Nevertheless, a few chemokines (e.g., IL-8 and GRO) were released by hepa- tocyte following TNF stimulation but its relevance to HMGB1 release is a subject of on-going investigation.
HMGB1 cytoplasmic translocation is clearly observed in regenerated hepato- cytes of patients with ALF caused by HBV infection, but not in patients with chronic HBV infection.