor signatures. Tests of the three Aquatic Education grants found that 319 of the\n 2,261 hours claimed (14 percent) did not have the volunteer instructor signatures.\n\n\n\n\n 6\n\x0c Recommendations\n\n We recommend that FWS:\n\n 1. resolve the inadequately supported in-kind matching share and\n\n 2. require the Department to establish and implement procedures requiring volunteer\n instructors to certify the hours they worked.\n\n Department Response\n\n The Department did not agree with the recommendations, but will work to implement\n them for the 2007 calendar year. The Department believes there were more than enough\n volunteer hours with adequate support to satisfy both the Hunter and Aquatic Educations\xe2\x80\x99\n in-kind match requirements. In addition, the Department believes that the lead volunteer\n instructor has sufficient knowledge of the class to document the number of hours worked\n by the volunteer instructors. Also, the Department believes that obtaining the additional\n signatures would significantly increase the amount of paperwork and time it would take\n to receive documentation from the individual volunteers.\n\n FWS Response\n\n FWS indicated they will consider the Department\xe2\x80\x99s comments when preparing the\n corrective action plan.\n\n OIG Comments\n\n Based on the FWS response, we consider the recommendations unresolved. Information\n is needed in the corrective action plan concerning the specific actions taken or planned to\n resolve and implement the recommendations and verifying that FWS reviewed and\n approved the actions planned by the Department. The plan should also include targeted\n completion dates and titles of officials responsible for implementation.\n\nC. Drawdowns Made of Federal Assistance Funds Without Adequate\n State Matching Share\n\n On grants where the Department anticipated using in-kind contributions to provide all or\n part of its matching state share of costs, the Department requested reimbursement for\n (drew down) the federal share of total expenditures to date without determining whether\n it had expended the necessary state matching share.\n\n Title 50 C.F.R. \xc2\xa7 80.16 requires payments to be made for the federal share of allowable\n costs incurred by the state in accomplishing approved projects. Under this section, the\n costs\xe2\x80\x94both federal and state matching share\xe2\x80\x94must be incurred (expended or obligated)\n before the state may request reimbursement.\n\n\n\n 7\n\x0cDepartment officials told us that drawdowns were made with the expectation that, by the\nend of the grants, the in-kind match requirements would be satisfied or an appropriate\nadjustment would be made. In addition, the officials said the Department has significant\nover-match from volunteer hours at the end of the grant period. It was the understanding\nof Department officials that drawing down the full amount quarterly was therefore\nacceptable. Costs for federal reimbursement and state matching share, however, must be\nincurred before they are claimed or drawdowns are made. Department officials plan to\nchange procedures to ensure sufficient in-kind match is available before funds are drawn\ndown.\n\nThe Department may have received reimbursement for the federal share of certain costs\nincurred, using as state match volunteer instructor hours that may not have been worked\nat the time of the drawdown.\n\nRecommendations\n\nWe recommend that FWS:\n\n1. determine whether the state had sufficient in-kind matching contributions and\n\n2. require the Department to establish and implement procedures that ensure that\n sufficient in-kind match is available before funds are drawn down.\n\nDepartment Response\n\nThe Department indicated that it will implement the recommendations by not drawing\nfederal funds until the in-kind match of volunteer hours have been incurred, beginning\nwith grants that start in January 2007. In addition, the Department stated it will draw\nfederal funds based on the volunteer hours incurred for the period of the drawdown.\nFinally, the Department believes there was sufficient in-kind match for the Hunter and\nAquatic Education programs at the end of the grant periods audited.\n\nFWS Response\n\nFWS indicated they will consider the Department\xe2\x80\x99s comments when preparing the\ncorrective action plan.\n\nOIG Comments\n\nBased on the FWS response, we consider the recommendations unresolved. Information\nis needed in the corrective action plan concerning the specific actions taken or planned to\nresolve and implement the recommendations and verifying FWS reviewed and approved\nthe data provided and actions planned by the Department. The plan should also include\ntargeted completion dates and titles of officials responsible for implementation.\n\n\n\n\n 8\n\x0c Appendix 1\n\n NORTH DAKOTA GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT\n FINANCIAL SUMMARY OF REVIEW COVERAGE\n JULY 1, 2003 THROUGH JUNE 30, 2005\n\n\n Grant Grant Reported Questioned Federal\n Number Amount Outlays Costs Share\nF-2-R-50 $1,997,000 927,678\nF-2-R-51 1,980,000 1,805,934\nF-2-R-52 2,075,000 962,764\nF-30-DB-46 1,113,200 425,595\nF-30-DB-47 397,000 213,445\nF-30-DB-48 1,648,933 1,463,683\nF-30-DB-49 293,000 234,425\nF-30-DB-50 1,364,733 502,594\nF-30-DB-51 343,167 96,296\nF-38-D-18 465,000 95,000\nF-38-D-19 475,000 482,972\nF-38-D-20 675,000 332,203\nF-41-E-17 280,000 145,166\nF-41-E-18 280,000 226,174\nF-41-E-19 240,000 96,504\nFW-13-T-26 440,000 405,459\nFW-13-T-27 400,000 321,261\nW-23-D-58 1,542,265 1,643,126\nW-23-D-59 1,619,000 1,622,000\nW-67-R-44 2,017,000 1,884,207\nW-67-R-45 1,800,000 1,696,744\nW-83-E-31 409,061 320,603\nW-83-E-32 588,000 168,761\nW-83-E-33 355,000 373,867\nW-83-E-34 209,394 208,057\nW-83-E-35 355,000 173,407\nW-83-E-36 106,667 0\n Total $23,468,420 $16,827,925 $0 $0\n\n\n\n\n 9\n\x0c Appendix 2\n\n NORTH DAKOTA\nGAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT\n SITES VISITED\n\n Headquarters\n Division of Fisheries\n Division of Wildlife\n Airport Office\n Bismarck Lab\n Bismarck Shop\n\n Regional Offices\n Devils Lake\n Dickinson\n Jamestown\n Riverdale\n Williston\n\n Wildlife Management Areas\n Crown Butte Lake\n Neu\xe2\x80\x99s Point\n Ochs Point\n Riverdale\n Sweet Briar Lake\n Trenton\n\n Other\n Minot Rifle and Pistol Club\n\n\n\n\n 10\n\x0c Appendix 3\n\n NORTH DAKOTA GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT\n STATUS OF AUDIT FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS\n\n\n Recommendations Status Action Required\n\nA.1, A.2, B.1, B.2, C.1, and FWS did not indicate Provide a corrective action plan\nC.2, concurrence or non- that identifies the actions taken or\n concurrence with the planned to resolve and\n findings or implement the recommendations.\n recommendations. The The plan should also include the\n recommendations are targeted completion date and the\n therefore unresolved. titles of official(s) responsible for\n Additional information is implementation of each\n needed in the corrective recommendation. We will refer\n action plan. any recommendations that are\n not implemented at the end of 90\n days (after April 4, 2007) to the\n Assistant Secretary for Policy,\n Management and Budget for\n resolution and/or tracking of\n implementation.\n\n\n\n\n 11\n\x0c\x0c'


type: caselaw

jurisdiction: EU

text:
 10.3.2007
 SK
 Úradný vestník Európskej únie
 C 56/23
 Žaloba podaná 23. januára 2007 – Komisia Európskych spoločenstiev/Írsko
 (Vec C-20/07)
 (2007/C 56/43)
 Jazyk konania: angličtina
 Účastníci konania
 Žalobkyňa: Komisia Európskych spoločenstiev (v zastúpení: J. Hottiaux a D. Lawunmi, splnomocnené zástupkyne)
 Žalovaný: Írsko
 Návrhy žalobkyne
 —
 určiť, že Írsko tým, že neprijalo zákony, iné predpisy a správne opatrenia potrebné na dosiahnutie súladu so smernicou Európskeho parlamentu a Rady 2004/26/ES z 21. apríla 2004, ktorou sa mení a dopĺňa smernica 97/68/ES o aproximácii právnych predpisov členských štátov, ktoré sa týkajú opatrení voči emisiám plynných a tuhých znečisťujúcich látok zo spaľovacích motorov inštalovaných v necestných pojazdných strojoch (1), alebo v každom prípade tým, že o nich neinformovalo Komisiu, nesplnilo svoje povinnosti, ktoré mu vyplývajú z článku 3 tejto smernice,
 —
 zaviazať Írsko na náhradu trov konania.
 Žalobné dôvody a hlavné tvrdenia
 Lehota na prebratie smernice uplynula 20. mája 2005.
 (1) Ú. v. EÚ L 146, s. 1; Mim. vyd. 13/034, s. 341 – 445.


type: wikipedia

text:
Η τρέχουσα σελίδα αφορά το έτος 1416 κατά το Γρηγοριανό ημερολόγιο
 Γεγονότα
 27 Ιανουαρίου − Η Δημοκρατία του Ντουμπρόβνικ γίνεται η πρώτη χώρα στην Ευρώπη που κηρύσσει παράνομη τη δουλεία.
 30 Μαΐου − Η Σύνοδος της Κωνσταντίας, η οποία συγκλήθηκε από τον αυτοκράτορα Σιγισμόνδο, υποστηρικτή του Αντίπαπα Ιωάννη ΚΓ', εκτελεί στην πυρά τον Ιερώνυμο της Πράγας ως αιρετικό.
 Ο Μωάμεθ Α ́ καταλαμβάνει τη Λαμία για δεύτερη φορά.
 Η Οθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία υπογράφει θαλάσσια συνθήκη με τη Βενετία.
 Η Γέφυρα του Τρέτσο στον ποταμό Άντα της βόρειας Ιταλίας, η μεγαλύτερη μονού τόξου στον κόσμο εκείνη την εποχή, καταστρέφεται.
 Γεννήσεις
 26 Φεβρουαρίου - Χριστόφορος Γ', βασιλιάς της Δανίας
 14 Ιουνίου - Πέτρος των Μεδίκων, ο Ποδάγρας, κυβερνήτης της Φλωρεντίας
 Νέριο Β ́ Ατσαγιόλι, δούκας των Αθηνών
 Θάνατοι
 2 Απριλίου − Φερδινάνδος Α', βασιλιάς της Αραγωνίας
 15 Ιουνίου - Ιωάννης, δούκας του Μπερί
 14 Οκτωβρίου - Ερρίκος Α ́ του Βολφενμπύτελ, δούκας του Μπράουνσβαϊγκ-Λύνεμπουργκ
 Αδελφοί Λίμπουρχ, Ολλανδοί ζωγράφοι
 Έτη


text:
Hideki Shirakawa (bil-Ġappuniż: 白川 英樹, Shirakawa Hideki, twieled fl-20 ta' Awwissu 1936) huwa kimiku, inġinier u Professur Emeritu Ġappuniż tal-Università ta' Tsukuba, il-Ġappun, u tal-Università ta' Zhejiang, iċ-Ċina. Huwa magħruf l-iktar għall-iskoperta li għamel tal-polimeri konduttivi. Huwa ngħata l-Premju Nobel għall-Kimika b'mod konġunt flimkien ma' Alan MacDiarmid u Alan Heeger.
 Ħajja bikrija u edukazzjoni
 Hideki Shirakawa twieled f'Tokjo, il-Ġappun, u kien it-tieni iben ta' tabib militari. Huwa kellu ħuh ikbar minnu u ieħor iżgħar minnu, u oħtu. Iċ-ċampjin Olimpiku tal-maratoni Naoko Takahashi hija s-sekondokuġina tiegħu. Huwa għex f'Manchukuo u f'Taiwan fi tfulitu. Għall-ħabta tat-tielet sena tal-iskola primarja, huwa ttrasferixxa ruħu lejn Takayama, Gifu, li huwa raħal twelid ommu.
 Shirakawa ggradwa mill-Istitut tat-Teknoloġija ta' Tokjo (Tokyo Tech) b'baċellerat fl-inġinerija kimika fl-1961, u għamel id-dottorat tiegħu fl-1966. Imbagħad, huwa kiseb il-kariga ta' assistent fil-Laboratorju tar-Riżorsi Kimiċi f'Tokyo Tech.
 Karriera
 Meta kien impjegat bħala assistent fl-Istitut tat-Teknoloġija ta' Tokjo (Tokyo Tech) fil-Ġappun, Shirakawa żviluppa l-poliaċetilen, li għandu dehra metallika. Dan ir-riżultat interessa lil Alan MacDiarmid meta MacDiarmid żar lil Tokyo Tech fl-1975.
 Fl-1976, huwa ġie mistieden jaħdem fil-laboratorju ta' Alan MacDiarmid bħala membru postdottorali fl-Università ta' Pennsylvania, l-Istati Uniti. Flimkien huma żviluppaw il-konduttività elettrika tal-poliaċetilen flimkien mal-fiżiku Amerikan Alan Heeger.
 Fl-1977 skoprew li d-doping bil-fwar tal-jodju seta' jtejjeb il-konduttività tal-poliaċetilen. It-tliet xjenzati ngħataw il-Premju Nobel għall-Kimika fis-sena 2000 bħala rikonoxximent għall-iskoperta tagħhom. Fir-rigward tal-mekkaniżmu tal-konduttività elettrika, huwa maħsub li l-eċċitamenti nonlineari fil-forma ta' solitoni għandhom rwol importanti.
 Fl-1979, Shirakawa sar assistent professur fl-Università ta' Tsukuba; tliet snin wara, avvanza għal professur. Fl-1991 inħatar bħala l-Kap tad-Dipartiment tax-Xjenza u l-Inġinerija tal-Università ta' Tsukuba (sa Marzu 1993), u bħala l-Kap tal-Grupp tal-Kategorija 3 ta' Tsukuba (sa Marzu 1997).
 Premju Nobel
 Shirakawa ngħata l-Premju Nobel għall-Kimika fis-sena 2000 flimkien mal-professur tal-fiżika Alan J. Heeger u mal-professur tal-kimika Alan G. MacDiarmid tal-Università ta' Pennsylvania, "għall-iskoperta u għall-iżvilupp tal-polimeri konduttivi". Huwa sar ukoll l-ewwel rebbieħ Ġappuniż tal-Premju Nobel li ma ggradwax minn waħda mis-seba' universitajiet nazzjonali u t-tieni rebbieħ Ġappuniż tal-Premju Nobel għall-Kimika.
 Matul is-snin, Shirakawa stqarr li ma jridx il-Premju Nobel sabiex ma jingħatax trattament daqstant speċjali mill-mezzi tax-xandir tal-massa (speċjalment il-mezzi tax-xandir Ġappuniżi). Huwa jittama li bosta oqsma vitali li mhumiex parti mill-kategoriji tal-Premju Nobel isiru magħrufa iktar ukoll.
 Rikonoxximenti
 1983 – il-Premju tas-Soċjetà tax-Xjenza tal-Polimeri, il-Ġappun
 2000 – il-Premju SPSJ għal Kisba Straordinarja fix-Xjenza tal-Polimeri u t-Teknoloġija
 2000 – il-Premju Nobel għall-Kimika
 2000 – l-Ordni tal-Kultura u r-rikonoxximent bħala Persuna ta' Mertu Kulturali
 2000 – Professur Emeritu tal-Università ta' Tsukuba
 2001 – il-Premju Speċjali tas-Soċjetà Kimika tal-Ġappun
 2001 – Membru tal-Akkademja tal-Ġappun
 2006 – Professur Emeritu tal-Università ta' Zhejiang, iċ-Ċina.
 Qrabat
 Wieħed mill-qrabat tiegħu, Hitomi Yoshizawa, huwa membru tal-grupp tal-kant Morning Musume Morning Girls. Huwa jiġu wkoll minn Naoko Takahashi, ir-rebbieħa tal-medalja tad-deheb tal-maratoni tan-nisa tal-Logħob Olimpiku tas-Sajf tas-sena 2000.
 Kwistjonijiet pubbliċi
 Fis-6 ta' Diċembru 2013, il-Kamra tal-Kunsilliera tal-Ġappun approvat l-abbozz dwar il-Liġi tas-Segretezza tal-Istat. Shirakawa u r-rebbieħ tal-Premju Nobel għall-Fiżika Toshihide Maskawa ħarġu stqarrija fejn qalu li l-liġi:"thedded il-prinċipji paċifisti u d-drittijiet fundamentali tal-bniedem stabbilit fil-kostituzzjoni u għandha tiġi rrifjutata minnufih... Anke fi żminijiet diffiċli, il-protezzjoni tal-libertà tal-istampa, tal-ħsieb u tal-espressjoni, u tar-riċerka akkademika hija indispensabbli".
 Referenzi
 Nies ħajjin
 Twieldu fl-1936
 Xjenzati
 Kimika


jurisdiction: US

text:
Insufficiency of declaration in action of deceit — Measure of damages — Instruction.
 Defendant agreed to convey to plaintiff a farm, subject to a mortgage, in consideration of plaintiff's conveyance to him of a house and lot; and deeds of the properties were accordingly executed. At that time, a year's interest was due on the mortgage, and a few months after the transfer, the mortgage was foreclosed and the farm bought in by the defendant. The plaintiff then brought this action of deceit, alleging that the defendant had falsely represented that the interest had been paid on the mortgage to the date of transfer, and thereby induced plaintiff to exchange the properties. The declaration concluded that by reason of said false representation of the defendant, plaintiff was deprived *Page 139
 of the ownership of the house and lot and suffered damage thereby. Held, that a demurrer to the declaration should be sustained, since the alleged fraud related to the mortgage on the farm while the damages claimed are not for the loss of the farm but for the loss of the house and lot.
 In an action of deceit, a plaintiff is not entitled to recover exemplary or punitive damages, unless there be proof of malice or breach of trust on the part of the defendant.
 In an action of deceit, the jury should be informed as to the proper measure of damages, and it is error to instruct them that the plaintiff is entitled to recover such damages as they find he has sustained as the direct consequence of the false representation and which loss he could not have prevented by the exercise of ordinary care.
 When the fraud alleged is that the defendant induced the plaintiff to purchase property subject to a mortgage by a false representation that the interest on the mortgage had been paid to date, the defendant cannot be held to have contemplated, as a probable result o such statement, that plaintiff would be unable to pay the interest, and that the mortgage would be foreclosed, resulting in a loss of the property to the plaintiff, and consequently, there being nothing to show that the defendant designed to mislead the plaintiff so as to cause a loss of the property, he is entitled to recover only the amount of interest due.
 When the question at issue in an action of deceit is whether the defendant did or did not make a certain statement of fact, the defendant is not entitled to have the jury instructed, that when the transaction challenged admits equally of an honest or dishonest construction, it is the duty of the jury to adopt the construction in favor of honesty and fair dealing.
 Decided May 17th, 1907.
 Appeal from the Circuit Court for Kent County (CROTHERS, and ADKINS, JJ.)
 The case was argued before BOYD, PEARCE, SCHMUCKER BURKE and ROGERS, JJ.
 John D. Urie, for the appellant.
 William W. Beck and Lewin W. Wickes, for the appellee.
 BOYD, J., delivered the opinion of the Court.
 This is an appeal from a judgment rendered against the appellant *Page 140
 in favor of the appellee in an action of deceit. On May 12th, 1905, the appellant and the appellee, together with her husband, entered into an agreement for exchange of properties — that of the former being a farm containing about 131 acres of land, which was subject to a mortgage of $2,000 due to J.E. Hurlock, and that of Mrs. Stoops being a house and lot in Chestertown. The appellant also agreed to pay Mrs. Stoops $250 "for the landlord's interest in the farm for the year 1905," and to give her poesession on January 1st, 1906. She had agreed to give him possession of the house and lot on July 1st, 1905. The deeds were duly executed and delivered — that of the appellant and his wife to the appellee containing this covenant; "And it is furthermore understood that said farm is subject to a mortgage to J. Edward Hurlock for two thousand ($2,000) dollars, which the said Hester V. Stoops agrees to assume and pay, and the said L. Bates Russell and Iola K. Russell covenant that they will warrant specially, except as to said mortgage, the above described lands and premises."
 The appellee gave the appellant possession of the house and lot in June, 1905, and she took possession of a tenant house on the farm that month — the main house being occupied by a tenant who was entitled to possession until January 1st. The mortgage was dated August 3rd, 1901, and was payable one year after date, with interest from date, payable semi-annually, but it was still held by Mr. Hurlock who had agreed with the appellant to accept the interest annually. It contained the usual provision in case of default in payment of the principal, interest or any part thereof, or in any covenant or condition in the mortgage, and required an insurance of $1,200 to be kept on the improvements for the benefit of the mortgagee. At the time the agreement was made, and when the deeds were delivered, interest was unpaid on the mortgage from August 3rd, 1904, and on August 30th, 1905, the insurance policy, which had been taken out for three years, expired. The foundation of this suit is that the appellee contends that the appellant falsely and fraudulently represented to her that all *Page 141
 arrears of interest had been paid to the date of the contract, that the mortgage debt bore interest only from that date, and that no interest would be demanded or required to be paid by her until after wheat harvest in 1906; that defendant knew the representations to be false, and made them with the intent to induce her to enter into the contract and exchange the properties, which she did, relying upon the representations.
 Shortly after the year's interest became due (in August, 1905), it was demanded of the appellee, but she did not pay it and the mortgagee assigned the mortgage to John D. Urie on November 15th, 1905. On the next day, which was Thursday, he wrote to the appellee to make some arrangement by the following Saturday. That not being done, Mr. Urie filed a bond on the next Monday and again notified the appellee "that her farm would be advertised unless she fixed up the mortgage." The mortgage provided for one-half commissions if paid after the bond was filed, and $25 for preparing and furnishing the bond. The appellee failed to arrange for the mortgage, and Mr. Urie, as assignee, advertised the property and sold it the latter part of December, 1905, to the appellant for $2,450. The appellant had sold the property he had received from the appellee for $2,000 a few days after the transfer to him, in May, 1905. He denied the statement about the interest, and claimed he had purchased and paid for the crops with the $250 in part to enable her to pay the interest, $120 of which would be due about August 1st, 1905. He also testified that after he had purchased the farm at the mortgagee's sale he offered it to the plaintiff at what he gave for it and offered to let half of the purchase money remain on the farm. Which ever version was in fact true, the net result was that the appellant had sold the property he had received from the appellee for $2,000 a few days after the transfer to him, he then obtained his farm (which he valued at $4,000 in the sale to the appellee) for $2,450, which paid off the mortgage given by him, and he had only paid $250 in cash to the appellee. His total loss could not exceed the $250, plus the difference between the amount of the mortgage with interest thereon, *Page 142
 and such taxes as were then due on the farm, and the $2,450. The appellee had received the $250, out of which she had to pay the expenses of seeding the wheat in the fall of 1905 (for which she received no return), and such other expenses as she incurred, and never did get possession of the entire farm which she had purchased. Mr. Urie, the appellant's attorney, who drew the agreement but made no reference to the interest on the mortgage, sold the property under the mortgage within six weeks of the time it was assigned to him, and will receive the difference between what he paid for the mortgage ($2,154), plus expenses of sale, and the purchase price ($2,450). Without further comment on the facts, it is not surprising that a jury rendered a verdict for a substantial sum, but whatever we may think of such transactions it is, of course, our duty to determine the case according to the established principles of law without regard to results, if not within the protection of those principles.
 The questions before us are presented by a demurrer to thenarr. and exceptions to granting the plaintiff's prayer and rejecting the first and fourth prayers offered by the defendant.
 1. The declaration alleges the exchange of the properties, the false and fraudulent representations as to the interest, the demand of the interest from the plaintiff, her inability to pay it, and the sale in consequence thereof at a sum sufficient to pay the mortgage debt, interest and costs, that the defendant made such false and fraudulent representations well knowing them to be false and with intent to induce the plaintiff thereby to enter into said written contract and to exchange said properties, and that the plaintiff relying upon said representations of the defendant entered into the contract and did exchange the properties. It also alleges that the plaintiff was induced to believe that no interest was due and none would be demanded on the mortgage until after the wheat harvest in 1906, and hence she made no provision for it and could not pay it. It concludes "and that by reason of the said false and fraudulent representations of the defendant, the plaintiff was deprived of the ownership and possession of said house and lot of land *Page 143
 and that the plaintiff suffered damage thereby. And the plaintiff claims $4,000." It will thus be seen that the damages claimed in the narr. are not for the loss of the farm, but for the loss of the house and lot, while the fraud alleged was in reference to the farm. If the allegations in the narr. are true the plaintiff was not deprived of the house and lot by the alleged fraud, but she was, at most, only deprived of the equity in the farm. It may be that the house and lot were worth more than the latter, even if there was only due the principal of the mortgage, and it is difficult to understand upon what principle, under the allegations made in the narr. she could have been entitled to recover for the loss of the house and lot, regardless of the question whether that could under proper allegations be the measure of damages, which we will refer to later. "The declaration or complaint must allege that plaintiff sustained damage by reason of the fraud, and should show that the relation of cause and effect exists between the fraud and the damage alleged." 20 Cyc., 103, and cases cited in notes. It cannot properly be said that the loss of the house and lot was caused by the alleged fraud in reference to the interest on the mortgage and the demurrer ought to have been sustained.
 The plaintiff's first prayer, which was granted, is defective by reason of its failure to instruct the jury as to the proper measure of damages. After reciting a number of facts which the plaintiff alleged in the nar. and undertook to establish by proof, it concludes "then the plaintiff is entitled to recover in this action such damages as the jury may find the plaintiff has sustained, as the direct consequence of such false representations, if in fact the plaintiff has sustained any loss, provided the plaintiff could not have prevented said loss by the exercise of ordinary care and prudence." There is nothing in the case to have authorized the jury to find exemplary, or punitive damages. "In ordinary cases the recovery of exemplary, punitive, or vindictive damages will not be allowed in an action of deceit; but such damages may be allowed where the wrong involves some violation of duty springing from a relation of trust or confidence, or where the fraud is gross, or the *Page 144
 case presents other extraordinary or exceptional circumstances clearly indicating malice and wilfulness and calling for an extension of the doctrine." 20 Cyc., 142. This case as presented does not come within any of the exceptions named. It is not alleged or attempted to be proven that the defendant made the false representations in order to mislead the plaintiff, and thereby cause a default in the entire mortgage in order that he might purchase the property at a sacrifice, or anything to that effect. If such facts had been alleged and proven, a different question might have arisen, but the mortgage was overdue for several years before the exchange of the properties, and the plaintiff did not claim that the defendant misrepresented that fact to her. So far as the record discloses there were no representations excepting as to the interest, and even if the defendant and the mortgagee had some understanding about the payment of the interest, it is not shown that it was of record or would have been binding on the assignee.
 The prayer wholly failed to instruct the jury as to the truemeasure of damages. There was no limit to those the jury could assess, under the prayer, excepting of course the amount claimed in the declaration. This Court has had occasion in a number of cases to disapprove of such instructions. In B. O.R.R. Co. v.Carr, 71 Md. 135, the judgment was reversed because the jury was instructed "that if they found for the plaintiff for the refusal to pass him through the gate, then he is entitled to such damages as they might find would, under all the circumstances,compensate him for such refusal." The Court said "The rule by which damages are to be estimated is, as a general principle, a question of law to be decided by the Court; that is to say, the Court must decide, and instruct the jury, in respect to what elements, and within what limits, damages may be estimated in the particular action." In Belt R.R. Co. v. Sattler, 102 Md. 595, the same principle was announced as it was in the late case ofWest. Union Tel. Co. v. Lehman Bro., 105 Md. 442, and in other cases in this Court.
 In Webster v. Woolford, 81 Md. 329, which was an action *Page 145
 of deceit, alleged to have been practised by the defendant in respect to his authority to sell certain property, this Court said: "The action, it is true, is in the nature of an action fortort, but it is a tort found on a breach of contract, and therebeing no question as to exemplary damages, the rule as to the measure of damages is the same as in cases for breach of contract in regard to the sale of property. * * * * We take the rule to be that when two parties make a contract for the sale of property which one of the parties has broken, the other party may recover such damages as may fairly and reasonably be considered, i.e.,
 according to the usual course of business, to flow from the breach itself, or such as may reasonably be supposed to have been in the contemplation of both parties at the time they made the contract, as the probable result of the breach of it." The Court then quoted at some length from Hadley v. Baxendale, 9 Exch. 341. There is nothing in the evidence in this case to show that the defendant could have had in contemplation, as the result of interest being due before the harvest of 1906, that the plaintiff would be unable to pay it, and the mortgagee would assign the mortgage to some one who would demand payment of the principal and interest, and thereby cause a sacrifice of the property or loss to the plaintiff. There was at most only $93.33 more interest due than the plaintiff knew would be due, and as the record shows that the jury rendered a verdict for $1,400, it can readily be seen how injurious such an indefinite instruction as this was may be.
 It is true the prayer concluded by saying "provided the plaintiff could not have prevented said loss by the exercise of ordinary care and prudence," but the established facts were that, although notice of the interest being due was given by the mortgagee on or before September 14th, 1905, and the mortgage was not assigned until November 15th, 1905, neither the plaintiff nor her husband called upon the mortgagee to endeavor to arrange the interest or procure an extension of time and what is even more remarkable, neither of them called upon the defendant to pay it or even inquired of *Page 146
 him whether it was due until Mr. Urie was about to foreclose the mortgage. The plaintiff's husband worked for the defendant, yet he never mentioned to him the interest or the fact that they had received notice that the insurance was due. These facts were proven by the plaintiff's own witnesses (mainly by her and her husband) and it cannot be conceived how the jury could have disregarded the qualification of the prayer above quoted unless they supposed it only referred to her care and prudence after
 the mortgage had been assigned and believed she was then unable to meet the principal and interest demanded. But in the absence of some reason for not informing the appellant that interest had been demanded of her during the two months the mortgagee held the mortgage, and demanding it of him, and in the absence of all efforts to pay the interest in that time, she should not have been permitted to recover more than the interest that the defendant ought to have paid, even if she could have otherwise done so. Under the facts presented by the record she ought to have been limited in her recovery to the $93.33 — that being the interest on the mortgage from August 3rd, 1904, to the date of the transfer — as there was nothing alleged or proven to justify the recovery of any greater sum. The prayers granted for the defendant did not protect him from the injurious effects of this prayer and it should not have been granted.
 There was no reversible error in rejecting the defendant's first prayer. The defendant's fifth in McAleer v. Horsey,35 Md. 439, and the defendant's sixth in Robertson v.Parks, 76 Md. 118, went as far in stating the legal presumption as to fraud, and upon whom the burden is in overcoming that presumption, as is ordinarily safe in this class of cases. As was said in Lynn v. B. O.R.R. Co., 60 Md. 417, "Courts ought not to give mere legal abstractions as instructions to juries, but should state the law applicable to the pleadings and facts of each case." This prayer not only embodies the substance of the one granted in McAleer v. Horsey and Robertson v. Parks,
 above referred to, but it concludes, "and where a transaction which is challenged admits equally *Page 147
 of an honest or dishonest construction, it is the duty of the jury to accept and adopt the construction in favor of honesty and fair dealings." The plaintiff's testimony tended to show that the appellant did make the statement in reference to the interest on the mortgage, while the appellant positively denied that he did. It was not a question of construction of what he meant by what he did say, but simply whether he did say what the plaintiff claims he said, for if he did, there being no attempted explanation of its meaning, there was no question as to whether it admitted "of an honest or dishonest construction," and hence that part of the prayer did not apply to the facts.
 The theory of the defendant's fourth prayer, as we understand it, was correct, but the facts were not stated with sufficcient fulness and might have misled the jury as to her right to recover even the $93.33.
 It follows from what we have said that the judgment must be reversed for error in not sustaining the demurrer to the declaration and in granting the plaintiff's first prayer.
 Judgment reversed and new trial awarded, the appellee to paythe costs.


text:
Suskystintos gamtinės dujos arba SGD (, trumpinys - LNG) – tai gamtinės dujos skystame pavidale. Kai jos yra atšaldomos iki -161,5 °C, kondensuojasi į skystį ir užima 600 kartų mažiau vietos (nei dujiniame pavidale), o tai leidžia išspręsti dujų transportavimo dideliais atstumais problemą. Dujos yra švariausias pasaulyje iškastinis kuras, bekvapės, bespalvės, netoksiškos ir nekorozinės.
 Priklausomai nuo radimvietės gamtines dujas sudaro daugiau nei 90 proc. metano, taip pat etanas, propanas, azotas, sieros junginiai bei vanduo.
 SGD tiekimo etapai
 Suskystintos gamtinės dujos gaunamos suspaudžiant išgrynintas gamtines dujas. Specialiais tanklaiviais atgabenus jas į terminalus, vyksta dujinimo procesas – suskystintos dujos yra verčiamos natūralios būsenos gamtinėmis dujomis ir vamzdžiais tiekiamos vartotojams. SGD naudojimo metodai yra patikimi ir saugūs. Abu procesai – atšaldymas iki skystos būsenos ir sudujinimas yra atliekami pagal šiuolaikines patikrintas technologijas.
 SGD naudojimas
 SGD skystinimo metodika taikoma jau daugiau nei 50 metų. Šiandien SGD rinka sparčiai auga, SGD tampa alternatyva naftai ir jos produktams, taigi ateityje gamtinės dujos taps alternatyviu kuru automobiliams ir laivams. SGD importo rinkos augimui įtakos turi poreikis diversifikuoti energijos šaltinius, taip pat naftos išteklių ribotumas.
 Nuo 2015 m. griežtėja reikalavimai Baltijos jūroje plaukiojantiems laivams. Jie turės naudoti mažiau sieringą, tačiau brangesnį dyzeliną arba rinktis alternatyvą, pavyzdžiui, dujas, kurių tarša gerokai mažesnė. Gamtinės dujos sumažina sieros oksidų išmetimą į atmosferą beveik 100 proc., 20–30 proc. sumažėja anglies dvideginio išmetimai, azoto oksidų 80–85 proc., palyginti su tradiciniu laivuose naudojamu kuru. Tai skatina kurti SGD degalinių infrastruktūrą.
 Galimi keli suskystintų gamtinių dujų perdavimo į/iš dujotiekių tinklą infrastruktūros tipai – plaukiojantis dujovežis, kuris pripildytų laivus jūroje, stacionari laivų pripildymo kolonėlė arba dujos gabenamos iš/į laivus autocisternomis. Manoma, kad pirmiausia būtų pradėtas plėtoti mobiliųjų degalinių tinklas, tačiau didesniems laivams jau būtų naudojami laivai.
 SGD transportavimas
 Suskystintos gamtinės dujos yra transportuojamos dvigubo korpuso tanklaiviuose. Jie sukurti taip, kad išlaikytų žemą SGD temperatūrą. Tanklaivių talpa svyruoja nuo 5 iki 266 tūkst. m3 skystų dujų. Tanklaivių ilgis siekia apie 300 m. Užpildyto tanklaivio minimali gramzda – 0,4 m. Pavyzdžiui, vidutinis 120 tūkst. m3 talpos tanklaivis perveža 72 mln. m3 dujų.
 SGD saugojimas
 SGD yra laikomos specialiose saugyklose, kurios yra itin gerai izoliuotos nuo aplinkos poveikio. Saugyklos gali būti antžeminės, požeminės arba įrengtos SGD tanklaiviuose. Šiandien dažniausiai yra statomos pilno sulaikymo () saugyklos. Jos yra dvigubos – vidinis sluoksnis yra pagamintas iš nikeliuoto plieno, išorinis – iš betono. Tarpas tarp išorinio ir vidinio sluoksnio yra užpildytas specialia izoliacine medžiaga, kuri užtikrina šilumos į vidinę talpą nepralaidumą.
 Dalis šilumos vis tiek pasiekia vidinę talpą, kur yra laikomos dujos. Dėl šios priežasties išsiskiria labai nedidelis kiekis dujų, taip vadinamas „išgaravimo nuostoliu“. Tačiau talpykla yra pagaminta taip, kad į išorę (į atmosferą) dujos nepatektų. Taigi jos vėl yra verčiamos į skystas dujas ir grąžinamos į vidinę talpą.
 Lyginant požemines saugyklas su antžeminėmis, pagrindinis požeminių privalumas – saugumas, nes žemėje esanti saugykla yra labai gerai izoliuota nuo aplinkos. Antras svarbus privalumas – tokio tipo saugyklų beveik nesimato (matosi tik saugyklos stogas). Be to, požeminės saugyklos yra taupesnės teritorijos, kurioje yra statomos, išnaudojimo aspektu, nes joms, priešingai nei antžeminėms, nėra taikomi atstumo tarp saugyklų reikalavimai.
 SGD talpyklos gali būti įrengtos ir SGD tanklaiviuose. Pastarieji skirstomi pagal talpyklų formą – rutulio (), membranos () ir prizmės (). Pasaulinėje suskystintų gamtinių dujų rinkoje daugiausia yra naudojami rutulio formos talpyklas turintys tanklaiviai. 2014 m. FSRU tipo laivai–saugyklos su dujinimo įrenginiais veikė Brazilijoje, JAE, Italijoje, Indonezijoje, Lietuvoje (laivas–saugykla „Independence“).
 Suskystintos ir suslėgtos gamtinės dujos
 Neretai suskystintos gamtinės dujos painiojamos su suslėgtomis gamtinėmis dujomis. Pagrindinis skirtumas – dujų saugojimo forma. Suskystintos gamtinės dujos laikomos nespaustos ir atšaldytos nuo –160 °C iki –150 °C. Todėl jas lengva transportuoti dideliais atstumais jūrų keliu ir prieš pateikiant galutiniam vartotojui, šios dujos konvertuojamos į suslėgtas gamtines dujas. Kadangi suslėgtų gamtinių dujų nebūtina šaldyti, jų laikymas ir pervežimas pigesnis nei suskystintų gamtinių dujų.
 Gamtinių dujų radimvietės
 Gamtinės dujos daugiausiai išgaunamos Šiaurės Afrikoje, Viduriniuosiuose Rytuose, vakarinėje Indijoje, kur randami dideli šių išteklių telkiniai. Pagrindiniai SGD eksportuotojai: Libija (nuo 1970 m.), Alžyras (nuo 1971 m.), Brunėjus (nuo 1972 m.), Indonezija (nuo 1977 m.), Jungtiniai Arabų Emyratai (nuo 1977 m.), Malaizija (nuo 1983 m.), Australija (nuo 1989 m.), Kataras (nuo 1997 m.), Trinidadas ir Tobagas (nuo 1999 m.), Omanas (nuo 2000 m.), Nigerija (nuo 1999 m.), Egiptas (nuo 2004 m.), Norvegija (nuo 2007 m.), Pusiaujo Gvinėja (nuo 2007 m.).
 Manoma, kad augant SGD poreikiui didės ir jas eksportuojančių šalių.
 Daugiausia suskystintų gamtinių dujų importuoja: Japonija, Ispanija, Jungtinės Amerikos Valstijos, Italija, Pietų Korėja, Prancūzija, Belgija, Taivanas, Turkija, Graikija, Puerto Rikas, Portugalija, Dominikos Respublika, Indija, Jungtinė Karalystė, Kinija, Meksika, Švedija.
 SGD savybės
 Šaltoms SGD susilietus su oru susidaro garų debesis. Kuomet koncentracija ore pasiekia 5-15 proc. susidaręs dujų-oro mišinys tampa sprogus. Jeigu ore yra mažiau nei 5 proc. gamtinių dujų, sprogimo galimybės nėra, nes ore yra per mažas kiekis natūralių dujų. Jeigu ore yra daugiau nei 15 proc. natūralių dujų, sprogimo galimybės taip pat nėra, nes ore yra per didelis dujų kiekis ir per mažas deguonies kiekis.
 Nuorodos
 Suskystintų gamtinių dujų terminalas
 Suskystintų gamtinių dujų talpyklos
 Europos Sąjungos Baltijos jūros regiono strategijos veiksmų planas


text:
 23.6.2007
 SL
 Uradni list Evropske unije
 C 140/21
 Sodba Sodišča prve stopnje z dne 15. maja 2007 – Black & Decker proti UUNT – Atlas Copco (Tridimenzionalna oblika električnega orodja rumene in črne barve)
 (Združene zadeve T-239/05, T-240/05, od T-245/05 do T-247/05, T-255/05 in od T-274/05 do T-280/05) (1)
 („Znamka Skupnosti - Postopek z ugovorom - Rok za sprožitev postopka z ugovorom - Prenos po telefaksu - Dopustnost - Jasna določitev prejšnje znamke - Člen 18(1) Uredbe (ES) št. 2868/95“)
 (2007/C 140/36)
 Jezik postopka: angleščina
 Stranke
 Tožeča stranka: The Black & Decker Corporation (Towson, Maryland, Združene države) (Zastopniki: H. Carr, QC, in P. Harris, solicitor)
 Tožena stranka: Urad za usklajevanje na notranjem trgu (znamke in modeli) (Zastopnik: A. Folliard-Monguiral, zastopnik)
 Druga stranka pred odborom za pritožbe UUNT, intervenientka pred Sodiščem prve stopnje: Atlas Copco AB (Stockholm, Švedska) (Zastopnika: R. Meade, barrister, in M. Gilbert, solicitor)
 Predmet
 Tri tožbe zoper odločbe prvega odbora za pritožbe UUNT z dne 19. aprila (R 727/2004-1, R 729/2004-1, R 723/2004-1, R 730/2004-1 in R 724/2004-1), z dne 27. aprila (R 722/2004-1) in z dne 3. maja 2005 (R 788/2004-1, R 789/2004-1, R 790/2004-1, R 791/2004-1, R 792/2004-1, R 793/2004-1 in R 794/2004-1), glede postopkov z ugovorom med Atlas Copco AB in The Black & Decker Corporation.
 Izrek
 1)
 Tožbe se zavrnejo.
 2)
 Tožeči stranki se naloži plačilo stroškov.
 (1) UL C 205, 20.8.2005.


text:
 18.5.2013
 RO
 Jurnalul Oficial al Uniunii Europene
 C 141/10
 Cerere de decizie preliminară introdusă de Úřad průmyslového vlastnictví (Republica Cehă) la 29 ianuarie 2013 — MF 7 a. s./MAFRA, a. s.
 (Cauza C-49/13)
 2013/C 141/16
 Limba de procedură: ceha
 Instanța de trimitere
 Úřad průmyslového vlastnictví
 Părțile din procedura principală
 Reclamantă: MF 7 a. s.
 Pârâtă: MAFRA, a. s.
 Întrebările preliminare
 1.
 Articolul 3 alineatul (2) litera (d) din [Directiva 2008/95/CE] (1) trebuie interpretat în sensul că, pentru a aprecia dacă solicitantul unei mărci a acționat cu bună-credință, pot fi luate în considerare numai împrejurările care s-au produs înainte sau la data depunerii cererii de înregistrare a mărcii sau pot fi invocate ca probe în susținerea existenței bunei-credințe a solicitantului și împrejurări survenite după depunerea cererii?
 2.
 Hotărârea pronunțată în cauzele conexate C-414/99 — C-416/99 (2) trebuie aplicate, în general, tuturor cauzelor în care se examinează dacă proprietarul unei mărci a autorizat un comportament care ar putea conduce la diluarea sau la limitarea drepturilor sale exclusive?
 3.
 Buna-credință a solicitantului unei mărci ulterioare poate fi dedusă din faptul că proprietarul unei mărci anterioare a încheiat acorduri cu acesta, în temeiul cărora proprietarul și-a dat consimțământul cu privire la publicarea unui ziar a cărui denumire era similară mărcii solicitate, și-a dat consimțământul cu privire la înregistrarea ziarului menționat de către solicitantul mărcii ulterioare și i-a oferit sprijin în vederea publicării lui, chiar și în condițiile în care acordurile respective nu reglementau în mod expres problema dreptului de proprietate intelectuală?
 4.
 În ipoteza în care împrejurările survenite după depunerea cererii de înregistrare a mărcii pot fi de asemenea luate în considerare în vederea aprecierii bunei-credințe a solicitantului mărcii, este posibil, în subsidiar, să se constate buna-credință a acestuia din faptul că proprietarul mărcii anterioare a tolerat cu bună-știință existența mărcii atacate pentru o perioadă mai mare de 10 ani?
 (1) Directiva 2008/95/CE a Parlamentului European și a Consiliului din 22 octombrie 2008 de apropiere a legislațiilor statelor membre cu privire la mărci (JO 299, p. 25).
 (2) Rec., p. I-08691.


type: other

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