We detected mRNA encoding TNF-alpha by competitive RT-PCR and measured protein levels of TNF-alpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclo-oxygenase-2 by Western blotting.
We assessed the activation of NF-kappaB and activating protein-1, as well as phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase by electrophoretic mobility shift assay with super shift and/or Western blot.