Furthermore , 1,25-VD increased BCG-induced expression of macrophage markers in THP-1 cell, and enhanced the BCG-induced THP-1 cytotoxicity against low-grade BCa cells.
A pre-clinical trial using the N-butyl-N- (4-hydroxybutyl) -nitrosamine (BBN) -induced BCa mouse model revealed that intravesical co-treatment of 1,25-VD with BCG can prolong mice survival.