dkoterwa/mlqa_filtered huggingface dataset:
Quantitative psychologists generally have a main area of interest. Notable research areas in psychometrics include item response theory and computer adaptive testing, which focus on education and intelligence testing. Other research areas include modeling psychological processes through time series analysis, such as in fMRI data collection, and structural equation modeling, social network analysis, human decision science, and statistical genetics.

Question: What are the other research areas?
Answer: include modeling psychological processes through time series analysis
Afton is a city in Union County, in southwestern Iowa, United States. The population was 845 at the 2010 census. Its peak of population was in 1880, at 1,231 residents, when numerous European immigrants and migrants from the eastern United States settled here for the farmland. Mechanization of farming and consolidation of farms has reduced the population.

Question: The 2010 census recorded a population of 845 in what city in Union County, Iowa?
Answer: Afton
On a hot afternoon visiting in Coleman, Texas, the family is comfortably playing dominoes on a porch, until the father-in-law suggests that they take a trip to Abilene [53 miles (85 km) north] for dinner.  The wife says, "Sounds like a great idea."  The husband, despite having reservations because the drive is long and hot, thinks that his preferences must be out-of-step with the group and says, "Sounds good to me. I just hope your mother wants to go."   The mother-in-law then says, "Of course I want to go. I haven't been to Abilene in a long time."

Question: Where is one place the mother-in-law hasn't been for a while?
Answer: Abilene
One of them dishonestly says, "It was a great trip, wasn't it?"  The mother-in-law says that, actually, she would rather have stayed home, but went along since the other three were so enthusiastic.  The husband says, "I wasn't delighted to be doing what we were doing. I only went to satisfy the rest of you."   The wife says, "I just went along to keep you happy. I would have had to be crazy to want to go out in the heat like that."   The father-in-law then says that he only suggested it because he thought the others might be bored.

Question: What would the mother-in-law rather have done instead of go out?
Answer: stayed home
The term was introduced by management expert Jerry B. Harvey in his 1974 article "The Abilene Paradox: The Management of Agreement".  The name of the phenomenon comes from an anecdote that Harvey uses in the article to elucidate the paradox:

Question: who introduced the term?
Answer: Jerry B. Harvey
The Help is a 2009 novel by American author Kathryn Stockett. The story is about African Americans  working in white households in Jackson, Mississippi, during the early 1960s.

Question: Who wrote The Help?
Answer: Kathryn Stockett
Dortmund is situated in the temperate climate zone with oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb). Winters are comparatively mild, summers rather cool. The average annual temperature lies at approximately 9 to 10 °C (48 to 50 °F), the total average annual amount of precipitation lies at approximately 800 mm (31 in). Precipitation evenly falls throughout the year; steady rain (with some snow), prevails in the wintertime, isolated showers dominate the summer season. Dortmund features characteristics of densely populated areas as for example the occurrence of urban heat islands is typical.

Question: What is the average temperature annually?
Answer: 9 to 10 °C (48 to 50 °F)
Scotland also has many lochs, including Loch Lomond, and Loch Ness, which is considered by some to be the home of the Loch Ness monster. There are also many rivers, which are good for salmon and fly fishing. These include the Tay, Tweed, Don, and Dee.

Question: What is the name of the monster that lives at Loch Ness?
Answer: Loch Ness monster
The cities of Edinburgh and Glasgow are increasingly being seen as a cosmopolitan alternative to Scotland's countryside, with visitors year round, but the main tourist season is generally from April to October inclusive. In addition to these factors, the national tourist agency, VisitScotland, have deployed a strategy of niche marketing, aimed at exploiting, amongst other things, Scotland's strengths in golf, fishing and food and drink tourism. Another significant, and increasingly popular reason for tourism to Scotland—especially by those from North America—is genealogy, with many visitors coming to Scotland to explore their family and ancestral roots.

Question: Why do most people from America visit Scotland?
Answer: genealogy
Volunteers can choose new projects to start, either recording on their own or inviting others to join them, or they can contribute to projects that have been started by others. Once a volunteer has recorded his or her contribution, it is uploaded to the site, and proof-listened by members of the LibriVox community.

Question: What projects can Volunteers do?
Answer: either recording on their own or inviting others to join them
Having qualified at Surgeons' Hall in 1778, Home was appointed assistant surgeon at the naval hospital, Plymouth. In 1787 he was appointed assistant surgeon, later surgeon, at St George's Hospital. He became Sergeant Surgeon to the King in 1808 and Surgeon at Chelsea Hospital in 1821. He was made a baronet (of Well Manor in the County of Southampton) in 1813.

Question: What year did he qualify at Surgeon's Hall?
Answer: 1778
Home was born in Kingston-upon-Hull and educated at Westminster School. He gained a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, but decided instead to become a pupil of his brother-in-law, John Hunter, at St George's Hospital. Hunter had married his sister, the poet and socialite Anne Home, in July 1771. He assisted Hunter in many of his anatomical investigations, and in the autumn of 1776 he partly described Hunter's collection. There is also considerable evidence that Home plagiarized Hunter's work, sometimes directly, sometimes indirectly; he also systematically destroyed his brother-in-law's papers in order to hide evidence of this plagiarism.

Question: In which areas did he help Hunter?
Answer: anatomical investigations
Analamanga is a region in central Madagascar, containing the capital Antananarivo and its surrounding metropolitan area. The region has an area of 16,911 square kilometres (6,529 square miles), and had an estimated population of 3,348,794 in 2013. The head of the region is Pierre Manganirina Randrianarisoa.

Question: What is the capital of Madagascar?
Answer: Antananarivo
During the Great Northern War of 1700-1721, the Russians built the Baltic Fleet. The construction of the oared fleet (galley fleet) took place in 1702-1704 at several shipyards (estuaries of the rivers Syas, Luga and Olonka). In order to defend the conquered coastline and attack enemy's maritime communications in the Baltic Sea, the Russians created a sailing fleet from ships built in Russia and others imported from abroad.

Question: What body of water were they ordered to attack in?
Answer: Baltic Sea
In 1745 the Russian Navy had 130 sailing vessels, including 36 ships of the line, 9 frigates, 3 shnyavas (шнява — a light two-mast ship used for reconnaissance and messenger services), 5 bombardier ships, and 77 auxiliary vessels. The oared fleet consisted of 396 vessels, including 253 galleys and semi-galleys (called скампавеи, or scampavei; a light high-speed galley) and 143 brigantines. The ships were being constructed at 24 shipyards, including the ones in Voronezh, Kazan, Pereyaslavl, Arkhangelsk, Olonets, Petersburg and Astrakhan.

Question: Where were Russian Navy sailing vessels constructed?
Answer: Voronezh, Kazan, Pereyaslavl, Arkhangelsk, Olonets, Petersburg and Astrakhan
The Imperial Russian Navy sent out exploratory expeditions. Between 1803 and 1855, their ships undertook more than 40 circumnavigations and long-distant voyages, most of which were in support of their North Americans colonies in Russian America (Alaska) and Fort Ross in northern California, and their Pacific ports on the eastern seaboard of Siberia. These voyages produced important scientific research materials and discoveries in Pacific, Antarctic and Arctic theatres of operations.

Question: The russian navy took how many circumnavigations between 1803 and 1855?
Answer: 40
The Mauritshuis was a state museum until 1995, when it became independent. The Prince William V Gallery is also managed by the organization.The museum has a staff of around 50 people. Emilie E. S. Gordenker has been the museum director since 2008, and Victor Moussault has been the deputy director since 2007.In the period 2005–2011, the Mauritshuis had between 205,000 and 262,000 visitors per year. In 2011, the museum was the 13th most visited museum in the Netherlands. In 2012, when the museum closed for renovation on 1 April, it received 45,981 visitors. The museum was closed all of 2013 and was reopened on 27 June 2014.

Question: What year was the museum not open at all?
Answer: 2013
She also composed romances, Sonatas and Quartets. The composer's works "Ey vətən" (sung by Rashid Behbudov) described Azerbaijan all over the world. She wrote music to the hundreds of poems of Azerbaijan poets and tens of poetic examples in Russian.

Question: She composes romances and what else?
Answer: Sonatas and Quartets

Question: What country did the composer's work describe?
Answer: Azerbaijan
Rabel II Soter (ar-Rabil) was the last ruler of the Nabataean Kingdom, ruling from 70 to 106.After the death of his father, Malichus II, ar-Rabil still a child, ascended to the throne. His mother, Shaqilath, assumed control of the government in the early years. His sister Gamilath became queen of the Nabataeans. Ar-Rabil gave himself the Greek title "Soter", meaning "Savior", or "the one who has given life and deliverance to his people".After his death in 106, the Roman emperor Trajan faced practically no resistance and conquered the kingdom on 22 March 106. It became the Roman province of Arabia Petraea, with Bosra becoming its provincial capital.

Question: Who ruled from 70 to 106?
Answer: Rabel II Soter
A prerequisite for the correct function of the water engine was sufficient pressure in the water pipes. In times of high water consumption (before or after work) the water pressure was often insufficient. In hard winters, in which the water pipes often froze, the water engine could not be used. For these reasons the washing machines still had a device that enable them to be rotated by 'muscle power'.

Question: What season caused the freezing of the water pipes?
Answer: winters
The large amount of water used was less important because plenty of used water was often available and was very cheap. In addition, in thrifty rural households the water used to drive it was often used for other purposes as well.

Question: What substance is very cheap?
Answer: water
The water engine was also successfully used in washing machines, e. g. from 1914 by the firm of Miele. These washing machines, which were very common especially in rural areas until the 1960s, comprised a wooden tub with a rotating cross built into the cover. This 'star handle' was rotated in regular, to and fro, movements by two pistons which were connected to the water mains. The washing effect was achieved by the constant movement of the washing in the washtub filled with soap suds (Lauge) and/or water.

Question: Lauge was added to which pieces of machinery?
Answer: washing machines
If Day was an elaborate campaign to promote the purchase of Victory Bonds. These bonds, which were loans to the government to allow for increased war spending, were sold to individuals and corporations throughout Canada.  If Day was the second Victory Loan campaign of the Second World War. The campaign began on 16 February 1942, and continued until 9 March. Manitoba's fundraising target was $45 million ($620 million in 2011 dollars), including $24.5 million from Winnipeg. The Greater Winnipeg Victory Loan committee, a regional branch of the National War Finance Committee, organized If Day under chairman John Draper Perrin. The organizers believed that bringing the war (or, rather, a simulation thereof) to people's homes would result in a change of attitude among those not directly affected by the war.The committee drew up a map of Manitoba, which was divided into 45 sections, each representing $1 million of their fundraising target. As money came in from those selling Victory Bonds, the sections were "reclaimed" from the Nazi invaders. The map was posted at the corner of Portage and Main, the city's central intersection. The campaign was publicized in local newspapers for a few days before the event, although the "invasion" took many citizens by surprise. To prevent a rush to emergency shelters, residents of neighbouring northern Minnesota were also warned because radio broadcasts dramatizing the event could be received in that area. Royal Canadian Air Force aircraft painted to look like German fighter planes flew over the city on 18 February 1942. Selkirk, a small town northeast of Winnipeg, held its own fundraising simulation, a one-hour blackout and mock bombing, on 18 February 1942 in preparation for the main If Day event.

Question: How much would Manitoba's fundraising goal have been had it occurred in 2011 instead of 1942?
Answer: $620 million

Question: Victory Bonds were purchased to fund which event?
Answer: Second World War
2005 IT-engineer Hermann Huber presented the Radio Automation Software YARM (Yet Another Radio Manager) at the Ars Electronica. Many Austrian community radios did use YARM. In 2014 development was discontinued.

Question: What does the acronym YARM stand for in this instance?
Answer: Yet Another Radio Manager
The significance of activities in the field of media-related education has increased. One example was the Interreg-IIIA-Project "EuRegio Medienzentrum" (2006 - 2009), where the “Aktion Film Salzburg” and the District Office of Traunstein were involved.

Question: When did the project EuRegio Medienzentrum take place?
Answer: 2006 - 2009
The Naschmarkt is Vienna's most popular market. Located at the Wienzeile over the Wien River, it is about 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) long.

Question: What amrket is most popular in Vienna?
Answer: Naschmarkt
Japanese law does not define those convicted in the post-1945 trials as criminals, despite the fact that Japan's governments have accepted the judgments made in the trials, and in the Treaty of San Francisco (1952). This is because the treaty does not mention the legal validity of the tribunal. Had Japan certified the legal validity of the war crimes tribunals in the San Francisco Treaty, the war crimes would have become open to appeal and overturning in Japanese courts. This would have been unacceptable in international diplomatic circles. Current Prime Minister Shinzō Abe has advocated the position that Japan accepted the Tokyo tribunal and its judgements as a condition for ending the war, but that its verdicts have no relation to domestic law. According to this view, those convicted of war crimes are not criminals under Japanese law.

Question: Are those guilty of war crimes considered criminals in Japan?
Answer: not criminals
Outside Japan, different societies use widely different timeframes in defining Japanese war crimes. For example, the annexation of Korea by Japan in 1910 was enforced by the Japanese military, and the Society of Yi Dynasty Korea was switched to the political system of the Empire of Japan. Thus, North and South Korea refer to "Japanese war crimes" as events occurring during the period of Korea under Japanese rule.By comparison, the Western Allies did not come into military conflict with Japan until 1941, and North Americans, Australians, South East Asians and Europeans may consider "Japanese war crimes" to be events that occurred in 1942–1945.Japanese war crimes were not always carried out by ethnic Japanese personnel. A small minority of people in every Asian and Pacific country invaded or occupied by Japan collaborated with the Japanese military, or even served in it, for a wide variety of reasons, such as economic hardship, coercion, or antipathy to other imperialist powers.Japan's sovereignty over Korea and Formosa (Taiwan), in the first half of the 20th century, was recognized by international agreements—the Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895) and the Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty (1910)—and they were considered at the time to be integral parts of the Japanese Empire. Under the international law of today, there is a possibility the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty was illegal, as the native populations were not consulted, there was armed resistance to Japan's annexations, and war crimes may also have been committed during the civil wars.

Question: When was Korea annexed from Japan?
Answer: 1910
McNeill has subsequently performed the song, and a live recording is available on his 2000 album with Iain MacKintosh, Live and Kicking.American folksinger Vance Gilbert recorded it for his 1994 album Edgewise and Canadian folk musician Garnet Rogers recorded it for his album Small Victories (1990) and again on his live album Summer Lightning (2004). The band Half Man Half Biscuit also recorded a version of the song for a BBC radio session, though it remains unreleased. At the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards in 2012, The Unthanks performed the song,  with accompaniment from the Brighouse and Rastrick Brass Band. It appears on the 2012 album The Unthanks with Brighouse and Rastrick Brass Band.

Question: What ban also recorded, but didn't release, the song?
Answer: Half Man Half Biscuit
The Irishman is an upcoming American biographical crime film directed by Martin Scorsese and written by Steven Zaillian, based on the book I Heard You Paint Houses by Charles Brandt. The film stars Robert De Niro as Frank Sheeran, a labor union leader and alleged hitman for the Bufalino crime family, and Al Pacino as Jimmy Hoffa. Joe Pesci, Harvey Keitel, Anna Paquin, Bobby Cannavale, and Ray Romano also star. It is the ninth feature collaboration between De Niro and Scorsese and their first since 1995's Casino, the fourth film to star both De Niro and Pacino (following The Godfather Part II, Heat and Righteous Kill), and the first time Pacino has been directed by Scorsese.

Question: What is the title of the book that the movie "The Irishman" was adapted from?
Answer: I Heard You Paint Houses
Kristin Laura Kreuk (; born December 30, 1982) is a Canadian actress. Debuting on Canadian teen drama Edgemont, she became most known for her roles as Lana Lang in the superhero television series Smallville (2001–2008), and as Catherine Chandler in The CW sci-fi series Beauty & the Beast (2012–2016).

Question: What is Kristin Laura Kreuk's nationality?
Answer: Canadian
Clarence Charles "Ducky" Nash (December 7, 1904 – February 20, 1985) was an American voice actor. He was best known for the Disney cartoon character Donald Duck. He was born in the rural community of Watonga, Oklahoma, and a street in that town is named in his honor. In 1993, he was posthumously made a Disney Legend for his contributions to Walt Disney films.

Question: What was Clarence Charle Nahsh's profession?
Answer: voice actor
Gandy was born in Billericay, Essex, England, the son of parents who owned property and freight companies. In his youth, he dabbled in a range of extra-curricular activities, including rugby, horse-riding and tap dancing. He wanted to be a veterinary surgeon but his school grades were not high enough. While attending university, he went to work for Auto Express, delivering the latest Porsches and Jaguars to the track for testing. Before graduating from the University of Gloucestershire, where he was studying multi-media computing and marketing, Gandy's flatmate entered him (without his knowledge) into a model-search competition on ITV's This Morning hosted by Richard and Judy. On 27 June 2001, the 21-year-old Gandy won the competition which included a contract with Select Model Management in London.

Question: where did Gandy studied?
Answer: University of Gloucestershire
Precise estimates for the total population of the world's Indigenous peoples are very difficult to compile, given the difficulties in identification and the variances and inadequacies of available census data. The United Nations estimates that there are over 370 million indigenous people living in over 70 countries worldwide. This would equate to just fewer than 6% of the total world population. This includes at least 5000 distinct peoples in over 72 countries.

Question: How many million indigenous people are living in the world today according to The United Nations?
Answer: 370
Frank Opoku Acheampong (born 16 October 1993) is a Ghanaian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Chinese Super League club Tianjin Teda, and the Ghana national team.

Question: What is the nationality of Frank Acheampong?
Answer: Ghanaian
From mid-1970s to mid-1980s, Erika Belle was one of the leading Dutch women's chess players. She three time won Dutch Women's Chess Championships: 1975, 1980, 1981. Participant of many international chess tournaments. In 1979, she shared with Gertrude Baumstark 2nd place in Women's International Chess tournament in Nałęczów (tournament won Tünde Csonkics). In 1981, she ranked 2nd behind Nieves García Vicente in Women's World Chess Championship Zonal tournament in Benidorm, thanks to which she qualified to Interzonal Tournament. In 1982, she was awarded the FIDE International Women Master (WIM) title. In 1982, Erika Belle participated at Women's World Chess Championship Interzonal Tournament in Bad Kissingen and ranked 11th place.

Question: What three years did she win?
Answer: 1975, 1980, 1981
He was the fourth (but second surviving) and youngest son of Johann Frederick II, Duke of Saxony and Countess Palatine Elisabeth of Simmern-Sponheim.

Question: Who had only two surviving sons?
Answer: Johann Frederick II, Duke of Saxony and Countess Palatine Elisabeth
Özcan Deniz (born 19 May 1972) is a Turkish actor, singer, composer, writer and director of Kurdish descent.

Question: When was Deniz born?
Answer: 19 May 1972
Victorious (stylized as VICTORiOUS) is an American sitcom created by Dan Schneider that originally aired on Nickelodeon from March 27, 2010 to February 2, 2013. The series revolves around aspiring singer Tori Vega (portrayed by Victoria Justice), a teenager who attends a performing arts high school called Hollywood Arts High School, after taking her older sister Trina's (Daniella Monet) place in a showcase while getting into screwball situations on a daily basis. On her first day at Hollywood Arts, she meets Andre Harris (Leon Thomas III), Robbie Shapiro (Matt Bennett), Rex Powers (Robbie's puppet), Jade West (Elizabeth Gillies), Cat Valentine (Ariana Grande), and Beck Oliver (Avan Jogia). The series premiered after the 2010 Kids' Choice Awards. The series won for Favorite TV Show award at the 2012 Kids' Choice Awards and 2013 Kids' Choice Awards, beating out iCarly. Victorious earned four Emmy nominations.

Question: What award did the TV show win?
Answer: Favorite TV Show