{
 "id": "03063f69-25c7-4f99-af64-34e0c16638db",
 "disease": {
  "id": "H00409",
  "names": [
   "Type 2 diabetes mellitus"
  ],
  "dbLinks": {
   "icd10": [
    "E11"
   ],
   "mesh": [
    "D003924"
   ]
  },
  "category": "Metabolic disease; Endocrine disease"
 },
 "article": {
  "id": "7888928",
  "text": "OBJECTIVE:\nTo examine the association between smoking, alcohol consumption, and the incidence of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in men of middle years and older.\n\nDESIGN:\nCohort questionnaire study of men followed up for six years from 1986.\n\nSETTING:\nThe health professionals' follow up study being conducted across the United States.\n\nSUBJECTS:\n41,810 male health professionals aged 40-75 years and free of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer in 1986 and followed up for six years.\n\nMAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:\nIncidence of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus diagnosed in the six years.\n\nRESULTS:\nDuring 230,769 person years of follow up 509 men were newly diagnosed with diabetes. After controlling for known risk factors men who smoked 25 or more cigarettes daily had a relative risk of diabetes of 1.94 (95% confidence interval 1.25 to 3.03) compared with non-smokers. Men who consumed higher amounts of alcohol had a reduced risk of diabetes (P for trend \u003c 0.001). Compared with abstainers men who drank 30.0-49.9 g of alcohol daily had a relative risk of diabetes of 0.61 (95% confidence interval 0.44 to 0.91).\n\nCONCLUSIONS:\nCigarette smoking may be an independent, modifiable risk factor for non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Moderate alcohol consumption among healthy people may be associated with increased insulin sensitivity and a reduced risk of diabetes."
 },
 "questions": [
  {
   "id": "2c3fd709-0411-444f-8d0e-293a10e37339",
   "text": "what are the risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus?",
   "answers": [
    {
     "answer_start": 742,
     "text": "men who smoked 25 or more cigarettes daily"
    },
    {
     "answer_start": 1150,
     "text": "Cigarette smoking"
    }
   ]
  }
 ]
}